US3162121A - Explosive charge assemblies - Google Patents
Explosive charge assemblies Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3162121A US3162121A US66259A US6625960A US3162121A US 3162121 A US3162121 A US 3162121A US 66259 A US66259 A US 66259A US 6625960 A US6625960 A US 6625960A US 3162121 A US3162121 A US 3162121A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- explosive charge
- explosive
- lens element
- charge
- substantially planar
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
- F42B1/00—Explosive charges characterised by form or shape but not dependent on shape of container
- F42B1/02—Shaped or hollow charges
- F42B1/032—Shaped or hollow charges characterised by the material of the liner
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
- F42B1/00—Explosive charges characterised by form or shape but not dependent on shape of container
- F42B1/02—Shaped or hollow charges
- F42B1/028—Shaped or hollow charges characterised by the form of the liner
Definitions
- This invention relates to an explosive charge assembly. More particularly, the invention relates to an explosive charge assembly for both military purposes and for perioratng oil well casings and well boreholes.
- the principle of the hollow charge or shaped explosive charge has been known for many years.
- the disclosure of this principle has been known since at least about 1792 and publications such as the May 1888 issue of Scribners Magazine has discussed the principle.
- the principle became known as the Munroe effect in England and the United States and as the Neumann eiiect in Germany. In general, this principle or effect takes advantage of concentrating the forces from an explosive charge into a smaller area by providing a concave hollowing or shaping of the face of the explosive directed toward the area to be penetrated.
- the hollow or shaped explosive charge construction has many advantages, it also has substantial and serious limitations and disadvantages.
- this type oi' charge construction is extremely sensitive to variations in the dimensions and configuration of its components. It is usually necessary to design a suitable apparatus by means of trial and error until particular dimensions and conguration of the components have been found to achieve satisfactory results. Even minor alterations in configuration and dimensions can cause a drastic reduction in the eiectiveness of the device.
- the coniiguration and dimensions of the metal liner is of particularly great importance in apparatus employing the hollow explosive charge construction. Even where an optimum design has been developed, the reproducibility of apparatus employing this construction is somewhat unsatisfactory.
- explosive charges employing the hollow charge principle are highly sensitive to the standori distance between the metal liner of the explosive charge and the adjacent area to be penetrated or perforated. When an optimum stand-oit distance is notachieved or is substantially exceeded, satisfactory results are not obtained.
- lt is an additional object of the invention to provide a novel process for perforating materials and oil well borehole casings which does not require the employment of an explosive charge utilizing the hollowing charge principle.
- FIGURE l is a longitudinal cross-section of a preferred construction of an apparatus of the invention, showing the parts, in the form of an explosive charge assembly suitable for perforating oil well casings and oil well boreholes;
- FIGURE 2 is a longitudinal cross-section of another form of the apparatus of the invention suitable for use in perforating oil well casings and oil well boreholes;
- FIGURE 3 is a longitudinal cross-section of a third form of the apparatus of the invention suitable for use in perforating oil well casings and oil well boreholes.
- the apparatus and its parts are shown in a scale one and onehalf times the actual size. It should be recognized that it ⁇ is the practice in printing patents in the United States to reduce the size of the drawings by approximately 25
- the objects of the present invention are accomplished by employing an explosive charge assembly in which the explosive material has a substantially planar face or surface oriented toward the opening of the assembly housing and facing toward the'area which is to be perforated or penetrated. Adjacent to the substantially planar face of the explosive charge is the substantially planar face of a nonexplosive lens element with the lens having a concave hollowing facing away from the explosive charge. Superimposed over the lconcave hollowing of the lens element is a metallic-liner.
- FIGURES l, 2, and 3 of the accompanying drawing wherein like parts will be similarly numbered. While the apparatus of the invention will be discussed primarily inv connection with explosive charge assemblies suitable for perforating oil well casings and oil well boreholes, it is not intended that Patented Dec. 22, 1964V the invention shall be limited to such applications. It is intended that the apparatus of the invention shall be directed to military and industrial explosive charges as Well. It is believed recognized by those skilled in the explosive art that the demands ⁇ of military and industrial explosive charges are less acute and rigorous than those for perforating apparatus for use in oil well casings and boreholes.
- the apparatus of the invention as illustrated by the three figures of drawing comprises an explosive charge gun 10, illustrated in the drawing in the form of a longitudinal cross-section thereof.
- the gun l comprises a housing 11 composed of any material capable of protecting the explosive charge from damage during handling.
- the housing material is preferably composed of a soft metal, such as lead or zinc, which gives increased confinement to the explosive detonation. Other materials have been employed as the housing material in devices of this kind and it is not contemplated that the nature of the housing material shall be limited.
- the housing lll shown contains a centrally located fuse 12 in the opening 13.
- the fuse is desirably of a suitable material such as the Well-.known Primacord fuse containing PETN (pentaerythrtyltetranitrate) or RDX (cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine) explosive. Packed adjacent to the fuse 12 in the opening 13 is the main mass of explosive charge lid having a substantially planar face or surface i5.
- the nature of the explosive charge may vary, but a detonating explosive which is preferably of high density, such as a pressed or cast solid organic nitrate or nitro compound, is generally suitable. While any detonating explosive is generally satisfactory, high velocity or high order explosive oharges are most suitable.
- Compressed PETN is one suitable material and compressed or cast blends of PETN with TNT, for example, in 50-50 mixtures, is also quite suitable.
- RDX is a suitable explosive as are its high density mixtures with TNT, one suitable blend consisting of 80 parts of RDX in 2O parts of TNT.
- the foregoing explosive materials are particularly suitable since they possess high strength and upon detonation produce a high velocity detonation front, reaching maximum velocity very rapidly.
- the lens element 16a is made of polymethylmethacrylate with a planar face adjacent to the planar face l of the explosive charge 14.
- the lens element has a concave cavity i751 facing away from the explosive charge 14 and covering the cavity 17a is a metal liner iba, of an alloy of 90% lead and antimony, being in the form of a truncated cone, with the cone walls meeting the walls of the housing 11 at angles of 30, and having a curved apex of 3/s inch radius.
- This construction has been found to be particularly effective with the use of grams of RDX as the explosive charge.
- FIGURE 2 illustrates another construction in which the lens element lob is made of polymethylmethacrylate and the cavity 17b is covered by a lead alloy conical liner 18b.
- FIGURE 3 of the drawing shows the use of a bisected conical lens and metal liner.
- the lens element 16C forms two parts and the metal liner 18C covering the concave cavity l7c is made of lead antimony alloy. This construction is less desirable since it leaves some of the explosive charge exposed.
- the apparatus of the present invention provides beneficial results, it is believed that upon the detonation of the explosive charge 14 by the fuse l2 a high velocity detonation Wave is initiated flowing almost instantaneously from the fuse through the explosive charge and its substantially planar surface and the parallel facing planar surface of the lens elements loa, feb and lltic in the form of a shock wave. It is desirable that the material of the lens element be of a low density and possess physical properties such as those of acoustical impedance, compressability and elasticity which closely match those of the explosive.
- the shock Wave is not reflected or diffused at the substantially planar or fiat explosive-lens element interface, i.e., no energy is lost since the shock wave has passed through the interface without substantial interference.
- the shock wave is transmitted and focused somewhat by the concave cavity of the lens element and upon the shock wave reaching the metallic body of the concave metal liners 18a, Iidb and 18C, the energy of the shock wave is accepted whereupon the liner becoms deforme/.l and accelerated to form a hypervelocity stream of metal particles.
- the metal liner have a poor acoustical impedance, compressability and elasticity match with the material of the lens element so that maximum energy release will be Obtained.
- the hypewelocity stream of metal which is produced from the metal liner provides the mass which is of importance in provi-ding satisfactory penetration of the area which is subjected to the effects of the apparatus.
- a desirable lens element material may be characterized as one which has a low density and will transmit a shock wave while a desirable liner material may be characterized as one which has a high density and substantially accepts the shock Wave energy.
- the lens member is produced from a non-explosive substance which has a high transference or conductance of the shock wave. It is desirably of a non-metallic solid material of a low specific gravity, such as preferably below about 2.5.
- a non-metallic solid material of a low specific gravity, such as preferably below about 2.5.
- the most satisfactory lens element materials are the polymeric or plastic solid materials, wood and glass.
- the suitable polymeric materials are molded polymethylmethacrylate, nylon, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, urea-formaldehyde resins, polystyrene, polyester resins, etc., and copolymers and mixtures of the foregoing resins.
- the concave metal liner is desirably of a substance which is a poor conductor or transfer agent of the shock wave. It desirably has a high mass or specific gravity and is desirably of a metal melting below about 500 C.
- suitable materials for the concave metallic liner are copper, aluminum, steel or brass.
- a low-melting metal having a melting point of 500 C. such as zinc, Babbitt metal, lead, cadmium, zinc, solder, and alloys of these materials The low melting metals are preferred because they have less tendency to produce a carrot or slug of metal in the area penetrated or perforated.
- the essential configuration of the lens element is that it have a substantially planar or flat surface adjacent to the substantial planar surface of the explosive charge and at its opposite end a hollowing or concave cavity.
- the essential configuration of the metal liner is that it have a concave cavity and be contiguous with the concave cavity of the lens element.
- the cavities of the lens element and the metallic liner may take any form including conical, hyperbolic, parabolic, ellipsoidal, hemispherical, pyramidal, and variations of these.
- the metal liner is desirably placed contiguous with the concave cavity of the lens element with the apex of the metal liner in close proximity or adjacent to the planar surface of the explosive charge. It is not necessary that the liner be in contact with thp explosive charge, as in the case of the hollow charge devices of the prior art.
- the metal liner may vary in thickness. Desirably the liner is thick enough to absorb sufficient shock wave energy so that it provides a hypervelocity stream of metal. It should not be so thick -that its large inertia prevents formation of a hypervelocity stream of metal.
- One of the important advantages of the apparatus of the present invention is that it is substantially free from sensitivity to alterations in the dimensions and configuration of its components. Excellent results can be obtained regardless of variations in the dimensions and configuration of the components, so long as the essential planar interface exists between the explosive charge and the lens element and so long as the lens element and the concave metal liner are adjacent fto each other and of the same relative configuration.
- the apparatus of the invention will provide reproducible results over a wide range of dimensions and configurations.
- explosive charge assemblies in accordance with the present invention are not sensitive to variations in standoff distance between the metal liner ⁇ and the adjacent area to be penetrated.
- the apparatus of the present invention Since the apparatus of the present invention is not sensitive to variations in dimensions and configuration of its components, the maximum energy of the explosive shock. Wave can readily be transmitted to provide maximum penetration.
- the limiting factor is the supply of shock wave energy which the explosive charge will provide and not the particular eliiciency or conguration of the lens element-liner combination. This is a point of major difference between the explosive charge assembly 0f the present invention and devices based on the hollow charge principle. Simply by enlarging the area of the contact between the explosive charge and the lens element at the adjacent substantially planar interface, the energy supply can be materially increased.
- the area of a circle increases as the square of its radius, by multiplying the radius of the substantially planar interface between the explosive charge and the lens element by two, it is possible to increase the available energy by four times.
- the lens element and particularly the metallic liner serve to focus this energy and produce a highly eective hypervelocity force.
- Military explosive charge assemblies in accordance with the present invention may be utilized in a way with which those skilled in the art are familiar and may be employed in the same way that corresponding devices employing the hollow charge principle have been used.
- the explosive charge assemblies of the invention may be employed in accordance with techniques well known to those skilled in the art.
- the apparatus of the invention may be employed merely to perforate oil well casings or boreholes or they may be employed to perforate casings or boreholes as part of a process of fracturing the earth formation.
- the explosive charge assemblies of the present invention in the fracture initiating apparatus disclosed in the pending U.S. application of Bruce Gilbert, Ser. No. 675,424, now Patent No.
- the fracturing iluid accomplished a breakdown at 3600 -1 lbs. per square inch pressure and thereafter the fracturing lluid was injected at a pressure of 2,000 lbs. per square inch at an average injection rate of 25 bbls. per minute. ⁇
- the initial potential of the thus fractured oil well was 106.87% of that which could be anticipated. Based on comparative tests under virtually identical circumstances the explosive charge assemblies of the present invention provided similar results with regard to breakdown and injection pressures of those obtained using similar charges employing the hollow charge principle.
- An explosive charge assembly comprising a container housing capable of confining an explosive detonation and having an open end and containing a detonatable explosive charge having a substantially planar surface oriented toward the open end of said container housing,
- non-explosive lens element having a substantially planar surface adjacent to and in contact with said substantially planar surface of said explosive charge and having a concave cavity oriented toward the open end of said container housing, and a metallic liner superimposed over the concave cavity of the lens element.
- a well borehole casing perforating apparatus cornprising a container housing capable of coniining an explof sive detonation and having an open end and containing a detonatable explosive charge having a substantially planar surface oriented toward the open end of said con-4 tainer housing, a non-explosive lens element having a substantially planar surface adjacent to and in Contact with said substantially planar surface of said explosive charge and having a concave cavity oriented toward the open end of said container housing, and a metallic liner superimposed over the concave cavity of the lens element.
- An explosive charge assembly comprising a container housing capable of confining an explosive detonation and having an open end and containing a detonatable explosive charge havinga substantially planar surface oriented toward the open end of said container housing, a homogeneous, non-explosive lens element having a substantially planar surface adjacent to and in contact with said substantially planar surface of said explosive charge and having a concave cavity oriented toward the open end of said container housing, and a metallic liner superimposed over the cavity of the lens element.
- An explosive charge assembly comprising a container housing having an open end and being capable of confining an explosive detonation; a dctonatable explosive charge disposed in said housing and having a substantially planar surface oriented toward the open end of said housing; a lens element having a substantially planar surface adjacent to and in contact with substantially all of said planar surface of said explosive charge and having a conical concave cavity oriented with the larger end toward the open end of said container housing, said lens element being formed of a non-explosive substance capable of high conductance of shock waves; and a metallic liner superimposed on the cavity side of said lens element.
- An explosive charge assembly comprising a container housing capable of confining an explosive detonation and having an open end; a detonatable explosive charge disposed within said housing and having a substantially planar surface oriented toward the open end of said housing; a toroidal lens element formed of a non-explosive, non-metallic solid material of low specific gravity and having an annular substantially planar surface adjacent to and in contact with said planar surface of said explosive charge and having a truncated conical cavity, the larger end of the cavity being oriented toward the open end of said housing, the concave sides of said lens element forming an angle of about 30 with the straight sides thereof; and a metallic liner superimposed over the interior surface of the cavity of said lens elernent and a portion of said substantially planar surface of said explosive charge.
- An explosive charge assembly comprising a container housing capable of confining an explosive detonation and having an open end; a detonatable explosive charge disposed Within said housing and having a substantially planar surface oriented toward the open end of said con tainer housing; a toroidal lens eemperent formed of a material selected from the class consisting of solid polymers, Wood and glass, and having a substantially planar surface adjacent to and in contact with a portion of said sub,- stantially planar surface of said explosive charge, and having an interior Wall circumscribing a truncated conical cavity and an intersecting exterior Wall forming an angle of about 30 with said interior wall, the larger end of said cavity being oriented toward the open end of said container housing; and a metallic liner superimposed over said interior Wall of said lens element.
Description
Claims (1)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US66259A US3162121A (en) | 1960-10-31 | 1960-10-31 | Explosive charge assemblies |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US66259A US3162121A (en) | 1960-10-31 | 1960-10-31 | Explosive charge assemblies |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US3162121A true US3162121A (en) | 1964-12-22 |
Family
ID=22068333
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US66259A Expired - Lifetime US3162121A (en) | 1960-10-31 | 1960-10-31 | Explosive charge assemblies |
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Country | Link |
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US (1) | US3162121A (en) |
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2339463A1 (en) * | 1976-01-27 | 1977-08-26 | Ici Ltd | PROCESS FOR CUTTING A METAL ELEMENT UNDER WATER BY A PROFILED EXPLOSIVE CHARGE |
FR2629193A1 (en) * | 1983-07-02 | 1989-09-29 | Wisotzki Juergen | FUNNEL OR SHELL INSERT FOR HOLLOW LOADS, METHOD AND MOLD FOR MANUFACTURE |
DE3830347A1 (en) * | 1988-09-07 | 1990-03-08 | Rheinmetall Gmbh | SKULL HEAD |
US4955939A (en) * | 1983-03-02 | 1990-09-11 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Shaped charge with explosively driven liquid follow through |
US4982665A (en) * | 1973-11-29 | 1991-01-08 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Shaped charge |
EP0805750A1 (en) * | 1995-01-27 | 1997-11-12 | The Ensign-Bickford Company | Improved liner and improved shaped charge especially for use in a well pipe perforating gun |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US1440601A (en) * | 1921-01-06 | 1923-01-02 | John R Holran | Explosive charge |
US2412967A (en) * | 1941-04-23 | 1946-12-24 | Joseph H Church | Petard missile |
US2667836A (en) * | 1950-03-28 | 1954-02-02 | Joseph H Church | Apparatus for the use of shaped explosive charges |
US2930275A (en) * | 1955-11-15 | 1960-03-29 | American Cyanamid Co | Method of sealing spirally wound dynamite containers |
US2972949A (en) * | 1956-01-18 | 1961-02-28 | Norman A Macleod | Anti-personnel fragmentation weapon |
-
1960
- 1960-10-31 US US66259A patent/US3162121A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US1440601A (en) * | 1921-01-06 | 1923-01-02 | John R Holran | Explosive charge |
US2412967A (en) * | 1941-04-23 | 1946-12-24 | Joseph H Church | Petard missile |
US2667836A (en) * | 1950-03-28 | 1954-02-02 | Joseph H Church | Apparatus for the use of shaped explosive charges |
US2930275A (en) * | 1955-11-15 | 1960-03-29 | American Cyanamid Co | Method of sealing spirally wound dynamite containers |
US2972949A (en) * | 1956-01-18 | 1961-02-28 | Norman A Macleod | Anti-personnel fragmentation weapon |
Cited By (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4982665A (en) * | 1973-11-29 | 1991-01-08 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Shaped charge |
FR2339463A1 (en) * | 1976-01-27 | 1977-08-26 | Ici Ltd | PROCESS FOR CUTTING A METAL ELEMENT UNDER WATER BY A PROFILED EXPLOSIVE CHARGE |
US4955939A (en) * | 1983-03-02 | 1990-09-11 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Shaped charge with explosively driven liquid follow through |
FR2629193A1 (en) * | 1983-07-02 | 1989-09-29 | Wisotzki Juergen | FUNNEL OR SHELL INSERT FOR HOLLOW LOADS, METHOD AND MOLD FOR MANUFACTURE |
DE3830347A1 (en) * | 1988-09-07 | 1990-03-08 | Rheinmetall Gmbh | SKULL HEAD |
WO1990002918A1 (en) * | 1988-09-07 | 1990-03-22 | Rheinmetall Gmbh | Warhead |
GR890100394A (en) * | 1988-09-07 | 1990-10-31 | Rheinmetall Gmbh | Helmet |
US5090324A (en) * | 1988-09-07 | 1992-02-25 | Rheinmetall Gmbh | Warhead |
DE3830347C2 (en) * | 1988-09-07 | 1998-07-09 | Rheinmetall Ind Ag | Warhead |
EP0805750A1 (en) * | 1995-01-27 | 1997-11-12 | The Ensign-Bickford Company | Improved liner and improved shaped charge especially for use in a well pipe perforating gun |
EP0805750A4 (en) * | 1995-01-27 | 1999-06-16 | Ensign Bickford Co | Improved liner and improved shaped charge especially for use in a well pipe perforating gun |
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Owner name: CITIBANK, N.A. Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CRUTCHER RESOURCES CORPORATION, A DE. CORP.;REEL/FRAME:004570/0273 Effective date: 19850529 Owner name: PRUDENTIAL INSURANCE COMPANY OF AMERICA THE Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CRUTCHER RESOURCES CORPORATION, A DE. CORP.;REEL/FRAME:004570/0273 Effective date: 19850529 Owner name: CHASE MANHATTAN BANK THE (NATIONAL ASSOCIATION) Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CRUTCHER RESOURCES CORPORATION, A DE. CORP.;REEL/FRAME:004570/0273 Effective date: 19850529 Owner name: MBANK HOUSTON NATIONAL ASSOCIATION Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CRUTCHER RESOURCES CORPORATION, A DE. CORP.;REEL/FRAME:004570/0273 Effective date: 19850529 Owner name: FIRST CITY NATIONAL BANK OF HOUSTON Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CRUTCHER RESOURCES CORPORATION, A DE. CORP.;REEL/FRAME:004570/0273 Effective date: 19850529 Owner name: TEXAS COMMERCE BANK NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, AND Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CRUTCHER RESOURCES CORPORATION, A DE. CORP.;REEL/FRAME:004570/0273 Effective date: 19850529 Owner name: TORONTO-DOMINION ATLANTA AGENCY THE Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CRUTCHER RESOURCES CORPORATION, A DE. CORP.;REEL/FRAME:004570/0273 Effective date: 19850529 |
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