US3147328A - Electric glassmaking furnace - Google Patents

Electric glassmaking furnace Download PDF

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Publication number
US3147328A
US3147328A US192663A US19266362A US3147328A US 3147328 A US3147328 A US 3147328A US 192663 A US192663 A US 192663A US 19266362 A US19266362 A US 19266362A US 3147328 A US3147328 A US 3147328A
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United States
Prior art keywords
glass
furnace
electrodes
trough
refining
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Expired - Lifetime
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US192663A
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English (en)
Inventor
Jacques Maric Yves Le Cl Bussy
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VERRERIES PHOCHET ET DU COURVA
VERRERIES PHOCHET ET DU COURVAL
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VERRERIES PHOCHET ET DU COURVA
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B5/00—Melting in furnaces; Furnaces so far as specially adapted for glass manufacture
    • C03B5/16—Special features of the melting process; Auxiliary means specially adapted for glass-melting furnaces
    • C03B5/225—Refining
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B5/00—Melting in furnaces; Furnaces so far as specially adapted for glass manufacture
    • C03B5/02—Melting in furnaces; Furnaces so far as specially adapted for glass manufacture in electric furnaces, e.g. by dielectric heating
    • C03B5/027—Melting in furnaces; Furnaces so far as specially adapted for glass manufacture in electric furnaces, e.g. by dielectric heating by passing an electric current between electrodes immersed in the glass bath, i.e. by direct resistance heating
    • C03B5/0275—Shaft furnaces
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B5/00—Melting in furnaces; Furnaces so far as specially adapted for glass manufacture
    • C03B5/16—Special features of the melting process; Auxiliary means specially adapted for glass-melting furnaces
    • C03B5/42—Details of construction of furnace walls, e.g. to prevent corrosion; Use of materials for furnace walls
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S65/00—Glass manufacturing
    • Y10S65/04—Electric heat

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an electric glassmaking furnace.
  • a glassmaking furnace of conventional type is generally constructed in the form of a rectangular trough a vat whose wall is constituted by an air-cooled refractory ceramic material; such a trough is generally divided into two compartments separated by a cooled refractory wall. In the first compartment the melting of the charges and the refining are carried out and in the second compartment the glass stands before use.
  • the refining is a delicate operation and is very long to carry out in these units; owing to the viscosity of the liquid solution, the glass must travel very slowly toward the point of utilization; during this period of translation the glass is made to undergo controlled movements so as to render it homogeneous and cause the bubbles to rise and for this reason a volume is generally adopted for the furnace which is three times greater than that of the glass daily extracted from the chamber.
  • a furnace allowing a daily production of ten tons generally contains thirty tons of glass.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a glassmaking furnace in which these disadvantages are avoided or restricted to the bare minimum.
  • the invention provides in particular a glassmaking furnace whichalthough giving a result comparable to those obtained with conventional furnaces from the point of view of quantities and qualities of molten glass-permits obtaining glasses which are much harder than the glasses obtained with conventional units while utilizing only a minimum amount of melting agents; is flexible in operation and can be stopped and started up in the course of operation in a very short period of time; and gives these results with investments much less than those normally necessary and with lighter and smaller units and charges of molten glass which are about one tenth to one twentieth of those in conventional units.
  • the furnace of the invention belongs to this type of furnace but these known improvements in glass furnaces are insufficient in themselves to solve the problem of the refining of the glass, since, to permit a rapid refining, it is always necessary to raise a large mass of glass to a 3,147,328 Patented Sept. 1, 1964 "Ice high temperature and to maintain it at this temperature during the duration of the refining.
  • the furnace according to the invention comprises a refining device disposed within the trough in the hottest region of this chamber, said device comprising means for withdrawing in the course of the continuous pouring a portion of the molten glass in said region and thus removing it from the large movements due to the convection currents in said chamber, means for rapidly raising the temperature of said portion so as to diminish the viscosity and increase the size of the bubbles which are thus separated from the fine glass, means for evacuating to the exterior as production proceeds the fine glass just obtained, and means for returning to the bath within the furnace the bubbles thus separated.
  • said refining device comprises two horizontal discs having substantially flat or conical surfaces near one another at least on their edges, the space between said discs communicating with one or a plurality of escape apertures for the bubbles and with a fine-glass extracting aperture.
  • the bubble-escape aperture communicates with the interior of the trough and the fine-glass extraction aperture communicates with the exterior of the trough.
  • Said means subjecting the withdrawn portion of glass to a rapid temperature rise comprise a source of electric current whose terminals are respectively connected to the two discs of said device.
  • FIG. 1 is partly an elevational view of a furnace according to the invention and partly a vertical sectional view taken along line 11 of FIG. 2;
  • FIG. 2 is a plan view of said furnace in which the upper part shows the furnace in the filled condition seen from above, a second part shows the empty furnace revealing the electrodes and the discs and a third part shows a horizontal sectional view taken in the plane of the refining system;
  • FIG. 3 is an axial sectional detail view of the lower part of the extracting device
  • FIG. 4 is an electric diagram of said furnace
  • FIG. 5 is an axial sectional view of one embodiment of a part of the refining device
  • FIG. 6 is a view similar to FIG. 3 of a modification of a detail of the invention.
  • FIG. 7 is a partial axial sectional view of a modification of another detail of the invention.
  • FIG. 8 is a sectional view taken along line 88 of FIG. 7, and
  • FIGS. 9 and 10 are sectional views of two modifications of the refining device.
  • the furnace comprises a chamber 1 which can be suspended or mounted, as shown, on legs, for example three legs 2, interconnected by a ring of tubes 3 supporting an angle-iron structure 4 from which the chamber is suspended.
  • the chamber ll comprises a copper trough or vat 5 for example three millimetres thick; the bottom of this trough I is provided with an aperture 6 whose diameter is about twenty centimetres.
  • Brazed on the outer surface of the trough are copper tubes 7 which are individually connected to input and output collectors 7a and 7b and in which a cooling liquid circulates at high speed. In the drawing, the connections for the collectors have only been shown for one tube.
  • the inner face of the trough is provided with a linning 8 consisting of zircone, zirconia, clay, alumina and a binder. This lining for-ms a screen adapted to stop the infra-red rays directed toward the wall of copper and to decrease the losses by conduction.
  • the cooled trough is adapted to afford sufficient cooling to permit the lining 8 to resist corrosion due to the molten glass owing to the drop of the temperature in the region of the inner face of the lining; this temperature drop is such that the glass becomes almost stationary, this glass reaching very high degree of vicosity in this region.
  • the lining 8 has a thickness of about 3 to 4 cm. Owing to its fragility it performs no glass-retaining function; however fluidtightness is obtained by. the combination of this lining and the glass itself.
  • the copper trough 5 provides a support for the molten mass and its inner surface cools the lining.
  • the lining 8 is merely laid in the trough 5 without any mechanical or other connection with the copper, and this allows it to expand and contract freely.
  • the charge of glass is heated by the Joule effect within the molten 'mass, the electric energy being supplied by three melting electrodes 9 composed of molydenum and connected to copper electrode carriers 9a which extend through the wall of the chamber, approximately midway of the height of the latter, through insulating sleeves 10. They terminate in segments 11 constituting the electrodes proper and having a part-cylindricalsurface 12 coaxial with the trough.
  • the electrodes can be fixed or adjustable in position and are angularly spaced 120 apart.
  • the furnace further comprises superheating electrodes forming part of the refining device, and starting electrodes. These special electrodes will be described hereinafter.
  • a refining device 13 is disposed in the chamber on the axis of the trough. It comprises:
  • a device at least partially restoring the heat energy used in the refining operation.
  • the glass withdrawing device comprises (see FIG. two horizontal coaxial discs, namely an upper disc 14 and a lower disc 15 whose edges are at a short distance from each other so as to provide a circular slit 16 for the withdrawn glass, the space between the lips being in normal operation for example about mm.
  • the faces of these two discs are similar to one another and have preferably a certain conicity so as to provide an inner chamber 17.
  • the discs are composed of a metal which is not attacked by the molten glass and preferably molybdenum.
  • the upper disc, forming the electrode, is connected toan axial molybdenum bar 18 carried by an electrode carrier 18a supported by an adjusting device, such as an insulating sleeve 19 which is threadedly engaged in a nut 20 supported by a fixed plate 21 carried by a fixed support insulated from the fixed stand supporting the trough.
  • this support can consist of pairs of rails 22 supported by the fixed stand of the furnace through the medium of insulating plates 22a, these rails 22 receiving in the known manner carriages 23 carrying auxiliary starting electrodes 24 shown in dot-dash line in FIG. 1. As these electrodes are only used for starting the furnace operation the carriages and the electrodes carried thereby are withdrawn as soon as the furnace reaches normal operation. as explained hereinafter.
  • the upper disc 14 is provided with an axial passageway 25 communicating with the inner space of the trough by way of radial passageways 26 (FIG. 5).
  • the lower disc forming the second refining electrode is connected to a molybdenum rod 27 provided with an axial passageway 28 (FIGS. 3 and 5) constituting the passageway through which the fine glass is extracted, this rod being secured in position in the manner shown in FIG. 3.
  • This securing device comprises in particular three coaxial membersof sintered alumina, namely two members 29 and 30 in the form of truncated cones, the member 29 27 are such that the slit 16 is substantially on being disposed within the member and the latter within a conical aperture 31 formed in the bottom of the lining 8.
  • the member 30 and the members supported thereby are carried by a third member of alumina 32 which is maintained by a portion of a copper wall 33 detachably assembled with the trough 5 by screws 34 and bars 35.
  • the hollow molybdenum rod 27 is surrounded by a tubular sleeve 36 of platinum whose upper end is located a little above the level of the alumina member 29 and lower end terminates in a conical portion 36a receiving the end of the rod 27 having a corresponding conical shape.
  • the lower end of the sleeve 36 terminates in an orifice formed by a circular bead 36b; this platinum bead borders the lower outlet orifice of the passageway 28.
  • This platinum sleeve is provided with a skirt 37 clamped between, on the one hand, the member 32 and, on the other hand, the lower ends of the members 29 and 30.
  • the level of the upper disc 14 and the length of the rod the same level as the median plane of the electrodes 11.
  • the refining device constituted by the two discs and the elements connected thereto, is supplied with electric current by a conductor (not shown) connected to the electrode carrier 18a which is connected to the upper electrode and by a molydenum bar 38 connected at 39 to the hollow rod 27 of the lower disc and to an electrode carrier 40 (FIG. 1) extending through the wall of the trough.
  • the electric assembly (FIG. 4) comprises three single 1 phase transformers 41 capable of supplying a secondary voltage of about 60 v. and a current of, for example 3 to 4,000 A. and supplying power to the melting electrodes 11, and a refining transformer 42 supplying power to the discs 14, 15, this transformer being capable of supplying for example 20,000 A. at 26 v. e
  • the secondary windings of the transformers 41 have regulable power take offs which permit regulating the voltage applied to the electrodes 11.
  • the assembly is completed by various measuring apparatus and switches.
  • the furnace according to the invention is started and operated under normal conditions in the following manner:
  • the fur nace is filled with cullet (glass particles) up to for example a level 30 cm. above the disc 15.
  • the starting electrodes 24 are moved together so as to be about 3 cm. from each other and are then placed on the cullet.
  • the electrodes 24 are put under tension (for example 60 v.) and the glass between these electrodes is heated with a blow pipe; as soon as the operation has started the blow pipe is withdrawn.
  • the furnace is supplied with a composition P and the starting eelctrodes are gradually withdrawn.
  • the melting electrodes are put under tension and as soon as they have started up, the starting electrodes are removed.
  • the furnace is continued to be supplied with thecomposition by pouring the latter preferably in the pouring zone of the furnace and the'furnace is controlled by means of the available voltage regulation.
  • the major part of the current in the melting electrodes 11 travels from the electrodes to the glass, from the latter to the two refining discs, then to the glass and finally to another electrode.
  • the glass is withdrawn in the hottest region of the furnace; the chemical and homogenization reactions of the glass are complete.
  • the glass having been removed from the vertical movements of convection of this region, then moves horizontally toward the centre while it is superheated by the high current intensity between the discs. Its temperature therefore rises to for example 1,800 or 2,000 C. before the glass is extracted from the chamber. Consequently, this glass is rendered fluid and the size of the bubbles increases owing to the expansion of the included gases, these two causes acting in the same direction to increase the rising speed of the bubbles; the latter rise through the central aperture of the disc 14 whereas the glass descends in the passageway 28 under the action of the suction through the aperture 36b (FIG. 3).
  • the element consisting of the platinum sleeve 36 and skirt 37 performs the following functions:
  • the skirt 37 extends up to a region which is sufficiently cooled to prevent any possibility of escape of glass coming from the furnace.
  • This passageway serves to conduct the fine glass of the refining device to the extracting orifice.
  • the mass of the walls of this passageway firstly serves to facilitate the start of the pouring owing to the heating by conductibility and thereafter serves to pass the current toward the refining device and finally to consume heat stored in excess in the fine glass toward the interior of the furnace.
  • the device fixing the molybdenum rod 27 shown in FIG. 3 can be arranged in accordance with a modification of the invention shown in FIG. 6.
  • alumina members 29 and 30 disposed in the conical aperture 31 of the lining are supported as in the first embodiment by a lower annular member also of alumina, but this member 32a has a shape different from that of the member 32 so as to support the hollow molybdenum rod.
  • the latter which carries the reference character 27a in FIG.
  • the platinum member 37a has a shape different from that of the member 37 since it is secured to the end of the sleeve 36a (similar to the sleeve 36) and it rests on a member 43 which is also of platinum and is provided at its centre with an opening coinciding with the extracting passageway 28, a platinum nozzle 44 coaxial with the passageway 28 extending the latter through an axial aperture in the annular member 32a.
  • the platinum member 43 is also dismountable and it is therefore possible to replace it by another similar member having a nozzle 44 and whose dimensions and shape are different from those of the nozzle previously in use.
  • the member 36a-37a remains fixed and assembled with the molybdenum rod which it protects from oxidation as in the first embodiment.
  • the refining requires energy but the latter is limited owing to the fact it is expended in the very centre of the chamber in the region where the glass is already the hottest. Furthermore, this energy is partially recovered in the furnace. For instance, if the temperature of the glass is brought to, for example, 2,000 C. the glass issues at a temperature of for example only 1,500 O; the outlet passageway is heated by the passage of the fine glass and expends its energy by radiation and convection in the bath of molten glass.
  • this exchange can be enhanced by providing the rod with a heat exchanger 45 as shown in FIGS. 7 and 8.
  • This heat exchanger consists of fins 46 or other radial projections secured to the rod 27 below the refining device.
  • the current supply bar 38a is welded to the exchanger.
  • This exchanger can be in one piece with the rod 27 or can be formed by a separate member attached to the rod 27.
  • the latter cancomprise a plurality of passageways 47 instead of a single passageway (FIG. 8).
  • the furnace according to the invention has principally the advantage of an inert mass/flow ratio which is considerably reduced relative to conventional furnaces; the relatively light weight of its charge; as the copper walls and refractory walls are independent of each other, the furnace also permits frequent and rapid stoppages without risk of deterioration of the assembly; it is therefore easy to change from one type of glass to another.
  • the shape of the glass-withdrawing device of the refining device is not limited to the shape shown in FIGS. 1 and 5; in particular, this device could be for example in the forms shown in FIGS. 9 and 10.
  • the upper disc 14a has an annular recess 48 which traps the gases and an evac nation through the centre as in the embodiment shown in FIG. 5.
  • the lower disc 15a is highly conical and upwardly flared and the lower face of the upper disc 14b is also upwardly divergent so that the bubbles rise from the centre toward the slit 16 in opposite direction to that of the glass current.
  • An electric glassmaking furnace comprising a trough having an inner wall defining a glass-melting chamber, at least two lateral melting electrodes spaced from said inner wall and defining between these electrodes a region which is the hottest region of the furnace, the periphery of this region being nearer from the center of the furnace than from said inner wall; and a glass-refining device positioned between said electrodes, inside said region; said refining device comprising: current-conducting means arranged between the electrodes, at a short distance therefrom and surrounding a refining cavity, fineglass discharge means communicating with said cavity and with the outside of said trough, and bubble conduit means communicating with said cavity and with the portion of the glass-melting chamber which is outside said refining device.
  • said trough comprises a copper wall, an inner refractory lining supported by said copper Wall, and water tubes brazed to the outer surface of said copper wall.
  • An electric glassmaking furnace comprising a trough having an inner wall defining a glass-melting chamber, at least two lateral melting electrodes spaced from said inner wall and defining between these electrodes a region which is the hottest region of the furnace, the periphery of this region being nearer from the center of the furnace than from said inner wall; and a glass-refining device positioned between said electrodes, inside said region; said refining device comprising: two current-conducting elements extending horizontally respectively from two vertically aligned geometric axes, said elements having edges which are close to one another, but not contiguous, so as to define a cavity which communicates with the glass-melting chamber through the interval between said edges, said cavity further communicating with a refinedglass discharge orifice outside said trough, and with the glass-melting chamber outside said refining device through a bubble-conduit.
  • the electric glassmaking device as claimed in claim 3 further comprising a support for supporting the upper element of said refining device, and adjusting means for adjusting the position of said upper element relative to said support, whereby the width of the slit between said elements can be varied.
  • a glassmaking device as claimed in claim 3 further comprising a set of rails fixed abovethe trough of the furnace to support carriages for supporting starting elec trodes; said rails further carrying'a support supporting the upperelements of said refining device; and adjusting means for adjusting the position of said upper elements relative to said support whereby thewidth of the slit between said elements can be varied.
  • An electric glassmaking furnace comprising a trough having an inner wall defining a glass-melting chamber, at leasttwo lateral melting electrodes spaced from said inner wall and defining between these electrodes a region which is the hottest region of the furnace, the periphery of this region being nearer from the center of the furnace than from said inner wall; and a glass-refining device positioned between said electrodes, inside said region; "said refining device comprising: current conducting means arranged between the electrodes, at a short distance there-' from and surrounding a refining cavity, bubble conduit means communicating with said cavity and with the portion of the glass-melting chamber which is outside said refining device, and a fine-glass discharge tube extending through the bottom of said trough and supported by this bottom.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Vertical, Hearth, Or Arc Furnaces (AREA)
  • Glass Compositions (AREA)
  • Resistance Heating (AREA)
  • Glass Melting And Manufacturing (AREA)
  • Furnace Details (AREA)
US192663A 1961-05-10 1962-05-07 Electric glassmaking furnace Expired - Lifetime US3147328A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR861468A FR1297789A (fr) 1961-05-10 1961-05-10 Four électrique de verrerie

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US3147328A true US3147328A (en) 1964-09-01

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US192663A Expired - Lifetime US3147328A (en) 1961-05-10 1962-05-07 Electric glassmaking furnace

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US (1) US3147328A (ko)
AT (1) AT246352B (ko)
BE (1) BE617238A (ko)
CH (1) CH377056A (ko)
DE (1) DE1211363B (ko)
ES (1) ES277207A1 (ko)
FR (1) FR1297789A (ko)
GB (1) GB953953A (ko)
LU (1) LU41687A1 (ko)
NL (2) NL278242A (ko)

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3376373A (en) * 1964-03-17 1968-04-02 Pochet & Courval Verreries Electric glassmaking furnace
US3429972A (en) * 1966-03-25 1969-02-25 Pochet & Courval Verreries Very high temperature electric melting furnace
US3659029A (en) * 1970-03-27 1972-04-25 Participations Verrieres Soc D Electrical high-temperature melting furnace
US3689679A (en) * 1970-03-12 1972-09-05 Glasrock Products Device for continuous liquefaction of siliceous material
US3912488A (en) * 1974-07-25 1975-10-14 Johns Manville Electric furnace outlet
DE2621380A1 (de) * 1975-05-16 1976-11-25 Johns Manville Primaerelektrodenanordnung fuer hochtemperatur-schmelzoefen
FR2415409A1 (fr) * 1978-01-18 1979-08-17 Johns Manville Appareil de montage d'electrode pour four de fusion de verre
US4211887A (en) * 1978-10-25 1980-07-08 Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation Electrical furnace, zones balanced with a symmetrically tapped transformer
US10570045B2 (en) 2015-05-22 2020-02-25 John Hart Miller Glass and other material melting systems

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0019645A1 (de) * 1979-05-26 1980-12-10 Sorg GmbH & Co. KG Elektrisch beheizter Schmelzofen für aggressive Mineralstoffe mit steiler Viskositätskurve
LU82154A1 (fr) * 1980-02-11 1981-09-10 Arbed Procede de fusion continue et controlee de matieres essentiellement non-metalliques
US4351054A (en) * 1981-03-04 1982-09-21 Manville Service Corporation Optimized mixing and melting electric furnace
DE10314955B4 (de) 2003-04-02 2008-04-17 Schott Ag Verfahren zum Schmelzen anorganischer Materialien

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2008495A (en) * 1934-05-18 1935-07-16 Fairmount Glass Works Inc Process of electrically melting and refining glass and apparatus therefor
US2018886A (en) * 1934-07-13 1935-10-29 Ferguson John Glass furnace
US2276295A (en) * 1940-06-14 1942-03-17 Ferguson John Electric glass melting furnace
US2866838A (en) * 1956-02-16 1958-12-30 Stratabar Process Company Method and apparatus for producing molten silicates

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2008495A (en) * 1934-05-18 1935-07-16 Fairmount Glass Works Inc Process of electrically melting and refining glass and apparatus therefor
US2018886A (en) * 1934-07-13 1935-10-29 Ferguson John Glass furnace
US2276295A (en) * 1940-06-14 1942-03-17 Ferguson John Electric glass melting furnace
US2866838A (en) * 1956-02-16 1958-12-30 Stratabar Process Company Method and apparatus for producing molten silicates

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3376373A (en) * 1964-03-17 1968-04-02 Pochet & Courval Verreries Electric glassmaking furnace
US3429972A (en) * 1966-03-25 1969-02-25 Pochet & Courval Verreries Very high temperature electric melting furnace
US3689679A (en) * 1970-03-12 1972-09-05 Glasrock Products Device for continuous liquefaction of siliceous material
US3659029A (en) * 1970-03-27 1972-04-25 Participations Verrieres Soc D Electrical high-temperature melting furnace
US3912488A (en) * 1974-07-25 1975-10-14 Johns Manville Electric furnace outlet
DE2621380A1 (de) * 1975-05-16 1976-11-25 Johns Manville Primaerelektrodenanordnung fuer hochtemperatur-schmelzoefen
FR2415409A1 (fr) * 1978-01-18 1979-08-17 Johns Manville Appareil de montage d'electrode pour four de fusion de verre
US4211887A (en) * 1978-10-25 1980-07-08 Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation Electrical furnace, zones balanced with a symmetrically tapped transformer
US10570045B2 (en) 2015-05-22 2020-02-25 John Hart Miller Glass and other material melting systems

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AT246352B (de) 1966-04-12
NL278242A (ko)
ES277207A1 (es) 1962-08-01
DE1211363B (de) 1966-02-24
CH377056A (fr) 1964-04-30
BE617238A (fr) 1962-08-31
LU41687A1 (ko) 1962-07-10
GB953953A (en) 1964-04-02
NL133852C (ko)
FR1297789A (fr) 1962-07-06

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