US3124930A - Exhaust system - Google Patents

Exhaust system Download PDF

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US3124930A
US3124930A US3124930DA US3124930A US 3124930 A US3124930 A US 3124930A US 3124930D A US3124930D A US 3124930DA US 3124930 A US3124930 A US 3124930A
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gasket
exhaust
engine
exhaust system
exhaust manifold
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
    • F01N3/28—Construction of catalytic reactors
    • F01N3/2882—Catalytic reactors combined or associated with other devices, e.g. exhaust silencers or other exhaust purification devices
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
    • F01N3/28—Construction of catalytic reactors
    • F01N3/2803—Construction of catalytic reactors characterised by structure, by material or by manufacturing of catalyst support
    • F01N3/2807—Metal other than sintered metal
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
    • F01N3/28—Construction of catalytic reactors
    • F01N3/2839—Arrangements for mounting catalyst support in housing, e.g. with means for compensating thermal expansion or vibration
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
    • F01N3/30—Arrangements for supply of additional air
    • F01N3/32—Arrangements for supply of additional air using air pump
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
    • F01N13/08—Other arrangements or adaptations of exhaust conduits
    • F01N13/10—Other arrangements or adaptations of exhaust conduits of exhaust manifolds
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2260/00—Exhaust treating devices having provisions not otherwise provided for
    • F01N2260/08—Exhaust treating devices having provisions not otherwise provided for for preventing heat loss or temperature drop, using other means than layers of heat-insulating material
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2330/00—Structure of catalyst support or particle filter
    • F01N2330/12—Metallic wire mesh fabric or knitting
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
    • Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S277/00—Seal for a joint or juncture
    • Y10S277/918—Seal combined with filter or fluid separator
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S55/00—Gas separation
    • Y10S55/30—Exhaust treatment

Definitions

  • My invention relates to internal combustion engines, and in particular to apparatus for burning unburned hydrocarbons found in the exhaust gases of internal combustion engines.
  • the aim of my invention is to provide a smog eliminating device which will be less expensive to install on an automobile than devices of the type currently being considered.
  • I provide an internal combustion engine with a hydrocarbon burner that is located close to and preferably in the exhaust manifold and which acts as a smog eliminator.
  • the pre-burner comprises a catalyst screen or element which is attached to the gasket between the exhaust manifold and engine block.
  • the gases leaving the cylinders will, while very hot, be in contact with the catalyst member.
  • FIGURE 1 is a side elevation of a six cylinder internal combustion engine embodying the invention.
  • FIG. 2 is an enlarged view of the exhaust manifold showing the secondary air harness attached to the exhaust manifold.
  • FIG. 3 is a section taken along the line 33 of FIG. 2, and
  • FIG. 4 is a section taken along the line 4-4 of FIG. 3.
  • the exhaust manifold 1 that is associated with the internal combustion engine 3 is entirely conventional in all respects. Thus, it has branch lines 5 which receive the exhaust gases from the outlet ports 6 of the cylinders of the engine and feed them into a common chamber 7 which empties into the exhaust line 9.
  • each gasket 15 in accordance with my invention I attach a catalytic element to each gasket 15 so that gases flowing into the manifold will pass through or in contact with the element.
  • the catalytic element in combination with the high temperatures at the inlet to the exhaust manifold will cause a more complete combustion of the unburned hydrocarbons to occur in the exhaust manifold.
  • the catalytic element be the metal nickel in the form of a screen cup 17.
  • Each nickel screen cup 17 is preferably secured by a suitable retainer or by an interlock fit to a gasket 15 around the edge of the opening in the gasket.
  • I provide means for the introduction of secondary air to the branches 5 at points adjacent the screen 17, i.e. where combustion will occur.
  • the air is fed into the manifold sections 5 by branch lines 19 from a header 21.
  • Air is supplied under pressure to header 21 by line 23 connected to the outlet of an 'air pump 25 which is mounted on the side of the engine and driven by the fan belt 27 of the engine.
  • the air pump may be of any suitable type that is available on the open market and can either furnish air at high pressure and low volume or at low pressure and high volume.
  • a smog reducing element comprising a gasket to fit between an exhaust manifold and an engine and a catalytic element attached to the gasket.

Description

March 17, 1964 w. H. POWERS EXHAUST SYSTEM Filed March 20, 1959 w v? a INVENTOR. )4 d/Z er azaers.
/ JW Yz/S United States Patent O 3,124,930 EXHAUST SYSTEM Walter H. Powers, Jackson, Mich, assignor, by mesne assignments, to Walker Manufacturing Company, Racine, Wis, a corporation of Delaware Filed Mar. 2:0, 1959, Ser. No. 800,670 1 Claim. (6i. 60-40) My invention relates to internal combustion engines, and in particular to apparatus for burning unburned hydrocarbons found in the exhaust gases of internal combustion engines.
The aim of my invention is to provide a smog eliminating device which will be less expensive to install on an automobile than devices of the type currently being considered.
Briefly, in accordance with my invention I provide an internal combustion engine with a hydrocarbon burner that is located close to and preferably in the exhaust manifold and which acts as a smog eliminator. Preferably, the pre-burner comprises a catalyst screen or element which is attached to the gasket between the exhaust manifold and engine block. Thus, the gases leaving the cylinders will, while very hot, be in contact with the catalyst member. At the high temperatures available at this point, it is possible to effectively remove a substantial percentage of the unburned hydrocarbons.
By locating the burner in a position close to or within the manifold, I utilize the available heat to burn the excess hydrocarbons and permit downstream silencing of the exhaust gases to be carried out without special regard for smog elimination. Thus, optimum silencing can be obtained along with elimination of excessive hydrocarbons.
The invention is illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which:
FIGURE 1 is a side elevation of a six cylinder internal combustion engine embodying the invention.
FIG. 2 is an enlarged view of the exhaust manifold showing the secondary air harness attached to the exhaust manifold.
FIG. 3 is a section taken along the line 33 of FIG. 2, and
FIG. 4 is a section taken along the line 4-4 of FIG. 3.
The exhaust manifold 1 that is associated with the internal combustion engine 3 is entirely conventional in all respects. Thus, it has branch lines 5 which receive the exhaust gases from the outlet ports 6 of the cylinders of the engine and feed them into a common chamber 7 which empties into the exhaust line 9. Each branch 5 3,124,930 Patented Mar. 17, 1964 See terminates in a pad 11 which is bolted to the engine block and has a flat face 13 hearing against a gasket 15.
In accordance with my invention I attach a catalytic element to each gasket 15 so that gases flowing into the manifold will pass through or in contact with the element. The catalytic element in combination with the high temperatures at the inlet to the exhaust manifold will cause a more complete combustion of the unburned hydrocarbons to occur in the exhaust manifold. While it is broadly within the scope of my invention to use any suitable catalyst in any suitable form, I presently prefer that the catalytic element be the metal nickel in the form of a screen cup 17. Each nickel screen cup 17 is preferably secured by a suitable retainer or by an interlock fit to a gasket 15 around the edge of the opening in the gasket. Thus, the combined gasket and catalyst can be supplied as an inexpensive, easily installed replacement part.
In the event that it is necessary for complete combustion, I provide means for the introduction of secondary air to the branches 5 at points adjacent the screen 17, i.e. where combustion will occur. The air is fed into the manifold sections 5 by branch lines 19 from a header 21. Air is supplied under pressure to header 21 by line 23 connected to the outlet of an 'air pump 25 which is mounted on the side of the engine and driven by the fan belt 27 of the engine. Broadly speaking, the air pump may be of any suitable type that is available on the open market and can either furnish air at high pressure and low volume or at low pressure and high volume.
I claim:
A smog reducing element comprising a gasket to fit between an exhaust manifold and an engine and a catalytic element attached to the gasket.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,179,145 Southern Apr. 11, 1916 1,532,473 Byrne Apr. 7, 1925 1,690,080 Seng et al Oct. 30, 1928 1,736,132 Rippingille Nov. 19, 1929 1,789,812. Frazer Jan. 20, 1931 2,004,865 Grison June 11, 1935 2,217,241 Tendler Oct. 8, 1940 2,263,318 Tifft Nov. 18, 1941 2,503,289 Nettel Apr. 11, 1950 FOREIGN PATENTS 38,371 France May 30, 1931 (Addition to No. 691,110) 338,933 Great Britain Nov. 24, 1930
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Cited By (20)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3263412A (en) * 1962-12-28 1966-08-02 William R Stroemer Method and means for eliminating smog
US3354635A (en) * 1966-04-06 1967-11-28 Mutual Ind Inc Means for burning the exhaust gases of internal combustion engines
US3415055A (en) * 1967-07-24 1968-12-10 Mutual Ind Inc Exhaust burners for internal combustion engines
US3475905A (en) * 1967-01-23 1969-11-04 Edward Burke Wilford Internal combustion engine
US3786635A (en) * 1971-12-20 1974-01-22 Krun Corp Internal combustion engine with modified and controlled exhaust
JPS4945215A (en) * 1972-09-08 1974-04-30
US3808806A (en) * 1971-05-11 1974-05-07 H Nakamura Exhaust gas purifying device
JPS4949018A (en) * 1972-09-19 1974-05-13
US3853483A (en) * 1972-10-18 1974-12-10 Air Prod & Chem Exhaust gas catalytic treatment system
US3866551A (en) * 1973-09-06 1975-02-18 Yasuhiro Sanga Combustion furnace
US3926565A (en) * 1973-03-16 1975-12-16 Degussa Apparatus for cleaning exhaust gases
US3998599A (en) * 1974-09-20 1976-12-21 Gould Inc. System for catalytic reduction of NOx emanating from an internal combustion engine
US4122673A (en) * 1973-09-28 1978-10-31 J. Eberspacher Internal combustion engine with afterburning and catalytic reaction in a supercharger turbine casing
US5007499A (en) * 1990-02-23 1991-04-16 Carrier Corporation Silencer for a centrifugal compressor
US5338903A (en) * 1991-08-30 1994-08-16 Briggs & Stratton Corporation Combination muffler and catalytic converter
US5339629A (en) * 1993-03-05 1994-08-23 Briggs & Stratton Corporation External catalytic converter for small internal combustion engines
US5425236A (en) * 1991-11-12 1995-06-20 Schwaebische Huettenwerke Gmbh Catalyzer arrangement for the exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine
US6062020A (en) * 1997-11-12 2000-05-16 General Motors Corporation Exhaust manifold converter apparatus
WO2006041396A1 (en) * 2004-10-12 2006-04-20 Husqvarna Ab Catalyst muffler preferably for a two-stroke internal combustion engine
US20080190689A1 (en) * 2007-02-12 2008-08-14 Ballard Ebbin C Inserts for engine exhaust systems

Citations (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1179145A (en) * 1915-10-05 1916-04-11 William Southern Apparatus for purifying exhaust engine-gases.
US1532473A (en) * 1920-07-12 1925-04-07 Gen Motors Corp Exhaust fire screen
US1690080A (en) * 1926-07-15 1928-10-30 Michell Crankless Engines Corp Supercharger internal-combustion engine and method of supercharging
US1736132A (en) * 1927-07-14 1929-11-19 Delco Remy Corp Engine-starting apparatus
FR691110A (en) * 1929-05-07 1930-10-01 Method and apparatus for cleaning gases from internal combustion engines
GB338933A (en) * 1929-07-24 1930-11-24 Lucien Gaisman Method of and means for treating exhaust gases of internal combustion engines to render them innocuous
US1789812A (en) * 1929-08-12 1931-01-20 Joseph C W Frazer Method of eliminating combustible constituents from the products of combustion of an internal-combustion engine
FR38371E (en) * 1929-12-04 1931-05-30 Method and apparatus for cleaning gases from internal combustion engines
US2004865A (en) * 1933-01-25 1935-06-11 Grison Joseph Exhaust gas purifier for vehicles
US2217241A (en) * 1936-07-06 1940-10-08 Tendler Max Exhaust manifold for internal combustion engines
US2263318A (en) * 1937-09-01 1941-11-18 Harold C Tifft Internal combustion engine
US2503289A (en) * 1948-04-05 1950-04-11 Supercharged internal-combustion

Patent Citations (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1179145A (en) * 1915-10-05 1916-04-11 William Southern Apparatus for purifying exhaust engine-gases.
US1532473A (en) * 1920-07-12 1925-04-07 Gen Motors Corp Exhaust fire screen
US1690080A (en) * 1926-07-15 1928-10-30 Michell Crankless Engines Corp Supercharger internal-combustion engine and method of supercharging
US1736132A (en) * 1927-07-14 1929-11-19 Delco Remy Corp Engine-starting apparatus
FR691110A (en) * 1929-05-07 1930-10-01 Method and apparatus for cleaning gases from internal combustion engines
GB338933A (en) * 1929-07-24 1930-11-24 Lucien Gaisman Method of and means for treating exhaust gases of internal combustion engines to render them innocuous
US1789812A (en) * 1929-08-12 1931-01-20 Joseph C W Frazer Method of eliminating combustible constituents from the products of combustion of an internal-combustion engine
FR38371E (en) * 1929-12-04 1931-05-30 Method and apparatus for cleaning gases from internal combustion engines
US2004865A (en) * 1933-01-25 1935-06-11 Grison Joseph Exhaust gas purifier for vehicles
US2217241A (en) * 1936-07-06 1940-10-08 Tendler Max Exhaust manifold for internal combustion engines
US2263318A (en) * 1937-09-01 1941-11-18 Harold C Tifft Internal combustion engine
US2503289A (en) * 1948-04-05 1950-04-11 Supercharged internal-combustion

Cited By (20)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3263412A (en) * 1962-12-28 1966-08-02 William R Stroemer Method and means for eliminating smog
US3354635A (en) * 1966-04-06 1967-11-28 Mutual Ind Inc Means for burning the exhaust gases of internal combustion engines
US3475905A (en) * 1967-01-23 1969-11-04 Edward Burke Wilford Internal combustion engine
US3415055A (en) * 1967-07-24 1968-12-10 Mutual Ind Inc Exhaust burners for internal combustion engines
US3808806A (en) * 1971-05-11 1974-05-07 H Nakamura Exhaust gas purifying device
US3786635A (en) * 1971-12-20 1974-01-22 Krun Corp Internal combustion engine with modified and controlled exhaust
JPS4945215A (en) * 1972-09-08 1974-04-30
JPS4949018A (en) * 1972-09-19 1974-05-13
US3853483A (en) * 1972-10-18 1974-12-10 Air Prod & Chem Exhaust gas catalytic treatment system
US3926565A (en) * 1973-03-16 1975-12-16 Degussa Apparatus for cleaning exhaust gases
US3866551A (en) * 1973-09-06 1975-02-18 Yasuhiro Sanga Combustion furnace
US4122673A (en) * 1973-09-28 1978-10-31 J. Eberspacher Internal combustion engine with afterburning and catalytic reaction in a supercharger turbine casing
US3998599A (en) * 1974-09-20 1976-12-21 Gould Inc. System for catalytic reduction of NOx emanating from an internal combustion engine
US5007499A (en) * 1990-02-23 1991-04-16 Carrier Corporation Silencer for a centrifugal compressor
US5338903A (en) * 1991-08-30 1994-08-16 Briggs & Stratton Corporation Combination muffler and catalytic converter
US5425236A (en) * 1991-11-12 1995-06-20 Schwaebische Huettenwerke Gmbh Catalyzer arrangement for the exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine
US5339629A (en) * 1993-03-05 1994-08-23 Briggs & Stratton Corporation External catalytic converter for small internal combustion engines
US6062020A (en) * 1997-11-12 2000-05-16 General Motors Corporation Exhaust manifold converter apparatus
WO2006041396A1 (en) * 2004-10-12 2006-04-20 Husqvarna Ab Catalyst muffler preferably for a two-stroke internal combustion engine
US20080190689A1 (en) * 2007-02-12 2008-08-14 Ballard Ebbin C Inserts for engine exhaust systems

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