US3258925A - Closed-cycle thermal machine - Google Patents

Closed-cycle thermal machine Download PDF

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Publication number
US3258925A
US3258925A US436208A US43620865A US3258925A US 3258925 A US3258925 A US 3258925A US 436208 A US436208 A US 436208A US 43620865 A US43620865 A US 43620865A US 3258925 A US3258925 A US 3258925A
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United States
Prior art keywords
zone
cold
fluid
particles
hot
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Expired - Lifetime
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US436208A
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English (en)
Inventor
Barthelemy Pierre Jo Ferdinand
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Safran Aircraft Engines SAS
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SNECMA SAS
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B1/00—Compression machines, plants or systems with non-reversible cycle
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F02C1/00—Gas-turbine plants characterised by the use of hot gases or unheated pressurised gases, as the working fluid
    • F02C1/04—Gas-turbine plants characterised by the use of hot gases or unheated pressurised gases, as the working fluid the working fluid being heated indirectly
    • F02C1/10—Closed cycles
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B9/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point
    • F25B9/002—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point characterised by the refrigerant
    • F25B9/004—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point characterised by the refrigerant the refrigerant being air
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2309/00—Gas cycle refrigeration machines
    • F25B2309/14—Compression machines, plants or systems characterised by the cycle used 
    • F25B2309/1401—Ericsson or Ericcson cycles
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T50/00—Aeronautics or air transport
    • Y02T50/60—Efficient propulsion technologies, e.g. for aircraft
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S376/00—Induced nuclear reactions: processes, systems, and elements
    • Y10S376/90—Particular material or material shapes for fission reactors
    • Y10S376/904—Moderator, reflector, or coolant materials

Definitions

  • the present invention has for its object a thermal machine including a turbine and a compressor operating with a compressible Huid moving in a closed circuit in accordance with the Joule or Brayton cycle.
  • the term machine as employed herein is to beinterpreted as covering installations operating as, for example, generators, motors, refrigerating machines for liquefying gases and heat pumps.
  • the thermal machine uses, as its compressible working iluid, a heterogeneous fluid composed of a gaseous phase and a solid phase, the gas being preferably helium or some other inert gas such as :argon or neon and the solid phase advantageously being graphite or other non-abrasive solid particles, which are very finely divided and are infusible at the .operating temperatures.
  • a heterogeneous fluid composed of a gaseous phase and a solid phase
  • the gas being preferably helium or some other inert gas such as :argon or neon
  • the solid phase advantageously being graphite or other non-abrasive solid particles, which are very finely divided and are infusible at the .operating temperatures.
  • the composition of the gas-solid mixture varies in the course of the thermodynamic cycle. More precisely, the means for treating the mixture operate to keep separate from one another, over a substantial part of the cycle, on the one hand, the solid particles which circulate in the hot zone of the thermodynamic circuit (comprising the heat source and the turbine) and, on the other hand, the solid particles which circulate in the cold zone of the thermodynamic circuit (comprising the cold source and the compressor), only gas from which the solid particles have been removed to a considerable extent being allowed to pass from one zone to the other andl advantageously undergoing suitable heat exchange steps in the course of the transfer.
  • the means for treating the mixture comprise two particle separators disposed respectively in the hot zone and in the cold zone of the circuit, preferably at the outlet of the turbine and at the outlet of the compressor respectively, the separated particles being reintroduced into the gas owing through the said zones, preferably at a point of the circuit located upstream of the heat source and upstream of the cold source, respectively.
  • the installation comprises a rotary machine-set constituted by a turbine 1, a compressor 2 and a driven apparatus 3, the assembly being mounted on a common shaft 4.
  • the driven apparatus is an electric generator, but this example is in no way restrictive.
  • the illustrated arrangement with a single common shaft is not restrictive, since the various elements of therotary group could be associated with different shafts, through the medium of suitable transmissions.
  • the installation illustrated in the drawing has been divided by means of vertical chain-dotted lines X-X and Y-Y into three zones A, B, C which will 'be referred to respectively hereinafter as the hot zone, the transfer zone and the cold zone.
  • the turbine 1 is located in the hot zone A and the compressor 2 in the cold zone C, while arotaryregenerator or other 'heat exchanger 5 is dis- 3,258,925 Patented July 5, 1966 ICC posed in the transfer zone B.
  • a heat source 6 is also provided in the hot zone A and a cold source 7 in the cold zone C, these two sources being connected to the inlets of the turbine 1 and of the compressor 2, respectively.
  • the compressible fluid employed in the install-ation is an essentially heterogeneous fluid, in the sense that it is composed of a gaseous phase and a solid phase, for example helium charged with tine particles of graphite.
  • the installation also includes ya first particle separator 8 in the hot zone A, at the outlet of the turbine 1, and a second particle separator 9 in the cold zone C, at the outlet of the compressor 2.
  • a conduit 10 for gas from which the particles may be regarded, for practical purposes, as having been completely removed, and which passes through the rotary regenerator 5 provided in the transfer zone B and enters the cold zone C to reach the inlet of the cold source 7.
  • the solid particles collected in the separator 8 are reinjected at 12, upstream of the heat source 6, under the action of the blast effect exerted by the flow through the conduit 11, of gas devoid of particles coming from the separator 9, which has passed through the rotary regenerator 5.
  • the solid particles collected in the separator 9 are re-injected lat 13, upstream of the cold source 7, by the blast effect exerted by the ow through the conduit 10, of gas devoid of particles coming from the separator 8, which has passed through the rotary regenerator 5.
  • the solid particles have a multiple function:
  • one of the ymost important characteristics of the invention results from the symmeltry of the hot and cold zones of the circuit and from the fact that the solid particles in each zone are retained within that zone, with separa-tion occurring after the oper-ation of expansion or compression, as the case may be, has been performed and with re-introduction occurring before the fliud undergoes ythe taking-up or the loss of heat, as the case may be.
  • the installation according to the present yinvention has the following advantages:
  • thermodynamic yield of the cycle is increased by reason of .the operation of the turbine 1 and the cornpressor 2, which operations approximate to ideal isothermal expansion and compression, and also by reason of the process of regeneration by separa-tion of the phases, that is to say, without the Itransfer of heat by conduction from one yfluid to another, which process is associated, if required, with the conventional process of regeneration by transfer of heat by conduction, which is applied to the gaseous phase alone, ⁇ thus enabling a total efliciency close to unity to be attained.
  • the heterogeneous working ⁇ fluid referred to above which is advantageously composed of helium charged with particles of graphite, can circulate directly in the nuclear reactor without resorting to intermediate heat exchange Imedia.
  • the nature of the constituents of the heterogeneous fluid is such that there is no fear of ythe fluid being found to be radio-active on leaving the reactor.
  • the reactor tanks will not have to be designed to withstand the high pressure levels which are encountered in pressurized-water reactors.
  • the installation described makes it possible to dispense with intermediate heat exchange media and to utilize a working fluid which is both lighter and capable of operating at lower pressure levels, the temperature at the outlet from .the reactor and at the inlet to the radiator (which would be at 6 and 7, respectively) being higher.
  • the result is saving in weight, simplification of the -technological problems, improved efficiency and a higher power per unit mass of the installation.
  • the gas to be liquefied will constitute the heat source 6, the working fluid lbeing one having a very low point of liquefaction, such as helium.
  • the heat source 6 rnay be a conventional combustion furnace or a nuclear pile, the driven device 3 being a driving wheel or a propeller, according to the nature of the vehicle to be propelled.
  • a method of driving a turbine, using a compressible heterogeneous fluid comprising a gaseous phase and a solid phase consisting of particles in suspension in said gaseous phase comprising causing said fluid to flow in a circuit comprising relatively cold and relatively hot zones and an intermediate Zone and, in a continuous cycle, cooling and compressing said fluid in said cold zone, heating said fluid and feeding it to said turbine in said hot zone, to drive said turbine, and changing the relative proportions of said gaseous and solid phases in said fluid during flow in said circuit, whereby the density of said particles flowing in said intermediate zone, between said relatively lhot and relatively cold zones, is lower than the density of said particles in fluid flowing within said respective hot and cold zones.
  • a method of driving a turbine using a compressible heterogeneous fluid comprising a gaseous phase and a solid phase consisting of particles in suspension in said gaseous phase, said method comprising causing said fluid to flow in a circuit comprising relatively cold and relatively hot zones and an intermediate zone and, in a continuous cycle, cooling and compressing said fluid in said cold zone, heating said fluid and feeding it to said turbine in said hot zone, to drive said turbine, separating particles from said fluid flowing in said cold zone before said fluid flows from said cold zone to said hot zone and from said fluid flowing in said hot zone before said fluid flows from said hot zone to said cold zone and injecting particles into fluid flowing from said intermediate zone to said respective hot and cold zones.
  • a thermal machine including a turbine adapted to be driven by a compressible heterogeneous fluid comprising a gaseous phase and a solid phase consisting of particles in suspension in said gaseous phase, said machine including a circuit for flow of fluid, a compressor, a source of heat and a cold source, said circuit including a relatively hot zone in which fluid flowing in said circuit is fed to said heat source and to said turbine and a relatively cold Zone in which fluid flowing in said circuit is fed to said cold source and to said compressor and said machine further including means for changing the relative proportions of said gaseous and solid phases in said fluid during flow in said circuit, whereby the density of said particles in fluid flowing in said circuit intermediate between said relatively hot and relatively cold zonel is lower than the density of particles in fluid flowing within said respective hot and cold zones.
  • a thermal machine including a turbine adapted to be driven by a compressible heterogeneous fluid comprising a gaseous phase and a solid phase consisting of particles in suspension in said gaseous phase, said machine including a circuit for flow of fluid, a compressor, a source of heat and a cold source, said circuit including a relatively hot zone in which uid flowing in said circuit is fed to said heat source and to said turbine, a relatively cold zone in which fluid owing in said circuit is fed to said cold source and to said compressor and an intermediate zone in which uid ilows from said hot zone to said cold zone and vice versa, said hot and cold zones each including means for separating particles from lluid flowing from said respective hot and cold zones into said intermediate zone and means for injecting particles into fluid flowing Ifrom said intermediate zone to said respective cold and hot zones.
  • a machine including means for feeding particles from said particle separating means to said particle injection means in each of said hot and cold zones, for re-injection into said fluid.
  • said heat source has an inlet for supply of liuid thereto from said intermediate zone and an outlet for flow of heated fluid therefrom to said turbine
  • said cold source has an inlet for supply of fluid thereto from said intermediate zone and an outlet for flow of cooled fluid therefrom to said compressor
  • said particle injection means are arranged to feed particles into said fluid at said inlets to said heat source and said cold source.
  • said separating means are effective to separate substantially all of said particles from fluid flowing from said respective hot and cold zones into said intermediate zone, whereby uid flowing in said intermediate zone consists substantially wholly of said gaseous phase.
  • said intermediate zone includes a heat exchanger for exchange of heat between fluid flowing from said hot zone to said cold zone and from said cold zone to said hot zone.
  • said intermediate zone includes a rotary regenerator for exchange of heat between fluid flowing from said hot zone to said cold zone and from said cold zone to said hot zone.
  • a thermal machine including a turbine adapted to be driven by a compressible heterogeneous uid comprising a gaseous phase and a solid phase consisting of particles in suspension in said gaseous phase, said machine including a circuit for ow of fluid, a compressor, a source of heat and a cold source, said circuit including a relatively hot zone in which fluid flowing in said circuit is fed to said heat source and to said turbine, a relatively cold zone in which fluid flowing in said circuit is fed to said cold source land to said compressor and an intermediate zone in which uid ows from said hot zone to said cold zone and vice versa, said hot and cold zones each including means for separating particles from iiuid flowing from said respective hot and cold zones into said intermediate zone, two Venturi tubes arranged for the passage therethrough of fluid flowing from said intermediate zone to said respective hot and cold zones and means for feeding particles from each of said particle separating means to an associated one of said venturi tubes, whereby said particles are re-injected into said uid by blast effect in said respective vent
  • a machine accordinging to claim 12, wherein said inert gas is helium.
  • An installation comprising a turbine, adapted to be driven by a compressible heterogeneous fluid comprising a gaseous phase ,and .a solid phase consisting of particles in .suspension in said gaseous phase, ,a driven machine .operatively coupled .to said turbine .to be driven by the latter, fa circuit for flow yof iuid, a compressor, 'a source of heat and a cold source, said circuit including la relatively hot zone in which fluid flowing in said circuit .is fed to said heat source and to said turbine and .a relatively cold zone in which fluid flowing in said circuit is fed to said cold source and ⁇ to said compressor and said machine further including means for changing .the relative proportions of said gaseous and solid phases in said uid during ow in said circuit, whereby the density lof said particles in fluid flowing in said ci-rcuit intermediate between said relatively hot and relatively cold zones is lower than the density of particles in iiuid cwin-g Iwithin said respect-ive

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)
US436208A 1964-03-04 1965-03-01 Closed-cycle thermal machine Expired - Lifetime US3258925A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR966067A FR1395738A (fr) 1964-03-04 1964-03-04 Turbo-machine thermique à cycle fermé

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US3258925A true US3258925A (en) 1966-07-05

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Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3871179A (en) * 1974-03-13 1975-03-18 Reginald B Bland Stirling cycle engine with catalytic regenerator
US4712610A (en) * 1986-11-28 1987-12-15 United Technologies Corporation Chemical heat pipe employing self-driven chemical pump based on a molar increase
DE3826117A1 (de) * 1988-08-01 1990-02-08 Pelka Bertram Dipl Ing Fh Waermekraftmaschinenanordnung
US5272878A (en) * 1992-12-10 1993-12-28 Schlichtig Ralph C Azeotrope assisted power system
AT398611B (de) * 1988-11-22 1995-01-25 Gestra Ag Elektromotorischer antrieb für ein stellglied
WO2007025027A2 (fr) * 2005-08-24 2007-03-01 Purdue Research Foundation Systemes thermodynamiques fonctionnant par cycle d'expansion et de compression quasi-isotherme
US20190291873A1 (en) * 2018-03-23 2019-09-26 The Boeing Company Air drying system and method therefor
US20210225535A1 (en) * 2018-05-15 2021-07-22 Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute Heat transferring device with pumping structure

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3619749A1 (de) * 1986-06-12 1987-12-17 Juergen Schukey Vorrichtung zur erzeugung mechanischer energie

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB636859A (en) * 1948-05-24 1950-05-10 Howden James & Co Ltd Improvements in or relating to rotary heat engines
US2882687A (en) * 1957-12-30 1959-04-21 Gen Motors Corp Closed circuit turbines

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB636859A (en) * 1948-05-24 1950-05-10 Howden James & Co Ltd Improvements in or relating to rotary heat engines
US2882687A (en) * 1957-12-30 1959-04-21 Gen Motors Corp Closed circuit turbines

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3871179A (en) * 1974-03-13 1975-03-18 Reginald B Bland Stirling cycle engine with catalytic regenerator
US4712610A (en) * 1986-11-28 1987-12-15 United Technologies Corporation Chemical heat pipe employing self-driven chemical pump based on a molar increase
DE3826117A1 (de) * 1988-08-01 1990-02-08 Pelka Bertram Dipl Ing Fh Waermekraftmaschinenanordnung
AT398611B (de) * 1988-11-22 1995-01-25 Gestra Ag Elektromotorischer antrieb für ein stellglied
US5272878A (en) * 1992-12-10 1993-12-28 Schlichtig Ralph C Azeotrope assisted power system
WO2007025027A2 (fr) * 2005-08-24 2007-03-01 Purdue Research Foundation Systemes thermodynamiques fonctionnant par cycle d'expansion et de compression quasi-isotherme
WO2007025027A3 (fr) * 2005-08-24 2007-05-03 Purdue Research Foundation Systemes thermodynamiques fonctionnant par cycle d'expansion et de compression quasi-isotherme
US20190291873A1 (en) * 2018-03-23 2019-09-26 The Boeing Company Air drying system and method therefor
US10745138B2 (en) * 2018-03-23 2020-08-18 The Boeing Company Air drying system and method therefor
US20210225535A1 (en) * 2018-05-15 2021-07-22 Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute Heat transferring device with pumping structure

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Publication number Publication date
FR1395738A (fr) 1965-04-16

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