US3246957A - Apparatus for acetylene production by partial combustion of hydrocarbons - Google Patents

Apparatus for acetylene production by partial combustion of hydrocarbons Download PDF

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US3246957A
US3246957A US23517062A US3246957A US 3246957 A US3246957 A US 3246957A US 23517062 A US23517062 A US 23517062A US 3246957 A US3246957 A US 3246957A
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plates
tubes
gas
combustion
mixing chamber
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Fauser Giacomo
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Montedison SpA
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C4/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a larger number of carbon atoms
    • C07C4/02—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a larger number of carbon atoms by cracking a single hydrocarbon or a mixture of individually defined hydrocarbons or a normally gaseous hydrocarbon fraction
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C11/00—Aliphatic unsaturated hydrocarbons
    • C07C11/22—Aliphatic unsaturated hydrocarbons containing carbon-to-carbon triple bonds
    • C07C11/24—Acetylene
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C4/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a larger number of carbon atoms
    • C07C4/02—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a larger number of carbon atoms by cracking a single hydrocarbon or a mixture of individually defined hydrocarbons or a normally gaseous hydrocarbon fraction
    • C07C4/025—Oxidative cracking, autothermal cracking or cracking by partial combustion
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G9/00—Thermal non-catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils
    • C10G9/34—Thermal non-catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils by direct contact with inert preheated fluids, e.g. with molten metals or salts
    • C10G9/36—Thermal non-catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils by direct contact with inert preheated fluids, e.g. with molten metals or salts with heated gases or vapours
    • C10G9/38—Thermal non-catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils by direct contact with inert preheated fluids, e.g. with molten metals or salts with heated gases or vapours produced by partial combustion of the material to be cracked or by combustion of another hydrocarbon
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S585/00—Chemistry of hydrocarbon compounds
    • Y10S585/919—Apparatus considerations
    • Y10S585/921—Apparatus considerations using recited apparatus structure
    • Y10S585/922—Reactor fluid manipulating device
    • Y10S585/923—At reactor inlet

Definitions

  • My invention relates to the production of acetylene by partial combustion of gaseous hydrocarbons, particularly methane or its higher homologues, with oxygen.
  • the equipment used for such production comprises a mixer to which methane and oxygen, separately preheated, are supplied, and a reaction chamber wherein the methane burns in form of an inverted flame which is rapidly extinguished with a water jet.
  • a distributor is interposed. It consists of a properly cooled steel plate vertically traversed by numerous parallel tubes in which the gas flow has a speed higher than the speed of flame propagation.
  • the speed of gas in the zone closely above the top surface of the distributor will necessarily be lower than the speed of the flame propagation.
  • all of the gaseous masscontained in the mixing chamber may also become ignited, thus resulting in irreparable damages to the apparatus.
  • My invention essentially consists of providing a gas distributor, which separates the mixing chamber from the combustion chamber, so that the speed of gas upstream the distributor is higher than the speed of flame propagation, and is illustrated by the drawing.
  • Methane or a higher homolog thereof and oxygen, respectively preheated in heaters 1 and 2 are introduced from above to mixer 3, at a speed greater than that of flame propagation, so that in the event of ignition the flame could not remain in the tube but would be immediately blown down.
  • the distributor 4 is formed by two steel plates, which are preferably spherical, connected by numerous steel tubes 13; the top plate 9 has a smaller surface than the bottom plate 10. When the steel plates are spherical, the tubes connecting the two plates diverge.
  • the ratio between the diameter of the top and bottom plates is so calculated that the speed of gas near the top plate and in the connecting tubes is higher than the speed of flame propagation, whereas the speed of gas in the combustion chamber is much less than the speed of flame propagation.
  • TiJlS ratio preferably assumes values comprised within the following limits:
  • Water is circulated under pressure by pump 5 between the d1verging tubes, in order to ensure the cooling of the lower plates.
  • the cooling water after being heated is recycled through line 12 to storage tank 14 from where small quantities of steam are permitted to enter the oxygen preheater 2.
  • the plates need not be spherical but could be planar.
  • the following structures may be adopted: (a) a structure quite analogous to that described above but wherein the pipes for the outflow of the gas mixture project from the top plate of the distributor and the spaces between the pipes are filled with refractory; (b) another structure having steel pipes 13 embedded over their whole lengths in a suitable refractory whence neither the top metal plate nor the bottom metal plate are any longer needed: in that case the line 11 may be connected directly to the storage vessel 14, no cooling being any more required; (c) a further structure with which not only the top and bottom platesbut also the steel pipes 13 are dispensed with, the conduits for the gas mixture being provided in the very refractory; here too the line 11 leads directly to the storage vessel 14.
  • a small quantity of steam is added to the reacting gases.
  • the steam may be added to the oxygen and/ or methane prior to their reentry into preheaters 1 and 2 or into the mixer 33.
  • the quantity of steam may vary between 2 and 20 kg. per 100 Nm. of CH, although about 10 kg. is preferable.
  • the presence of steam also gives greater safety against self-ignition of the methane-oxygen mixture particularly when under pressure, thus reducing the probability of a premature gas combustion in the mixing chamber.
  • the technique generally used in the conventional acetylene production process for stabilizing the flame, consists in introducing small quantities of oxygen (secondary) through the cooled walls of the combustion chamber, near the reaction priming zone; but it is known that such a technique has the effect of greatly reducing the (a) methane-l-primary and secondary oxygen (b) methane-l-primary and secondary oxygen-l-steam (c) methane-i-primary oxygen and hydrogen-l-secondary oxygen are shown by the following proportions between the flow rates of the reactants employed and the respective flow rates of the reactants employed and the respective results obtained; wherein Nm. is cubic meters calculated at normal conditions:
  • an apparatus for the production of acetylene by the partial combustion of hydrocarbons with oxygen having a gas mixing chamber and a combustion chamber; a gas distributor interconnecting the gas mixing chamber and the combustion chamber, said gas distributor comprising a lower metalplate, an'upper metal plate and tubes of constant diameter interconnecting said plates for gas passage from the gas mixing chamber to the combustion chamber, the area of the upper of said metal plates being from 0.2 to 0.8 the area of the lower of said plates,
  • the apparatus of claim 1 which includes means for passing the steam, produced in the Water jacket, to the gas mixing chamber.
  • a gas distributor interconnecting the gas mixin-g chamber and the combustion chamber, said gas distributor comprising a lower metal plate, an upper metal plate and tubes of constant diameter interconnecting said plates for gas passage from the gas mixing chamber to the combustion chamber, the area of the upper of said metal plates being from 0.2 to 0.8 the area of lower of said plates, which are planar and parallel, said tubes being evenly spaced and diverging from the upper to the lower plates, a water jacket about the tubes and disposed between the plates for introducing water under pressure to cool said tubes and produce steam, a row of oxy-hydrogen burners at the lower of said plates to stabilize the flame produced by said partial combustion, and quench means downstream of said oxy-hydrogen burners for quenching said combustion.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Catalysts (AREA)
  • Solid-Phase Diffusion Into Metallic Material Surfaces (AREA)
  • Hydrogen, Water And Hydrids (AREA)
  • Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)

Description

G. FAUSER COMBUSTION 0F HYDROOARBONS Flled Oct. 22, 1962 APPARATUS FOR ACETYLENE PRODUCTION BY PARTIAL April 19, 1966 United States Patent ,639/ 61 4 Claims. '(Cl. 23-277) My invention relates to the production of acetylene by partial combustion of gaseous hydrocarbons, particularly methane or its higher homologues, with oxygen.
The equipment used for such production comprises a mixer to which methane and oxygen, separately preheated, are supplied, and a reaction chamber wherein the methane burns in form of an inverted flame which is rapidly extinguished with a water jet.
vIn order to prevent propagation of the flame from the combustion chamber to the mixing chamber, a distributor is interposed. It consists of a properly cooled steel plate vertically traversed by numerous parallel tubes in which the gas flow has a speed higher than the speed of flame propagation.
As the tubes are parallel, the speed of gas in the zone closely above the top surface of the distributor will necessarily be lower than the speed of the flame propagation. Thus, if accidental causes lead to ignition of the mixture upstream of the distributor, all of the gaseous masscontained in the mixing chamber, may also become ignited, thus resulting in irreparable damages to the apparatus.
It is an object of my invention to obviate such danger. My invention essentially consists of providing a gas distributor, which separates the mixing chamber from the combustion chamber, so that the speed of gas upstream the distributor is higher than the speed of flame propagation, and is illustrated by the drawing. V
Methane or a higher homolog thereof and oxygen, respectively preheated in heaters 1 and 2, are introduced from above to mixer 3, at a speed greater than that of flame propagation, so that in the event of ignition the flame could not remain in the tube but would be immediately blown down. The distributor 4 is formed by two steel plates, which are preferably spherical, connected by numerous steel tubes 13; the top plate 9 has a smaller surface than the bottom plate 10. When the steel plates are spherical, the tubes connecting the two plates diverge.
The ratio between the diameter of the top and bottom plates is so calculated that the speed of gas near the top plate and in the connecting tubes is higher than the speed of flame propagation, whereas the speed of gas in the combustion chamber is much less than the speed of flame propagation. With my apparatus as described, it is possible to maintain a constant and regular flame which remains at the lower surface of the distributor.
The relationship existing between the upper and lower surface areas of the pipe-distributor of the burner is as follows (said areas being proportional to the squares of the respective diameters d and D):
wherein d and D are respectively the diameter of the upper and lower surfaces and 7 is the ratio between the square of the diameters, and is greater than 0 but less than 1 and represents a fraction which is the reciprocal of the pressure, that is, a function f=f'( P) and is an experimental correlation giving 3 a numerical value equal to Patented Apr. 19, 1966 in the meaning that with an increase of pressure there is a reduction of the factor f.
The r nixture of hydrocabron and oxygen affords easier preignitions and higher velocities of flame propagation, theh gher the cracking pressure. Hence the higher the cracking pressure, the smaller must ratio d /D be and correspondingly the greater the velocity of the gas entermg at top of the distributor with respect to the velocity of the gas leaving at bottom where the flame appears. TiJlS ratio preferably assumes values comprised within the following limits:
Water is circulated under pressure by pump 5 between the d1verging tubes, in order to ensure the cooling of the lower plates. The cooling water after being heated is recycled through line 12 to storage tank 14 from where small quantities of steam are permitted to enter the oxygen preheater 2.
Other variations of the distribution are possible provided the relationship of I is maintained. For instance, the plates need not be spherical but could be planar. Alternatively, for instance, the following structures may be adopted: (a) a structure quite analogous to that described above but wherein the pipes for the outflow of the gas mixture project from the top plate of the distributor and the spaces between the pipes are filled with refractory; (b) another structure having steel pipes 13 embedded over their whole lengths in a suitable refractory whence neither the top metal plate nor the bottom metal plate are any longer needed: in that case the line 11 may be connected directly to the storage vessel 14, no cooling being any more required; (c) a further structure with which not only the top and bottom platesbut also the steel pipes 13 are dispensed with, the conduits for the gas mixture being provided in the very refractory; here too the line 11 leads directly to the storage vessel 14.
By using, for example, water at a pressure, of say 16 atmospheres which corresponds to a boiling temperature of 200 C., the mechanical stresses on the cooled metal walls, because of thermal expansion, are much less than by using cold water.
One of the more troublesome difliculties in the production of acetylene through partial combustion of methane or other hydrocarbons with oxygen, is the formation of carbon black. I have found that the formation of carbon black may be effectively reduced if a small quantity of steam is added to the reacting gases. For example, the addition of 10 kg. of steam per Nm. of methane is suflicient for reducing to Ma the production of carbon black without any effect on the acetylene yield. The steam may be added to the oxygen and/ or methane prior to their reentry into preheaters 1 and 2 or into the mixer 33. The quantity of steam may vary between 2 and 20 kg. per 100 Nm. of CH, although about 10 kg. is preferable. The presence of steam also gives greater safety against self-ignition of the methane-oxygen mixture particularly when under pressure, thus reducing the probability of a premature gas combustion in the mixing chamber.
The technique, generally used in the conventional acetylene production process for stabilizing the flame, consists in introducing small quantities of oxygen (secondary) through the cooled walls of the combustion chamber, near the reaction priming zone; but it is known that such a technique has the effect of greatly reducing the (a) methane-l-primary and secondary oxygen (b) methane-l-primary and secondary oxygen-l-steam (c) methane-i-primary oxygen and hydrogen-l-secondary oxygen are shown by the following proportions between the flow rates of the reactants employed and the respective flow rates of the reactants employed and the respective results obtained; wherein Nm. is cubic meters calculated at normal conditions:
Table Case (a) (b) Flow rate of CH Nmfilhr 250 2b0 360 Temperature of CH preheating, C 550 5-50 550 Flow rate of primary 0;, Nun /hr. .0. 140 145 210 Temperature of prim.0 preheating, C Flow rate of secondary 0g, Nmfi/hr Temperature of secondary 0 C Flow rate of steam, lag/hr Preheating temperature of steam, 0 Flow rate of Hz, Nmfi/hr Temperature of H 0 Flow rate of Oz with H Nmfilhrn Temperature of Oz with Hg, C
Cracking pressure. abs. atm 4 4 4 Carbon black content in quenching er, 0. 45 0. 15 0. 04
Acetylene yield. Kg. of 02H; 16.8 17.0 17. 8
100 Nm. of OH,
100 Nmr of on;
I claim:
1. In an apparatus for the production of acetylene by the partial combustion of hydrocarbons with oxygen having a gas mixing chamber and a combustion chamber; a gas distributor interconnecting the gas mixing chamber and the combustion chamber, said gas distributor comprising a lower metalplate, an'upper metal plate and tubes of constant diameter interconnecting said plates for gas passage from the gas mixing chamber to the combustion chamber, the area of the upper of said metal plates being from 0.2 to 0.8 the area of the lower of said plates,
which are spherical and concentric, said tubes being evenly spaced and diverging from the upper to the lower plates, a water jacket about the tubes and disposed between the plates for introducing water under pressure to cool said tubes and produce steam, a row of oxy-hydrogen burners at the lower of said plates to stabilize the flame produced by said partial combustion, and quench means downstream of said oxy-hydrogen burners for quenching said combustion.
2. The apparatus of claim 1, which includes means for passing the steam, produced in the Water jacket, to the gas mixing chamber.
3. In an apparatus for the production of acetylene by the partial combustion of hydrocarbons with oxygen having a gas mixing chamber and a combustion chamber; a gas distributor interconnecting the gas mixin-g chamber and the combustion chamber, said gas distributor comprising a lower metal plate, an upper metal plate and tubes of constant diameter interconnecting said plates for gas passage from the gas mixing chamber to the combustion chamber, the area of the upper of said metal plates being from 0.2 to 0.8 the area of lower of said plates, which are planar and parallel, said tubes being evenly spaced and diverging from the upper to the lower plates, a water jacket about the tubes and disposed between the plates for introducing water under pressure to cool said tubes and produce steam, a row of oxy-hydrogen burners at the lower of said plates to stabilize the flame produced by said partial combustion, and quench means downstream of said oxy-hydrogen burners for quenching said combustion.
4. The apparatus of claim 3 which contains means for passing the steam, produced in the water jacket, to the gas mixing chamber.
References Cited by the Examiner UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,113,171 10/1914 Creelman 158-99 1,146,724 7/1915 Lucke 158-99 1,773,592 8/1930 McDaniel 158-104 2,520,149 8/1950 Keeling 260-679 2,719,184 9/1955 Kosbahn et a1. 260-679 3,019,271 1/1962 Braconier et a1. 260679 3,069,248 12/1962 Braconier et al. 260679 MORRIS O. WOLK, Primary Examiner.
ALPHONSO D. SULLIVAN, Examiner.

Claims (1)

1. IN A APPARATUS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF ACETYLENE BY THE PARTIAL COMBUSTION OF HYDROCARBONS WITH OXYGEN HAVING A GAS MIXING CHAMBER AND A COMBUSTION CHAMBER; A GAS DISTRIBUTOR INTERCONNECTING THE GAS MIXING CHAMBER AND THE COMBUSTION CHAMBER, SAID GAS DISTRIBUTOR COMPRISING A LOWER METAL PLATE, AN UPPER METAL PLATE AND TUBES OF CONSTANT DIAMETER INTERCONNECTING SAID PLATES FOR GAS PASSAGE FROM THE GAS MIXING CHAMBER TO THE COMBUSTION CHAMBER, THE AREA OF THE UPPER OF SAID METAL PLACES BEING FROM 0.2 TO 0.8 THE AREA OF THE LOWER OF SAID PLATES, WHICH ARE SPHERICAL AND CONCENTRIC, SAID TUBES BEING EVENLY SPACED AND DIVERGING FROM THE UPPER TO THE LOWER PLATES, A WATER JACKET ABOUT THE TUBES AND DISPOSED BETWEEN THE PLATES FOR INTRODUCING WATER UNDER PRESSURE TO COOL SAID TUBES AND PRODUCE STEAM, A ROW OF OXY-HYDROGEN BURNERS AT THE LOWER OF SAID PLATES TO STABILIZE THE FLAME PRODUCED BY SAID PARTIAL COMBUSTION, AND QUENCH MEANS DOWNSTREAM OF SAID OXY-HYDROGEN BURNERS FOR QUENCHING SAID COMBUSTION.
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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3438741A (en) * 1966-08-25 1969-04-15 Monsanto Co Apparatus for flame reaction of hydrocarbons
US3689586A (en) * 1970-09-28 1972-09-05 Bernhard Busch Process for smooth operation of burner in production of acetylene-containing gas
US4952743A (en) * 1987-12-03 1990-08-28 Gaz De France Process and apparatus for the conversion of hydrocarbons
WO2007082820A1 (en) * 2006-01-13 2007-07-26 Basf Aktiengesellschaft Method for producing acetylene by partial oxidation of hydrocarbons

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN101734994B (en) * 2008-11-05 2013-01-16 新疆天业（集团）有限公司 Pulverized coal mixer for generating acetylene by using coal in plasma
CA2930731A1 (en) 2013-12-04 2015-06-11 Evonik Degussa Gmbh Device and method for the flexible use of electricity

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1113171A (en) * 1913-01-08 1914-10-06 Gas And Oil Comb Company Apparatus for burning explosive gaseous mixtures.
US1146724A (en) * 1912-09-21 1915-07-13 Gas And Oil Comb Company Method of burning explosive gaseous mixtures.
US1773592A (en) * 1929-08-22 1930-08-19 Robert W Mcdaniel Hot-water heater and burner
US2520149A (en) * 1944-06-14 1950-08-29 Koppers Co Inc Process for producing olefins
US2719184A (en) * 1950-01-10 1955-09-27 Basf Ag Production of acetylene
US3019271A (en) * 1958-09-08 1962-01-30 Belge Produits Chimiques Sa Process and apparatus for treatment of hydrocarbons
US3069248A (en) * 1954-05-25 1962-12-18 Belge Produits Chimiques Sa Burner for hydrocarbons

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1146724A (en) * 1912-09-21 1915-07-13 Gas And Oil Comb Company Method of burning explosive gaseous mixtures.
US1113171A (en) * 1913-01-08 1914-10-06 Gas And Oil Comb Company Apparatus for burning explosive gaseous mixtures.
US1773592A (en) * 1929-08-22 1930-08-19 Robert W Mcdaniel Hot-water heater and burner
US2520149A (en) * 1944-06-14 1950-08-29 Koppers Co Inc Process for producing olefins
US2719184A (en) * 1950-01-10 1955-09-27 Basf Ag Production of acetylene
US3069248A (en) * 1954-05-25 1962-12-18 Belge Produits Chimiques Sa Burner for hydrocarbons
US3019271A (en) * 1958-09-08 1962-01-30 Belge Produits Chimiques Sa Process and apparatus for treatment of hydrocarbons

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3438741A (en) * 1966-08-25 1969-04-15 Monsanto Co Apparatus for flame reaction of hydrocarbons
US3689586A (en) * 1970-09-28 1972-09-05 Bernhard Busch Process for smooth operation of burner in production of acetylene-containing gas
US4952743A (en) * 1987-12-03 1990-08-28 Gaz De France Process and apparatus for the conversion of hydrocarbons
WO2007082820A1 (en) * 2006-01-13 2007-07-26 Basf Aktiengesellschaft Method for producing acetylene by partial oxidation of hydrocarbons

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AT244313B (en) 1965-12-27
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