US3131058A - Method of manufacturing fine grained and clean steels - Google Patents
Method of manufacturing fine grained and clean steels Download PDFInfo
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- US3131058A US3131058A US177425A US17742562A US3131058A US 3131058 A US3131058 A US 3131058A US 177425 A US177425 A US 177425A US 17742562 A US17742562 A US 17742562A US 3131058 A US3131058 A US 3131058A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
- C21C7/00—Treating molten ferrous alloys, e.g. steel, not covered by groups C21C1/00 - C21C5/00
- C21C7/0006—Adding metallic additives
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- the present invention relates to a method of manufacturing ordinary steels of eutectoid and hypo-eutectoid structures containing less than 0.85% carbon and alloy steels containing less than 2.0% carbon and also to such steels and alloy steels manufactured by the method.
- the method of the invention is characterized in that ordinary steels of eutectoid and hypo-eutectoid structures containing less than 0.85% of C or an alloy steel containing less than 2.0% of C are made to contain 0.0001 to 0.05 of calcium by adding to the melt of the above steels a mixture of one or more elements of Al, Ti, V, Zr, Nb and N together with low carbon manganese-calcium base alloy.
- the principal object of the invention is to produce ordinary steels and/ or alloy steels having fine grained structure by reducing non-metallic inclusions and having improved toughness, fatigue limit and machinability.
- the known CaSiaMn alloys used for deoxidizing irons use is made of the low carbon 'Mn-Al-Ca-Si addition alloys which contain 22 to 80% of Mn, 0.2 to 35% of Ca, 0.1 to 60% of Al, less than 10% of Fe and the balance substantially of Si, which is within the range of 2 to A of Mn, and more particularly the alloys may contain in addition alkaline earth metals other than Ca and rare earth elements at an amount of about A of the content of Ca.
- the above alloys manufactured for commercial purposes contain usually 5 to 6% of iron as impurities.
- Mn-Al-Ca-Si addition alloys containing higher amount of Mn than the heretofore known Ca-Si-Mn alloy can be manufactured easily.
- the new alloys have higher specific gravity due to the high Mn-content, the ratio of Mn to Si being 1:2 to 4: 1, while it was 1:3 to 1:7 in the latter alloy and owing to low Si-content the new alloy serves as a very favorable addition agent for refining steels.
- compositions which are in the molten state at a temperature below about 1,600 C. are limited to only those which contain more quantity of -MnO than that as shown at the point C on the diagram, Where the ratio MnOzSiO is 35:65 (about 1:2). This ratio corresponds to 1:13 in the ratio Mn:Si.
- the ratio Mn:Si is raised and defined to such an extent that all of the oxide products in the molten steel should be in the liquid state.
- the known Si-Mn alloys contain a large quantity of C as manganese carbide, yet the alloys of the invention have the specialty that they contain a very small amount of carbon as the alloys are decarbonized by the existence of 0.2 to 35% of Ca.
- the carbon content of the resulting alloy reduces to 0.25%.
- the carbon content of an ordinary Si-Mn alloy is 0.9 to 2.5%, whilst the carbon content of the present alloy is within the range of 0.1 to 1%.
- a desired fine grained and clean steel can be obtained Without effecting the perfect deoxidation and de-sulfurization to such an extent less than 0.001 to 0.005% of oxygen and 0.003 to 0.015% of sulfur, i.e., at more than 0.015% of sulfur content and more than 0.005% of oxygen content,
- the casting or steel ingot has fine grained and clean structure so that it is not necessary to retain more than 0.05% of Ca.
- the purpose of previously containing Ce, V, Be, Li, Sr and Mg except Ca in the alloy is to expedite the de-sulfurization and deoxidation at the same time to raise the cleanliness of steel and in the manufacture of the addition alloy, it is more convenient to previously add these elements at an amount less than A of the calcium content.
- the present invention differs from U.S. Patent 3,000,- 7 31 in that the alloy is added together with one or more elements of Al, Ti, Va, Zr, Nb and the like forced deoxiding agent and nitrogen.
- the above elements may be previously alloyed with Mn-Ca base all-0y.
- the method of the invention using the Mn-Al-Ca-Si addition alloy is used together with the known process, for instance, if it is used in parallel to the aluminum process the calcium in the said addition alloy reduces alumina in the melt to produce metallic aluminum and aluminum nitride. Accordingly, by the increase of metallic aluminum and aluminum nitride the grains of steel become considerably refined so that it is more effective if compared with the case when using Mn-Ca base alloy alone.
- the calcium accelerates the reducing action of alumina in the melt and the deoxidizing action, and simultaneously improves the cleanliness of steel.
- the method of the invention can be applied to ordinary steels containing less than 0.85% of C and alloy steels containing less than 2.0% of C, that is, the invention can be eifectively applied to ordinary steel-s of eutectoid and hypo-eutectoid structure naturally and also the alloy steels containing less than 2.0% of C and one or more of special elements, such as, Si, Mn, Ni, Co, Cr, Cu, Al, W, Mo, V, Ti and Zr.
- the steel subjected to the above treatment has fine grained and clean structure and its elongation and the reduction of area increase Without substantial change in the strength and also the notched impact value increases considerably and at the same time the machinability is improved and the remarkable improvement in mechanical properties is recognized especially in quenched and tempered steels.
- Example 1 A steel containing 0.6% of carbon was melted in a basic high frequency electric furnace and deoxidized at a temperature of 1,-630 C. with 0.5% term-manganese, 0.2% Si and 0.06% Al. The steel ingot treated with 0.8% of Mn-Ca base alloy (Ca 24.1%) and untreated one were taken as samples and after forged the grain size and grain coarsening temperature were studied, and the following results were obtained:
- a process for producing fine grained and clean steels from steels having the composition of carbon steels with less than 0.85% carbonand'having upon solidification entectoid and hypoeutectoid structures and alloy steels containing up to 2% carbon the Steps which comprise adding to a melt of the steels which contain after preliminary deoxidation with manganese and silicon 0.001- 0.3% of the elements selected from the group consisting of Ti, V, Zr, and Nb together with N in an amount of 0.001 to 0.3% and then adding an alloy consisting essentially of 22%80% Mn, 0.2 to 35% Ca, 0.1 to Al, less than 10% Fe and the balance substantially Si, wherein Si is within the range of 2 to A of Mn, said alloy being in an amount sufficient to leave 0001-005 Ca in thesteel, thereby forming a nitride of said group and producing said clean and fine grained steel.
Description
A ril 28, 1964 TOHEI OTOTANI 3,131,058
METHOD OF MANUFACTURING FINE GRAINED AND CLEAN STEELS Filed March 5, 1962 Binar dia ram of Nn0mi0z United States Patent hoe 3,131,058 METHOD OF MANUFACTURING FINE GRAINED AND CLEAN STEELS Tohei Ototani, Kawauchi, Sendai City, Japan, assignor to The Research Institute for Iron, Steel and Other Metals of The Tohoku University, Sendai City, Japan Filed Mar. 5, 1962, Ser. No. 177,425 2 Claims. (Cl. 75-129) The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing ordinary steels of eutectoid and hypo-eutectoid structures containing less than 0.85% carbon and alloy steels containing less than 2.0% carbon and also to such steels and alloy steels manufactured by the method.
The method of the invention is characterized in that ordinary steels of eutectoid and hypo-eutectoid structures containing less than 0.85% of C or an alloy steel containing less than 2.0% of C are made to contain 0.0001 to 0.05 of calcium by adding to the melt of the above steels a mixture of one or more elements of Al, Ti, V, Zr, Nb and N together with low carbon manganese-calcium base alloy.
The principal object of the invention is to produce ordinary steels and/ or alloy steels having fine grained structure by reducing non-metallic inclusions and having improved toughness, fatigue limit and machinability.
It has heretofore been known in the art that the control of the size of the grain in steels is attained by adding a suitable quantity of one or more elements of Al, Ti, V, Zr and the like elements, and as the cleanliness of steel is effected by the deoxidation and the resultant oxides, a small quantity of Al was added after the deoxidation by means of Mn and Si.
The known CaSiaMn alloys used for deoxidizing irons On the other hand, in accordance with the invention use is made of the low carbon 'Mn-Al-Ca-Si addition alloys which contain 22 to 80% of Mn, 0.2 to 35% of Ca, 0.1 to 60% of Al, less than 10% of Fe and the balance substantially of Si, which is within the range of 2 to A of Mn, and more particularly the alloys may contain in addition alkaline earth metals other than Ca and rare earth elements at an amount of about A of the content of Ca. The above alloys manufactured for commercial purposes contain usually 5 to 6% of iron as impurities.
According to the invention, it has been found that Mn-Al-Ca-Si addition alloys containing higher amount of Mn than the heretofore known Ca-Si-Mn alloy can be manufactured easily. The new alloys have higher specific gravity due to the high Mn-content, the ratio of Mn to Si being 1:2 to 4: 1, while it was 1:3 to 1:7 in the latter alloy and owing to low Si-content the new alloy serves as a very favorable addition agent for refining steels.
For a better understanding of the invention reference is taken to the accompanying drawing, a single figure of which illustrates the binary state diagram of MnO and SiO;;,.
Re-fern'ng to the drawing, the compositions which are in the molten state at a temperature below about 1,600 C. are limited to only those which contain more quantity of -MnO than that as shown at the point C on the diagram, Where the ratio MnOzSiO is 35:65 (about 1:2). This ratio corresponds to 1:13 in the ratio Mn:Si.
It is apparent from the drawing that when an alloy in 3,131,058 Patented Apr. 28, 1964 which the ratio of Mn to Si is more than 1:13 is added to a steel the resultant oxides, i.e., non-metallic inclusion in the steel produced by the alloy has the composition which should be in a molten state at a temperature below 1,600 C.
According to the invention, if compared with known Si-tMn-Ca alloys, the ratio Mn:Si is raised and defined to such an extent that all of the oxide products in the molten steel should be in the liquid state. Moreover, though the known Si-Mn alloys contain a large quantity of C as manganese carbide, yet the alloys of the invention have the specialty that they contain a very small amount of carbon as the alloys are decarbonized by the existence of 0.2 to 35% of Ca.
If, for instance, about 7.5% of Ca is added to a melt of Si-Mn alloy containing 1.2% of C, 20% of Si and 61% of Mn, the carbon content of the resulting alloy reduces to 0.25%. The carbon content of an ordinary Si-Mn alloy is 0.9 to 2.5%, whilst the carbon content of the present alloy is within the range of 0.1 to 1%.
In carrying out the method of the invention, a desired fine grained and clean steel can be obtained Without effecting the perfect deoxidation and de-sulfurization to such an extent less than 0.001 to 0.005% of oxygen and 0.003 to 0.015% of sulfur, i.e., at more than 0.015% of sulfur content and more than 0.005% of oxygen content,
if a suitable quantity of Al, Ti, V, Zr, Nb and nitrogen is retained and if the retained quantity of Ca is more than 0.0001% the casting or steel ingot has fine grained and clean structure so that it is not necessary to retain more than 0.05% of Ca. The purpose of previously containing Ce, V, Be, Li, Sr and Mg except Ca in the alloy is to expedite the de-sulfurization and deoxidation at the same time to raise the cleanliness of steel and in the manufacture of the addition alloy, it is more convenient to previously add these elements at an amount less than A of the calcium content.
The present invention differs from U.S. Patent 3,000,- 7 31 in that the alloy is added together with one or more elements of Al, Ti, Va, Zr, Nb and the like forced deoxiding agent and nitrogen. One or more of the above elements may be previously alloyed with Mn-Ca base all-0y.
After deoxidation by means of manganese and silicon in the final refining period of molten steel, 0.001 to 0.3% of N and Al, Ti, Va, Zr and the like elements to be added as a small quantity of forced deoxidizing agent combines with oxygen in the melt and a part forms a compound and another part forms nitride and the remaining is alloyed with the melt. If, however, the elements of these forced deoxidizing agents are contained in the MnAl-Ca-Si addition alloy such elements act more effectively on the melt so that it is sufiicient to use /2 to /3 the quantity of the former deoxidizing agent if used alone. Only in this case Mn-Al-Ca-Si addition alloy is added without said forced deoxidizing elements.
According to the invention, it has been found that if the method of the invention using the Mn-Al-Ca-Si addition alloy is used together with the known process, for instance, if it is used in parallel to the aluminum process the calcium in the said addition alloy reduces alumina in the melt to produce metallic aluminum and aluminum nitride. Accordingly, by the increase of metallic aluminum and aluminum nitride the grains of steel become considerably refined so that it is more effective if compared with the case when using Mn-Ca base alloy alone.
Further, according to the invention, the calcium accelerates the reducing action of alumina in the melt and the deoxidizing action, and simultaneously improves the cleanliness of steel.
The method of the invention can be applied to ordinary steels containing less than 0.85% of C and alloy steels containing less than 2.0% of C, that is, the invention can be eifectively applied to ordinary steel-s of eutectoid and hypo-eutectoid structure naturally and also the alloy steels containing less than 2.0% of C and one or more of special elements, such as, Si, Mn, Ni, Co, Cr, Cu, Al, W, Mo, V, Ti and Zr.
The steel subjected to the above treatment has fine grained and clean structure and its elongation and the reduction of area increase Without substantial change in the strength and also the notched impact value increases considerably and at the same time the machinability is improved and the remarkable improvement in mechanical properties is recognized especially in quenched and tempered steels. I
The invention will be explained further in detail with examples.
Example 1 A steel containing 0.6% of carbon was melted in a basic high frequency electric furnace and deoxidized at a temperature of 1,-630 C. with 0.5% term-manganese, 0.2% Si and 0.06% Al. The steel ingot treated with 0.8% of Mn-Ca base alloy (Ca 24.1%) and untreated one were taken as samples and after forged the grain size and grain coarsening temperature were studied, and the following results were obtained:
Steel containing 0.82% was melted in a basic high frequency electric furnace and after deoxidation wit-h 0.5% Mn and 0.2% Si at 1,620 c. the molten steel 4 was divided into 2 portions, to one of which was added 4 0.8% of Mn-Ca base alloy (Ca 24.8%, A1 3.2%) and to the other 0.05% of Al and after casting the samples were forged and the grain size was tested and obtained the following results:
What I claim is:
1. A process for producing fine grained and clean steels from steels having the composition of carbon steels with less than 0.85% carbonand'having upon solidification entectoid and hypoeutectoid structures and alloy steels containing up to 2% carbon, the Steps which comprise adding to a melt of the steels which contain after preliminary deoxidation with manganese and silicon 0.001- 0.3% of the elements selected from the group consisting of Ti, V, Zr, and Nb together with N in an amount of 0.001 to 0.3% and then adding an alloy consisting essentially of 22%80% Mn, 0.2 to 35% Ca, 0.1 to Al, less than 10% Fe and the balance substantially Si, wherein Si is within the range of 2 to A of Mn, said alloy being in an amount sufficient to leave 0001-005 Ca in thesteel, thereby forming a nitride of said group and producing said clean and fine grained steel.
2. A method of manufacturing fine grained and clean steels according to claim 1, which comprises using said Mn-Al, Ca-Si addition alloy containing rare earth metals and alkaline earth metals other than calcium at an amount less than A of the calcium content.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,291,842 Strauss Aug. 4, 1942 2,370,389 Chandler Feb. 27, i945 3,000,731 Ototani Sept. 19, 1961
Claims (1)
1. A PROCESS FOR PRODUCING FINE GRAINED AND CLEAN STEELS FROM STEELS HAVING THE COMPOSITION OF CARBON STEELS WITH LESS THAN 0.85% CARBON AND HAVING UPON SOLIDIFICATION EUTECTOID AND HYPOEUTECTOID STRUCTURES AND ALLOY STEELS CONTAINING UP TO 2% CARBON, THE STEPS WHICH COMPRISE ADDING TO A MELT OF THE STEELS WHICH CONTAIN AFTER PRELIMINARY DEOXIDATION WITH MANGANESE AND SILICON 0.0010.3% OF THE ELEMENTS SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF TI, V, ZR, AND NB TOGETHER WITH N IS AN AMOUNT JOF 0.001 TO 0.3% AND THEN ADDING AN ALLOY CONSISTING ESSENTIALLY OF 22%-80% MN, J0.2 TO 35% CA, 0.1 TO 60% AL, LESS THAN 10% FE AND THE BALANCE SUBSTANTIALLY SI, WHEREIN SI IS WITHIN THE RANGE OF 2 TO 1/4 OF MN, SAID ALLOY BEING IN AN AMOUNT SUFFICINET TO LEAVE 0.001-0.05 CA IN THE STEEL, THEREBY FORMING A NITRIDE OF SAID GROUP AND PRODUCING SAID CLEAN AND FINE GRAINED STEEL.
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| US177425A US3131058A (en) | 1962-03-05 | 1962-03-05 | Method of manufacturing fine grained and clean steels |
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| US177425A US3131058A (en) | 1962-03-05 | 1962-03-05 | Method of manufacturing fine grained and clean steels |
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Cited By (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3364015A (en) * | 1963-06-24 | 1968-01-16 | Grace W R & Co | Silicon alloys containing rare earth metals |
| US3383202A (en) * | 1966-01-19 | 1968-05-14 | Foote Mineral Co | Grain refining alloy |
| US3540882A (en) * | 1967-07-24 | 1970-11-17 | Res Inst Iron Steel | Metal refining agent consisting of al-mn-ca alloy |
| US3649253A (en) * | 1968-10-14 | 1972-03-14 | Sueddeutsche Kalkstickstoff | Deoxidation of aluminum-killed molten steel |
| US3951645A (en) * | 1974-08-16 | 1976-04-20 | Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation | Steelmaking practice for production of a virtually inclusion-free semi-killed product |
| DE2830850A1 (en) * | 1977-07-13 | 1979-02-01 | Carpenter Technology Corp | CASE-ALLOY STEEL |
| US6077326A (en) * | 1997-07-01 | 2000-06-20 | Rock Creek Aluminum | Steel additive for processing molten steel |
| US20040109784A1 (en) * | 2001-04-04 | 2004-06-10 | Alireza Arbab | Steel and steel tube for high- temperature use |
| US20110044845A1 (en) * | 2008-04-22 | 2011-02-24 | Vitatech GmbH | 'kazakhstanskiy' alloy for steel deoxidation and alloying |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2291842A (en) * | 1940-07-18 | 1942-08-04 | Vanadium Corp | Production of steel |
| US2370389A (en) * | 1941-05-06 | 1945-02-27 | Harold E Bessin | Art of taking impressions of eyeballs |
| US3000731A (en) * | 1958-02-03 | 1961-09-19 | Res Inst Iron Steel | Fine-grained steels |
-
1962
- 1962-03-05 US US177425A patent/US3131058A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2291842A (en) * | 1940-07-18 | 1942-08-04 | Vanadium Corp | Production of steel |
| US2370389A (en) * | 1941-05-06 | 1945-02-27 | Harold E Bessin | Art of taking impressions of eyeballs |
| US3000731A (en) * | 1958-02-03 | 1961-09-19 | Res Inst Iron Steel | Fine-grained steels |
Cited By (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3364015A (en) * | 1963-06-24 | 1968-01-16 | Grace W R & Co | Silicon alloys containing rare earth metals |
| US3383202A (en) * | 1966-01-19 | 1968-05-14 | Foote Mineral Co | Grain refining alloy |
| US3540882A (en) * | 1967-07-24 | 1970-11-17 | Res Inst Iron Steel | Metal refining agent consisting of al-mn-ca alloy |
| US3649253A (en) * | 1968-10-14 | 1972-03-14 | Sueddeutsche Kalkstickstoff | Deoxidation of aluminum-killed molten steel |
| US3951645A (en) * | 1974-08-16 | 1976-04-20 | Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation | Steelmaking practice for production of a virtually inclusion-free semi-killed product |
| DE2830850A1 (en) * | 1977-07-13 | 1979-02-01 | Carpenter Technology Corp | CASE-ALLOY STEEL |
| US6077326A (en) * | 1997-07-01 | 2000-06-20 | Rock Creek Aluminum | Steel additive for processing molten steel |
| US20040109784A1 (en) * | 2001-04-04 | 2004-06-10 | Alireza Arbab | Steel and steel tube for high- temperature use |
| US20110044845A1 (en) * | 2008-04-22 | 2011-02-24 | Vitatech GmbH | 'kazakhstanskiy' alloy for steel deoxidation and alloying |
| US8795587B2 (en) * | 2008-04-22 | 2014-08-05 | RSE the National Center on Complex Processing of Mineral Raw Material of the Republic Kazakhstan | ‘Kazakhstanskiy’ alloy for steel deoxidation and alloying |
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