US3053766A - High detergency automotive engine lubricant - Google Patents
High detergency automotive engine lubricant Download PDFInfo
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- US3053766A US3053766A US750927A US75092758A US3053766A US 3053766 A US3053766 A US 3053766A US 750927 A US750927 A US 750927A US 75092758 A US75092758 A US 75092758A US 3053766 A US3053766 A US 3053766A
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- C10M1/00—Liquid compositions essentially based on mineral lubricating oils or fatty oils; Their use as lubricants
- C10M1/08—Liquid compositions essentially based on mineral lubricating oils or fatty oils; Their use as lubricants with additives
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- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2010/00—Metal present as such or in compounds
- C10N2010/04—Groups 2 or 12
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2020/00—Specified physical or chemical properties or characteristics, i.e. function, of component of lubricating compositions
- C10N2020/01—Physico-chemical properties
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/02—Bearings
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/04—Oil-bath; Gear-boxes; Automatic transmissions; Traction drives
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/04—Oil-bath; Gear-boxes; Automatic transmissions; Traction drives
- C10N2040/042—Oil-bath; Gear-boxes; Automatic transmissions; Traction drives for automatic transmissions
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/04—Oil-bath; Gear-boxes; Automatic transmissions; Traction drives
- C10N2040/044—Oil-bath; Gear-boxes; Automatic transmissions; Traction drives for manual transmissions
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/04—Oil-bath; Gear-boxes; Automatic transmissions; Traction drives
- C10N2040/046—Oil-bath; Gear-boxes; Automatic transmissions; Traction drives for traction drives
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/08—Hydraulic fluids, e.g. brake-fluids
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2070/00—Specific manufacturing methods for lubricant compositions
- C10N2070/02—Concentrating of additives
Definitions
- This invention relates to improved internal combustion engine lubricants having excellent sludge inhibiting and detergent properties. It is more particularly concerned with an additive system for mineral lubricating oil compositions. A surprisingly effective combination of two additives has been found. One is a neutralized phosphorus and sulfur-containing detergent inhibitor, and the other is a multi-functional copolymer having dispersancy properties.
- the additive In developing and using lubricant additives to satisfy a specific need, the additive must not only satisfy the need but also must not adversely affect other properties of the lubricant. For example, a problem existing today has been created by the use of certain zinc and phosphoruscontaining additives to combat the extreme valve train wear that occurs in certain makes of automobiles. While a few weight percent of these phosphorus materials will greatly alleviate the valve train wear problem in a particular automobile, it has been found that the additives may severely shorten exhaust valve life in other makes of automobiles.
- the present invention proposes the use of two select additives in motor oils and similar compositions, in combination, to impart a surprising high degree of detergency.
- Such oil formulations admirably meet the exacting requirements imposed by todays high compression automotive engines.
- This combination of additives has been found to be fully compatible with other types of additives that must be added to the oil formulation, and does not adversely affect other desirable performance characteristics of the lubricant.
- FIGURE I is a graphical illustration of the performance of one type of additive combination of this invention relative to the performance of oils containing each additive alone;
- FIGURE II is another graphical illustration comparing another type of additive combination of this invention to prior art compositions.
- this invention proposes an engine lubricant comprising a major proportion of a mineral lubricating oil and in the range of 0.1 to 10.0 weight percent each of a combination of two additives.
- the total amount of the two additives used is usually in the range of 1.0 to 20.0 weight percent.
- One of the additives is a neutralized phosphosulfurized hydrocarbon.
- the method of neutralizing the phosphosulfurized hydrocarbon is important because improperly neutralized materials, when combined with the multifunctional surface active polymer, may not give the results desired.
- the neutralized phosphosulfurized hydrocarbon is formed by reacting an oil-soluble, normally odoriferous, phosphosulfurized hydrocarbon, preferably an olefin polymer, with a stabilizing amount of an oil-soluble, high alkalinity, neutralizing agent selected from the group consisting of metal alkyl phenates, alkyl phenate sulfides and sulfonates.
- the neutralized phosphosulfurized hydrocarbon has a sulfur content in the range of 3 to 8 weight percent, a phosphorus content in the range of 0.5 to 4.5 weight percent, and the mole ratio of metal to phosphorus is in the range of 1.0 to 5.0, preferably 1.5 to 3.0. Oil solutions of this additive are clear and free from obnoxious odors.
- the other of the additives is a multi-functional copolymer having a sludge dispersing property. It has a molecular weight in the range of 5,000 to 200,000.
- the dispersant nature of the polymer is conveniently characterized by the sludge dispersancy test.
- the dispersant na-* ture of the preferred copolymer used in this invention is brought about by the use of a nitrogen-containing monomer to form the copolymer.
- the copolymer contains in the range of 0.1 to 3.0 weight percent combined nitrogen.
- the polymer is formed by copolymerizing in the range of 0.5 to 25.0, preferably 1 to 10, weight percent of an N-vinylbutyrolactam with an alpha, beta unsaturated ester or diester such as dilauryl fumarate.
- a third monomer e.g., an unsaturated ester such as vinyl acetate, can also be copolymerized with the N-vinyl butyrolactam and alpha, beta unsaturated ester, if desired.
- the combination of additives according to this invention has been found to give excellent performance in high compression engines. It results in an exceptionally clean engine, even after several hundred hours of use.
- This new combination of additives greatly inhibits the formation of sludge and, further, very effectively suspends those incipient sludge particles that may form.
- the use of this combination of additives therefore, effectively prevents the fouling of engine parts by sludge deposition during operation.
- the combination of additives is particularly eifective in meeting the severe demands imposed by the low temperature stop-and-go service occasioned by todays high compression, high horsepower automotive engines.
- Zinc dialkyl dithiophosphates have been widely used to impart, besides oxidation resistance, extreme pressure properties to lubricants. With other conventional additives, it has been found that the phosphates must be used in an amount that can cause extreme exhaust valve burn-' ing, particularly in the types of cars having light high speed engines.
- the new multi-functional combination of additives of this invention has been found to permit the use of substantially lower phosphorus contents in oil formulations, such that the exhaust valve burning prob lem is made negligible or removed while still permitting the lubricant to give satisfactory performance in automobiles sensitive to valve train wear.
- Suitable hydrocarbon raw materials for forming the phosphosulfurized component have viscosities above 100 SSU at 210 F. and can be solids at this temperature. They can have boiling points above 400 F. at 10 mm. Hg abs. ranging upward to their decomposition temperature at this pressure. Hydrocarbons having a viscosity in the range of 1000 to 50,000 SSU at 210 F. are particularly preferred.
- materials that are predominantly parafiinic are used, i.e., they contain over of alkyl hydrocarbons, and less than 5% of the carbon atoms are in aromatic rings. While many hydrocarbon sources can be used, preferred sources are heavy petroleum fractions including extracted residua and the polyolefins, e.g., polybutene polymers, especially polyisobutylene.
- Viscosity SSU at 210 F 140-250 Viscosity index 70-110 Metals content, wt. percent 0.2 API gravity, 20-27
- the polybutenes used should meet the following inspections:
- the polybutenes preferably have a molecular weight distribution such that 80 wt. percent of the material has a molecular weight in the narrower range of 700 to 100,000.
- Phosphorus pentasulfide is used to form the phosphosulfurized hydrocarbon. While not critical, it should meet the following inspections:
- ganic compounds used to stabilize or neutralize the phosphosulfurized hydrocarbons are, preferably, those known to the prior art. While several heavy di-valent metals such as zinc and magnesium are useful, the metal component is preferably calcium and/ or barium. It is preferred for the purpose of this invention to use calcium or barium alkyl phenates, alkyl phenate sulfides, sulfonates, or mixtures thereof, although equivalent calcium or barium compounds can be used.
- Suitable metal alkyl phenols useful in this invention are known to the art, e.g., see US. 2,197,833.
- the alkyl phenols or equivalent alkylated aryl hydroxy compounds used contain one or more alkyl groups, each of which can have in the range of 1 to 30, preferably 8 to 20 carbon atoms per alkyl radical.
- the alkyl phenols can contain more than one ring structure, and more than one hydroxy group, although alkylated monohydroxy benzenes are preferred.
- the total molecular weight of the alkyl phenols used is in the range of 200 to 700.
- the alkyl phenols can be synthesized by simple alkylation of cresol or naphthol with olefins.
- a suitable product can be prepared, for example, by alkylating phenol with polymeric materials obtained for example by the acid catalyzed polymerization of propylene.
- polymeric materials consist essentially of a mixture of C to C olefins, and give alkylated phenols having branched chain alkyl groups averaging 9 to 14 carbon atoms.
- the alkyl phenol sulfides used are the thioethers and polysulfides of the above alkyl phenols.
- the sulfides comprise two or more of the alkyl phenol groups joined by one or more divalent sulfur atoms, e.g., di(2,4-ditertiary amyl phenol) monosulfide.
- the alkyl phenol sulfides used contain in the range of 2.5 to 4.0 weight percent sulfur as a 30 to 60 vol. percent concentrate in oil.
- Suitable alkyl phenol sulfides are known to the art, e.g., see U.S 2,362,289 and 2,461,335.
- the alkyl phenols can be converted to phenol sulfides, for example, by reaction with sulfur dichloride to produce essentially phenol monosulfides having thioether linkages.
- Sulfur monochloride can be used to produce essentially alkyl phenol disulfides.
- the sulfonates used are also well known in the art.
- the sulfonic acids can be obtained through the sulfonation of either synthetic or natural hydrocarbons.
- the preferred sulfonic acids have molecular weights in the range of 300 to 700 (as the sodium soap).
- the synthetic acids preferably have narrower molecular weights in the range of; 400 to 600.
- the acids can contain more than one sulfonyl group in the molecule.
- Suitable sulfonic acids are produced by sulfonating alkyl aromatic hydrocarbons such as didodecyl benzene. They can also be obtained by treatment of lubricating oil base stocks with concentrated or fuming sulfuric acid in a conventional manner to produce oil-soluble mahogany acids.
- the alkyl phenols, the alkyl phenol sulfides, and the sulfonic acids are neutralized with an excess, usually at least 5 percent excess, of the calcium or barium base or mixtures thereof to obtain the desired high alkalinity materials.
- the sulfonates can, however, be first neutralized with a base of another metal, especially the alkali metals, and the desired alkaline earth material can then be obtained from these salts by reaction with the calcium or barium basic materials.
- mixtures of the alkyl phenols, alkyl phenol sulfides, sulfonic acids or their alkali metal salts are co-neutralized to obtain unusually high alkalinity complexes.
- a mixture of phcnate sulfides and sulfonates can be obtained by blending a neutral sulfonate, e.g., sodium sulfonate, with an alkyl phenol and treating the blend with an excess of the metal neutralizing agent, e.g., barium oxide.
- the neutralization of the phenols or sulfonic acids is carried out in the presence of an oil diluent.
- the desired high alkalinity product particularly in the case of the phenates, it is desirable to use during neutralization such aids as CO; and water treatment.
- the amount of metal retained by the product is higher and the product is usually more stable.
- the alkaline neutralization number is the amount of acid expressed as equivalent milligrams of potassium hydroxide which is required to react with the one gram of the high alkalinity material to produce a pH of 4.
- the saponification number is the milligrams of potassium hydroxide necessary to saponify one gram of the phosphosulfurized hydrocarbon. For example, if it is desired to stabilize grams of a phosphosulfurized hydrocarbon having a saponification number of 20, it is necessary to use at least 200 grams of the high alkalinity organic material when it has a neutralization number of 10.
- Table I summarizes the pertinent reactant characteristics and manufacturing conditions that influence the nature of the neutralized phosphosulfurized additive used in this invention.
- the phosphorus pentasulfide is reacted with the hydrocarbon in a manner known to the art.
- the conditions are not too critical, although the product should meet the inspections given in the table.
- the reaction mass is stripped during the reaction.
- the water content during or after the reaction is maintained below 0.5 weight percent to prevent undue sulfur loss.
- the neutralization of the phosphosulfurized hydrocarbon is carried out at a temperature of to 600 F., preferably 280 to 450 F., and under substantially anhydrous conditions.
- the order of mixing the materials is not important.
- the reaction mixture is stripped with an inert gas during neutralization.
- the product if desired, is filtered and diluted with a suitable diluent oil.
- Alkyl phenol sulfide (as 30-50% ac1t)ive ingredient concentrate in 01 Alkyl phenol precursor has inspections as above. Weight percent S 2 to 6. 2.5 to 4.0. Weight percent metal, as Ba 5 to 15- 10.0 to 14.0.
- hydrocarbon Temp., F 150 to 600. 275 to 500. Time, hrs 0.5 to 15 0.5 to 10. Diluents, contaminants, etc., Less than 2 Do.
- Weight percent P 0.5 to 2.5 Weight percent combined S 2 to 6. Weight percent metal, as to 15.
- the second of the additives is a inulti-functional surface active, oil-soluble copolymer having sludge dispersance properties in crankcase oils, as defined by the sludge dispersancy test.
- the copolymers are multi-functional in effect in that they also raise the viscosity index of an oil, and/or decrease pour point.
- the copolymers of this invention raise the viscosity index of a mixture of 95 vol. percent of a paraffinic solvent extracted neutral oil and 5 vol. percent of an extracted bright stock having an initial viscosity of 46 SSU at 210 F. and viscosity index of 113 by at least 20 units when 3.6 weight percent is added thereto.
- the copolymer is formed by reacting a polar monomer having in the range of 4 to 50 carbon atoms with at least one other monomer to achieve a long polymer chain having dependent polar or functional groups. Suitable copolymers can also be formed by graft polymerizing a polar monomer onto a completed polymer, as by irradiation.
- the copolymer used has an average molecular weight in the range of 5,000 to 200,000, and suspends more than 70 weight percent sludge in the sludge dispersancy test, at a 10 weight percent concentration in a standard type of lubricating test oil (a solvent extracted parafiinic oil having a viscosity at 210 F. of SSU and a viscosity index of 107).
- the other monomer copolymerized with the butyrolactam is a polymerizable, ethylenically unsat urated ester having in the range of 4 to 40 carbon atoms per molecule.
- the ethylenic unsaturation can be in the acid derived of alcohol-derived portion of the ester.
- Other polymerizable monomers can, however, be reacted With the butyrolactam.
- terminally unsaturated olefins vinyl aromatics such as styrene and substituted styrenes, vinyl ethers, and unsaturated carboxylic acids can beused.
- the basic requirement is that the monomers should be chosen and combined in such proportions as to give a final product having the requisite oil solubility and dispersancy properties.
- R is a hydrogen or a C C alkyl group and all R groups are not necessarily the same.
- the polymerizable esters used to form the preferre copolymers are monoethylenically unsaturated, contain in the range of 4 to 40 carbon atoms, and have the formula:
- R is an alkyl, vinyl or substituted vinyl group having in the range of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and R is an R group or wherein R is H or CH and R is H, R, or
- esters being an alkyl group having in the range of l to 20 car-' bon atoms.
- acids used to form the unsaturated esters are acrylic, methacrylic, maleic and fumaric acids.
- Especially preferred copolymers used as a second additive of this invention are those derived from copolymerizing 5 to 15 weight percent of N-vinyl alpha pyrrolidone with a mixture of normal C to C methyl methacry-' lates; and by reacting 4 to 15 weight percent of the pyrrolidone with 10 to 20 weight percent of vinyl acetate and 65 to 86 weight percent of di-C to C fumaratcs.
- the copolymerization of two monomeric materials can be conveniently carried out by any one of several meth ods known to the art.
- peroxide initiation can be used.
- the monomers can be heated with a catalyst such as benzoyl peroxide or tertiary butyl perbenzoate to a temperature in the range of 50 to 110 C. and in the presence of a diluent such as heptane, benzene, or white oil.
- the additive combination of this invention is preferably used in mineral lubricating oils.
- the base oils used generally will have a viscosity in the range of 30 to 100 SSU at 210 F., a viscosity index in the range of 50 to 108, a pour point below 30 F., and a flash point above 300 F.
- the blended oils will have viscosities in the range of 45 to 150 SUS at 210 F. and 250 to 700 SUS at 100 F.
- the two additives are admixed in the proportions indicated, in the absence of any diluent oil, a non-liquid composition at room temperature usually results. For this reason, it is preferred to market the combination of additives as an oil concentrate containing in the range of 80 to 25 weight percent oil and 20 to 75 weight percent of active ingredient.
- the ratio by weight of the multi-functional copolymer to the neutralized phosphosulfurized hydrocarbon is in the range of 0.2 to 3.0, preferably 0.5 to 1.5, to 1.
- the obtainance of a marketable concentrate that imparts superior oxidation inhibition and detergency to oleaginous materials is an important feature of this invention. With phosphosulfurized materials, the odor of the products greatly affects the saleability.
- a concentrate containing the additive of this invention is odor free.
- Another important feature of the concentrate, even with a relatively high concentration of active ingredients, is its physical stability. It has been found many times in the past, when attempting to prepare an oil solution containing a large amount of a phosphosulfurized hydrocarbon detergent, that the additive concentrate will turn to a gel or will precipitate gelatinous materials.
- the concentrate of the present invention remains essentially unchanged in viscosity and appearance without the formation of sediment even after treatment at 130 F. for six hours. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that an additive concentrate containing these types of materials, that is clear and stable, is one admirably suited for commercial sales.
- An oil composition containing the additive combination of this invention can also contain other additives used to improve other properties.
- antioxidants such as zinc dialkyl dithiophosphates, phosphosulfurized terpenes, and phenyl-alpha naphthylamines can be used.
- Viscosity index improvers such as the methacrylate polymers or the isobutylene polymers can be used.
- Extreme pressure agents such as zinc dialkyl dithiophosphates can be used.
- Pour point depressors such as wax-naphthalene condensates or suitable methacrylate, fumarate or maleate polymers or copolymers well known to the art can also be used.
- the additive combination of this invention is particularly useful in conjunction with the zinc dialkyl dithiophosphates.
- Preferred oil-soluble phosphates are those wherein the alkyl groups have in the range of 3 to 12 carbon atoms each.
- the alkyl groups can be mixed, and can be branched or straight chained.
- 1 to 10 weight percent each of the additive combinations of this invention it has been found that only 0.2 to 1.0 weight percent of a zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate is necessary to impart the desired degree of oxidation resistance and extreme pressure properties to the finished lubricant.
- the neutralized phosphosulfurized hydrocarbon and the multifunctional surface active copolymer can be combined in amounts in the range of 0.001 to 2 weight percent each in heating or fuel oils, or in jet fuels to disperse sludge and haze precursors, and to impart oxidation resistance.
- the combination can also be used in amounts in the range of 0.01 to 10 weight percent in gear lubricants and automatic transmission fluids to inhibit varnish or sludge formation, and in synthetic ester lubricants to reduce oxidative deterioration and sludge deposits.
- the neutralized phosphosulfurized hydrocarbon herein called a detergent inhibitor, was made by reacting 31.6 parts (on final product) of an 1100 average molecular weight polybutene sold by the Amoco Chemical Company as Indopol H-300, with 4.74 parts of phosphorous pentasulfide for about 8.5 hours at 425 F. while blowing with nitrogen. 36 parts of the phosphosulfurized hydrocarbon so obtained were then reacted with 32 parts of a phenate sulfide and 32 parts of a sulfonate for five hours at 350 F. while blowing with nitrogen.
- a detergent inhibitor was made by reacting 31.6 parts (on final product) of an 1100 average molecular weight polybutene sold by the Amoco Chemical Company as Indopol H-300, with 4.74 parts of phosphorous pentasulfide for about 8.5 hours at 425 F. while blowing with nitrogen. 36 parts of the phosphosulfurized hydrocarbon so obtained were then reacted with 32 parts of a phen
- the phenate sulfide a commercial lube oil additive known as Paranox 47, is an oil solution of an alkyl phenol sulfide (the alkyl group averaging 11 carbon atoms and ranging from 9 to 18 carbon atoms) neutralized with an excess of barium hydroxide and CO treated.
- the product contains an excess of equivalents of barium over equivalents of acidic hydroxy functions in the phenol sulfide. It has the following inspections:
- the sulfonate used to neutralize the phosphosulfurized hydrocarbon is a commercially available high barium content sulfonate concentrate in oil sold by the Bryton Chemical Company. It is made by neutralizing a synthetic sulfonic acid having an average molecular weight of about 475. The sulfonate had the following inspections:
- This additive was used as a 75 weight percent concentrate in oil in making up the following formulations.
- the multi-functional surface active polymer herein 9 called a detergent polymer, was prepared by adding the following ingredients to a 20 gallon kettle:
- the ingredients were held at C. for two hours under a nitrogen blanket.
- the kettle temperature was then raised to C. for three hours and the temperature thereafter was steadily increased to C.
- the 15 materials were held at 60 C. for 16 to 24 hours until the polymer reached the desired thickness.
- the polymeric material was diluted with a paraffinic mineral oil to make a 50% concentrate.
- Caterpillar L-Z test This is a test designed to evaluate the detergency of an oil in diesel engines, i.e., at relatively high temperatures. This is a standard test using a Caterpillar Single Cylinder Diesel Test Engine, CRC designation L-l-545. The fuel may contain either 0.4 or one weight percent sulfur. The test involves running a one-cylinder (5%" bore times 8" stroke) diesel engine for 120 hours or more at 1800 r.p.m. with a 20 horsepower load. The engine is then rated for cleanliness by visual inspection.
- Low tempemutre sludge test This test is designed to evaluate the performance of an oil under low temperature st0p-and-go driving conditions and in particular, its effectiveness in controlling sludge.
- a late-model sixcylinder Chevrolet engine, attached to a dynamometer in a test stand, is put through the following repeated cycles for a time in the range of 110-550 hours, using as the crankcase lubricant the oil under test.
- the final molecular weight was 35,000 (staudingery As given
- the various parts of the engine are rated periodically in the following tables, the weight percent of detergent polymer used includes diluent oil.
- Sludge dispersancy test-Sludge collected from automobile engine oil filters is dried by blowing with nitrogen at an elevated temperature. Ten grams of this sludge, 89 grams of an oil solution of the additive being tested, and one gram of water are stirred and then allowed to stand for 24 hours at a constant temperature in a standard cylinder. At the end of this period, the top 25 ml. of suspension is withdrawn, diluted with a light petroleum ether and centrifuged to precipitate the sludge. The volume of sludge precipitated is recorded as a percentage of the sludge originally present in that top 25 ml. at the start of the standing period.
- Formulation l Formulation 2 Demerit 120 hrs. 240 hrs. 120 hrs. 240 hrs.
- the test which correlates with passenger car stop-and-go low temperature driving.
- the test employs a high rate of blow-by of combustion chamber gases, and includes about 75 hours of very rich idle (air/fuel ratio-9.5:1).
- the fuel used was a commercial grade of leaded gasoline having the following properties:
- Table III clearly illustrates that Formulation 7, made in accordance with the teachings of this invention, is far superior in preventing sludge and in handling sludge once formed, than are the closely related prior art Formulations 5 and 6.
- the superior performance of Formulation 7 becomes more pronounced as the test is extended to 440 and 550 hours, which materially increases the tests severity.
- the results of the tests on Formulations 6 and 7 are graphically plotted in FIGURE II.
- FIGURE II displays the inhibition of sludge formation in the oil as a result of the additives at different periods of time during the test.
- the lower chart in FIGURE II illustrates the inhibition of sludge deposits because of the additives as plotted against the time of the test.
- FIGURE 'II clearly shows the superior performance of Formulation 7 of this invention, as compared to Formulation 6 and the non-additive oil.
- EXAMPLE IV The following table gives additional examples of multifunctional, surface active, detergent polymers that can be used according to this invention in combination with phosphosulfurized neutralized hydrocarbons. Specifical- 1y, for example, 4 weight percent of the detergent polymers given below are used with 4 weight percent of the detergent-inhibitor of Formulation l in Oil No. 3 to obtain a lubricating oil.
- the materials are admitted to a 20-gallon stainless steel kettle and heated to 60-65 C. and held at this temperature for 15-20 hours until a molecular weight of about 30,00035,000 is achieved. After this, the polymer obtained is stripped under vacuum to remove any unreacted materials.
- Another commercially available additive that can be used as a dispersant polymer according to this invention is made by esterifying methacrylate acid with diethylaminoethanol, which ester is then copoly-merized with mixed C C methacrylates. Specifically, weight percent of an oil concentrate of this copolymer is admixed with 4 weight percent of the detergent-inhibitor of Formulation 1, in 45 weight percent of Oil 1 and 46 weight percent of Oil 2.
- EXAMPLE V An improved fuel for use in aircraft is formulated as follows:
- the multi-functional polymer used is polymer C of Example 4.
- the JP-5 oil is derived from a Coastal crude.
- the neutralized phosphosulfurized hydrocarbon is obtained as follows:
- the agent used to neutralize the phosphosnlfurized hydrocarbon is the high barium synthetic sulfonate previously mentioned.
- One part of the phosphosulfurized hydrocarbon is reacted with two parts by weight of the sulfonate for six hours at 350 F. while dissolved in an equal weight (of combined reactants) of a solvent extracted mineral oil having a viscosity of 100 SSU at 210 F. The mixture is then cooled to 250 F. and filtered.
- the complex ester has a structure: alcohol-dibasic acidglycol-di-basic acid-alcohol.
- the neutralized phosphosulfurized hydrocarbon is made as follows:
- alkylated phenol predominantly a wide cut nony-l phenol from the alkylation of phenol With tripropy lene
- solvent dewaxed paraflinic oil vis. F. of S.S.U.
- barium hydroxide penta hydrate are slowly added over a period of an hour. The reaction takes 2% hours at an average temperature of 250 F. During the last hour, the mixture is kept saturated with CO A 58.3 weight percent solution of the product in light kerosene is then prepared and filtered. It has the following inspections:
- Equal parts of the phosphosnlfurized hydrocarbon, of the neutralizing agent, and a solvent extracted diluent oil are then heated for one hour at 275 F. with stirring and nitrogen blowing to obtain the final product.
- a neutralized, oil-soluble, metalcontaininlg phosphosnlfurized polyisobutylene detergent additive one part by weight of a neutralized, oil-soluble, metalcontaininlg phosphosnlfurized polyisobutylene detergent additive; and 0.2 to 3.0 parts by weight of an oil-soluble, multi-functional surface active copolymer that has a molecular weight in the range of 5,000 to 200,000, disperses more than 70 weight percent sludge in the sludge dispersancy test at 10 weight percent concentration in a test oil, and in 3.6 weight percent concentration raised the viscosity index of a parafiinic solvent extracted neu-.
- tral lubricating oil having an initial viscosity of 46 S.U.S. at 210 F. and viscosity index of 113 by at least 20 units; said detergent additive being a phosphosulfurized polyisobutylene polymer initially having a molecular weight in the range of 1,000 to 50,000 neutralized by reaction with barium alkyl phenate sulfide and barium sulfonate at a temperature in the range of 280 to 450 F.
- barium alkyl phenate sulfide being prepared by neutralizing alkyl phenol sulfide having C to C alkyl groups with barium hydroxide and then CO treating to obtain a barium alkyl phenate sulfide containing 12 to 12.8 wt. percent barium, 2.8 to 3.3 wt.
- barium sulfonate being obtained by neutralizing a sulfonic acid having a molecular weight 16 in the range of 200 to 900, and said oil-soluble surface active copolymer consisting essentially of 4 to 15 wt. percent N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone, about 10 to 20 wt. percent vinyl acetate and 65 to 86 wt. percent of dialkyl fumarate wherein said alkyl groups contain 9 to 12 carbon atoms.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US750927A US3053766A (en) | 1958-07-25 | 1958-07-25 | High detergency automotive engine lubricant |
GB18781/59A GB867800A (en) | 1958-07-25 | 1959-06-02 | High detergency automotive engine lubricant |
FR800276A FR1233764A (fr) | 1958-07-25 | 1959-07-16 | Lubrifiant fortement détergent pour moteurs d'automobiles |
BE657690A BE657690A (xx) | 1958-07-25 | 1964-12-29 |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US750927A US3053766A (en) | 1958-07-25 | 1958-07-25 | High detergency automotive engine lubricant |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US3053766A true US3053766A (en) | 1962-09-11 |
Family
ID=25019704
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US750927A Expired - Lifetime US3053766A (en) | 1958-07-25 | 1958-07-25 | High detergency automotive engine lubricant |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US3053766A (xx) |
BE (1) | BE657690A (xx) |
FR (1) | FR1233764A (xx) |
GB (1) | GB867800A (xx) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3287283A (en) * | 1964-01-09 | 1966-11-22 | Exxon Research Engineering Co | Lubricants containing copolymers of unsaturated esters of dicarboxylic acid and nu-vinylbutyrolactam |
US3361667A (en) * | 1964-08-31 | 1968-01-02 | Castrol Ltd | Lubricating compositions |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE1285658B (de) * | 1961-11-28 | 1968-12-19 | Schmieroele |
Citations (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2416281A (en) * | 1944-06-09 | 1947-02-25 | Socony Vacuum Oil Co Inc | Mineral oil composition |
US2538696A (en) * | 1951-01-16 | Lubricant composition | ||
US2736701A (en) * | 1952-04-22 | 1956-02-28 | Union Oil Co | Lubricating oil composition |
GB758203A (en) * | 1952-12-26 | 1956-10-03 | California Research Corp | Lubricant composition |
US2767164A (en) * | 1952-11-03 | 1956-10-16 | Lubrizol Corp | Complexes containing phosporus and sulphur and methods of making same |
GB760554A (en) * | 1953-05-18 | 1956-10-31 | Bataafsche Petroleum | Lubricating compositions and additives therefor |
GB788408A (en) * | 1954-08-06 | 1958-01-02 | Exxon Research Engineering Co | Stabilized sulfur-containing substances |
US2849398A (en) * | 1953-08-19 | 1958-08-26 | Exxon Research Engineering Co | Mineral-base lubricating oils and methods for using same |
US2866729A (en) * | 1956-07-27 | 1958-12-30 | Shell Dev | Quenching oil compositions |
US2892792A (en) * | 1956-02-03 | 1959-06-30 | California Research Corp | Lubricant composition |
-
1958
- 1958-07-25 US US750927A patent/US3053766A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1959
- 1959-06-02 GB GB18781/59A patent/GB867800A/en not_active Expired
- 1959-07-16 FR FR800276A patent/FR1233764A/fr not_active Expired
-
1964
- 1964-12-29 BE BE657690A patent/BE657690A/xx unknown
Patent Citations (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2538696A (en) * | 1951-01-16 | Lubricant composition | ||
US2416281A (en) * | 1944-06-09 | 1947-02-25 | Socony Vacuum Oil Co Inc | Mineral oil composition |
US2736701A (en) * | 1952-04-22 | 1956-02-28 | Union Oil Co | Lubricating oil composition |
US2767164A (en) * | 1952-11-03 | 1956-10-16 | Lubrizol Corp | Complexes containing phosporus and sulphur and methods of making same |
GB758203A (en) * | 1952-12-26 | 1956-10-03 | California Research Corp | Lubricant composition |
GB760554A (en) * | 1953-05-18 | 1956-10-31 | Bataafsche Petroleum | Lubricating compositions and additives therefor |
US2849398A (en) * | 1953-08-19 | 1958-08-26 | Exxon Research Engineering Co | Mineral-base lubricating oils and methods for using same |
GB788408A (en) * | 1954-08-06 | 1958-01-02 | Exxon Research Engineering Co | Stabilized sulfur-containing substances |
US2892792A (en) * | 1956-02-03 | 1959-06-30 | California Research Corp | Lubricant composition |
US2866729A (en) * | 1956-07-27 | 1958-12-30 | Shell Dev | Quenching oil compositions |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3287283A (en) * | 1964-01-09 | 1966-11-22 | Exxon Research Engineering Co | Lubricants containing copolymers of unsaturated esters of dicarboxylic acid and nu-vinylbutyrolactam |
US3361667A (en) * | 1964-08-31 | 1968-01-02 | Castrol Ltd | Lubricating compositions |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
BE657690A (xx) | 1965-06-29 |
GB867800A (en) | 1961-05-10 |
FR1233764A (fr) | 1960-10-12 |
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