US3012880A - Iron-base alloy - Google Patents

Iron-base alloy Download PDF

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Publication number
US3012880A
US3012880A US71993A US7199360A US3012880A US 3012880 A US3012880 A US 3012880A US 71993 A US71993 A US 71993A US 7199360 A US7199360 A US 7199360A US 3012880 A US3012880 A US 3012880A
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United States
Prior art keywords
percent
alloy
boron
iron
carbon
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US71993A
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English (en)
Inventor
Jerome K Elbaum
Russel P Culbertson
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Union Carbide Corp
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Union Carbide Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Union Carbide Corp filed Critical Union Carbide Corp
Priority to US71993A priority Critical patent/US3012880A/en
Priority to GB41699/61A priority patent/GB917154A/en
Priority to DEU8497A priority patent/DE1209756B/de
Priority to CH1376061A priority patent/CH406649A/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3012880A publication Critical patent/US3012880A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
    • B23K35/30—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 1550 degrees C
    • B23K35/3053—Fe as the principal constituent
    • B23K35/308—Fe as the principal constituent with Cr as next major constituent
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/22—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with molybdenum or tungsten
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/32—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with boron
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/36—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with more than 1.7% by weight of carbon
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/56—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with more than 1.7% by weight of carbon

Definitions

  • This invention relates to an iron-base alloy having high hardness and wear resistance and characterized by excellent fabricability.
  • Wear-resistant iron-base alloys are currently designed according to their intended uses. The uses may vary from cast wear-resisting articles to wear resistant surfaces applied to softer metals by welding and metal spraying techniques. It would be invaluable to have one ironbase alloy having all the properties needed for each of these specialized applications.
  • FIG. 1 is a partially-sectioned front elevation view of a valve lifter.
  • a valve lifter 10 is subject to severe conditions of service including friction, wear, impact and heat, particularly in the face area 11.
  • the face area becomes worn the entire lifter must be replaced or the face area can be resurfaced with a wear-resistant metal.
  • One method for resurfacing such parts is by grinding a depression 12 into which is placed powdered metal. The part is then heated in an upright position until the metal powder melts aind metallurgically bonds to the article. After cooling the fused deposit may be finished by grind- 1111".
  • FIG. 2 shows an exhaust valve in a partially sectioned front elevation view.
  • the exhaust valve 13 is particularly subject to wear in the valve area 14. Such a part is resurfaced by first grinding away a recess at the seat area15.
  • a ring-like dam 16 is positioned around the seat area and metal powder 1'7 is placed in the pocket thus formed. Heat is applied to fuse and metallurgically bond the metal powder to the recessed area. After cooling, the dam is removed and the valve restored to its desired shape by grinding away the excess resurfacing metal.
  • Diiilculty arises in these resurfacing processes in that the high temperatures, 2200 F. to 2400 F., required to fuse the metal powders sometimes tend to distort the article being resurfaced and may even cause local melting of the part.
  • the class of alloys available for such use as surfacers generally have depositing temperatures in this range.
  • an iron-base alloy consisting essentially by weight of from 13 to 21 percent chromium, from 12 to 19 percent in the aggregate of molybdenum and tungsten, up to 10 percent cobalt, up to 4 percent vanadium, up to 1.75 percent maximum of nickel, from 0.2 to 1.8 percent boron, from 1.8 to 4 percent carbon, from 0.4 to 1.8 percent silicon,
  • B is the percent boron
  • C is the percent carbon
  • Si is the percent silicon
  • alloys not within the range of the invention All of the alloys shown in Table 1 have a chromium content of 17 percent by weight and a molybdenum content of 16 percent by weight and the balance iron.
  • the alloy compositions were deposited on mild steel by a hard facing operation and were ground level for hardness testing. Since there was some dilution of the alloy by the iron of the steel base, the hardnesses are less than those of the undiluted alloy.
  • the molybdenum content of the alloy contributes to strength and hardness.
  • a broad range of 12 to 19 percent tungsten plus molybdenum is allowed but 16 percent molybdenum is preferred. Molybdenum or tungsten contents over 20 percent do not appreciably improve the hardness or strength.
  • the chromium content serves to improve corrosion resistance. As the chromium content is increased, corrosion resistance is increased; however, chromium contents much above 22 percent tend to decrease weldability of the alloy and are to be avoided.
  • the chromium content is 17 percent in the preferred alloy composition.
  • vanadium as a carbide former. Additionally the vanadium promotes a finer grain structure. For uses where such considerations are important a vanadium content of from 1.65 to 2.1, and specifically 1.9 percent, is preferred. In applications where grain size is not a critical characteristic, vanadium may be replaced by iron. In Table 1 alloy E contains no vanadium, but still has desirable hardness characteristics.
  • Cobalt serves as a high-temperature strengthener and promotes hot hardness retentivity of the alloys.
  • the preferred cobalt content is up to 10 percent and specifically about 6.25 percent. In those applications where hot hardness is not critical and where cobalt is undesirable, the cobalt content may be replaced in whole or part by iron. Alloy G of Table 1, which contains no cobalt is seen to possess as high a room temperature hardness as cobalt-containing alloys A or D.
  • the boron content must be within the range 0.2 to 1.8 percent to increase the hardness, lower themelting point, increasethe fluidity of the molten metal and, as the principal fluxing agent, to promote fusion and Weldability.
  • the boron-freealloy F of Table 1 does not possess adequate hardness although the constituents other than boron are in the-prescribed ranges.
  • Boron then is an essential ingredient of the alloy'and is preferably present in an amount from 0.5 to 1 percent. Silicon serves to lower the viscosity of theliquid metal, lower the melting point, promote alloying and, as a fluxing agent, promotes the removal of oxygen from the liquid metal. It is the combined effects of the carbon, boron, and silicon in the alloy which impart the desired characteristics of the liquid metal. Although there is a range for each of these elements the total content must be controlled to satisfy the relationship:
  • This balance factor is based on the atomic relationshipof the elements asthey interact-in the alloy. AS3311 ex: ample of the less than satisfactory properties produced in an alloy when the required range of these elements and the balance factor are not satisfied, reference is made to alloy F with a balancefactor of 1.15 and no boron; This alloy possesses inferior'hardness because of the boron deficiency and a higher melting range anddeposic' ing temperature than the other examples. Alloy C, which possesses about the same carbon and silicon contentsas alloy F, has a relatively low boron content of 0.56 percent. This boron content is lower than the preferred boron content of 0.75 but is sufficient to lower the melting range and depositing temperature.
  • the preferred boron, carbon and silicon contents are about 0.75 percent boron, about 3 percent carbon; and about 0.8 percent silicon giving a balance factor of 1.9.
  • the preferred alloy composition therefore consists essentially by weight of about 17 percent chromium, about 16 percent molybdenum, up to about 6.25 percent cobalt, up to about 1.9 percent vanadium, a maximum of 0.75 percent of nickel, about 0.75 percent boron, about 3 percent carbon, about 0.8 percent silicon, and thebalance substantially all iron and incidental impurities.
  • the combined properties of low melting point, high fluidity, and good fluxing characteristics make the alloy of this invention very castable.
  • the alloy may be cast to shape by the usual casting methods, including sand casting, shellmold techniques, lost wax process, metal mold, etc. These castings are especially useful for applications requiring resistance to wear, abrasion and corrosion at temperatures up to 1500 F.
  • Cast welding or hard facing rods of the alloy may be made by the usual methods employed in the art.
  • Composite-filler rods may also be made from the alloy.
  • the alloy is especially suited for the hard facing of valves and valve lifts according to the processes outlined above and shown in the drawings.
  • a quantity of pro-alloyed metal powder is placed either in the-depression of the valve lifter or in spacebetween the dam and the groundout valve.
  • the article is thenplaced in a furnace operating within the range 2085" F. to 2ll5 F.
  • pellets of the prealloyed metal powder are prepared by compaction. These pellets are placed on the area to be hardfaced and then the article is heated in a furnace with a reducing atmosphere at about 2100 F. This method is especially suited for automatic production methods.
  • the alloy may be fused to the article to be hard faced by tungsten-arc inert gas methods, the atomic hydrogen process, oxy-acetylene welding methods and other usual methods. Fusion may also be accomplished by utilizing induction heating coils.
  • B is the percent boron
  • C is the percent carbon
  • Si is the percent silicon
  • An iron-base alloy consisting essentially by weight of from 15.5 to 18.5 percent chromium, from 14.5 to 17.5 percent in the aggregate of molybdenum and tungsten, from 5.25 to 7.25 percent cobalt, from 1.6 to 2.1 percent vanadium, up to about 1.75 maximum of nickel, from 0.5 to 1 percent boron, from 2.85 to 3.25 percent carbon, from 0.6 to 1 percent silicon, the boron, carbon and silicon contents having the following relationship:
  • B is the percent boron
  • C is the percent carbon
  • Si is the percent silicon
  • B is the percent boron
  • C is the percent carbon
  • Si is the percent silicon
  • B is the percent boron
  • C is the percent carbon
  • Si is the percent silicon
  • B is the percent boron
  • C is the percent carbon
  • Si is the percent silicon
  • An iron-base alloy consisting essentially by weight of about 17 percent chromium, about 16 percent molybdenum, about 6.25 percent cobalt, up to about 1.9 percent vanadium, up to about 0.75 percent maximum of nickel, about 0.75 percent boron, about 3 percent carbon, about 0.8 percent silicon, and the balance substantially all iron and incidental impurities.
  • An iron-base alloy consisting essentially by weight or" about 17 percent chromium, about 16 percent molybdenum, up to about 1.9 percent vanadium, up to about 0.75 percent maximum of nickel, about 0.75 percent boron, about 3 percent carbon, about 0.8 percent silicon, and the balance substantially all iron and incidental impurities.
  • An iron-base alloy consisting essentially by weight of about 17 percent chromium, about 16 percent molybdenum, up to about 0.75 percent maximum of nickel, about 0.75 percent boron, about 3 percent carbon, about 0.8 percent silicon, and the balance substantially all iron and incidental impurities.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Coating By Spraying Or Casting (AREA)
  • Valve-Gear Or Valve Arrangements (AREA)
  • Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
US71993A 1960-11-28 1960-11-28 Iron-base alloy Expired - Lifetime US3012880A (en)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US71993A US3012880A (en) 1960-11-28 1960-11-28 Iron-base alloy
GB41699/61A GB917154A (en) 1960-11-28 1961-11-22 Improvements in and relating to iron-base alloys
DEU8497A DE1209756B (de) 1960-11-28 1961-11-27 Eisenlegierung zum Aufschweissen, Aufspritzen oder Aufgiessen
CH1376061A CH406649A (fr) 1960-11-28 1961-11-27 Alliage de fer

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US71993A US3012880A (en) 1960-11-28 1960-11-28 Iron-base alloy

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US3012880A true US3012880A (en) 1961-12-12

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US (1) US3012880A (US20100223739A1-20100909-C00025.png)
CH (1) CH406649A (US20100223739A1-20100909-C00025.png)
DE (1) DE1209756B (US20100223739A1-20100909-C00025.png)
GB (1) GB917154A (US20100223739A1-20100909-C00025.png)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3275426A (en) * 1963-04-17 1966-09-27 Eaton Yale & Towne Wear resistant coating composition on a valve for internal combution engine
US3322580A (en) * 1963-09-24 1967-05-30 Int Nickel Co Hard facing metals and alloys
EP1716271A1 (en) * 2004-02-16 2006-11-02 Kevin Francis Dolman Hardfacing ferroalloy materials

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2522690C3 (de) * 1975-05-22 1982-03-04 Goetze Ag, 5093 Burscheid Plasmaauftragsschweißpulver für die Herstellung verschleißfester Schichten
FR2509640A1 (fr) * 1981-07-17 1983-01-21 Creusot Loire Procede de fabrication d'une piece metallique composite et produits obtenus
DE3390167T1 (de) * 1982-07-19 1984-11-29 GIW Industries, Inc., Grovetown, Ga. Abriebsbeständiger Weißguß

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2220084A (en) * 1939-02-08 1940-11-05 Golyer Anthony G De Alloy
US2224448A (en) * 1940-05-25 1940-12-10 Hughes Tool Co Wear resisting alloy
US2967103A (en) * 1958-12-11 1961-01-03 James F Baldwin Alloys for high-temperature service

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CH172779A (de) * 1932-11-24 1934-10-31 Vervoort Bernhard Eisenlegierung zum Herstellen rostfreier, säure- und hochhitzebeständiger Gegenstände.

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2220084A (en) * 1939-02-08 1940-11-05 Golyer Anthony G De Alloy
US2224448A (en) * 1940-05-25 1940-12-10 Hughes Tool Co Wear resisting alloy
US2967103A (en) * 1958-12-11 1961-01-03 James F Baldwin Alloys for high-temperature service

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3275426A (en) * 1963-04-17 1966-09-27 Eaton Yale & Towne Wear resistant coating composition on a valve for internal combution engine
US3322580A (en) * 1963-09-24 1967-05-30 Int Nickel Co Hard facing metals and alloys
EP1716271A1 (en) * 2004-02-16 2006-11-02 Kevin Francis Dolman Hardfacing ferroalloy materials
US20080251507A1 (en) * 2004-02-16 2008-10-16 Kevin Francis Dolman Hardfacing Ferroalloy Materials
EP1716271A4 (en) * 2004-02-16 2009-04-15 Kevin Francis Dolman APPLICATION WELDING OF FERROUSING MATERIALS
CN1946876B (zh) * 2004-02-16 2011-07-27 凯文·弗朗西斯·道曼 表面耐磨堆焊铁合金材料
US8941032B2 (en) 2004-02-16 2015-01-27 Kevin Francis Dolman Hardfacing ferroalloy materials

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Publication number Publication date
DE1209756B (de) 1966-01-27
GB917154A (en) 1963-01-30
CH406649A (fr) 1966-01-31
DE1209756C2 (US20100223739A1-20100909-C00025.png) 1966-08-18

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