US3123564A - Apparatus and method for production - Google Patents

Apparatus and method for production Download PDF

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Publication number
US3123564A
US3123564A US3123564DA US3123564A US 3123564 A US3123564 A US 3123564A US 3123564D A US3123564D A US 3123564DA US 3123564 A US3123564 A US 3123564A
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United States
Prior art keywords
liquid
carrier
metal
vessel
powder
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English (en)
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Priority claimed from AU58525/60A external-priority patent/AU250960B2/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D11/00—Inks
    • C09D11/02—Printing inks
    • C09D11/03—Printing inks characterised by features other than the chemical nature of the binder
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
    • B22F9/02—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes
    • B22F9/04—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from solid material, e.g. by crushing, grinding or milling
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK  ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
    • C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
    • C09C1/62—Metallic pigments or fillers
    • C09C1/622—Comminution, shaping or abrasion of initially uncoated particles, possibly in presence of grinding aids, abrasives or chemical treating or coating agents; Particle solidification from melted or vaporised metal; Classification
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D5/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
    • C09D5/08—Anti-corrosive paints
    • C09D5/10—Anti-corrosive paints containing metal dust
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G15/00—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
    • G03G15/06—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for developing
    • G03G15/10—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for developing using a liquid developer
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G15/00—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
    • G03G15/06—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for developing
    • G03G15/10—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for developing using a liquid developer
    • G03G15/104—Preparing, mixing, transporting or dispensing developer
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G9/00—Developers
    • G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
    • G03G9/12—Developers with toner particles in liquid developer mixtures
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
    • B22F9/02—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes
    • B22F9/04—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from solid material, e.g. by crushing, grinding or milling
    • B22F2009/045—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from solid material, e.g. by crushing, grinding or milling by other means than ball or jet milling
    • B22F2009/046—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from solid material, e.g. by crushing, grinding or milling by other means than ball or jet milling by cutting
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
    • C01P2004/60—Particles characterised by their size
    • C01P2004/62—Submicrometer sized, i.e. from 0.1-1 micrometer
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
    • C01P2004/80—Particles consisting of a mixture of two or more inorganic phases

Definitions

  • Metallic inks and paints in the present state of the art consist of suspensions of relatively fine metal powders in vehicles which serve the dual purpose of carrying the powders and binding them firmly to the surface which is printed or painted.
  • the advantage of metallic inks was considered to be the attractive rich appearance given to printed matter.
  • Early metallic inks were based on coarse metallic powders suspended in a vehicle of natural resins and waxes dissolved in linseed or China-wood oil to which Canada balsam or Venice turpentine was frequently added to improve binding properties. The poor working properties of these inks led many printers to believe that all metallic inks were impractical.
  • better metallic inks have been introduced which depend on the use of synthetic resins as the vehicle, such as modified phenolic resins.
  • These newer vehicles were generally prepared by cooking the resin in a mixture of Chinawood and linseed oils at low heat so that the resin is in a labile form and not in complete solution. Various waxes, driers and reducers are then added to produce a vehicle of the desired viscosity, drying properties and stability.
  • Another and somewhat similar method of preparing metallic ink vehicles is to cook China-wood to the stage of incipient gelation and then chill immediately with raw linseed oil.
  • the large fiocs of dispensed gel remain on the surface of the paper and hold the metallic pigment firmly, while the linseed oil penetrates into the paper and aids quick setting.
  • Waxes, driers and mineral thinners are also required to control viscosity penetration and drymg.
  • Bronze powders are manufactured by rolling annealed bars of the various metals and alloys into thin sheets which are then shredded and stamped into fine flakes or particles by automatic reciprocating hammers in a stamping mill.
  • the most modernmachines have vacuum sy-sterns by which the fine metal particles are drawn oil as they are formed. They are then sifted and the finer grades are air separated. This is followed by placing the powder and some stearic acid in a drum provided with polishing brushes and later stored for ageing.
  • the bronze powder and vehicle for preparing gold inks are generally supplied separately, to be mixed in the correct proportions by the printer just before use. This is considered necessary since the majority of the gold inks tarnish rapidly after the powder has been mixed with the vehicle. This is considered to be due to the acidity of the vehicle, the action of the driers on the powder or to the presence of traces of sulphur in the vehicle.
  • Aluminium powder in the form of a paste is made by placing small pieces of sheet aluminium or small aluminium pellets, in a steel ball mill together with a solvent like Varnolene and several percent of stearic acid and aluminium stearate. Grinding is continued until the prod- "ice not has reached the desired degree of fineness and brilliance, whereupon it is removed from the mill and after a suitable ageing period is ready for use.
  • the paste aluminium is generally mixed with about equal parts by weight of a viscous metallic ink vehicle.
  • metal powders available for printing. It is also well known that for other applications of metal powders such as for example in powder metallurgy the manufacture of bearings from powdered metals, the coating of industrial objects with metal powders and also in cements, fairly coarse particles are desired such as 5 to 10 microns or greater. There are many methods of making metal powders, by mechanical grinding or by thermical reduction of metallic oxides or even metallic organic compounds. The principal difiiculty encountered in this Work is related to difficulty in producing fine particles less than 5 microns and in maintaining the particles in metallic form, preventing oxidation, tarnishing or other chemical change.
  • my invention is concerned with an improved method of producing powdered metals in a very finely divided form and maintaining these in an available form so as to exclude oxidation and tarnishing. Further my invention is designed to make these fine metal powders available in a suitable form for the production of printing ink, paint, coating compositions and developers for electrophotography.
  • the basic principle of my invention is three-fold: firstly, the metal powder is produced by a cutting action on a metal surface, not a hammering, abrading, rolling or distorting action; secondly, the powder is produced from a smooth surface; thirdly the operation is conducted so that the surface and cutting means is at all times immersed beneath the surface of an inert hydrocarbon liquid or inert gas so as to exclude chemical change of the particle surface as the new surfaces are revealed.
  • the aim is to produce a metallic liquid developer.
  • a zinc plate is cleaned and immersed in a hydrocarbon liquid of high electrical resistivity, say 10 ohm centimeter, and low dielectric constant, say 3.
  • Abrasive cutting paper is rubbed on the zinc plate beneath the surface of the liquid until a desired concentration of powder is set up in the liquid. It is found that this suspension is stable and not subject to flocculation and can be used as a developer to produce fine grained electro-photographic images.
  • the aim is to produce a metallic ink.
  • the surface of a bronze, silver or aluminium block is subjected to a cutting action for example beneath the surface of a liquid such as trichlorotrifluoroethane, known under the trademark Freon 113.
  • This suspension when suificiently concentrated is mixed with a resin varnish for printing ink purposes.
  • the metal plate of copper, silver, gold, platinum, zinc, steel or the like is subjected to a cutting action such as by the application of a diamond loaded dressing wheel, tip, or paper, under the surface of an inert liquid to which is added a resin which is soluble or partly soluble in the liquid.
  • a resin which is soluble or partly soluble in the liquid is for example an alkyd resin such as a long oil alkyd resin.
  • the resin coats out on the metal particles as they are formed and provides means to fix the particles to the final surface, although the powder so produced is usually so line as to need no fixing agent.
  • Another fixing material is for example bitumen in a hydrocarbon liquid.
  • the powders so produced are easily finer than 1 micron in size.
  • the size depends on the quality of the surface which is cut and the fineness of the cutting compound used.
  • FIG. 1 is a transverse section of one form of apparatus for eilecting the production of the metallic developers for electrophotography and metallic inks and paints, and
  • HG. 2 is a similar view but showing a modified form of the inventi n.
  • a vessel 1 is provided with a top 2, an inlet 3 being associated with the top and an outlet 4 with the vessel.
  • the vessel 1 is adapted to contain a liquid 5 within which is submerged an abrasive ring 6 and a ring 7 of the material from which the powder is to be formed.
  • the ring 7 of the powder producing metal is fixed to a carrier 3 which is secured on the shaft 9 of a motor fixed to the vessel 1 so that as the motor shaft 9 revolves, the carrier 8 is similarly revolved to carry the ring 7 with it.
  • the abrasive ring 6 is similarly attached to a carrier 12 mounted on the shaft 13 of a motor 14 which is supported on a floating frame 15 which in turn is coupled through springs 16 to the top 2, the top 2 having an opening 17 through it to allow the floa ing frame 15 free movement in relation to the top 2, the opening being, however, sealed against egress of liquid by a resilient diaphragm 13 disposed between the edge of he opening 17 and an outer face on the floating frame 115.
  • a labyrinth packing l9 prevents the outnow of liquid 5 between the boss 2% of the carrier 12 and the floating frame 15, while a labyrinth packing 22 prevents leakage of the liquid 5 from the vessel 1 between the boss 23 of the carrier 3 and the vessel 1.
  • the motor 1% and the motor 14 is so driven that the abrasive rings 6 rotate in the opposite direction to the ing '7 of the powder producing material so that there is a polishing action or cutting action between the contiguous surfaces of the abrasive ring and the powder producing ring, this surface however being disposed beneath the level of the liquid 5 in the vessel 1 to ensure that the polls ng or grinding action on the powder producing ring '7 is carried out beneath the controlling liquid.
  • the weight can be so adjusts that the downward thrust on the carrier 12 gives the required cutting action between the abrasive ring 6 and the powder producing ring 7, the contacting surfaces of these two members being forced together by the pressure exerted due to the weight of the motor l4 and its associated carrying mechanism, but the pressure can be regulated by a correct selection of the springs 16.
  • a carrier 8 is provided with agitator blades 25 which keep the liquid stirred to ensure that as the powder is formed, it is maintained in a suspended condition in the liquid 5.
  • Liquid will of course be withdrawn from the vessel 1 as required when the necessary concentration of powder has been obtained, and if desired the process can be a continuous one under which there is a slow draw-off through the outlet 4 with a corresponding replacement of the liquid 5 through the inlet 3.
  • a vessel 3% supports a motor 31, a shaft 32 of which carries a carrier 33.
  • each of these boxes 34 carrying in it a block 55 of the powder producing metal.
  • Attached to the vessel is a ring 36 of abrasive material, the position or" the ring 36 being such that the blocks of the powder producing metal will be thrown outwardly by centrifugal force into contact with this ring, so that as the shaft 32 or" the motor 31 is revolved, the carrier 33 will cause the boxes 34 which are secured thereon to move around and in turn causing the blocks 35 of the powder producing metal to rub against the abrasive 4 ring to produce the metal powder, the action being again beneath the liquid 37 in the vessel 30.
  • Vanes d4 fixed in the vessel 30 limit rotation of the liquid 37 in the vessel 39, these being necessary to ensure that the liquid will be maintained in a turbulent condition where it will at all times be available at the interface between the blocks 35 and the grinding or abrasive ing 36.
  • a lid 33 is held down on to the vessel 30 by clips 39, packing means ll) being interposed between the lid 38 and a flange 41 on the vessel 30.
  • An outlet :5 is provided for the vessel 35 and liquid can be drawn off therethrough when the concentration of powder in the liquid is adequate, new liquid being added by removing the lid 38, although this process again could be continuous, by providing a continuous feed of liquid to the vessel 30 while drawing oil the liquid through the outlet 45 as required.
  • Metal Aluminium, aluminium bronze, tin bronze.
  • Resin Scopol 4 IN 3 Stand oil 3 Scopol 4 IN is a long oil length vinyl toluene modified alkyd based on semi-drying/dehydrated castor oils.
  • Metal Aluminium, bronze, aluminium bronze. Grinding time at 3,000 revolutions per minute.
  • the method comprising: subjecting a substantially smooth planar surface of a solid plate of the metal, which is to produce the powder for said developers, to the cutting action of an abrasive surface rubbed continuously thereagainst beneath an inert liquid to produce said powder of the desired ultimate micron size in a single operation, said liquid containing a fixing agent for adhering the powders to an electrophotograpically sensitive surface, said fixing agent being present in said liquid during cutting and being soluble in said liquid.
  • the method comprising subjecting the metal which is to produce the powder for the said developers to a cutting action beneath an inert liquid to produce said powder, said inert liquid being one which prevents oxidation of the powder as it is produced, said liquid subsequently forming the carrier for the powder, and a fixing agent for adhering the powders to a surface, present in the said liquid during cutting, said fixing agent being soluble in the said liquid.
  • apparatus for producing metallic developers for electrophotography and metallic inks and paints, apparatus comprising a vessel to contain liquid, a first carrier disposed in said vessel below the liquid level therein, said carrier being adapted to support a plate composed of the metal from which powder is to be produced, a second carrier adjacent said first carrier also carried by said vessel to be disposed beneath the level of the liquid therein, an abrasive member on said second carrier, the abrasive member being of such form as to produce micronsized powders when rubbed against the surface of said metal plate, means to urge a surface of said plate on to the said abrasive member, and means to move continuously at least one said carrier whereby the said abrasive member has relative motion to the surface of said plate presented thereto to cut the face of the metal beneath the said liquid.
  • apparatus for producing metallic developers for electrophotography and metallic inks and paints, comprising a vessel to contain liquid, a first carrier disposed in said vessel below the liquid level therein, said carrier being adapted to support a plate composed of the metal from which powder is to be produced, a second carrier adjacent said first carrier also carried by said vessel to be disposed beneath the level of the liquid therein, an abrasive member on said second carrier, the abrasive on said abrasive member being of such form as to produce micron-sized powders when rubbed against the surface of said metal plate, means to urge the said abrasive member on to the said metal, and means to rotate at least one said carrier whereby the said abrasive member has relative motion to the said metal to cut the face of the metal beneath the said liquid.
  • apparatus for producing metallic developers for electrophotography and metallic inks and paints, apparatus comprising a vessel to contain liquid, a motor below said vessel carried by said vessel having its shaft upwardly projecting in said vessel, a first carrier on said shaft disposed in said vessel below the liquid level therein, said carrier being adapted to support a plate composed of the metal from which powder is to be produced, a second motor above said vessel carried by said vessel coaxially with the first said motor but movable axially thereto having its shaft downwardly projecting into said vessel, a second carrier on said downwardly projecting shaft disposed beneath the level of the liquid in the vessel, an abrasive member on said second carrier, spring means between the upper said motor and the vessel to allow said abrasive member to be urged on to the said metal, said motors rotating oppositely whereby the said abrasive member has relative motion to the said metal to cut the face of the metal beneath the said liquid.
  • apparatus for producing metallic developers for electrophotography and metallic inks and paints, apparatus comprising a vessel to contain liquid, a motor below said vessel carried by said vessel having its shaft upwardly projecting in said vessel, a carrier on said shaft disposed in said vessel below the liquid level therein and adapted to support loosely, and movable outward by centrifugal force, a piece of metal from which powder is to be produced, an abrasive member in said vessel carried by said vessel coaxial with said vessel and in line with said metal, whereby the said metal has relative motion to the said abrasive member when the said carrier is rotated to cut the face of the metal beneath the said liquid.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Inks, Pencil-Leads, Or Crayons (AREA)
  • Liquid Developers In Electrophotography (AREA)
  • Pigments, Carbon Blacks, Or Wood Stains (AREA)
US3123564D 1960-03-17 Apparatus and method for production Expired - Lifetime US3123564A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU58525/60A AU250960B2 (en) 1960-03-17 Production of metallic developers for electro-photography and metallic inks and paints

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3123564A true US3123564A (en) 1964-03-03

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US3123564D Expired - Lifetime US3123564A (en) 1960-03-17 Apparatus and method for production

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US (1) US3123564A (xx)
BE (2) BE601463A (xx)
CH (1) CH402570A (xx)
DE (1) DE1205993B (xx)
GB (1) GB901196A (xx)
NL (1) NL262497A (xx)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3507679A (en) * 1964-03-23 1970-04-21 Commw Of Australia Controlled polarity liquid developer

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2610944B1 (fr) * 1987-02-17 1989-06-16 Carey Lise Encre d'imprimerie metallisee offset-typo, prete a l'emploi
US7670742B2 (en) * 2005-03-15 2010-03-02 Ricoh Company, Ltd. Recording material, toner, liquid developer and image forming method using the same

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US666409A (en) * 1899-02-10 1901-01-22 Coleman White Lead Company Comminuting-machine.
US1569484A (en) * 1919-03-25 1926-01-12 Metals Disintegrating Co Process and method of disintegrating metals in a ball mill or the like
US2097890A (en) * 1928-09-06 1937-11-02 Howard W Dix Rotary grinder
US2354727A (en) * 1941-10-02 1944-08-01 Wulff John Metal powder
US2552676A (en) * 1946-11-27 1951-05-15 Cincinnati Milling Machine Co Method of manufacturing organometallic compounds
US2907674A (en) * 1955-12-29 1959-10-06 Commw Of Australia Process for developing electrostatic image with liquid developer

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US666409A (en) * 1899-02-10 1901-01-22 Coleman White Lead Company Comminuting-machine.
US1569484A (en) * 1919-03-25 1926-01-12 Metals Disintegrating Co Process and method of disintegrating metals in a ball mill or the like
US2097890A (en) * 1928-09-06 1937-11-02 Howard W Dix Rotary grinder
US2354727A (en) * 1941-10-02 1944-08-01 Wulff John Metal powder
US2552676A (en) * 1946-11-27 1951-05-15 Cincinnati Milling Machine Co Method of manufacturing organometallic compounds
US2907674A (en) * 1955-12-29 1959-10-06 Commw Of Australia Process for developing electrostatic image with liquid developer

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3507679A (en) * 1964-03-23 1970-04-21 Commw Of Australia Controlled polarity liquid developer

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
BE601463A (fr) 1961-07-17
CH402570A (fr) 1965-11-15
BE601464A (xx)
DE1205993B (de) 1965-12-02
NL262497A (xx)
GB901196A (en) 1962-07-18

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