US2945819A - Process of drying soap - Google Patents

Process of drying soap Download PDF

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Publication number
US2945819A
US2945819A US251559A US25155951A US2945819A US 2945819 A US2945819 A US 2945819A US 251559 A US251559 A US 251559A US 25155951 A US25155951 A US 25155951A US 2945819 A US2945819 A US 2945819A
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Prior art keywords
soap
collecting surface
temperature
fluid
aqueous
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Expired - Lifetime
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US251559A
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English (en)
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Mazzoni Giuseppe
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D3/00—Distillation or related exchange processes in which liquids are contacted with gaseous media, e.g. stripping
    • B01D3/10—Vacuum distillation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D13/00—Making of soap or soap solutions in general; Apparatus therefor
    • C11D13/02—Boiling soap; Refining
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D13/00—Making of soap or soap solutions in general; Apparatus therefor
    • C11D13/14—Shaping
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D13/00—Making of soap or soap solutions in general; Apparatus therefor
    • C11D13/26—Drying
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F26—DRYING
    • F26B—DRYING SOLID MATERIALS OR OBJECTS BY REMOVING LIQUID THEREFROM
    • F26B5/00—Drying solid materials or objects by processes not involving the application of heat
    • F26B5/04—Drying solid materials or objects by processes not involving the application of heat by evaporation or sublimation of moisture under reduced pressure, e.g. in a vacuum

Definitions

  • the desiccation of soap is known to represent the fundamental and most diflicult problem that the producer has to face and solve. In fact the quality and quantity of the soap produced is directly dependent upon proper desiccation of the soap. If this desiccation or drying step is not carried out properly, the soap may be oxidized thereby darkening and ruining this soap for commercial use. The quantity of soap production is obviously dependent on this drying step since this step is the slowest of all steps in soap production and therefore further production of the soap must wait for the conclusion of this step. This step is so slow because of the fact that the temperature of the drying air cannot be increased without correspondingly increasing other drawbacks such as oxidation of the soap.
  • the cooling is of course necessary in order to collect a solidified product which can be further processed into the form of a bar or any other desired shape.
  • the present invention enables us to obtain a good commercial product by the use of an apparatus which can continually process the soap from the time of its saponification to the final bar-formed soap.
  • This continuous operation without the soap leaving the apparatus, before being in final form, allows for the economical production of a commercial, regular, always identical product without any of the faults of prior known processes.
  • the soap is uniformly dried, homogeneously throughout and pure white.
  • Toilet soap is kriown to have a fatty acid content between 78 and 80%. At the end of the saponification step, the undried fluid soap contains only about 62% fatty acid.
  • An apparatus to properly produce toilet soap must evenly and constantly supply the necessary heat to evaporate the water from the fluid soap to such degree as to yield a final product containing between 78 and 80% fatty acid.
  • the systems heretofore used supply the necessary quantity of heat required to evaporate the desired percentage of water contained in the soap being treated, by means of hot surfaces. This was done for example by means of spraying the soap onto hollow drums, which revolve in a partially evacuated room, in which a heating medium is circulated.
  • the soap film thus formed does not have a constant thickness and therefore does not dry evenly and homogeneously.
  • these apparatuses due to the short distance between the spraying nozzle and the collecting surface, do not sufficiently decrease the temperature of the sprayed soap so as to avoid the calefaction effect.
  • Such drying processes obviously cannot lead to a perfect final soap product because the variation of the thickness of the soap film changes the rate of desiccation of the soap leaving a product which is not uniformly dried.
  • the present invention provides an apparatus which spreads the sprayed soap uniformly on a drying and collecting surface and by having an adequate distance between the spraying nozzle and the surface on which the product is collected, the temperature of the soap as it reaches the collecting surface is lowered to such degree, corresponding to the degree of vacuum, that the calefaction effect is avoided entirely.
  • the present apparatus utiiizes a closed chamber having a proper degree of vacuum therein, an adequate distance between the spraying nozzle and the surface on which the sprayed soap is collected, and a proper pulverized jet (one having a finely granular structure of the particles forming the soap jet). By utilization of the above, the soap particles reach the collecting surface at a temperature corresponding to the existing degree of vacuum within the chamber.
  • the present invention it is also possible by the present inventionto maintain the temperature of the collecting surface constant and approximately equal to the temperature of the sprayed soap as it reaches the collecting surface. This is accomplished by means of some heated or cooled medium, as the case may be, circulating through a jacket surrounding the collecting surface. In this manner, incidental differences of thickness of the soap film have no importance because there is. no evaporating efiecton the collecting surface,
  • the thermal conductivity of soap is, in general, very low. Therefore, if an efiicient transfer of heat between the heated surface and the soap film is desired, it is necessary to keep :the thickness of the soap film as reduced as possible.
  • the necessity for keeping the film of soap very thin presents the problem that any slight alteration in the thickness of the film will cause unevenness of drying and consequent faults in the final soap product.
  • the fluid soap stream must be submitted to a convenient heating by means of a proper preheater before the fluid soap reaches the spray nozzle. This is necessary in order to give to the fluid soap the required heat content, during the serial path of the fluid soap coming out of the spray nozzle and running towards the collecting surface. It is the water vaporization from the hot fluid soap, which has 'been heated by the preheater, that causes the lowering of the temperature of the soap down to the desired temperature, which desired temperature is controlled by the degree of vacuum in the chamber. It is therefore necessary to have a sufficient distance between the spray nozzle and the collecting surface, so that, a sufficient amount of vaporization can take place, which will bring the fluid soap immediately down to the temperature which will correspond to the degree of vacuum utilized in the chamber.
  • the present invention it is possible to control the drying and the cooling of a fluid soap stream, previously heated to an adequate temperature by means of a proper preheater device, and the pulverization of the soap, by spraying it against an inner surface of a vessel in which a certain degree of vacuum is aifected, according to the characteristics of the soap being treated, to such extent as to yield a solidified product at a predetermined temperature and having a predetermined quantity of moisture.
  • the present invention also provides means for perfuming the soap as it is leaving the chamber, thus avoiding the necessity of using separate apparatuses for the perfuming.
  • the present invention also provides means for extruding the product in the form of small rods, vermicelli or if desired, bar-shaped, before or after perfuming.
  • the present invention further provides means whereby the soap, before its removal from the inner surface of the vessel, is shaped, scaled, or engraved by the use of a roller operating on the soap film before the soap film is scraped from the collecting surface of the vessel.
  • the process of the present invention for drying, cooling and deodorizing soap includes a step of treatment under vacuum without requiring a degree of vacuum exceeding that which is advantageously obtainable in industrial practice. This is done by means of a proper heating of the soap paste before feeding the same into the pulverizing apparatus. By this step the soap paste re mains at this temperature extremely fluid and is led under vacuum through spraying nozzles from which it is rapidly spread on the collecting surface of a vessel.
  • Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of an apparatus according to the present invention.
  • Fig. 2 is a partially sectional view of the structure of Fig. 1 taken along the line AA and looking in the direction of the arrows;
  • Fig. 3 illustrates the apparatus in which the device for continuous perfuming of the soap may be seen
  • Fig. 4 illustrates the apparatus having a device for directly extruding the soap in bar form without prior perfuming
  • Fig. 5 is a partially sectional view of the apparatus of Fig. 1 taken along line AA and looking in the direction of the arrows, showing the device according to the invention of producing soap scales;
  • Fig. 6 is a detailed view in perspective of an engraving roller which may be used for obtaining said soap scales.
  • Fig. 1 the fluid soap, after having been produced by any normal saponification process, i.e. the usual boiling process, is sucked by pump 1, electrically driven, and sent through the filtering box 2, to the feed tank 3.
  • This feed tank 3 is jacketed as schematically shown in the diagram and the heating medium such as steam can be circulated in said jacket in order to maintain the soap at a temperature adequate for keeping it in fluid condition.
  • Said tank 3 can also be provided with a stirring device i.e. crutchers, if a stirring action on the fluid soap is desired.
  • a pump 4, electrically driven, takes the fluid soap from the feed tank 3 and pumps it to the preheater 5 where the soap temperature is brought up to a C. or more depending on the type of soap to be treated and the final product.
  • the heating step of the soap in the preheater is obtained by means of steam or other medium circulating around the nest of tubes placed, as commonly used in heat exchangers, inside said preheater in which fluid soap pushed by pump 4 passes through.
  • the rising of temperature of the soap passing through said preheater is regulated by controlling the temperature of the medium circulating inside the preheater through the nest of tubes.
  • Fluid soap coming out of preheater 5 and pushed by pump 4 reaches, by the feeding pipe 6 first the hollow shaft 7 pivoted inside the vessel 9, and then the spray nozzle 8, or a plurality of nozzles fitted on said shaft 7 and communicating with the inner part of the same shaft.
  • the chamber 9 and the shaft 7 running therethrough it is prefenable to have such vertical arrangement as shown in the diagram so that the soap sprayed from the nozzle 8 or a series of nozzles on shaft 7 may be more evenly distributed on the collecting walls of the vessel 9 and also to facilitate further treatment of the dried soap.
  • the vertical arrangement allows for such more even spraying of the soap as the shaft 7 and nozzles attached thereto are continuously rotated.
  • a particular coupling of the feeding pipe s to the upper part of the hollow shaft 7 assures the necessary packing and tightness.
  • the vertical shaft 7, pivoted inside the vessel 9, revolves on its axis and is driven by an electric motor 10 by means of the pulley 11 and the helicoidal couple 12.
  • the fluid soap coming out of the nozzle 8 or a series of nozzles located on and communicating with the inner part of the hollow shaft 7 is sprayed continuously on the inner surface of the cylindrical portion of the vessel 9, where it is laid down as a film on the inner collecting surface of said vessel.
  • the scraper 13 is fitted on the revolving shaft 7 ahead of the nozzle 8 (as shown in Fig. 2) so that it scrapes off the soap film from the inner surface of the vessel after the soap has been sprayed and has solidified thereon.
  • the vessel 9 which may be made of any suitable material such as steel, is a container preferably placed vertically for the reasons given above, on a supporting structure, as sketched in Fig. 1, having a central cylindrical zone and two conical zones at the extremities.
  • the central cylindrical zone may be jacketed so that a heating medium such as water, coming from any source, can be circulated around said cylindrical zone at a rate and temperature according to the working conditions required.
  • a heating medium such as water, coming from any source
  • the medium circulating in said jacket will be regulated so that it will have the temperature approximately equal to that of the sprayed soap after the water has instantaneously vaporized from said sprayed soap as the soap comes out of the spraying nozzle 8.
  • the temperature inside the vessel 9 owing to this instantaneous vaporization of the water from the fluid soap runs about 20 C. Consequently, an abrupt drying and cooling of the sprayed soap is obtained.
  • the upper zone of the vessel 9 is closed by a kind of dome 14, which communicates by pipe 15 with the powder separator 16.
  • a vacuum pump 21 connected by pipe 24? with the barometric colum 18 which is connected to the pipe 17, pipe 17 being connected to the powder separator 16, exerts when in motion, in the interior of the vessel 9, the desired vacuum effect.
  • the barometric column 18 is connected to the water container 19.
  • Calorific radiations can be satisfactorily transmitted inside the container 9 for increasing when necessary, the drying action on the sprayed soap.
  • the container 9 can be provided with some proper ports 24 as shown on Fig. 1, through which any kind of radiations such as infra-red rays, etc., coming from said proper radiating devices fitted outside said ports 24 can be conveyed inside the container 9 against the soap, in the course of treatment.
  • the soap pushed outward by the vertical plodder 22 and coming out through vertical plate 23 shaped as small rods, falls continuously, if laundering or household soaps are wanted, into the hopper of a horizontal plodder 25, which transforms said little rods of soap into a continuous soap bar of any desired size and shape.
  • a double screwed plodder type which, having two powerful counter-rotating screws, gives to the soap, a good degree of homogeneity.
  • the laundry or household ploddered soap bar pushed out of the plodder 25 passes continuously and directly with the facing automatic cutter 26, which can be any normal type, and by which the soap bar is continuously cut into cakes of any desired size.
  • the present invention provides for a different working step.
  • the small rods of soap pushed outward by the vertical plodder 22 through the perforated plate 23 are immediately cut by a rotating knife 27, driven by a prolongation of the axis of said plodder, the rods being cut into the form of thin sliced discs.
  • the sliced discs of soap then fall downward into the container 28 inside which a desired perfume is sprinkled or sprayed by means of a proper spray nozzle 29 so that said container is filled with a perfumed haze, the discs of soap falling downward being scented by absorption of the perfume.
  • the container 28 is tightly joined in this case to the horizontal plodder 25 which immediately and continuously transforms the scented discs of soap into a bar to be cut into cakes as heretofore described.
  • the devices 30 and 31 as shown in Fig. 4 are provided for extruding directly Without the use of a horizontal plodder 25, bars of laundry or household soaps.
  • the soap collected at the conical bottom of vessel 9, and pushed through the perforated plate 23 by the vertical plodder 22 and in the form of small rods passes continuously inside the band of pipe 35') into the nozzle 31, from which the soap which is constantly pushed forward by the plodder 22, comes out extruded in the form of a continuous bar.
  • a blade 32 supported by a proper arm is fitted to the revolving shaft 7 in order to smooth the soap film sprayed on the inner surface of the vessel 9 through the nozzle 8.
  • the vacuum pump 21 is put in motion and the perforated plate 23 must be closed by any suitable coverin'glid, until soap rods begin to peep out through said plate. This is done in order to have and maintain inside the vessel 9 the desired degree of vacuum.
  • suitable vacuum gauge connected with the inner part of said vessel can be used for'determining the degree of vacuum inside the vessel, the degree of vacuum being controlled by the pump.
  • a process of drying soap comprising the steps of heating an aqueous-soap mass to a predetermined elevated temperature above the temperature at which said aqueous soap mass is substantially fluid; spraying a continuous stream of the thus heated fluid aqueous-soap mass against a collecting surface a sufficient distance through a partial vacuum to evaporate a suflicient portion of the water therefrom to dry the same to a fatty acid content in the range of laundry and toilet soaps and be cooled to a sufliciently low temperature during passage through said partial vacuum to be solidified upon reaching said collecting surface; maintaining said collecting surface at a temperature substantially equal to said lower temperature at which said soap solidifies on said collecting surface; and continuously removing the dried solidified soap from said collecting surface so as to continuously obtain a homogeneously dried, solid soap of uniform fatty acid content.
  • a process of drying soap comprising the steps of heating an aqueous-soap mass to a temperature of at least 100 C. being above the temperature at which said aqueous soap mass is substantially fluid; spraying a continuous stream of the thus heated fluid aqueous-soap mass against a collecting surface a sutficient distance through a partial vacuum to evaporate a suflicient por- 3 tion of the'water therefrom to dry the same to afatty acid content in the range of laundry and toilet soaps and be cooled to a sufficiently low temperature during passage through said partial vacuum to be solidified upon reaching said collecting surface; maintaining said collecting surface at'a temperature substantially equal to said lower temperature at which said soap solidifies on said collecting surface; and continuously removing the dried solidified soap from said collecting surface so as to continuously obtain a homogeneously dried, solid soap of uniform fatty acid content.
  • a process of drying soap comprising the steps of heating an aqueous-soap mass to a predetermined elevated temperature above the temperature at which said aqueous'soap mass is substantially fluid; spraying a continuous stream of the thus heated fluid aqueous-soap mass-against a collecting surface a sufficient distance through a partial vacuum to evaporate a sufl'lcient portion of the water therefrom to dry the same to a fatty acid content in the range of laundry and toilet soaps and be cooled to a sufficiently low temperature of about 20 C.
  • a process of drying soap comprising the steps of heating an aqueous-soap mass to a temperature of at least C. being above the temperature at which said aqueous soap mass is substantially fluid; spraying a continuous stream of the thus heated fluid aqueous-soap mass against a collecting surface a sufficient distance through a partial vacuum to evaporate a sufficient portion of the water therefrom to dry the same to a fatty acid content in the range of laundry and toilet soaps and be cooled to a sufliciently low temperature of about 20 C.
  • a process of drying soap comprising the steps of heating an aqueous-soap mass to a temperature of at least 100 C. being above the temperature at which said aqueous soap mass is substantially fluid; spraying a continuous stream of the thus heated fluid aqueous-soap mass against a collecting surface a suflicient distance through a partial vacuum of about 40 mm. Hg pressure to evaporate a suflicient portion of the water therefrom to dry the same to a fatty acid content in the range of laundry and toilet soaps and be cooled to a sufficiently low temperature of about 20 C.
  • a process of drying soap comprising the steps of heating an aqueous-soap mass to a predetermined elevated temperature above the temperature at which said aqueous soap mass is substantially fluid; spraying a continuous stream of the thus heated fluid aqueous-soap mass against a collecting surface a sufficient distance through a partial vacuum to evaporate a sufiicient portion ofthe' water therefrom to dry the same to a fatty acid content in the range of laundry and toilet soaps and be cooled to a sufficiently low temperature during passage through said partial vacuum to be solidified upon reaching said collecting surface; maintaining said collecting surface at a temperature substantially equal to said lower temperature at which said soap solidifies on said collecting surface; and continuously removing the dried solidified soap from said collecting surface and shaping the soap into cakes, thereby continuously obtaining dried, solid soap cakes of uniform fatty acid content.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Detergent Compositions (AREA)
  • Vaporization, Distillation, Condensation, Sublimation, And Cold Traps (AREA)
US251559A 1945-11-03 1951-10-16 Process of drying soap Expired - Lifetime US2945819A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
IT640908X 1945-11-03

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US2945819A true US2945819A (en) 1960-07-19

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US251559A Expired - Lifetime US2945819A (en) 1945-11-03 1951-10-16 Process of drying soap

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US (1) US2945819A (es)
CH (1) CH276721A (es)
FR (2) FR922381A (es)
GB (1) GB640908A (es)
IT (1) IT414388A (es)

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1271883B (de) * 1963-08-10 1968-07-04 Ind G M B H Verfahren und Anlage zum Trocknen von Seifenmasse
US3808050A (en) * 1965-07-01 1974-04-30 L Paley Clarification and treatment of sugar juice
US4923627A (en) * 1988-10-19 1990-05-08 Colgate-Palmolive Company Hard translucent high moisture soap bar
WO2001044427A1 (en) * 1999-12-16 2001-06-21 Unilever Plc Process for preparing soap and surfactants
WO2002084189A1 (en) * 2001-04-18 2002-10-24 Giuseppe Bobbiesi Thin film cyclic continuous dryer
US20080061473A1 (en) * 2006-06-28 2008-03-13 Kevin Laracey System and method for engraving semi-soft and malleable items

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR437037A (fr) * 1911-11-30 1912-04-11 Gustave Canonne Procédé et appareil pour la concentration et la dessiccation de produits d'origine animale ou végétale tels que lait, albumines, sérums
US2067205A (en) * 1935-12-16 1937-01-12 Floyd W Robison Process of desiccating liquids
GB494847A (en) * 1937-05-14 1938-11-02 Axel Thorrald Friis Andersen An improved means for producing powders from liquids and semi-liquids
US2146770A (en) * 1936-03-07 1939-02-14 Colgate Palmolive Peet Co Manufacture of soap
US2178988A (en) * 1937-05-28 1939-11-07 Refining Inc Apparatus for making soap and the like
US2521442A (en) * 1944-04-05 1950-09-05 Dehydration Inc Food dehydration

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR437037A (fr) * 1911-11-30 1912-04-11 Gustave Canonne Procédé et appareil pour la concentration et la dessiccation de produits d'origine animale ou végétale tels que lait, albumines, sérums
US2067205A (en) * 1935-12-16 1937-01-12 Floyd W Robison Process of desiccating liquids
US2146770A (en) * 1936-03-07 1939-02-14 Colgate Palmolive Peet Co Manufacture of soap
GB494847A (en) * 1937-05-14 1938-11-02 Axel Thorrald Friis Andersen An improved means for producing powders from liquids and semi-liquids
US2178988A (en) * 1937-05-28 1939-11-07 Refining Inc Apparatus for making soap and the like
US2521442A (en) * 1944-04-05 1950-09-05 Dehydration Inc Food dehydration

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1271883B (de) * 1963-08-10 1968-07-04 Ind G M B H Verfahren und Anlage zum Trocknen von Seifenmasse
US3808050A (en) * 1965-07-01 1974-04-30 L Paley Clarification and treatment of sugar juice
US4923627A (en) * 1988-10-19 1990-05-08 Colgate-Palmolive Company Hard translucent high moisture soap bar
WO2001044427A1 (en) * 1999-12-16 2001-06-21 Unilever Plc Process for preparing soap and surfactants
WO2002084189A1 (en) * 2001-04-18 2002-10-24 Giuseppe Bobbiesi Thin film cyclic continuous dryer
US20080061473A1 (en) * 2006-06-28 2008-03-13 Kevin Laracey System and method for engraving semi-soft and malleable items

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR922381A (fr) 1947-06-06
IT414388A (es)
FR60465E (fr) 1954-11-03
GB640908A (en) 1950-08-02
CH276721A (it) 1951-07-31

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