US3022437A - Electric lamps - Google Patents
Electric lamps Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3022437A US3022437A US5525A US552560A US3022437A US 3022437 A US3022437 A US 3022437A US 5525 A US5525 A US 5525A US 552560 A US552560 A US 552560A US 3022437 A US3022437 A US 3022437A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- filament
- carbide
- atmosphere
- hydrogen
- carbon
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01K—ELECTRIC INCANDESCENT LAMPS
- H01K1/00—Details
- H01K1/50—Selection of substances for gas fillings; Specified pressure thereof
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01K—ELECTRIC INCANDESCENT LAMPS
- H01K1/00—Details
- H01K1/02—Incandescent bodies
- H01K1/04—Incandescent bodies characterised by the material thereof
- H01K1/10—Bodies of metal or carbon combined with other substance
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B20/00—Energy efficient lighting technologies, e.g. halogen lamps or gas discharge lamps
Definitions
- This invention relates to electric lamps and more particularly to new and improved electric incandescent lamps adapted to be operated at relatively high temperatures and possessing relatively long, useful operating life at such high temperatures.
- a principal object of the present invention is to provide in incandescent lamps of the character described at least one filament comprising tantalum carbide and at least one other metal carbide selected from the group consisting of the carbides of titanium, thorium, vanadium, niobium, molybdenum, tungsten and uranium, and a substantially oxygen-free atmosphere comprising, at operating temperatures, hydrogen and volatilized carbon.
- Another object of the invention is to provide a filament comprising tantalum carbide and a small amount of at least one other metal carbide selected from the group consisting of the carbides of titanium, thorium,lvanadium, niobium, molybdenum, tungsten and uranium which will not sag appreciably at operating temperatures even after prolonged use and which will not readily break when' subjected to rough service such as shocks, bumps, vibrations and the like.
- Still another object of the invention is to provide a filament of the above type for use in an atmosphere comprising, at operating temperatures, a halogen such as chlorine, hydrogen and volatilized carbon.
- incandescent lamps adapted to be operated at relatively high filament temperatures and possessing relatively long, useful operating life as well as such properties as resistance to shock, vibration, sagging and the like.
- Such lamps would be desirable, for example, in vehicle headlighting, in floodlighting for photographic purposes, picture projection and the like.
- the filament in order to withstand shock, vibrations and so forth must possess some flexibility, that is, it should not be brittle so as to readily break or disintegrate.
- the flexibility must not be such that sudden shock would bring the filament into contact with another metallic part of the lamp and cause shorting.
- the filament should not be such that it appreciably sags at operating temperatures since such sagging increases the chances of shorting and possibly of having an unsatisfactory positioning of the filament from the focus of the reflector.
- This invention accordingly contemplates the use within a-lamp bulb or envelope of a refractory or hard metal carbide filament of the type heretofore described and an atmosphere the elements of which interact with each other and with the described carbide filament in such a manner that the filament does not deteriorate over an extended period of operation at high filament temperatures.
- the invention thus yields a lamp adapted for long operating life, rough service and high efliciency.
- the drawing illustrates a vehicle headlamp of the sealed-beam type which comprises a cup-shaped base member 10 having its inner surface 12 silvered or otherwise coated to provide a metallic reflector, preferably of paraboloidal shape.
- the base member has hermetically sealed thereto a transparent cover plate 14 of, for example, glass which may serve as a lens element for controlling the dispersion of light emitted from the lamp.
- a multicarbide filament 16 on lead wires 18 which, in turn, are attached to subleads 20.
- the subleads may be connected to a source of electric power outside the bulb or envelope.
- the multi-carbide filament is located at the focus of the reflector. After assembly, the bulb is evacuated and filled with an atmosphere which, at operating temperatures,
- a halogen such as chlorine about 12 inch in length may be mounted on 40-mil leads.
- components may be cleaned and prepared in ways well known to the art. It is desirable to coat the inner surface of the envelope (preferably after the formation of the reflector if such is used) with a material that will protect the envelope material, for example, glass, from attack. This may be done by evaporating calcium fluoride, for example, upon the inner surface of the envelope before the lamp is completely assembled.
- the filaments of the present invention comprise tantalum carbide and at least one other refractory metal carbide selected from the group consisting of the carbides of titanium, thorium, vanadium, niobium, molybdenum, tungsten and uranium.
- the multi-carbide filaments may comprise solid solutions or mixtures of two refractory carbides such as, for example, tantalum carbide-titanium carbide, tantalum carbide-thorium carbide, tantalum carbide-niobium carbide, tantalum carbide-tungsten carbide, etc.
- -refractory metals such as, for example, molybdenum, tungsten, thorium, uranium, etc.
- the carbide filaments of the present invention comprise tantalum carbide and less than about 10 percent by weight of at least one of the carbides of the refractory metals of groups IVa, Va and Vla of the periodic chart or systern.
- Carbide filaments containing tantalum carbide and amounts ranging from about 1 percent up to about 10 percent by weight of one or more of the previously mentioned refractory carbides have been found to have increased flexibility and strength at elevated temperatures while substantially retaining other desirable properties such as high melting points, thermal and electrical conductivities and the like.
- the carbide filaments may be converted by any convenient method of forming the carbide filaments.
- the bulb may be constructed with all elements identical with those disclosed in the embodiment described above, except that the filament and leads may comprise an alloy of, for example, tantalum and tungsten; one specific tantalum-tungsten alloy comprising about 7 per- Patented Feb. 20,1962 W The bulb and cent of tungsten.
- the filament may then be converted to the carbide form by passing suificient current through the filament to yield a filament temperature of about 3100 C.
- the tantalum and tungsten, for example, comprising the filament and lead ends associated with the filament will be substantially converted to carbides.
- the carbide filaments heretofore described may be of any suitable configuration, whether straight, coiled, crimped or otherwise shaped. It should also be noted that many materials may be used for leads.
- the leads may be similar to the filament in composition or they may be made of carbon, tungsten, platinum, palladium, rhodium, or a suitable metal clad or coated with, for example, platinum, palladium or rhodium.
- the envelope atmosphere may comprise a volatile hydrocarbon and hydrogen such as disclosed in US. Patent 2,596,469, or preferably the envelope atmosphere may comprise, at operating temperatures, a halogen, hydrogen and a volatilized carbon.
- the preferred envelope atmosphere may be provided by a number of materials or sources. For example, single compounds, such as ethylenediamine hydrochloride, methylamine hydrochloride and the like, are satisfactory.
- the necessary elements may also be provided by introducing into the envelope a combination of materials, such as ethylene or another hydrocarbon and a gaseous hydrogen halide, for example hydrogen chloride; or a combination of hydrogen, chlorine and any convenient hydrocarbon, for example methane, ethane, ethylene and the like; or a combination of hydrogen and any convenient halogenated hydrocarbon such as benzene hexachloride, the polyhalogen derivatives of methane, ethane, etc., e.g., carbon tetrachloride, tetrachloroethane and the like; or a combination of hydrogen and poly-halogenated organic compounds such as tetrachloroethylene and the like.
- a combination of materials such as ethylene or another hydrocarbon and a gaseous hydrogen halide, for example hydrogen chloride; or a combination of hydrogen, chlorine and any convenient hydrocarbon, for example methane, ethane, ethylene and the like; or a combination of hydrogen and any convenient halogen
- halogens may be used in place of chlorine without departing from the invention; members of the class of halogens having an atomic weight of less than 100, e.g., bromine and fluorine, are especially effective. If fluorine is used, however, precautions must be taken to avoid decomposition of the bulb envelope and attack upon other lamp elements. If elemental halogens are used in preparing the lamp atmosphere, precautions should be taken to avoid inhalation or contact with the skin and eyes.
- any combination of materials may be used that will provide, at operating temperatures, an atmosphere of volatilized carbon and hydrogen and also, preferably, a suitable halogen, particularly chlorine, in the area surrounding the filament.
- the atmosphere should be substantially free of water or oxygen; specifically, the oxygen content should be less than the order of fifty parts per million.
- the amount of carbon in the atmosphere should be sufficient to prevent the carbide filament 4 from decomposing into free metal and carbon.
- Hydrogen and halogen may be used in varying proportions; it is critical only that enough hydrogen be present to prevent halogen from attacking the bulb components, and that the total amount of hydrogen and halogen be sufiicient to combine with the carbon atoms escaping from the region surrounding the filament to reduce to a minimum deposit of uncombined carbon upon the inner wall of the bulb or upon other exposed surfaces.
- the atmosphere at operating temperatures, preferably comprises an excess by volume of hydrogen and halogen over vaporized carbon and an excess by volume of hydrogen over halogen.
- the employment of benzene hexachloride produces an atmosphere comprising an atomic ratio of approximately one carbon atom to one chlorine atom to six hydrogen atoms.
- a desirable atomic ratio is one carbon to three chlorine to five hydrogen. It is to be understood that these ratios may be varied widely, within the limits previously specified, without departing from the invention.
- the 1ncandescent lamp may take any desired shape and have any desired size. It may, for example, have an envelope which is either transparent or translucent in whole or in part and, where a portion only of the envelope is light transmitting, the remainder may comprise a parabolic or other suitable reflector with the lamp filament positioned at the focus thereof.
- an atmosphere comprising, at operating temperatures, hydrogen and carbon, and a filament positioned within said atmosphere comprising tantalum carbide and from about 1 to about 10% by Weight of at least one metal carbide selected from the group consisting of the carbides of titanium, thorium,
- vanadium, niobium, molybdenum, tungsten and uranium vanadium, niobium, molybdenum, tungsten and uranium.
Landscapes
- Luminescent Compositions (AREA)
- Chemical Vapour Deposition (AREA)
- Non-Portable Lighting Devices Or Systems Thereof (AREA)
Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
NL260575D NL260575A (es) | 1960-01-29 | ||
US5525A US3022437A (en) | 1960-01-29 | 1960-01-29 | Electric lamps |
GB2532/61A GB898115A (en) | 1960-01-29 | 1961-01-23 | Improvements in and relating to incandescent electric lamps |
FR850887A FR1280917A (fr) | 1960-01-29 | 1961-01-26 | Lampes électriques |
BE599574A BE599574A (fr) | 1960-01-29 | 1961-01-27 | Lampes électriques |
DEU3077U DE1912565U (de) | 1960-01-29 | 1961-01-28 | Gluehlampe. |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US5524A US3022436A (en) | 1960-01-29 | 1960-01-29 | Electric lamps |
US5525A US3022437A (en) | 1960-01-29 | 1960-01-29 | Electric lamps |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US3022437A true US3022437A (en) | 1962-02-20 |
Family
ID=26674458
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US5525A Expired - Lifetime US3022437A (en) | 1960-01-29 | 1960-01-29 | Electric lamps |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US3022437A (es) |
BE (1) | BE599574A (es) |
DE (1) | DE1912565U (es) |
FR (1) | FR1280917A (es) |
GB (1) | GB898115A (es) |
NL (1) | NL260575A (es) |
Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3237284A (en) * | 1962-02-05 | 1966-03-01 | Polaroid Corp | Method of forming carbide coated coiled filaments for lamps |
US3311777A (en) * | 1963-03-28 | 1967-03-28 | Philips Corp | Incandescent lamp including a fluorine gas atmosphere and a solid fluorinating agent |
US3331982A (en) * | 1964-10-20 | 1967-07-18 | Sylvania Electric Prod | High pressure electric discharge device having a fill including vanadium |
US3441777A (en) * | 1966-06-01 | 1969-04-29 | Gen Telephone & Elect | Elements for incandescent devices |
US3891888A (en) * | 1973-05-19 | 1975-06-24 | Lucas Electrical Co Ltd | Road vehicle lighting systems |
US3983513A (en) * | 1973-10-18 | 1976-09-28 | Westinghouse Electric Corporation | Incandescent lamp having a halogen-containing atmosphere and an integral reflector of non-reactive specular metal |
US4032809A (en) * | 1966-03-21 | 1977-06-28 | Westinghouse Electric Corporation | Tantalum carbide or tantalum-alloy carbide filament mounting and method |
Families Citing this family (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE2009916C2 (de) * | 1970-03-03 | 1985-05-30 | Patent-Treuhand-Gesellschaft für elektrische Glühlampen mbH, 8000 München | Halogenglühlampe |
TWI270918B (en) * | 2003-05-27 | 2007-01-11 | Ip2H Ag | Light source and method for supplying a transport function to a chemical element in a light source |
DE102004034807A1 (de) * | 2004-07-19 | 2006-03-16 | Ip2H Ag | Lichtquelle und ein Verfahren zur mechanischen Stabilisierung des Filaments oder der Elektrode einer Lichtquelle |
DE102004034786A1 (de) * | 2004-07-19 | 2006-03-16 | Patent-Treuhand-Gesellschaft für elektrische Glühlampen mbH | Glühlampe mit carbidhaltigem Leuchtkörper |
DE102004034787A1 (de) * | 2004-07-19 | 2006-03-16 | Patent-Treuhand-Gesellschaft für elektrische Glühlampen mbH | Glühlampe mit carbidhaltigem Leuchtkörper |
DE102006020580A1 (de) * | 2006-05-03 | 2007-11-08 | Patent-Treuhand-Gesellschaft für elektrische Glühlampen mbH | Halogenglühlampe mit carbidhaltigem Leuchtkörper |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US1366452A (en) * | 1914-06-03 | 1921-01-25 | Heimrod George William | Vapor rectifier for high-potential currents |
US1655488A (en) * | 1925-03-18 | 1928-01-10 | Gen Electric | Electric incandescent lamp |
US2072788A (en) * | 1935-06-15 | 1937-03-02 | Mary Andrews Westendorp | Tantalum carbide lamp |
US2596469A (en) * | 1951-02-27 | 1952-05-13 | Polaroid Corp | Tantalum carbide filament electric lamp containing hydrogen-volatile hydrocarbon mixture |
-
0
- NL NL260575D patent/NL260575A/xx unknown
-
1960
- 1960-01-29 US US5525A patent/US3022437A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1961
- 1961-01-23 GB GB2532/61A patent/GB898115A/en not_active Expired
- 1961-01-26 FR FR850887A patent/FR1280917A/fr not_active Expired
- 1961-01-27 BE BE599574A patent/BE599574A/fr unknown
- 1961-01-28 DE DEU3077U patent/DE1912565U/de not_active Expired
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US1366452A (en) * | 1914-06-03 | 1921-01-25 | Heimrod George William | Vapor rectifier for high-potential currents |
US1655488A (en) * | 1925-03-18 | 1928-01-10 | Gen Electric | Electric incandescent lamp |
US2072788A (en) * | 1935-06-15 | 1937-03-02 | Mary Andrews Westendorp | Tantalum carbide lamp |
US2596469A (en) * | 1951-02-27 | 1952-05-13 | Polaroid Corp | Tantalum carbide filament electric lamp containing hydrogen-volatile hydrocarbon mixture |
Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3237284A (en) * | 1962-02-05 | 1966-03-01 | Polaroid Corp | Method of forming carbide coated coiled filaments for lamps |
US3311777A (en) * | 1963-03-28 | 1967-03-28 | Philips Corp | Incandescent lamp including a fluorine gas atmosphere and a solid fluorinating agent |
US3331982A (en) * | 1964-10-20 | 1967-07-18 | Sylvania Electric Prod | High pressure electric discharge device having a fill including vanadium |
US4032809A (en) * | 1966-03-21 | 1977-06-28 | Westinghouse Electric Corporation | Tantalum carbide or tantalum-alloy carbide filament mounting and method |
US3441777A (en) * | 1966-06-01 | 1969-04-29 | Gen Telephone & Elect | Elements for incandescent devices |
US3891888A (en) * | 1973-05-19 | 1975-06-24 | Lucas Electrical Co Ltd | Road vehicle lighting systems |
US3983513A (en) * | 1973-10-18 | 1976-09-28 | Westinghouse Electric Corporation | Incandescent lamp having a halogen-containing atmosphere and an integral reflector of non-reactive specular metal |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
NL260575A (es) | |
DE1912565U (de) | 1965-03-25 |
BE599574A (fr) | 1961-05-16 |
GB898115A (en) | 1962-06-06 |
FR1280917A (fr) | 1962-01-08 |
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