US3257289A - Process for the production of yeasts - Google Patents

Process for the production of yeasts Download PDF

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US3257289A
US3257289A US243961A US24396162A US3257289A US 3257289 A US3257289 A US 3257289A US 243961 A US243961 A US 243961A US 24396162 A US24396162 A US 24396162A US 3257289 A US3257289 A US 3257289A
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yeast
fraction
aqueous
straight chain
pipe
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Champagnat Alfred
Mayo Claude De
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BP PLC
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BP PLC
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N1/00—Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
    • C12N1/26—Processes using, or culture media containing, hydrocarbons
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G32/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils by electric or magnetic means, by irradiation, or by using microorganisms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N1/00—Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
    • C12N1/14—Fungi; Culture media therefor
    • C12N1/16—Yeasts; Culture media therefor
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S435/00—Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
    • Y10S435/804—Single cell protein
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S435/00—Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
    • Y10S435/8215—Microorganisms
    • Y10S435/911—Microorganisms using fungi
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S435/00—Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
    • Y10S435/8215—Microorganisms
    • Y10S435/911—Microorganisms using fungi
    • Y10S435/921—Candida
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S435/00—Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
    • Y10S435/8215—Microorganisms
    • Y10S435/911—Microorganisms using fungi
    • Y10S435/921—Candida
    • Y10S435/923—Candida lipolytica
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S435/00—Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
    • Y10S435/8215—Microorganisms
    • Y10S435/911—Microorganisms using fungi
    • Y10S435/944—Torulopsis

Definitions

  • the petroleum fractions boiling below the gas oils for example, heavy naphth-as and kerosines also contain straight chain hydrocarbons which are potentially valuable for conversion to other products but hitherto, in general, utilisation of these hydrocarbons has been rendered diflicult by the necessity of recovering these hydrocarbons from the petroleum fractions, in which they are contained, before they can be converted to other products.
  • a process which comprises the steps of continuously cultiice vating, in a fermenter, a strain of yeast which is adapted to grow on straight chain paraflinic hydrocarbons, in the presence of a petroleum fraction consisting in part of straight chain hydrocarbons and having a mean molecular weight corresponding to at least 10 carbon atoms per molecule; and in the presence of an aqueous nutrient medium; and in the presence of a gas containing free oxygen and continuously separating from the mixture (a) a fraction comprising yeast, (b) a fraction comprising the major part of the aqueous phase and (c) a petroleum fraction having a reduced proportion of straight chain hydrocarbons or which is free of said straight chain bydrocarbons, the fraction (b) being recycled, continuously or batchwise, to constitute part of the aqueous nutrient medium.
  • the process of the invention is of particular value for the treatment of petroleum gas oil fractions which contain straight chain hydrocarbons in the form of waxes, since by the process of the invention a gas oil of improved pour point is obtained while the waxes are converted to a valuable product.
  • straight-chain hydrocarbons will be present in the feedstocks according to the invention as parafiins;
  • olefins may also be present.
  • the percentage conversion of straight chain hydrocarbons which is achieved can be maintained at a value approaching without necessitating a very disproportionate expenditure of contact time to achieve small improvements. Furthermore, in a continuous process, this high percentage conversion can be achieved without resorting to the use of a long reaction path.
  • Suitable feedstocks to the process of the invention include kerosine, gas oils and lubricating oils; these feedst-ocks may be unrefined or may have undergone some refinery treatment, but must contain a proportion of straight chain hydrocarbons in order to fulfil the purpose of this invention.
  • the petroleum fraction will contain 3-45 by weight of straight chain hydrocarbons.
  • the yeast which is grown on the feedstock is of the family Cryptococcaceae and particularly of the subfamily Cryptococcoideae; however if desired there may be used, for example ascosporogeneous yeasts of the subfamily Saccharomycoideae.
  • Preferred genera of the Cryptococcoideae subfamily are Torulopsis (also known as Torula) and Candida.
  • Preferred strains of Candida are Candida tropicalis, Candida utilis and Candida pulcherina and, in particular, Candida lipolytica (also known as Mycotorula lipolytica).
  • Other suitable strains include T orulopsis colliculosd, Hansenula anomala and Oidium laczis.
  • yeasts When starting with a fresh stock of the yeast it will usually be necessary to adapt the yeast to assimilate carbon from hydrocarbons and to use an inoculum of the adapted yeast for the process of growth according to the invention.
  • these yeasts when cultivated on an aqueous mineral medium containing the appropriate nutrient elements, grow with difiiculty because the petroleurn fractions do not contain the growth factors which exist in molasses and wood hydrolysis sugars, for example.
  • the growth of the yeast used is favoured by the addition to the culture medium of a very small proportion of bio" factors, for example extract of yeast (an industrial product rich in vitamins of group B obtained by the hydrolysis of a yeast) or more generally of vitamins of group B and/or biotin.
  • This quantity is preferably of the order of 25 parts per million with reference to the aqueous fermentation medium. It can be higher or lower according to the conditions chosen for the growth.
  • the growth of the yeast takes place at the expense of the petroleum fraction with the intermediate production of bodies having an acid function, principally fatty acids, in such manner that the pH of the aqueous mineral medium progressively diminishes. If one does not correct it the growth is fairly rapidly arrested and the concentration of the yeast in the medium, or cellular density, no longer increases so that there is reached a so-called stationary phase.
  • the aqueous nutrient medium is maintained at a desired pH by the stepwise or continuous addition of an aqueous medium of high pH value.
  • the pH of the nutrient medium will be maintained in the range 3-6 and preferably in the range 4-5.
  • Suitable alkaline materials for addition to the growth mixture include sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, disodium hydrogen phosphate and ammonia, either free or in aqueous solution.
  • the optimum temperature of the growth mixture will vary according to the type of yeast employed and will usually lie in the range 2540 C. When using Candida lipolytica the preferred temperature range is 2832 C.
  • the take-up of oxygen is essential for the growth of the yeast.
  • the oxygen will usually be provided as air.
  • the air, used to provide oxygen should be present in the form of fine bubbles under the action of stirring.
  • the major part of the continuous aqueous phase is first separated; preferably this is carried out by centrifuging.
  • the separated aqueous phase will usually contain a greater concentration of nonnutritive ions that can be tolerated in the recycle stream and when this is so, only a proportion of the recovered aqueous phase can be recycled.
  • the recycle stream is supplied with makeup quantities of the necessary nutrients and is returned to the fermenter; if desired the makeup materials maybe fed to the fermenter as a separate stream.
  • a yeast cream consisting of yeast, having a quantigy of oil fixed on to the cells, together with aqueous p ase.
  • fraction (ii) After recovery of fraction (ii), the remaining fractions (i) and (iii) may be reblended and mixed with an aqueous solution of a surfactant.
  • the purpose of this treatment is to separate the oil from the yeast cells; the oil being apparently held to the cells by adsorption.
  • an edible surfactant for example a saccharose ester, which makes it possible to reduce the subsequent washing required to remove from the yeast a surfactant which is not edible.
  • the emulsion so formed is broken down by centrifuging to obtain three fractions:
  • a yeast cream consisting of yeast still contaminated by oil together with an aqueous surfactant phase.
  • the aqueous washing solution containing it is recycled.
  • Fraction (vi) may be further treated by alternate washing with surfactant and centrifuging until the oil content of the yeast has reached a desired low value.
  • the yeast cream now consisting of yeast and aqueous surfactant may now be washed with water and again centrifuged. If desired two or more washings may be given to this yeast cream. If desired, one or more of these water washings (but preferably not the last) may make use of salt water (for example sea water); preferably the final wash is with soft water.
  • salt water for example sea water
  • the culture medium will preferably contain added bio factors.
  • the treated petroleum fractions will be very suited to a number of different uses, depending on boiling range and other characteristics.
  • the kerosenes may be employed as aviation jet engine or gas turbine engine fuels; the heavy gas oils are suitable as heavy diesel fuels. Also there may be obtained oils suitable for use as refrigerator oils or as transmission fiuids.
  • the invention is illustrated but 'not limited with reference to the accompanying drawing which is a schematic flow sheet of a process as herein described.
  • the process as now particularly described makes provision for certain adverse conditions such as high cost or scarcity of soft water, but with the availability of seawater or brackish water and, on the other hand, difficulties in the centrifugal separation of the pure yeast cells from the unmetabolised oil and the aqueous nutritive medium.
  • the devices described may be simplified or used only in part if more favourable conditions exist, for example cheap and abundant soft water.
  • the installation shown in diagram form in the sole illustration comprises'essentially the following parts: a fermenter 1, four washing and centrifugal separation groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 and the traditional drying equipment- 6 and conditioning equipment 7 for the yeast.
  • the illustration does not include the pumps necessary for transferring the liquids and the apparatus itself is not described because it is all of a known type.
  • the fermenter 1 may be of any type suitable for the continuous cultivation of yeasts on aqueous substratum containing sugars.
  • the devices for the injection and distribution of air are not shown in the diagram, nor are any cooling appliances or appliances for regulating the pH.
  • the fermenter 1 contains a synthetic aqueous nutritive medium.
  • aqueous medium (apart from bio factors) has the following composition:
  • the fermentation When starting 01f the fermentation, there is added to the nutritive medium together with the inoculum a .few parts per mill-ion of yeast extract for the purpose of adding the bio growth factors.
  • the requisite quantity of petroleum fraction for example paraffinic gas oil, is introduce-d by the pipes 9 and 10.
  • the feed of the fermenter 1 with nutritive medium and petroleum oil is started.
  • the temperature is regulated to the desired level, namely from 25 to 40 C., using appropriate means.
  • the pH of the medium is also regulated automatically to the desired value by the addition of an ammoniacal solution.
  • the aqueous nutritive medium of the pipe 11 still contains nutritive mineral. elements together with vitamin and other growth factors resulting from a slight autolysis of the yeast which is inevitable in the fermenter (bio factors). It is therefore desirable to recycle this to the inlet to the fermenter. Since it also contains'non-nutritive ions, for example 80;, and Cl ions (which would become concentrated in the nutritive medium and would harm. the growth if this recycling were carried out to the extent of 100%) it is therefore necessary to discard part as a bleedoff. On the other hand it is necessary to replace the nutritive elements consumed by the yeast and to make up with soft water the quantity of nutritive medium which has been evacuated. All this is effected as follows:
  • the effluent leaving the fermenter 1 through the pipe 11 feeds a centrifugal separator 2 designed to separate three phases which are, in increasing order of density: (a). an oil phase containing the yeast cells through the pipe 13, (b) an aqueous nutritive medium phase (which may without trouble also include traces of oil and yeast) through the pipe 12, and (c) a yeast cream phase through the pipe 14.
  • This cream is a fluid paste containing approximately 1 part of yeast, 4 parts of aqueous medium and a certain quantity of oil fixed on to the yeast cells.
  • the essential part played by the separator 2 is to recover the greatest possible amount of aqueous nutritive medium, usually about 96 parts, so that it can be recycled to the fermenter 1.
  • a certain proportion, for example 20 parts, of the aqueous nutritive medium is
  • the rest passes into a small mixer 8 where the nutritive salts necessary for growth are added and dissolved.
  • the nutritive medium which has been reconstituted in this way is fed to the inlet of the fermenter 1 through the pipe 15.
  • a makeup of 20 parts of soft water is introduced by the pipe 16, to compensate for the 20 parts of medium evacuated at 18.
  • This soft water may come from outside via the pipe 17 or, better still, it is soft water which has already been used for the final washing of the yeast and in this case it arrives by the pipe 19'.
  • bio factors which it contains is generally not sufficient to ensure a satisfactory growth of the yeast from the point of view of yield and quality. Consequently .a makeup of bio factors is employed.
  • this may be produced by the means described below:
  • the temperature in 21 is thus raised to 100 C. or over, which brings about the complete autolysis of the yeast cells contained in the medium.
  • the efiluent from the vat 21, which makes use of the pipe 23, is therefore a concentrate of bio factors. It is cooled by the cooler 24 and sent to the feed of the fermenter 1 through the pipes 25 and 10.
  • a mixer 26 receives through the pipe 27 the oil containing the yeast cells of the pipe 13. It also receives the yeast cream contaminated by the oil in the nutritive medium arriving through the pipe 14.
  • An aqueous washing phase containing a surfactant also feeds the vat 26 through the pipes 28 and 27.
  • the purpose of the surfactant is to accomplish the separation of the yeast cells from the oil which is firmly fixed on to them, apparently by adsorption.
  • the pipe 30 carries the mixture from the mixer 26 to the centrifugal separator 3 of the same type as the separator 2.
  • the following leave the separator 3 in increasing order of density: (a) an oil phase which the pipe 31 carries to the storage 32, (b) an aqueous phase containing the surfactant product which is recycled to the mixer 26 through the pipes 28 and 27, and (c) a yeast cream phase through the pipe 33, containing one part of yeast which may still be slightly contaminated by the oil with 4 parts of aqueous liquid containing the surfactant.
  • the aqueous washing liquid containing the surfactant is continuously employed and recycled through the circuit 26, 30, 3, 28, 27.
  • the rate of flow may be regulated as desired, for example between 20 and 100 parts, and its concentration of surfactant product is also regulated, for example between 1 per mil and 1 percent, so as to ensure the best possible separation of the oil b the separator 3.
  • the yeast cream of the pipe 33 must now be freed from the surfactant and any traces of oil which it may contain.
  • a not very abundant phase of oil, sometimes wet is evacuated by the pipes 39- and 31 to the oil tank 32.
  • This tank must be; purged periodically for the purpose of discharging through the pipe 44 any water which may have been carried along with the oil.
  • a salt water phase containing the surfactant leaves via the pipe 38 and passes to waste.
  • This phase consists of one part of yeast and 4 parts of salt water. Itmust undergo a final washing with soft water for the. purpose of separating from it most of thesalt water. This final washing is carried out in the mixer 41, fed by the pipe 42 with, for example 50 parts of soft water.
  • the pipe 43 feeds the separator with the effluent from the mixer 41.
  • The. centrifugal separator 5 may be more simple than the preceding ones because it only separates two phases: 50 parts of a. soft water washing phase through the pipe 19, this phase containing a low. proportion. of salts from the salt water of the preceding washing operation, and a yeast cream phase consisting of one part of yeast and 4. parts at least of slightly salt water through the pipe 45.
  • The'centrifuging is regulated insuch a way that this yeast cream is as. thick as possible, so-as to have a minimum amount of water to evaporate during the final drying.
  • the thick cream' is slightly heated by a heat exchanger 46.
  • the steam roller dryer 6' produces the final dry yeast, with a maximum of of water. This yeast is sent to the packing department via the unit 7: screw conveyor and storage silo.
  • the 50 parts of Washing water of the pipe 19- are used in the installation for all the requirements of practically soft water: through the pipe 16 makeup of water for the nutritive medium, through the pipe 49 makeup of water for the washing circuit with the liquid containing the surfactant.
  • the pipe 48 carries the whole of the excess of this washing water to the pipe so that it can be usedwith the salt water and in this way reduce its salt content.
  • the unmetabolised petroleum oil stored in the tank 32 differs from the petroleum oil used as the raw material by virtue of the fact that the yeasts have metabolised its paraffinic constituents. Its pour point is thus considerably lowered, and the installation described above may therefore be regarded as. a dewaxing installation, with the production of yeasts in the place of paraffin wax.
  • the installation may obviously be used by employing as raw material paraflinic hydrocarbons manufactured by extraction of petroleum fractions by means of molecular sieves.
  • the whole of the hydrocarbons may be metabolised, which simplifies the purification stages for the yeast.
  • a process for the removal, at least in part, of straight chain hydrocarbons from a petroleum fraction, with production of edible yeast which comprises the steps of continuously cultivating, in a fermenter, a strain of straight chain paraffinic hydrocarbon-consuming yeast which is adapted to grow on straight chain parafiinic hydrocarbons, in the presence of a petroleum fraction consisting in part of straight chain hydrocarbons and having a mean molecular weight corresponding to at least 10 carbon atoms per molecule; and in the presence of an aqueous nutrient medium; and in the presence of a gas containing free oxygen and continuously separating from the mixture a fraction comprising yeast, a fraction comprising the major part of the aqueous phase and a petroleum fraction having a reduced proportion of straight chain hydrocarbons, the aqueous phase fraction being recycled to constitute part of the aqueous nutrient medium.
  • feedstock is selected from the group consisting of kerosine, gas oil and a lubricating oil.
  • a process for the removal, at least in part, of waxes from a wax-containing petroleum gas oil, with production of edible yeast which comprises the steps of continuously cultivating, in a fermenter, a strain of straight chain parafiinic hydrocarbon-consuming yeast which is adapted to grow on straight chain paraflinic hydrocarbons, inthe presence of a wax-containing petroleum gas oil; and in the'presence of an aqueous nutrient medium; and in the presence of a gas containing free oxygen and continuously separatingfrom the mixture a fraction comprising yeast, a fraction comprising the major part of the aqueous phase and a fraction comprising gas oils of reduced content of wax, the aqueous phase fraction being recycled, to constitute part of the aqueous nutrient medium.
  • yeast is Candida lipolytica.
  • a process according to claim 15 in which the yeast and aqueous phase containing fractions are blended, treated with aqueous solution of a surfactant and centrifuged to yield an oil phase, an aqueous phase and a fraction comprising yeast.
  • Wickersham et 211 Carbon Assimilation Tests for the Classification of Yeasts, Journal of Bacteriology 56, 10 1949, pages 363-371.

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US243961A 1962-01-08 1962-12-11 Process for the production of yeasts Expired - Lifetime US3257289A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR884177A FR1320058A (fr) 1962-01-08 1962-01-08 Procédé et installation pour la production de levures alimentaires à partir de fractions du pétrole

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DE (1) DE1470490A1 (fr)
FR (1) FR1320058A (fr)
GB (2) GB1021697A (fr)
OA (1) OA00218A (fr)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3489648A (en) * 1966-12-22 1970-01-13 Phillips Petroleum Co Microbial hydrocarbon consumption
EP0057963A2 (fr) * 1981-02-07 1982-08-18 Günter Pruss Procédé pour l'enrichissement énergétique d'un combustible

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH0659476B2 (ja) * 1985-07-01 1994-08-10 味の素株式会社 活性汚泥処理法

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2697061A (en) * 1950-08-17 1954-12-14 Texaco Development Corp Processing of hydrocarbons
US2697062A (en) * 1951-03-30 1954-12-14 Texaco Development Corp Processing of hydrocarbons
US2982692A (en) * 1957-06-26 1961-05-02 Hardin B Mcdill Dewaxing of oils

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2697061A (en) * 1950-08-17 1954-12-14 Texaco Development Corp Processing of hydrocarbons
US2697062A (en) * 1951-03-30 1954-12-14 Texaco Development Corp Processing of hydrocarbons
US2982692A (en) * 1957-06-26 1961-05-02 Hardin B Mcdill Dewaxing of oils

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3489648A (en) * 1966-12-22 1970-01-13 Phillips Petroleum Co Microbial hydrocarbon consumption
EP0057963A2 (fr) * 1981-02-07 1982-08-18 Günter Pruss Procédé pour l'enrichissement énergétique d'un combustible
WO1982002722A1 (fr) * 1981-02-07 1982-08-19 Guenter Pruss Procede d'enrichissement energetique d'un carburant
EP0057963A3 (fr) * 1981-02-07 1982-08-25 Günter Pruss Procédé pour l'enrichissement énergétique d'un combustible

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OA00218A (fr) 1966-03-15
GB1021698A (en) 1966-03-09
FR1320058A (fr) 1963-03-08
GB1021697A (en) 1966-03-09

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