US2955534A - Blasting methods and materials - Google Patents
Blasting methods and materials Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US2955534A US2955534A US585431A US58543156A US2955534A US 2955534 A US2955534 A US 2955534A US 585431 A US585431 A US 585431A US 58543156 A US58543156 A US 58543156A US 2955534 A US2955534 A US 2955534A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- blasting
- borehole
- ammonium nitrate
- explosive composition
- weight
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42D—BLASTING
- F42D1/00—Blasting methods or apparatus, e.g. loading or tamping
- F42D1/08—Tamping methods; Methods for loading boreholes with explosives; Apparatus therefor
- F42D1/10—Feeding explosives in granular or slurry form; Feeding explosives by pneumatic or hydraulic pressure
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S102/00—Ammunition and explosives
- Y10S102/705—Separated explosive constituents
Definitions
- the present invention is concerned with a new method of winning coal, rock, metal and the like in opencast working, quarrying or strip mining with blasting explosive compositions and more particularly with blasting explosive compositions containing a substantial proportion of ammonium nitrate and to apparatus therefor.
- ammonium nitrate can be handled and transported otherwise than as an explosive there would be economic and safety advantages if the mixing of ammonium nitrate and the other ingredients forming explosive compositions containing a substantial proportion of ammonium nitrate were delayed as long as possible, for example if the mixing were done in a building at the blasting site or better in a borehole.
- the method of winning coal, rock, metal and the like in opencast working, quarrying or strip mining comprises forming in a substantially vertical bore hole an ammonium nitrate blasting explosive composition by introducing into it concurrently and at a predetermined rate at least one stream of ammonium nitrate and at least one stream in solid form containing the other ingredients of the blasting explosive composition so that the streams co-mingle during their descent in the borehole.
- the particles forming said streams can have superimposed on their gravitational descent at least one non-vertical component of motion for example by means of stationary baffles or by means of rotating bafiies or paddles mounted on a suitable rotating member. Proceeding in this way often increases the efliciency of the co-mingling.
- protection of the blasting explosive composition containing the water-soluble ammonium nitrate from moisture in wet boreholes can be achieved by inserting into the borehole, prior to the introduction of said streams, a tube of any suitable waterproof material sealed at its lower end, which if necessary may be protected against mechanical damage on the rough side of the borehole by the use of a borehole liner interposed between the surface of the borehole and the waterproof tube which may be for example of waterproof laminated paper or cardboard. If desired the container may be closed at its upper end after being loaded.
- Apparatus for carrying out the method of the inven- Dion comprises a tube having lixed to its internal surface 2,955,534 Patented Oct. 11, 1960 a plurality of batfie plates so positioned that with the axis of the tube substantially vertical powdered or granular material poured into the top of the tube will be deflected more than once and also having attached to the end which is to serve as the top of the tube at least two branched conduits.
- At least one of said conduits may contain a screw conveyor or other means for conveying powdered or granular material.
- at least one of said conduits may be connected to a source of compressed air.
- the invention also includes forming ammonium nitrate blasting explosives by a method which comprises introducing into a substantially vertical borehole concurrently and at a predetermined rate at least one stream of ammonium nitrate and at least one stream in solid form containing the other ingredients of the blasting explosive composition so that the streams co-mingle during their descent in the borehole.
- Figure l is a longitudinal axial section through one form of apparatus according to the invention and Figure 2 is a section on the line A-A viewed in the direction of the arrow X.
- 1, 1' are hoppers, 2, 2' are screw conveyors situated co-axially in their respective conduits 3, 3 which lead to tube 4.
- Tube 4 contains four internal bafiles 5.
- One of the hoppers 1, 1 contains for instance that quantity of ammonium nitrate and the other hopper for instance that quantity of the complementary ingredient or ingredients of a particular ammonium nitrate blasting explosive composition that about lbs. of the explosive compositions can be produced in a borehole.
- the two screw conveyor spindles 2, 2 may be manual or power operated.
- Tube 4 is about 5 feet long and 5 inches internal diameter and can be inserted into a ver tical borehole approximately 30 feet deep and 6.5 inches diameter.
- FIGs 3 and 4 Another form of apparatus according to the invention is illustrated in Figures 3 and 4 in longitudinal axial section and in section on line BB in the direction of arrow Y respectively.
- This apparatus has in addition to the features illustrated in Figures 1 and 2 a vertical stirrer 6 capable of continuous rotation (which may be adapted either for manual operation as shown or for power operation), to assist further the mixing of the ammonium nitrate and the complementary ingredients of the blasting explosive composition in the vertical tube.
- a metering device for example a screw conveyor as illustrated is provided for the admission of ammonium nitrate contained in a hopper.
- the complementary ingredients of the ammonium nitrate blasting explosive composition are added manually in the required proportion from a container into a wide-mouthed conduit leading into the vertical tube.
- Figure 6 illustrates a vertical borehole ready for blasting after having been loaded according to the invention in which 7 is the complete explosive composition, 8 is a primer cartridge of for example a gelatine explosive such as 5 in. x 5 lb. cartridge of Opencast Gelignite, 9 is a length of detonating fuse and 10 is earth stemmed tightly into the borehole.
- 7 is the complete explosive composition
- 8 is a primer cartridge of for example a gelatine explosive such as 5 in. x 5 lb. cartridge of Opencast Gelignite
- 9 is a length of detonating fuse and 10 is earth stemmed tightly into the borehole.
- Figure 7 illustrates a vertical borehole being loaded with an explosive composition employing apparatus according to one form of the invention.
- Figure 8 illustrates a vertical borehole loaded according to the invention and differs from Figure 6 in that a waterproof tube 11 is employed to protect the explosive composition from moisture in the borehole.
- Figures 9 and 10 illustrate a vertical borehole being Example 1 A Nitroglycerine 20% (by weight).
- Coarse sawdust 80% (by g B Ammonium nitrate.
- an explosive composition which has a power of 80% blasting gelatine when measured on the ballistic mortar and which detonates at a velocity of 3,000 metres per second in a 5" diameter column when initiated by a 2 lb. gelignite primer.
- an explosive composition is produced which has a power of 83% blasting gelatine as measured on the ballistic mortar and which detonates at a velocity of 3,500 metres per second in a 5" diameter column when initiated by a 2 lb. gelatine primer.
- an explosive composition is produced which has a power of 81% blasting gelatine as measured on the ballistic mortar and which detonates ata velocity of 3,000 metres per second in a 5" diameter column when initiated by a 2 lb. gelatine primer.
- an explosive composition is produced which has a power of 80% blasting gelatine as measured on the ballistic mortar and which detonates at a velocity of 3,500 metres per second in a 5" diameter column when initiated by a lb. gelatine primer.
- Example 5 Ground anthracite. J Ammonium nitrate.
- an explosive composition is produced which has a power of 76% blasting gelatine as measured on the ballistic mortar and which detonates at a velocity of 2,500 metres per second in a 5" diameter column when initiated by a 4 lb. gelatine explosive primer.
- a method of loading boreholes for the purpose of winning coal, rock, metal and the like in opencast working, quarrying or strip mining which comprises forming in a substantially vertical borehole an ammonium nitrate blasting explosive composition by introducing into it concurrently and at a predetermined rate at least one stream consisting of dry solid particles of ammonium nitrate and at least one stream of dry solid particles containing the other ingredients of the blasting explosive composition so that the streams co-mingle during their descent in the borehole.
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Drilling And Exploitation, And Mining Machines And Methods (AREA)
Description
Oct. 11, 1960 J. E LAMBERT ETAL BLASTING METHODS AND MATERIALS 6 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed May 17, 1956 IN l/E/VTOR JAMES EDWARDLAMBEM IDWAL OWE/V LEW/5 ATTORNE S FIG. 2.
Oct. 11, 1960 J. E. LAMBERT ETAL 2,955,534
BLASTING METHODS AND MATERIALS 6 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed May 17. 1956 VNVEIVTOR JAMES EDWARD LAMBERT IDWAL OWE/V LEW/S B W K044i; M
Oct. 11, 1960 J. E. LAMBERT ETAL 2,
BLASTING METHODS AND MATERIALS Filed May l7, 1956 6 Sheets-Sheet 3 INVENTOR JAMES 5mm RDLAMBERT lDWAL ows/v LEW/5 FIGS BJ MMMJZ A TTOR/VE'KY Oct. 11, 1960 .1. E, LAMBERT ETAL 2,955,534
BLASTING METHODS AND MATERIALS Filed May 17, 1956 6 Sheets-Sheet 4 ATTOR/VEKg Oct. 11, 1960 J. E. LAMBERT ETAL 2,955,534
BLASTING METHODS AND MATERIALS 6 Sheets-Sheet 5 Filed May 17, 1956 I/VVE/VTQR JAMESEDWARD LAMBERT IDWAL OWE/V LEW/S [MW A TTOR/VE Y S Oct 11, 1960 J. E. LAMBERT EI'AL 2,955,534
BLASTING METHODS AND MATERIALS 6 Sheets-Sheet 6 Filed May 17. 1956 INVENTOR RD LAMBERT LEW/5 uA MES EDWA IDWAL OWE/V M, 911417 ATTORNEYJ' FIG. IO J BLASTING METHODS AND MATERIALS James Edward Lambert and Idwal Owen Lewis, Ardrossan, Scotland, assiguors to Imperial Chemical Industries Limited, London, England, a corporation of Great Britain Filed May 17, 1956, Ser. No. 585,431
Claims priority, application Great Britain July 27, 1955 3 Claims... (Cl. 102-43) The present invention is concerned with a new method of winning coal, rock, metal and the like in opencast working, quarrying or strip mining with blasting explosive compositions and more particularly with blasting explosive compositions containing a substantial proportion of ammonium nitrate and to apparatus therefor.
Hitherto it has been the practice to manufacture a blasting explosive composition and to cartridge or otherwise package it in a factory, to transport the cartridges or packages to the blasting site and to load the borehole with the explosive composition either in its waxed paper cartridge casing or other container or to empty the explosive composition out of its containers into the borehole. This procedure entails the observing of statutory regulations for the production, transport and handling of explosive compositions. Since ammonium nitrate can be handled and transported otherwise than as an explosive there would be economic and safety advantages if the mixing of ammonium nitrate and the other ingredients forming explosive compositions containing a substantial proportion of ammonium nitrate were delayed as long as possible, for example if the mixing were done in a building at the blasting site or better in a borehole.
According to the present invention the method of winning coal, rock, metal and the like in opencast working, quarrying or strip mining comprises forming in a substantially vertical bore hole an ammonium nitrate blasting explosive composition by introducing into it concurrently and at a predetermined rate at least one stream of ammonium nitrate and at least one stream in solid form containing the other ingredients of the blasting explosive composition so that the streams co-mingle during their descent in the borehole.
It is often desirable that said streams should only comingle below ground level.
In carrying out the method of the invention in accordance with one embodiment thereof the particles forming said streams can have superimposed on their gravitational descent at least one non-vertical component of motion for example by means of stationary baffles or by means of rotating bafiies or paddles mounted on a suitable rotating member. Proceeding in this way often increases the efliciency of the co-mingling.
In accordance with a further embodiment of the invention protection of the blasting explosive composition containing the water-soluble ammonium nitrate from moisture in wet boreholes can be achieved by inserting into the borehole, prior to the introduction of said streams, a tube of any suitable waterproof material sealed at its lower end, which if necessary may be protected against mechanical damage on the rough side of the borehole by the use of a borehole liner interposed between the surface of the borehole and the waterproof tube which may be for example of waterproof laminated paper or cardboard. If desired the container may be closed at its upper end after being loaded.
Apparatus for carrying out the method of the inven- Dion comprises a tube having lixed to its internal surface 2,955,534 Patented Oct. 11, 1960 a plurality of batfie plates so positioned that with the axis of the tube substantially vertical powdered or granular material poured into the top of the tube will be deflected more than once and also having attached to the end which is to serve as the top of the tube at least two branched conduits.
At least one of said conduits may contain a screw conveyor or other means for conveying powdered or granular material. Alternatively at least one of said conduits may be connected to a source of compressed air.
The invention also includes forming ammonium nitrate blasting explosives by a method which comprises introducing into a substantially vertical borehole concurrently and at a predetermined rate at least one stream of ammonium nitrate and at least one stream in solid form containing the other ingredients of the blasting explosive composition so that the streams co-mingle during their descent in the borehole.
By way of example the invention will be described with reference to the diagrammatic drawings accompanying the specification.
Figure l is a longitudinal axial section through one form of apparatus according to the invention and Figure 2 is a section on the line A-A viewed in the direction of the arrow X. In Figures 1 and 2, 1, 1' are hoppers, 2, 2' are screw conveyors situated co-axially in their respective conduits 3, 3 which lead to tube 4. Tube 4 contains four internal bafiles 5.
One of the hoppers 1, 1 contains for instance that quantity of ammonium nitrate and the other hopper for instance that quantity of the complementary ingredient or ingredients of a particular ammonium nitrate blasting explosive composition that about lbs. of the explosive compositions can be produced in a borehole. The two screw conveyor spindles 2, 2 may be manual or power operated. Tube 4 is about 5 feet long and 5 inches internal diameter and can be inserted into a ver tical borehole approximately 30 feet deep and 6.5 inches diameter.
Another form of apparatus according to the invention is illustrated in Figures 3 and 4 in longitudinal axial section and in section on line BB in the direction of arrow Y respectively. This apparatus has in addition to the features illustrated in Figures 1 and 2 a vertical stirrer 6 capable of continuous rotation (which may be adapted either for manual operation as shown or for power operation), to assist further the mixing of the ammonium nitrate and the complementary ingredients of the blasting explosive composition in the vertical tube.
In yet another form of apparatus according to the in vention illustrated in Figure 5 a metering device for example a screw conveyor as illustrated is provided for the admission of ammonium nitrate contained in a hopper. The complementary ingredients of the ammonium nitrate blasting explosive composition are added manually in the required proportion from a container into a wide-mouthed conduit leading into the vertical tube.
Figure 6 illustrates a vertical borehole ready for blasting after having been loaded according to the invention in which 7 is the complete explosive composition, 8 is a primer cartridge of for example a gelatine explosive such as 5 in. x 5 lb. cartridge of Opencast Gelignite, 9 is a length of detonating fuse and 10 is earth stemmed tightly into the borehole.
Figure 7 illustrates a vertical borehole being loaded with an explosive composition employing apparatus according to one form of the invention.
Figure 8 illustrates a vertical borehole loaded according to the invention and differs from Figure 6 in that a waterproof tube 11 is employed to protect the explosive composition from moisture in the borehole.
Figures 9 and 10 illustrate a vertical borehole being Example 1 A Nitroglycerine 20% (by weight).
Coarse sawdust 80% (by g B Ammonium nitrate.
By combining A and B in the ratio of 1 part by weight to 5 parts by weight an explosive composition is produced which has a power of 80% blasting gelatine when measured on the ballistic mortar and which detonates at a velocity of 3,000 metres per second in a 5" diameter column when initiated by a 2 lb. gelignite primer.
Example 2 C Trinitrotoluene 64% (by weight).
Ground anthracite 36% (by weight) D Ammonium nitrate.
By combining C and D in the ratio of 1 part by weight to 7 parts by weight an explosive composition is produced which has a power of 83% blasting gelatine as measured on the ballistic mortar and which detonates at a velocity of 3,500 metres per second in a 5" diameter column when initiated by a 2 lb. gelatine primer.
Example 3 E Trinitrotoluene 38% (by weight).
f Ground anthracite 62% (by weight). F Ammonium nitrate.
By combining E and F in the approximate ratio of 1 part by weight to 9 parts by weight an explosive composition is produced which has a power of 81% blasting gelatine as measured on the ballistic mortar and which detonates ata velocity of 3,000 metres per second in a 5" diameter column when initiated by a 2 lb. gelatine primer.
Example 4 G Sawdust 50% (by weight).
Parafiin oil 50% (by weight). H Ammonium nitrate.
By combining G and H in the ratio of 1 part by weight to 12 parts by weight an explosive composition is produced which has a power of 80% blasting gelatine as measured on the ballistic mortar and which detonates at a velocity of 3,500 metres per second in a 5" diameter column when initiated by a lb. gelatine primer.
Example 5 I Ground anthracite. J Ammonium nitrate.
By combining I and I in the ratio of 1 part by weight to 13 parts by weight an explosive composition is produced which has a power of 76% blasting gelatine as measured on the ballistic mortar and which detonates at a velocity of 2,500 metres per second in a 5" diameter column when initiated by a 4 lb. gelatine explosive primer.
What we claim is:
1. A method of loading boreholes for the purpose of winning coal, rock, metal and the like in opencast working, quarrying or strip mining which comprises forming in a substantially vertical borehole an ammonium nitrate blasting explosive composition by introducing into it concurrently and at a predetermined rate at least one stream consisting of dry solid particles of ammonium nitrate and at least one stream of dry solid particles containing the other ingredients of the blasting explosive composition so that the streams co-mingle during their descent in the borehole.
2. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said streams only co-mingle below ground level.
3. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the particles forming said stream have superimposed on their gravitational descent at least one non-vertical component of motion and wherein said non-vertical component of motion is created by causing said streams to impinge upon a rotating upwardly converging conical surface within said borehole during their descent.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,083,706 Harris June 15, 1937 2,312,752 Cook -Mar. 2, 1943 2,345,554 Burdett Apr. 4, 1944 2,364,415 Arnold et a1. Dec. 5, 1944 2,504,611 Zandmer Apr. 18, 1950 2,704,514 Barlow et al Mar. 22, 1955 2,745,346 Aitchison et a1. May 15, 1956 2,836,484 Streng et a1 May 27, 1958 2,903,969 Kolbe Sept. 15, 1959 FOREIGN PATENTS 44,422 Germany Aug. 29, 1888 528,941 Great Britain Nov. 11, 1940 581,849 Great Britain Oct. 28, 1946 725,371 Great Britain Mar. 2, 1955
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB2955534X | 1955-07-27 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US2955534A true US2955534A (en) | 1960-10-11 |
Family
ID=10918543
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US585431A Expired - Lifetime US2955534A (en) | 1955-07-27 | 1956-05-17 | Blasting methods and materials |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US2955534A (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3075464A (en) * | 1959-03-20 | 1963-01-29 | Reserve Mining Co | Blast hole charge and charging method |
| US3303738A (en) * | 1963-10-14 | 1967-02-14 | Intermountain Res And Engineer | Method for mixing and pumping of slurry explosive |
Citations (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE44422C (en) * | A. BELOW in Eupen, Rheinprovinz | Method of loading wells | ||
| US2083706A (en) * | 1933-07-17 | 1937-06-15 | Safety Mining Co | Blasting apparatus |
| GB528941A (en) * | 1938-05-17 | 1940-11-11 | Jacques Robert Futter | Mixing apparatus |
| US2312752A (en) * | 1940-06-13 | 1943-03-02 | Du Pont | Explosive composition |
| US2345554A (en) * | 1942-08-26 | 1944-04-04 | Remington Arms Co Inc | Material blending |
| US2364415A (en) * | 1941-11-29 | 1944-12-05 | Preload Corp | Method of filling explosive devices |
| GB581849A (en) * | 1944-05-08 | 1946-10-28 | Newton Chambers & Co | Improvements relating to the mixing of materials |
| US2504611A (en) * | 1946-02-25 | 1950-04-18 | Zandmer Solis Myron | Pressure reduction chamber and unloading valve for explosives |
| GB725371A (en) * | 1952-04-29 | 1955-03-02 | L Air Liqulde Sa Pour L Etude | Process for loading blast holes |
| US2704514A (en) * | 1955-03-22 | Preparation of blast holes to receive an explosive charge | ||
| US2745346A (en) * | 1953-05-11 | 1956-05-15 | Union Carbide & Carbon Corp | Method of charging holes with explosives |
| US2836484A (en) * | 1955-05-04 | 1958-05-27 | Reynolds Metals Co | Aqueous metal powder explosive |
| US2903969A (en) * | 1953-05-28 | 1959-09-15 | Maumee Collieries Co | Method of blasting |
-
1956
- 1956-05-17 US US585431A patent/US2955534A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2704514A (en) * | 1955-03-22 | Preparation of blast holes to receive an explosive charge | ||
| DE44422C (en) * | A. BELOW in Eupen, Rheinprovinz | Method of loading wells | ||
| US2083706A (en) * | 1933-07-17 | 1937-06-15 | Safety Mining Co | Blasting apparatus |
| GB528941A (en) * | 1938-05-17 | 1940-11-11 | Jacques Robert Futter | Mixing apparatus |
| US2312752A (en) * | 1940-06-13 | 1943-03-02 | Du Pont | Explosive composition |
| US2364415A (en) * | 1941-11-29 | 1944-12-05 | Preload Corp | Method of filling explosive devices |
| US2345554A (en) * | 1942-08-26 | 1944-04-04 | Remington Arms Co Inc | Material blending |
| GB581849A (en) * | 1944-05-08 | 1946-10-28 | Newton Chambers & Co | Improvements relating to the mixing of materials |
| US2504611A (en) * | 1946-02-25 | 1950-04-18 | Zandmer Solis Myron | Pressure reduction chamber and unloading valve for explosives |
| GB725371A (en) * | 1952-04-29 | 1955-03-02 | L Air Liqulde Sa Pour L Etude | Process for loading blast holes |
| US2745346A (en) * | 1953-05-11 | 1956-05-15 | Union Carbide & Carbon Corp | Method of charging holes with explosives |
| US2903969A (en) * | 1953-05-28 | 1959-09-15 | Maumee Collieries Co | Method of blasting |
| US2836484A (en) * | 1955-05-04 | 1958-05-27 | Reynolds Metals Co | Aqueous metal powder explosive |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3075464A (en) * | 1959-03-20 | 1963-01-29 | Reserve Mining Co | Blast hole charge and charging method |
| US3303738A (en) * | 1963-10-14 | 1967-02-14 | Intermountain Res And Engineer | Method for mixing and pumping of slurry explosive |
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