US3188955A - Explosive charge assemblies - Google Patents
Explosive charge assemblies Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3188955A US3188955A US99819A US9981961A US3188955A US 3188955 A US3188955 A US 3188955A US 99819 A US99819 A US 99819A US 9981961 A US9981961 A US 9981961A US 3188955 A US3188955 A US 3188955A
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- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- explosive charge
- explosive
- lens element
- lens
- charge
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Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
- F42B12/00—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material
- F42B12/02—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect
- F42B12/36—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect for dispensing materials; for producing chemical or physical reaction; for signalling ; for transmitting information
- F42B12/46—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect for dispensing materials; for producing chemical or physical reaction; for signalling ; for transmitting information for dispensing gases, vapours, powders or chemically-reactive substances
- F42B12/50—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect for dispensing materials; for producing chemical or physical reaction; for signalling ; for transmitting information for dispensing gases, vapours, powders or chemically-reactive substances by dispersion
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
- F42B1/00—Explosive charges characterised by form or shape but not dependent on shape of container
- F42B1/02—Shaped or hollow charges
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
- F42B12/00—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material
- F42B12/02—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect
- F42B12/04—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect of armour-piercing type
- F42B12/10—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect of armour-piercing type with shaped or hollow charge
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
- F42B12/00—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material
- F42B12/02—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect
- F42B12/36—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect for dispensing materials; for producing chemical or physical reaction; for signalling ; for transmitting information
- F42B12/44—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect for dispensing materials; for producing chemical or physical reaction; for signalling ; for transmitting information of incendiary type
Definitions
- This invention relates to an explosive charge assembly. More particularly, the invention relates to an explosive charge assembly for both military purposes and for perforating oil well casings and well boreholes.
- the principle of the hollow charge or shaped explosive charge has been known for many years.
- the disclosure or this principle has been known since at least about 1792 and publications such as the May 1888 issue of Scribners Magazine have discussed the principle.
- the principle became known as the Monroe eifect in Eng land and the United States and as the Neurnann effect in Germany.
- this principle or efi'ect takes advan tage of concentrating the forces from an explosive charge into a smaller area by providing a concave hollowing or shaping of the face of the explosive-directed towar the area to be penetrated.
- the hollow or shaped explosive charge construction has many advantages, it also has substantial and serious limitations and disadvantages.
- this type of charge construction is extremely sensitive to variations in the dimensions and configuration of its components. It is usually necessary to design a suitable apparatus by means of trial and error until particular dimensions and configuration of the components have been found to achieve satisfactory results. Even minor alterations in configuration and dimensions can cause a drastic reduction in the effectiveness of the device.
- the configuration and dimensions of the metal liner are of particularly great importance in apparatus employing the hollow explosive charge construction. Even where an optimum design has been developed, the reproducibility of apparatus employing this construction is somewhat unsatisfactory.
- explosive charges employing the hollow charge principle are highly sensitive to the stand-oft distance between the metal liner 0 fthe explosive charge and the ad jacent area to be penetrated or perforated. When an optimum stand-oft distance is not achieved or is substantially exceeds, satisfactory results are not obtained.
- an important feature and contribution of the present invention is to provide a means for introducing, in active form, a substance having a desired chemical, physical or physiological activity when propelled into the perforation made by the explosive charge assembly of the invention.
- FIGURE 1 is a longitudinal cross-section of a preferred construction of an apparatus of the invention, showing the parts, in the form of an explosive charge assembly suitable for perforating oil well casings and oil 3 well boreholes containing an active material in the lens element in accordance with the present invention.
- FIGURE 2 is a longitudinal cross-section of another preferred form of the apparatus of the invention suitable for use in perforating oil well casings and oil well boreholes containing an active material in the lens element in accordance with the present invention; 7
- FIGURE 3 is a longitudinal cross-section of a third form of the apparatus of the invention suitable for use in perforating oil well casings and oil well boreholes and especially adapted for use with active materials in the lens element which are liquids.
- an explosive charge assembly in which the explosive material has a substantially planar face or surface oriented toward the opening of the assembly housing and facing toward the area which is to be perforated or penetrated.
- Adjacent to the substantially planar face of the explosive charge is the substantially planar face of a nonexplosive lens element with the lens having a concave hollowing facing away from the explosive charge, with the lens element comprising or containing a chemical substance having a desired chemical, physical or physiological action when propelled into the object to be penetrated by the explosive charge assembly.
- superimposed over the concave hollowing of the lens element is a metallic liner.
- FIGURES 1, 2, and 3 of the accompanying drawing wherein like parts will be similarly numbered. While the apparatus of the invention will be discussed primarily in connection with explosive charges as well. It is believed recognized by well casings and oil well boreholes, it is not intended that the invention shall be limited to such applications. It is intended that the apparatus of the invention shall be directed to and be applicable to military and industrial explosive charges as well. It is believed recognized by those skilled in the explosive art that the demands of military and industrial explosive charges are less acute and rigorous than those for perforating apparatus for use in oil well casings and boreholes.
- the apparatus of the invention as illustrated by the three figures of drawing comprises an explosive charge gun 10, illustrated in the drawing in the form of a longitudinal cross-section thereof.
- the gun 10 comprises a housing 11 composed of any material capable of protecting the explosive charge from damage during handling.
- the housing material is preferably composed of a soft metal, such as lead or zinc, which gives increased confinement to the explosive detonation. Other materials have been employed as the housing material in devices of this kind and it is not contemplated that the nature of the housing material shall be limited.
- the housing 11 shown contains a centrally located fuse 12 in the opening 13.
- the fuse is desirably of a suitable material such as the well known Pn'macord fuse containing PETN (pentaerythrityl tetranitrate) or RDX (cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine) explosive. Packed adjacent to the fuse 12 in the opening 13 is the main mass of explosive charge substantial interference.
- PETN penentaerythrityl tetranitrate
- RDX cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine
- the nature of the explosive charge may vary, but a detonating explosive which is preferably of high density, such as a pressed or cast solid organic nitrate or nitro compound, is generally suitable. While any detonating explosive is generally satisfactory, high velocity or high order explosive charges are most suitable.
- Compressed PETN is one suitable material and compressed or cast blends of PETN with TNT, for example, in 50-50 mixtures, is also quite suitable.
- Similarl RDX is a suitable explosive as are its high density mixtures with TNT, one suitable blend consisting of parts of RDX in 20 parts of TNT. The foregoing explosive materials are particularly suitable since they possess high strength and upon detonation produce a high velocity detonation front, reaching maximum velocity very rapidly.
- the lens element 16 is made of compacted granular sulfamic acid with a planar face adjacent to the planar face 15 of the explosive charge 14.
- the lens element has a concave cavity 17a facing away from the explosive charge 14 and covering the cavity 17a is a metal liner 18a, of an alloy of lead and 10% antimony, being in the form of a truncated cone, with the cone walls meeting the Walls of the housing 11 at angles of 30 and having a curved apex of inch radius.
- This construction has been found to be particularly effective with the use of 20 grams of RDX as the explosive charge and 14 grams of sulfamic acid as the chemically active lens element.
- FIGURE 2 illustrates another construction in which the lens element 16b is made of compacted sulfamic acid and the cavity 17b is covered by a parabolic liner 18b of copper 0.024 inch thick. Shown over the device is a protective cap 19 of suitable material such as aluminum.
- FIGURE 3 shows the construction of a lens element of a type suitable with a compressed gaseous or liquid active agent.
- the lens element comprises a shell 16c containing a liquid Ztlc, such as hydrochloric acid and the metal liner 18c covering the concave cavity is made of lead antimony alloy.
- the shell 16c serves to protect the explosive 14 and the metal liner from the liquid contents.
- The'net effect here is that the shock wave is not reflected or diffused at the substantially planar or flat explosivelens element interface, i.e., no energy is lost since the shock wave has passed through the interface without
- the shock wave is transmitted element and upon the shock wave reaching the metallic body of the concave metal liners 18a, 18b and 180, the energy of the shock wave is accepted whereupon the liner becomes deformed and accelerated to form a hypervelocity stream of metal particles.
- -It is desirable that the metal liner have as poor an acoustical impedance, compressability and elasticity match with the material of the lens element so that maximum energy release will be obtained.
- the hypervelocity stream of metal which is produced from the metal liner provides the mass which is of importance in providing penetration of the target area.
- a slower velocity stream of active lens element material surrounded by a high density gas cloud produced from the detonation of the explosive.
- the hypervelocity stream of metallic particles can penetrate a considerable distance into a target material.
- a target material For example, employing a construction as shown in FIG. 2, employing grams of RDX as explosive and 14 grams of crystahine su-lfamic acid as the lens material, and firing the charge assembly into three inches of No. 1020 mild steel target, with one-half inch stand-off provided by the protective cap 19 of aluminum, the perforation was found to have penetrated 2 /8 of the target steel.
- a desirable lens element material from the standpoint of maximum target penetration, may be characterized as one which has a low density and will transmit a shock wave while a desirable liner material may be characterized as one which has a high density and substantially accepts the shock wave energy.
- the nature of the active or reactive lens material will depend upon the purpose for which the explosive charge assembly is to be employed and the nature of the target.
- the material may comprise liquids, solids, or liquefied gases and the material may provide chemical, physical or physiological action upon entering the perforation produced in the target.
- the lens material is solid, desirably finely-divided, and for the greatest penetration of the target area, the material shall have a ratio of specific gravity to average molecular weight of between about 0.0 and 0.5, with best results being obtained with a ratio of between about 0.0 and 0.05.
- a material having a specific gravity of less than 2.5 is preferred, particularly when compressed.
- the lens material desirably comprises an acid or a surface active agent.
- an acid as the lens material such as sulfamic acid
- the breakdown pressures are less than when charges which do not employ the acid as lens material are used.
- the use of the sulfamic acid often eliminates the nee-d for separate and subsequent acid breakdown treatment.
- acids which may be employed are: benzoic, bor-ic, citric, oxalic, picric, salicylic, sulfamic, acrylic, hydrochloric, nitric, sulfuric, nitrous, acetic, chloroacetic, hypochlorous, formic, phosphoric, oleic, linoleic acids, etc., with the solid acids being preferre
- the acids appear to assist in producing a larger perforation and they create a more porous perforaion, thereby improving the recovery of oil from the well.
- a base may be employed in the lens material such as hydroxides of alkali metals including sodium hydroxide and lithium hydroxide, higher molecular weight amines such as naphthylamine, dodecylamine, LZ-benZenediamine, etc. and ammonia and low molecular weight amines such as ethylamine, dibutylamine, trimethylamine, diethylenetriarnine, aniline, pyridine, etc.
- hydroxides of alkali metals including sodium hydroxide and lithium hydroxide
- higher molecular weight amines such as naphthylamine, dodecylamine, LZ-benZenediamine, etc.
- ammonia and low molecular weight amines such as ethylamine, dibutylamine, trimethylamine, diethylenetriarnine, aniline, pyridine, etc.
- a surface active agent in solid, solution or suspension form into an oil well and this can be done in accordance with the present invention.
- the surface active agents assist in the removal of crushed earth material from the pores of the perforated body and subsequently the recovery of oil from the formation is enhanced.
- surfactants which may be employed are: sodium dodecylbenzene sulfate, ethylene oxide adducts of oleyl alcohol, dodecyl ammonium chloride carried in water or water-alcohol mixtures, etc. and oil solutions or suspensions of fatty acid amine salts such as dodecylamine oleate, mahogany sulfonates, sorbitan monooleate, etc.
- Radioactive materials may include radioactive iodine dissolved in oil or a uranium salt such as uranium hexafiuoride.
- fluorescent dyes fluorescein dissolved in an alkali aqueous solution.
- Oxidizing agents or chemical salts may be suitably employed as the lens material and material such as potassium permanganate, sodium perchlorate, sodium carbonate, potassium nitrate, calcium chloride, etc. may be employed for this purpose.
- the desirable reactive lens material may take several forms such as incendiary materials, chemical warfare materials, such as lachrymators, physiological agents such as nerve gases, biological warfare agents such as viruses, disease producing bacteria, or smoke generating substances.
- incendiary materials which may be employed are thermit, yellow phosphorus, iodine pentobromide, bromine tetrafluoride, chr0- mic acid, sodium peroxide, etc.
- the lachrymators are benzyl bromide, bromo acetone etc.
- the physiological agents may include the nerve gas Tabun (cyanodimethylaminoethoxy phosphine oxide).
- the biological agents may include virulent viruses and bacteria known to be useful in biological warfare. Suitable smoke generating substances include such materials as phosphorus, titanium tetrachloride, etc.
- the reactive lens material is injected into the target after the hypervelocity stream of metal and thereupon performs its intended role.
- the reactive lens material is an incendiary material, it will follow the stream of metallic particles from the disintegrated metal liner into the target and induce combustion internally in the military tank, fuel dump, ship, or the like.
- the reactive lens material is a chemical or biological warfare material it is injected into the steel walls of the target building, vehicle or vessel and renders the crew helpless and permits their capture intact with equipment, documents and maps. Or, in the case of buildings storing foods and supplies, renders the contents useless to the enemy. Weapons capable of accomplishing such results have long been sought by the military.
- lens material When desirable other chemical materials of various classes, including alcohols, esters, ketones, hydrocarbons, both aliphatic and aromatic, chlorinated hydrocarbons and compressed or liquefied gases may be employed as the lens material.
- the most preferred reactive lens materials from the standpoint of providing maximum penetration are the following lens materials and their ratio of specific gravity to average molecular weight.
- the concave metal liner is desirably of a substance which is a poor conductor or transfer agent of the shock wave. It desirably has a high mass or specific gravity and is desirably of a metal melting below about 500 C.
- suitable materials for the concave metallic liner are copper, aluminum, steel or brass.
- a low-melting metal having a melting point of 500 C. such as zinc, Babbit metal, lead, cadmium, zinc, solder, and alloys of these materials.
- the low melting metals are preferred because they have less tendency to produce a carrot or slug of metal in the area penetrated or perforated.
- a chemically reactive lens element material such as an acid
- even the higher melting lens materials show less of a tendency to form a carrot or slug.
- the essential configuration of the reactive lens element is that it have a substantially planar or fiat surface adjacent to the substantial planar surface of the explosive charge and at its opposite end a hollowing or concave cavity.
- the essential configuration of the metal liner is that it have a concave cavity and be contiguous with the concave cavity of the lens element.
- the cavities of the lens element and the metallic liner may take any form including conical, hyperbolic, parabolic, ellipsoidal, hemispherical, pyramidal, and variations of these.
- the metal liner is desirably placed contiguous with the concave cavity of the lens element with the apex of the metal liner in close proximity or adjacent to the planar surface of the explosive charge. It is not necessary, and not desirable, that the liner be in contact with the explosive charge, as in the case of the hollow charge devices of the prior art.
- the metal liner may vary in thickness. Desirably the liner is thick enough to absorb sufiicient shock wave energy so that it provides a hypervelocity stream of metal. It should not be so thick that its large inertia prevents formation of a hypervelocity stream of metal.
- One of the important advantages of the apparatus of the present invention is that it is substantially free from sensitivity to variations in the dimensions and configuration of its components. Excellent results can be obtained regardless of variations in the dimensions and configuration of the components, so long as the essential planar interface exists between the explosive charge and the lens element and so long as the lens element and the concave metal liner are adjacent to each other and of the same relative configuration. Thus, the apparatus of the invention will provide reproducible results over a wide range of dimensions and configurations. Also, explosive charge assemblies in accordance with the present invention are not sensitive to variations in stand-off distance between the metal liner and the adjacent area to be penetrated.
- the apparatus of the present invention Since the apparatus of the present invention is not sensitive to variations in dimensions and configuration of its components, the maximum energy of the explosive shock wave can readily be transmitted to provide maximum penetration.
- the limiting factor is the supply of shock wave energy which the explosive charge will provide and not the particular efficiency or configuration of the lens element-liner combination. This is a p int of major difference between the explosive charge assembly 'of the present invention and devices based on the hollow charge principle. Simply by enlarging the area of the contact between the'explosive charge and the reactive lens element at the adjacent substantially planar interface, the energy supply can be materially increased.
- the area of a circle increases as the square of its radius, by multiplyin g the radius of the substantially planar interface between the explosive charge and the lens element by two, it is possible to increase the available energy by four times.
- the lens element and particularly the metallic liner serve to focus this energy and produce a highly effective hypervelocity force.
- military explosive charge assemblies in accordance with the present invention may be utilized in a way with which those skilled in the art are familiar and by incorporating the explosive charge assembly, with its reactive lens material, in suitable projectiles, shells and the like, such as the Bazooka.
- the explosive charge assemblies of the invention may be employed in accordance with techniques well known to those skilled in the art.
- the apparatus of the invention may be employed merely to perforate oil well casings or boreholes or they may be employed to perforate casings or boreholes as part of a process of fracturing the earth formation.
- FIGURE 2 of the drawing having a housing 11 with a Primacord fuse 12 and an explosive charge 14 of 20 grams of RDX having a planar interface 15 between the explosive charge 14 and the lens element 16b, comprising 14 grams of compacted granular sulfamic acid, and a parabolic metal liner of copper 0.024 inch thick, an oil well, having a casing of 4 /2 inches diameter, was subjected to the firing of 24 of said explosive charges spaced two per foot. The firing took place at a depth of 2753 to 2757 feet and 2760 to 2768 feet. After firing the explosivecharge assemblies, the firing mechanism was removed from the well.
- the oil Well was acidized With 250 gallons of muriatic acid and then subjected to a fracturing treatment with 10,000 gallons of lease crude containing 20 gallons of non-ionic Wetting agent and one-twentieth of a pound per gallon of sodium dodecylbenzene sulphonate containing sodium sulfate as an inert filler.
- the residual crude oil contained 22,000 pounds of sand to function as a propping agent.
- the fracturing fluid accomplished a breakdown at 1700-1950 pounds per square inch pressure which was good for oil wells in this area.
- An explosive charge assembly comprising a container housing having an open end and containing a detonatable explosive charge having a substantially planar surface oriented toward the open end of said container housing, a lens member of a non-explosive substance having a substantially planar surface adjacent to and in contact with said substantially planar surface of said explosive charge and having a concave cavity oriented toward the open end of said container housing, said nonexplosive substance being undecomposed by the heat of detonation of the explosion and being reactive when propelled into the object to be penetrated by the explosive charge assembly, and a metallic liner superimposed over the concave cavity of the lens element.
- a well borehole casing perforating apparatus comprising a container housing having an open end and containing a detonatable explosive charge having a substantially planar surface oriented toward the open end of said container housing, a lens member of a non-explosive substance having a substantially planar surface adjacent to and in contact with said substantially planar surface of said explosive charge and having a concave cavity oriented toward the open end of said container housing, said nonexplosive substance being undecomposed by the heat of detonation of the explosion and being reactive when propelled into the object to be penetrated by the explosive charge assembly, and a metallic liner superimposed over the concave cavity of the lens element.
- a device for producing a directed pressure-wave comprising; a cone having an apex and a forwardly opening concave surface and a rearwardly facing convex surface; a body of explosive located opposite said rearwardly facing surface and adjacent said apex, said convex surface and said body of explosive defining a space therebetween with said apex being closer to said body of explosive than any other part of said convex surface; a body of non-explosive liquid pressure-wave transmission medium substantially filling said space defined by the said rearwardly facing surface of said cone and said explosive body; and means for detonating said explosive body.
- a device for producing a directed pressure-wave comprising: a cone having an apex and a forwardly opening concave surface; a body of explosive having a substantialy flat forward surface adjacent said apex, said cone and said forward surface of said body of explosive defining a space therebetween; a body of nonexplosive liquid pressure-wave transmission medium substantially filling said space defined by said cone and said surface; and means for detonating said explosive body.
- a device according to claim 19 wherein said pressure-wave transmission medium is hydrochloric acid.
- SAMUEL FEINBERG Primary Examiner.
- SAMUEL BOYD ARTHUR M. HORTON, Examiners.
Description
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US99819A US3188955A (en) | 1961-03-31 | 1961-03-31 | Explosive charge assemblies |
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US99819A US3188955A (en) | 1961-03-31 | 1961-03-31 | Explosive charge assemblies |
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US3188955A true US3188955A (en) | 1965-06-15 |
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Cited By (43)
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US20160169639A1 (en) * | 2014-12-12 | 2016-06-16 | Schlumberger Technology Corporation | Composite Shaped Charges |
US9644460B2 (en) | 2008-12-01 | 2017-05-09 | Geodynamics, Inc. | Method for the enhancement of injection activities and stimulation of oil and gas production |
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US20220397376A1 (en) * | 2021-06-09 | 2022-12-15 | Damorphe | Shaped charge liners with integrated tracers |
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US3762326A (en) * | 1971-11-11 | 1973-10-02 | T Edgell | Controlled directional charges |
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US4955939A (en) * | 1983-03-02 | 1990-09-11 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Shaped charge with explosively driven liquid follow through |
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US10337310B2 (en) | 2008-12-01 | 2019-07-02 | Geodynamics, Inc. | Method for the enhancement and stimulation of oil and gas production in shales |
US9644460B2 (en) | 2008-12-01 | 2017-05-09 | Geodynamics, Inc. | Method for the enhancement of injection activities and stimulation of oil and gas production |
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