US2947987A - Antenna decoupling arrangement - Google Patents
Antenna decoupling arrangement Download PDFInfo
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- US2947987A US2947987A US733090A US73309058A US2947987A US 2947987 A US2947987 A US 2947987A US 733090 A US733090 A US 733090A US 73309058 A US73309058 A US 73309058A US 2947987 A US2947987 A US 2947987A
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- antennas
- antenna
- coupling
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- aircraft
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- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 16
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 16
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 16
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 9
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 6
- 101100536251 Mus musculus Tmem120a gene Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003989 dielectric material Substances 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
- H01Q1/52—Means for reducing coupling between antennas; Means for reducing coupling between an antenna and another structure
- H01Q1/521—Means for reducing coupling between antennas; Means for reducing coupling between an antenna and another structure reducing the coupling between adjacent antennas
Definitions
- This invention relates to arrangements for eifectively reducing the coupling between antennas, and more particularly to arrangements for reducing the coupling between airborne antennas by deliberately feeding signals from one antenna to the other in such a manner as to attenuate undesirable signals coupled from one antenna to the other.
- a plurality of antennas are mounted on a missile or an aircraft, and it is desirable that radiation coupling between these antennas be held to a
- a typical example of such a situation is in the case of an aircraft carrying both a Tacan antenna and an identification transponder.
- the Tacan antenna and its associated equipment transmits and receives signals to provide navigational information for the plane, while the identification transponder antenna and its associated equipment also receives and transmits in providing identification and other information to a ground station in response to interrogations therefrom.
- the Tacan system and the transponder system have certain portions of their frequency bands in common, and consequently, radiation coupling between these antennas becomes a serious problem.
- various shielding methods have been employed to shield these antennas from each other.
- these antennas have been located at difierent places on the missile or craft so that the body thereof serves to shield one from the other. In still other applications, the antennas have been flush-mounted to minimize coupling therebetween. It has also been suggested that a part of the signal fed to one antenna be deliberately applied to the other antenna equal and opposite in phase to the signal produced in said other antenna by the undesirable coupling.
- Various schemes for implementing the last-mentioned idea have been suggested but, in general, they have been unnecessarily complex or have presented undesirable difliculties. One such scheme is to pick up some of the energy from one of the antennas and feed it through a relatively long.
- the feed line being of sufiicient length produce a phase inversion (or additional means are employed with the line to elfect this).
- phase inversion or additional means are employed with the line to elfect this.
- a microstrip line consisting of a thin strip of conducting material separated by a dielectric from the metallic aircraft skin surface is arranged between the antenna so that the ends of said microstrip are capacitively coupled to the antennas, and the length of the strip is such as to produce a -degree phasereversal so that the signal from one antenna is deliberately applied to the other antenna with a 180-degree phase reversal so as to cancel out the undesired signal coupled by radiation, induction, etc., from one antenna to the other.
- Fig. 1 is a schematic side elevational view of an antenna arrangement including means for reducing undesirable coupling
- Fig. 2 is a plan view of the arrangement shown in Fig. 1.
- the microstrip line 10 provides a conductor 11 over a ground plane (the metallic aircraft skin 1) separated by a dielectric 12, but ditfers from the ordinary line-overground plane in that the major portion of the field is confined between the strip conductor 11 and the portion of the ground plane (the aircraft skin 1) directly beneath it.
- the dielectric thickness is a minor fraction of a wavelength.
- the microstrip line 10 has its ends positioned adjacent antennas 2 and 3 so as to be capacitively coupled thereto and to pick up the signal from one of these antennas and feed it to the other, the length of the microstrip 10 being selected so as to produce a ISO-degree phase reversal between the signal which it picks up from one antenna and applied to the other and the unwanted signal picked up by said other antenna.
- the strip may be curved so as to provide the desired length and, as shown in Fig. 2, need not run in a straight line from one antenna to the other.
- the relative strength of the signal coupled via microstrip with respect to that coupled by radiation, induction, etc., from one antenna to the other may be adjusted to equality to produce the desired cancellation of the unwanted signal.
- the additional 20 db may be obtained.
- microstrip line can be To provide 3 readily added after the antennas have been mounted and thus is a simple means of providing for the reduction of undesired coupling on aircraft where antennas have been already installed.
- An arrangement for reducing undesirable coupling between antennas mounted on a body having a conductive surface comprising a pair of spaced antennas mounted on said body with a portion of said conductive surface positioned therebetween, a layer of dielectric material mounted on said conductive surface and a conductor mounted on said dielectric, said conductor, dielectrio layer and the portion of said conductive surface beneath and adjacent said conductor forming a transmission line, the ends of said line extending towards each of said antennas in coupled relationship thereto, said line having a length producing substantially a ISO-degree phase reversal of the signal coupled by said line from one antenna to the other with respect to the undesired signal coupled between said antennas.
- An arrangement for reducing undesirable coupling between antennas mounted on an airborne body having a conductive surface comprising a pair of spaced antennas mounted on said body with a portion of said conductive surface positioned therebetween, a microstrip line having its ends adjacent said antennas and capacitively coupled thereto, said microstrip line being mounted on said body between said antennas and having a length producing a ISO-degree phase reversal of the signal applied from one antenna to the other with respect to the signal otherwise coupled from said one antenna to the other, said capacitive coupling between the ends of said microstrip line and said antennas being of a value such as to couple an amount of energy through said line equal to that otherwise coupled between the two antennas.
- microstrip line includes as its ground plane, a portion of the conductive surface of said body, a dielectric mounted thereon and a planar conductor mounted flat on said dielectric, said dielectric and said planar conductor extending from a point adjacent one of said antennas in an arc to a point adjacent the other of said antennas.
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- Variable-Direction Aerials And Aerial Arrays (AREA)
- Details Of Aerials (AREA)
Description
ANTENNA DECOUPLING ARRANGEMENT Sven H. M. Dodington, Mountain Lakes, N.J., assignor to International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation, Nutley, NJ a corporation of Maryland Filed May 5, 1958, Ser. No. 733,090
4 Claims. (Cl. 343-180) This invention relates to arrangements for eifectively reducing the coupling between antennas, and more particularly to arrangements for reducing the coupling between airborne antennas by deliberately feeding signals from one antenna to the other in such a manner as to attenuate undesirable signals coupled from one antenna to the other.
In many applications, a plurality of antennas are mounted on a missile or an aircraft, and it is desirable that radiation coupling between these antennas be held to a A typical example of such a situation is in the case of an aircraft carrying both a Tacan antenna and an identification transponder. The Tacan antenna and its associated equipment transmits and receives signals to provide navigational information for the plane, while the identification transponder antenna and its associated equipment also receives and transmits in providing identification and other information to a ground station in response to interrogations therefrom. The Tacan system and the transponder system have certain portions of their frequency bands in common, and consequently, radiation coupling between these antennas becomes a serious problem. In the past, various shielding methods have been employed to shield these antennas from each other. In certain instances, these antennas have been located at difierent places on the missile or craft so that the body thereof serves to shield one from the other. In still other applications, the antennas have been flush-mounted to minimize coupling therebetween. It has also been suggested that a part of the signal fed to one antenna be deliberately applied to the other antenna equal and opposite in phase to the signal produced in said other antenna by the undesirable coupling. Various schemes for implementing the last-mentioned idea have been suggested but, in general, they have been unnecessarily complex or have presented undesirable difliculties. One such scheme is to pick up some of the energy from one of the antennas and feed it through a relatively long.
transmission line to the other antenna, the feed line being of sufiicient length produce a phase inversion (or additional means are employed with the line to elfect this). In installing such equipment, it has been necessary to get under the aircraft skin in order to install the feed line. It has also been necessary in adjusting the feed line to have access to it under the aircraft skin. This is particularly inconvenient where the antennas have already been installed, and it now becomes necessary to insert the feed line. On the other hand, because of the velocity of aircraft, it is not feasible to mount such feed lines on the outside of the skin since the drag introduced is undesirable.
Therefore, it is an object of this invention to provide an improved arrangement for reducing the eflects of radiation and other undesirable coupling between antennas.
It is another object of this invention to provide a simple light weight arrangement introducing a of drag and weight for reducing the undesired coupling between antennas on a missile or aircraft.
United States Patent O It is another object of this invention to provide means as mentioned above which may be externally installed on the skin of a missile or aircraft for reducing the efiects of such undesired coupling.
In accordance with a feature of the present invention, a microstrip line consisting of a thin strip of conducting material separated by a dielectric from the metallic aircraft skin surface is arranged between the antenna so that the ends of said microstrip are capacitively coupled to the antennas, and the length of the strip is such as to produce a -degree phasereversal so that the signal from one antenna is deliberately applied to the other antenna with a 180-degree phase reversal so as to cancel out the undesired signal coupled by radiation, induction, etc., from one antenna to the other.
Other and further'objects and features of this invention will become apparent, and the foregoing will be better understood with reference to the following description of embodiments thereof, reference being had to the drawings, in which:
Fig. 1 is a schematic side elevational view of an antenna arrangement including means for reducing undesirable coupling; and
Fig. 2 is a plan view of the arrangement shown in Fig. 1.
Referring now to the drawings, there is shown a section of metallic aircraft surface skin 1 within which two antennas 2 and 3 are flush-mounted in suitable recesses 4 and 5 provided in the aircraft skin. These antennas 2 and 3 are coupled by coaxial lines 6 and 7 to the Tacan airborne equipment 8 and to an identification transponder 9, respectively. Such antennas are often as close together as 4 feet, at which distance it is often found that the radiation coupling between the antennas is 30 db down, Whereas a value of 50 db is desirable. the additional 20 db, there is provided a microstrip line 10 consisting of a strip conductor 11 mounted on a dielectric 12, for example by being painted thereon, the dielectric 12, in turn, being fixed to the aircraft skin 1. The microstrip line 10 provides a conductor 11 over a ground plane (the metallic aircraft skin 1) separated by a dielectric 12, but ditfers from the ordinary line-overground plane in that the major portion of the field is confined between the strip conductor 11 and the portion of the ground plane (the aircraft skin 1) directly beneath it. For this purpose, the dielectric thickness is a minor fraction of a wavelength. For further details on the nature of the microstrip line, see the article by D. D. Grieg and H. F. Engelmann MicrostripA New Transmission Technique for the Kilomegacycle Range, Pro ceeding of the IRE, volume 40, pages 1644-1650, December 1952; and also the two subsequent articles beginning on pages 1651 and pages 1658 of the opus cited.
The microstrip line 10'has its ends positioned adjacent antennas 2 and 3 so as to be capacitively coupled thereto and to pick up the signal from one of these antennas and feed it to the other, the length of the microstrip 10 being selected so as to produce a ISO-degree phase reversal between the signal which it picks up from one antenna and applied to the other and the unwanted signal picked up by said other antenna. For this purpose, the strip may be curved so as to provide the desired length and, as shown in Fig. 2, need not run in a straight line from one antenna to the other. By adjusting the distance between the ends of the microstrip line and the antennas (the capactive coupling), the relative strength of the signal coupled via microstrip with respect to that coupled by radiation, induction, etc., from one antenna to the other may be adjusted to equality to produce the desired cancellation of the unwanted signal. Here the additional 20 db may be obtained.
It will be readily seen that the microstrip line can be To provide 3 readily added after the antennas have been mounted and thus is a simple means of providing for the reduction of undesired coupling on aircraft where antennas have been already installed. 1
While I have described my invention in connection with two flush-mounted antennas, obviously, it may be employed with other types of airborne antennas.
I claim:
1. An arrangement for reducing undesirable coupling between antennas mounted on a body having a conductive surface comprising a pair of spaced antennas mounted on said body with a portion of said conductive surface positioned therebetween, a layer of dielectric material mounted on said conductive surface and a conductor mounted on said dielectric, said conductor, dielectrio layer and the portion of said conductive surface beneath and adjacent said conductor forming a transmission line, the ends of said line extending towards each of said antennas in coupled relationship thereto, said line having a length producing substantially a ISO-degree phase reversal of the signal coupled by said line from one antenna to the other with respect to the undesired signal coupled between said antennas.
' 2. An arrangement according to claim 1, wherein said conductive surface has recesses therein, said antennas being flush-mounted with respect to said surface.
3. An arrangement for reducing undesirable coupling between antennas mounted on an airborne body having a conductive surface comprising a pair of spaced antennas mounted on said body with a portion of said conductive surface positioned therebetween, a microstrip line having its ends adjacent said antennas and capacitively coupled thereto, said microstrip line being mounted on said body between said antennas and having a length producing a ISO-degree phase reversal of the signal applied from one antenna to the other with respect to the signal otherwise coupled from said one antenna to the other, said capacitive coupling between the ends of said microstrip line and said antennas being of a value such as to couple an amount of energy through said line equal to that otherwise coupled between the two antennas.
4. An arrangement according to claim 3, wherein said microstrip line includes as its ground plane, a portion of the conductive surface of said body, a dielectric mounted thereon and a planar conductor mounted flat on said dielectric, said dielectric and said planar conductor extending from a point adjacent one of said antennas in an arc to a point adjacent the other of said antennas.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 32,103,357 Gerhard Dec. 28, 1937 2,414,266 Lindenblad Jan. 14, 1947 2,659,004 Lindenblad Nov. 10, 19 53
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US733090A US2947987A (en) | 1958-05-05 | 1958-05-05 | Antenna decoupling arrangement |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US733090A US2947987A (en) | 1958-05-05 | 1958-05-05 | Antenna decoupling arrangement |
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US2947987A true US2947987A (en) | 1960-08-02 |
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US733090A Expired - Lifetime US2947987A (en) | 1958-05-05 | 1958-05-05 | Antenna decoupling arrangement |
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Cited By (33)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3573834A (en) * | 1968-10-31 | 1971-04-06 | William J Mccabe | Crescent shaped cavity backed slot antenna |
FR2096670A1 (en) * | 1970-05-20 | 1972-02-25 | Thomson Csf | |
EP0001883A1 (en) * | 1977-10-28 | 1979-05-16 | Ball Corporation | Apparatus for improving R.F. isolation between adjacent microstrip antenna arrays |
US4186396A (en) * | 1978-04-18 | 1980-01-29 | Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha | Radar beacon apparatus |
US4325141A (en) * | 1977-09-22 | 1982-04-13 | Ghose Rabindra N | Intercontinental air to air communications by an optimum mode |
US4369447A (en) * | 1979-07-12 | 1983-01-18 | Emi Limited | Annular slot antenna |
US4486758A (en) * | 1981-05-04 | 1984-12-04 | U.S. Philips Corporation | Antenna element for circularly polarized high-frequency signals |
US4652829A (en) * | 1984-12-28 | 1987-03-24 | Schlumberger Technology Corp. | Electromagnetic logging apparatus with button antennas for measuring the dielectric constant of formation surrounding a borehole |
US4689572A (en) * | 1984-12-28 | 1987-08-25 | Schlumberger Technology Corp. | Electromagnetic logging apparatus with slot antennas |
US4704581A (en) * | 1985-12-28 | 1987-11-03 | Schlumberger Technology Corp. | Electromagnetic logging apparatus using vertical magnetic dipole slot antennas |
FR2616015A1 (en) * | 1987-05-26 | 1988-12-02 | Trt Telecom Radio Electr | Method for improving the decoupling between printed antennas |
US4857852A (en) * | 1986-06-20 | 1989-08-15 | Schlumberger Technology Corp. | Induction well logging apparatus with transformer coupled phase sensitive detector |
WO1990013152A1 (en) * | 1989-04-18 | 1990-11-01 | Novatel Communications Ltd. | Duplexing antenna for portable radio transceiver |
US5041838A (en) * | 1990-03-06 | 1991-08-20 | Liimatainen William J | Cellular telephone antenna |
US5047787A (en) * | 1989-05-01 | 1991-09-10 | Motorola, Inc. | Coupling cancellation for antenna arrays |
US5168234A (en) * | 1990-09-07 | 1992-12-01 | Schlumberger Technology Corporation | Method and apparatus for measuring azimuthal as well as longitudinal waves in a formation traversed by a borehole |
US5231407A (en) * | 1989-04-18 | 1993-07-27 | Novatel Communications, Ltd. | Duplexing antenna for portable radio transceiver |
EP0624918A1 (en) * | 1993-05-14 | 1994-11-17 | Gec-Marconi Electronic Systems Corporation | Full aperture interleaved space duplexed beamshaped microstrip antenna system |
EP0847101A2 (en) * | 1996-12-06 | 1998-06-10 | Raytheon E-Systems Inc. | Antenna mutual coupling neutralizer |
FR2800517A1 (en) * | 1999-08-12 | 2001-05-04 | Aeronautical Radio Inc | Aircraft communication antennas isolation reduction technique having upper antenna fuselage top placed and second antenna offset lower region creating destructive half wavelength path difference between two fuselage radiating directions. |
US6624789B1 (en) * | 2002-04-11 | 2003-09-23 | Nokia Corporation | Method and system for improving isolation in radio-frequency antennas |
US20060038736A1 (en) * | 2004-08-20 | 2006-02-23 | Nokia Corporation | Isolation between antennas using floating parasitic elements |
US20080165065A1 (en) * | 2007-01-04 | 2008-07-10 | Hill Robert J | Antennas for handheld electronic devices |
US20080258991A1 (en) * | 2007-04-20 | 2008-10-23 | Skycross, Inc. | Multimode Antenna Structure |
US20080278405A1 (en) * | 2007-04-20 | 2008-11-13 | Skycross, Inc. | Multimode antenna structure |
US20090256759A1 (en) * | 2008-04-11 | 2009-10-15 | Hill Robert J | Hybrid antennas for electronic devices |
US20090303139A1 (en) * | 2007-01-04 | 2009-12-10 | Schlub Robert W | Handheld electronic devices with isolated antennas |
US20100265146A1 (en) * | 2007-04-20 | 2010-10-21 | Skycross, Inc. | Multimode antenna structure |
US20110021139A1 (en) * | 2007-04-20 | 2011-01-27 | Skycross, Inc. | Methods for reducing near-field radiation and specific absorption rate (sar) values in communications devices |
EP2332213A1 (en) * | 2008-09-12 | 2011-06-15 | Advanced Automotive Antennas, S.L. | Flush-mounted low-profile resonant hole antenna |
US9362619B2 (en) | 2013-10-28 | 2016-06-07 | Skycross, Inc. | Antenna structures and methods thereof for adjusting an operating frequency range of an antenna |
US9537209B2 (en) | 2013-05-16 | 2017-01-03 | Space Systems/Loral, Llc | Antenna array with reduced mutual coupling between array elements |
US10096910B2 (en) | 2012-06-13 | 2018-10-09 | Skycross Co., Ltd. | Multimode antenna structures and methods thereof |
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US2103357A (en) * | 1935-08-19 | 1937-12-28 | Telefunken Gmbh | Ultrashort wave system |
US2414266A (en) * | 1942-06-27 | 1947-01-14 | Rca Corp | Antenna |
US2659004A (en) * | 1948-03-12 | 1953-11-10 | Rca Corp | Nonresonant directive antenna |
-
1958
- 1958-05-05 US US733090A patent/US2947987A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US2103357A (en) * | 1935-08-19 | 1937-12-28 | Telefunken Gmbh | Ultrashort wave system |
US2414266A (en) * | 1942-06-27 | 1947-01-14 | Rca Corp | Antenna |
US2659004A (en) * | 1948-03-12 | 1953-11-10 | Rca Corp | Nonresonant directive antenna |
Cited By (70)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3573834A (en) * | 1968-10-31 | 1971-04-06 | William J Mccabe | Crescent shaped cavity backed slot antenna |
FR2096670A1 (en) * | 1970-05-20 | 1972-02-25 | Thomson Csf | |
US4325141A (en) * | 1977-09-22 | 1982-04-13 | Ghose Rabindra N | Intercontinental air to air communications by an optimum mode |
EP0001883A1 (en) * | 1977-10-28 | 1979-05-16 | Ball Corporation | Apparatus for improving R.F. isolation between adjacent microstrip antenna arrays |
US4233607A (en) * | 1977-10-28 | 1980-11-11 | Ball Corporation | Apparatus and method for improving r.f. isolation between adjacent antennas |
US4186396A (en) * | 1978-04-18 | 1980-01-29 | Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha | Radar beacon apparatus |
US4369447A (en) * | 1979-07-12 | 1983-01-18 | Emi Limited | Annular slot antenna |
US4486758A (en) * | 1981-05-04 | 1984-12-04 | U.S. Philips Corporation | Antenna element for circularly polarized high-frequency signals |
US4652829A (en) * | 1984-12-28 | 1987-03-24 | Schlumberger Technology Corp. | Electromagnetic logging apparatus with button antennas for measuring the dielectric constant of formation surrounding a borehole |
US4689572A (en) * | 1984-12-28 | 1987-08-25 | Schlumberger Technology Corp. | Electromagnetic logging apparatus with slot antennas |
US4704581A (en) * | 1985-12-28 | 1987-11-03 | Schlumberger Technology Corp. | Electromagnetic logging apparatus using vertical magnetic dipole slot antennas |
US4857852A (en) * | 1986-06-20 | 1989-08-15 | Schlumberger Technology Corp. | Induction well logging apparatus with transformer coupled phase sensitive detector |
FR2616015A1 (en) * | 1987-05-26 | 1988-12-02 | Trt Telecom Radio Electr | Method for improving the decoupling between printed antennas |
WO1990013152A1 (en) * | 1989-04-18 | 1990-11-01 | Novatel Communications Ltd. | Duplexing antenna for portable radio transceiver |
US6061024A (en) * | 1989-04-18 | 2000-05-09 | Novatel Communications Ltd. | Duplexing antenna for portable radio transceiver |
US5231407A (en) * | 1989-04-18 | 1993-07-27 | Novatel Communications, Ltd. | Duplexing antenna for portable radio transceiver |
US5047787A (en) * | 1989-05-01 | 1991-09-10 | Motorola, Inc. | Coupling cancellation for antenna arrays |
US5041838A (en) * | 1990-03-06 | 1991-08-20 | Liimatainen William J | Cellular telephone antenna |
US5168234A (en) * | 1990-09-07 | 1992-12-01 | Schlumberger Technology Corporation | Method and apparatus for measuring azimuthal as well as longitudinal waves in a formation traversed by a borehole |
EP0624918A1 (en) * | 1993-05-14 | 1994-11-17 | Gec-Marconi Electronic Systems Corporation | Full aperture interleaved space duplexed beamshaped microstrip antenna system |
EP0847101A2 (en) * | 1996-12-06 | 1998-06-10 | Raytheon E-Systems Inc. | Antenna mutual coupling neutralizer |
EP0847101A3 (en) * | 1996-12-06 | 2000-06-28 | Raytheon E-Systems Inc. | Antenna mutual coupling neutralizer |
FR2800517A1 (en) * | 1999-08-12 | 2001-05-04 | Aeronautical Radio Inc | Aircraft communication antennas isolation reduction technique having upper antenna fuselage top placed and second antenna offset lower region creating destructive half wavelength path difference between two fuselage radiating directions. |
US6624789B1 (en) * | 2002-04-11 | 2003-09-23 | Nokia Corporation | Method and system for improving isolation in radio-frequency antennas |
US7525502B2 (en) * | 2004-08-20 | 2009-04-28 | Nokia Corporation | Isolation between antennas using floating parasitic elements |
US20060038736A1 (en) * | 2004-08-20 | 2006-02-23 | Nokia Corporation | Isolation between antennas using floating parasitic elements |
US20080165065A1 (en) * | 2007-01-04 | 2008-07-10 | Hill Robert J | Antennas for handheld electronic devices |
US8907850B2 (en) | 2007-01-04 | 2014-12-09 | Apple Inc. | Handheld electronic devices with isolated antennas |
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US20090303139A1 (en) * | 2007-01-04 | 2009-12-10 | Schlub Robert W | Handheld electronic devices with isolated antennas |
US8094079B2 (en) | 2007-01-04 | 2012-01-10 | Apple Inc. | Handheld electronic devices with isolated antennas |
US20110193754A1 (en) * | 2007-01-04 | 2011-08-11 | Schlub Robert W | Handheld electronic devices with isolated antennas |
US7898485B2 (en) * | 2007-01-04 | 2011-03-01 | Apple Inc. | Handheld electronic devices with isolated antennas |
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US8106836B2 (en) | 2008-04-11 | 2012-01-31 | Apple Inc. | Hybrid antennas for electronic devices |
EP2332213A1 (en) * | 2008-09-12 | 2011-06-15 | Advanced Automotive Antennas, S.L. | Flush-mounted low-profile resonant hole antenna |
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