US3176046A - Pyrolysis of hydrocarbons with stable high temperature flame - Google Patents

Pyrolysis of hydrocarbons with stable high temperature flame Download PDF

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Publication number
US3176046A
US3176046A US84856A US8485661A US3176046A US 3176046 A US3176046 A US 3176046A US 84856 A US84856 A US 84856A US 8485661 A US8485661 A US 8485661A US 3176046 A US3176046 A US 3176046A
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Prior art keywords
gas
combustion
pyrolysis
combustion zone
zone
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US84856A
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English (en)
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Kondo Reiichi
Takagi Kazumi
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Societe Belge de lAzote et des Produits Chimiques du Marly SA
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Societe Belge de lAzote et des Produits Chimiques du Marly SA
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G9/00—Thermal non-catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils
    • C10G9/34—Thermal non-catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils by direct contact with inert preheated fluids, e.g. with molten metals or salts
    • C10G9/36—Thermal non-catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils by direct contact with inert preheated fluids, e.g. with molten metals or salts with heated gases or vapours
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G2400/00—Products obtained by processes covered by groups C10G9/00 - C10G69/14
    • C10G2400/20—C2-C4 olefins
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S585/00—Chemistry of hydrocarbon compounds
    • Y10S585/949—Miscellaneous considerations
    • Y10S585/955—Specified mixing procedure

Definitions

  • pyrolysis reactions for producing acetylene and/ or ethylene in a pyrolysis reactor by combustion of fuel gas and oxygen whereby the separately introduced streams of fuel and oxygen impinge at an angle for admixture withing the pyrolysis reactor to form the pyrolyzing flame therein.
  • pyrolysis of such materials as petroleum naphtha into unsaturated gaseous hydrocarbons such as acetylene or mixtures of acetylene and ethylene may be accomplished by injection of the hy- United States Patent drocarbon to be pyrolyzed into a pyrolysis reactor within may not be obtained without due consideration to the particular arrangements or circumstances for the mixing and introducing and combustion of the fuel and comburent gases for producing the pyrolysis heat desired.
  • acetylene may be almost instantaneously produced by the thermal decomposition of petroleum naphthas, and may be quickly consumed and/or further pyrolyzed into useless carbonaceous products unless the pyrolyzing flame, however intense, is of a very localized extent.
  • optimum efliciency may not be obtained without a relatively constantly stable flame front in the pyrolysis reactor resulting from whatever burner or distributor mechanism is utilized for mixing fuel and comburent gases therein.
  • the high temperature or intensity of the flame desired may have a rapidly deleterious effect on the refractory lining of the wal s of the combustion chamber or reactor, and especially if the mixture of fuel gas and cornburent gas results in a positioning or direction of the heat-producing flame so that it impinges upon the refractory reactor walls.
  • maximum thermal efliciency and/or maximum reaction efficiency may not be achieved without careful control and adjustment of the flow rates of the respective gases relative to, for example, the various momenta thereof as correlated with the stoichiometric or combustion proportioning thereof, so that maximum efiiciency may require continued adjustment of the respective flow rates of the gases and/or even replacement of distributor or burner nozzles in the apparatus with those of a different size when, by virtue of commercial circumstances or otherwise, a different fuel gas is used and/or diflerent fiow conditions are desired.
  • a pyrolysis reactor utilizing the heat from a combustion flame produced by a fuel gas and a cornburent gas injected into the reactor, and with such injections of fuel gas and comburent gas being controlled to impinge together under such circumstances in the combustion chamber that a stable and high temperature flame is maintained in the apparatus despite pos sible fluctuations in gas volumes or momenta introduced and/or even despite changes in the composition or variety of fuel gas, and, further, that excessive heat loss is avoided and optimum control of the actual pyrolysis reaction is enhanced by providing a fairly short or compressed, though stable, flame for accomplishing the pyrolysis reaction with a minimum of volume in the combustion chamber or reactor and yet without having the heat-producing flame impinge directly or disadvantageously upon the refractory lining of the reactor.
  • FIG. 1 is a somewhat diagrammatic vertical or axial cross section of hydrocarbon pyrolysis reactor apparatus embodying and for practicing this invention
  • FIG. 2 is a transverse section of the apparatus of FIG. 1 along the line 11-11 thereof;
  • FIG. 3 is a somewhat diagrammatic vertical or axial partial section of pyrolysis reactor apparatus embodying and for practicing this invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a transverse section of the apparatus of FIG. 3 along the line lV-IV thereof.
  • pyrolysis reactor apparatus in accordance herewith in which the pyrolysis flame is produced in a combustion chamber by having the fuel or combustion gas and the cornburent gas separately injected in separate streams, with the stream of one of such gases being essentially axial or parallel to the axis of the apparatus and with the stream of the other gas injected to impinge on the first gas stream within the combustion chamber at an angle within the range of about 1060 to form the desired heat-combustion flame of enhanced stability, of relatively short axial extent, and at a particular point or series of points or locations adequately removed from or insulated against direct impingement on the refractory walls of the combustion chamber or the upper distributor or mixing end thereof through which the gases are injected.
  • a combustion chamber is provided in the apparatus as enclosed within refractory lining 11 and closed at the upper end by a burner member 12 cooled by circulation of coolant through channel 13 as indicated by the inlet 14 and outlet 15 for coolant circulation.
  • An injection nozzle is provided for the injection of oxygen (or air or other comburent gas) into combustion chamber 10 through burner member 12.
  • a continuous annular slit appropriately inclined at the desired angle, produces satisfactory results instead of the plurality of individual fuel gas passages or nozzles 2122.
  • a plurality of injection nozzles or an annular slit 26 is provided for injecting into combustion chamber 10 a substantially surrounding and continuous layer or screen of steam between flame 25 and inner refractory walls 11 of combustion chamber 10 to surround and confine the flame as the hot combustion gases from flame 25 and the steam from slit 26 combine and enter the constricted mixing chamber 27 for admixture therein with the hydrocarbon reactant to be pyrolyzed.
  • the hydrocarbon reactant to be pyrolyzed is introduced at 30 into an annular manifold 31 from which it is injected into mixing chamber 27 through a plurality of injection nozzles (or a continuous annular slit) 32.
  • annular manifold 31 and injection orifices 32 are cooled as by circulation of water or other coolant through a water jacket indicated at 33 and provided with inlet and outlet connections 34, 35.
  • the hydrocarbon reactant to be pyrolyzed is pre-heated prior to injection at high velocity through manifold 31 and orifices 32.
  • reaction chamber 40 Upon admixture with the steam and hot combustion gases from combustion chamber 10 in mixing chamber 27, the hydrocarbon to be pyrolyzed proceeds into reaction chamber 40 where it is thermally decomposed by the hot combustion gases.
  • the inner walls 41 of reaction chamber 40 are cooled and/ or covered by a substantially continuous film or screen of water to form a moving wall of water for avoiding deposition or accumulation of carbonaceous reaction products.
  • moving liquid wall is provided by supplying water through water inlet 42 into an annular basin 43 for overflowing the top of walls 40 through the annular slot 44.
  • reaction chamber 40 As the hydrocarbon to be pyrolyzed passes through reaction chamber 40 admixed with the hot combustion gases and steam produced in combustion chamber 10, the desired pyrolysis reaction occurs, and is satisfactorily arrested at the lower end of reaction chamber 40 by cold quenching water 47, injected from annularly spaced orifices or slit 48 from manifold 49, to which the water is supplied to inlet 50, and the quenched and completed reaction gaseous product is removed from the apparatus through outlet 51 in the lower portion thereof of the apparatus below quenching sprays 47.
  • cold quenching water 47 injected from annularly spaced orifices or slit 48 from manifold 49, to which the water is supplied to inlet 50, and the quenched and completed reaction gaseous product is removed from the apparatus through outlet 51 in the lower portion thereof of the apparatus below quenching sprays 47.
  • FIGS. 3 and 4 a somewhat larger type of apparatus embodying and for practicing this invention is illustrated.
  • a somewhat larger combustion chamber 55 is provided enclosed within refractory walls 56 and having a burner or distributor member 57 at the top portion part thereof.
  • Penetrating through burner 57 are a plurality of injection nozzles 60 for injecting the comburent gas into combustion chamber and, in the illustrated embodiment, these injection nozzles are arranged in a substantially circular configuration around the cross section of combustion chamber 55, arranged to inject a stream of comburent gas substantially parallel to the axis of combustion chamber 55, and spaced from each other and from the walls 56 of combustion chamber 55 as indicated in FIGS. 3 and 4.
  • each of the injection nozzles 60 Surrounding each of the injection nozzles 60 in a substantially circular configuration (which may, indeed, be an annular slit) are a plurality of fuel inlet passages 61 the lower portions 62 of which are radially inwardly inclined with respect to the several injection nozzles 60 so that streams of fuel gas entering combustion chamber 55 through the various fuel injection nozzles 61 will impinge on and admix with the stream of comburent gas entering through nozzles 60 at an angle of approximately within the range of 10-60, as noted, to form a plurality of individual flames 65 spaced below burner member 57 and in a generally circular configuration around the cross section of combustion chamber 55.
  • burner member 57 is preferably water cooled with circulation of coolant as through passages 66 therein from inlet 67 to outlet 68.
  • steam is preferably supplied through steam inlets 70 into annular manifold '71 to be injected downwardly around the inside of walls 56 of combustion chamber 55, as through slot '72, to combine with the hot combustion gases in combustion chamber 55 formed by the ring or circle of flames 65.
  • the hydrocarbon reactant to be pyrolyzed is introduced as at into an annular manifold 76, after preferably being pre-heated and at high velocity, from which it enters a mixing zone through a plurality of injection orifices 77 to become admixed with the hot combustion gases and steam from combustion chamber 55.
  • a cooling jacket 78 is preferably provided for annular manifold 76 and supplied with coolant as through inlet 79 and outlet 80.
  • reaction chamber 85 the walls 86 of which are preferably provided with a moving screen of water supplied to an annular reservoir 87 through water inlet 88 to overflow the top of walls 86 through slots 89.
  • reaction chamber 85 the walls 86 of which are preferably provided with a moving screen of water supplied to an annular reservoir 87 through water inlet 88 to overflow the top of walls 86 through slots 89.
  • the pyrolysis action upon completion, is quenched at the lower portion of reaction chamber (not shown) as by transverse spray of cold water, and the gaseous products collected all in known manner.
  • hydrocarbon naphtha having a boiling point within the range of 43138 C and preheated to about 600 C, through hydrocarbon inlet 30 at a flow velocity (calculated at the orifices 32) of about 58 m./sec., admixed with steam in the proportions of about 24.0 kg./hr. of naphtha with 7.2 kg./hr. of steam.
  • the pyrolysis of the naphtha took place in reaction chamber 4% at a contact time of about 0.0018 second between interjection through orifices 3t) and quenching at water spray :7, whereby 47.1 Nmfi/hr.
  • either the combustion gas or the comburent gas may be injected in accordance herewith through either the axially directed or the inclined injection nozzles, the enhanced results hereof being achieved primarily by having the separate gas streams impinge one on another at an angle and by having at least one of the separate gas streams substantially axially directed of the combustion chamber so that a suitable flame of short axial extent is formed and maintained, despite high injection velocity of the gases, substantially axially directed.
  • the permissible or allowable diiference in momenta of the streams of the fuel and comburent gases increases substantially, even as adjusted to maintain a desirably stable and desirably short or compressed flame, and substantially no disturbance or inclination of the flame takes place even if the momentum of one gas diifers considerably from that of the other.
  • the modification or replacement of burners 12 or 57 is not required even when a ratio of combustion gas to comburent gas or the volume of combustion gas and comburent gas or the kind of combustion gas or comburent gas is changed from time to time, so that, with apparatus in accordance herewith, such normal commercial changes may be made, even in the same apparatus, while still achieving a desirably enhanced efiiciency as compared with, for example, other specialized types of burner apparatus the size or orifices or flow rates of which might have to be fundamentally altered for different fuels or different operating conditions.
  • the configurations in accordance herewith provide for establishing and maintaining the flames somewhat spaced from both the face of the burner members 123 or 57, as well as the inner walls of the combustion chambers ll) or 55,
  • the method of establishing and controlling a heat-producing flame in said combustion zone at a substantially stationary position therein which comprises the steps of separately injecting into said combustion zone said fuel gas and said comburent gas in separate gas streams for admixture in said combustion zone, one of said gases being injected in a stream substantially parallel to the axis of said combustion zone, and the other of said gases being injected into said combustion zone in a plurality of gas streams symmetrically disposed around said first-mentioned axially directed gas stream and directed to impinge upon said first-mentioned axially directed gas stream at an angle of about 10-60, and maintaining said heat-producing flame at substantially the point of impingement of said two gas streams.
  • the method of establishing and controlling a heat-producing flame in said combustion zone at a substantially stationary position therein which comprises the steps of separately injecting into said combustion zone said fuel gas and said comburent gas in separate gas streams for admixture in said combustion zone, said comburent gas stream being injected substantially parallel to the axis of said combustion zone, and said fuel gas being injected into said combustion zone in a plurality of gas streams substantially symmetrically disposed around said first-mentioned axially directed gas stream and directed to impinge upon said first-mentioned axially directed gas stream at an angle of about l060, and maintaining said heat-producing flame at substantially the point of impingement of said two gas streams.
  • the method of establishing and controlling a heat-producing flame in said combustion zone at a substantially stationary position therein which comprises the steps of separately injecting into said combustion zone said fuel gas and said comburent gas in separate gas streams for admixture in said combustion zone, said comburent gas stream being injected substantially parallel to the axis of said combustion zone, and said fuel gas being injected into said combustion zone in a plurality of gas streams substantially symmetrically disposed around said first-mentioned axially directed gas stream and directed to impinge upon said first-mentioned axially directed gas stream at an angle of about 10-60, and maintaining said heat-producing flame at substantially the point or impingement of said two gas streams, and said fuel gas being injected in a plurality of individual gas
  • the method of establishing and controlling a heat-producing flame in said combustion zone at a substantially stationary position therein which comprises the steps of separately injecting into said combustion zone said fuel gas and said comburent gas in separate gas streams for admixture in said combustion zone, one of said gases being injected in a stream substantially parallel to the axis of said combustion zone, and the other of said gases being injected in a plurality of streams substantially symmetrically disposed around said first-mentioned axially directed gas stream and directed to impinge upon said first-mentioned axially directed gas stream at an angle of about l0-60, and injecting steam into said combustion chamber as an axially directed curtain surrounding said flame.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
  • Hydrogen, Water And Hydrids (AREA)
US84856A 1960-02-03 1961-01-25 Pyrolysis of hydrocarbons with stable high temperature flame Expired - Lifetime US3176046A (en)

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CH (1) CH398546A (US06252093-20010626-C00008.png)
DE (1) DE1214215B (US06252093-20010626-C00008.png)
ES (1) ES264474A1 (US06252093-20010626-C00008.png)
FR (1) FR1317903A (US06252093-20010626-C00008.png)
GB (1) GB898240A (US06252093-20010626-C00008.png)
NL (1) NL260743A (US06252093-20010626-C00008.png)

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3226199A (en) * 1960-10-27 1965-12-28 Kurashiki Rayon Co Apparatus for the flame decomposition of hydrocarbons and apparatus therefor
US3284168A (en) * 1963-02-11 1966-11-08 Belge Produits Chimiques Sa Apparatus for thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons
US3540853A (en) * 1967-06-03 1970-11-17 Titan Gmbh Means for producing titanium dioxide pigment
US4147753A (en) * 1975-10-14 1979-04-03 Kureha Kagaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Apparatus for the thermal cracking of heavy hydrocarbon
US4275034A (en) * 1978-03-17 1981-06-23 Rockwell International Corporation Hydrogenation apparatus

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4256565A (en) * 1979-11-13 1981-03-17 Rockwell International Corporation Method of producing olefins from hydrocarbons

Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
BE544469A (US06252093-20010626-C00008.png) * 1955-01-22 1900-01-01
US2343866A (en) * 1938-10-07 1944-03-14 Wulff Process Company Process for the pyrolysis of hydrocarbons
US2765359A (en) * 1953-02-10 1956-10-02 Hydrocarbon Research Inc Production of acetylene
US2789148A (en) * 1955-10-25 1957-04-16 Lummus Co Conversion of hydrocarbons
US2813138A (en) * 1953-07-27 1957-11-12 Phillips Petroleum Co Production of unsaturated hydrocarbons and reactor therefor
US2945074A (en) * 1958-05-05 1960-07-12 Dow Chemical Co Production of acetylene by the partial oxidation of hydrocarbons
US2985698A (en) * 1957-09-27 1961-05-23 Hoechst Ag Process for pyrolyzing hydrocarbons
US3055957A (en) * 1957-06-08 1962-09-25 Belge Produits Chimiques Sa Process and apparatus for production of unsaturated hydrocarbons

Family Cites Families (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1070620B (US06252093-20010626-C00008.png) * 1959-12-10
AT201573B (de) * 1955-04-28 1959-01-10 Hoechst Ag Verfahren zur Herstellung von niedermolekularen ungesättigten Kohlenwasserstoffen
AT199625B (de) * 1955-05-13 1958-09-25 Hoechst Ag Verfahren zur Herstellung von Acetylen und/oder Äthylen und/oder Olefinen mit 2-4 C-Atomen durch pyrolytische Spaltung von Kohlenwasserstoffen sowie Vorrichtung zur Ausführung dieses Verfahrens
AT200567B (de) * 1956-08-04 1958-11-10 Hoechst Ag Verfahren zur Herstellung von Acetylen und/oder Äthylen und/oder Olefinen mit 2-4 C-Atomen durch pyrolytische Spaltung von Kohlenwasserstoffen sowie Vorrichtung zur Ausführung des Verfahrens

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2343866A (en) * 1938-10-07 1944-03-14 Wulff Process Company Process for the pyrolysis of hydrocarbons
US2765359A (en) * 1953-02-10 1956-10-02 Hydrocarbon Research Inc Production of acetylene
US2813138A (en) * 1953-07-27 1957-11-12 Phillips Petroleum Co Production of unsaturated hydrocarbons and reactor therefor
BE544469A (US06252093-20010626-C00008.png) * 1955-01-22 1900-01-01
US2789148A (en) * 1955-10-25 1957-04-16 Lummus Co Conversion of hydrocarbons
US3055957A (en) * 1957-06-08 1962-09-25 Belge Produits Chimiques Sa Process and apparatus for production of unsaturated hydrocarbons
US2985698A (en) * 1957-09-27 1961-05-23 Hoechst Ag Process for pyrolyzing hydrocarbons
US2945074A (en) * 1958-05-05 1960-07-12 Dow Chemical Co Production of acetylene by the partial oxidation of hydrocarbons

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3226199A (en) * 1960-10-27 1965-12-28 Kurashiki Rayon Co Apparatus for the flame decomposition of hydrocarbons and apparatus therefor
US3284168A (en) * 1963-02-11 1966-11-08 Belge Produits Chimiques Sa Apparatus for thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons
US3540853A (en) * 1967-06-03 1970-11-17 Titan Gmbh Means for producing titanium dioxide pigment
US4147753A (en) * 1975-10-14 1979-04-03 Kureha Kagaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Apparatus for the thermal cracking of heavy hydrocarbon
US4275034A (en) * 1978-03-17 1981-06-23 Rockwell International Corporation Hydrogenation apparatus

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GB898240A (en) 1962-06-06
NL260743A (US06252093-20010626-C00008.png)
ES264474A1 (es) 1961-07-01
DE1214215B (de) 1966-04-14
CH398546A (fr) 1966-03-15
FR1317903A (US06252093-20010626-C00008.png) 1963-05-10

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