US2935691A - Process and apparatus to conduct out particles accelerated in an induction accelerator - Google Patents

Process and apparatus to conduct out particles accelerated in an induction accelerator Download PDF

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Publication number
US2935691A
US2935691A US384538A US38453853A US2935691A US 2935691 A US2935691 A US 2935691A US 384538 A US384538 A US 384538A US 38453853 A US38453853 A US 38453853A US 2935691 A US2935691 A US 2935691A
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Prior art keywords
coils
electrons
radius
electron
magnetic field
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Expired - Lifetime
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US384538A
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English (en)
Inventor
Wideroe Rolf
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BBC Brown Boveri AG Germany
BBC Brown Boveri France SA
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BBC Brown Boveri France SA
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D209/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D209/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom condensed with one carbocyclic ring
    • C07D209/44—Iso-indoles; Hydrogenated iso-indoles
    • C07D209/48—Iso-indoles; Hydrogenated iso-indoles with oxygen atoms in positions 1 and 3, e.g. phthalimide
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H11/00—Magnetic induction accelerators, e.g. betatrons

Definitions

  • the electrons, accelerated in such an apparatus are mostly directed, in order to produce X-rays, towards an anticathode which is located in the trajectory plane of the electrons in the interior of the, accelerationtube.
  • This is done, for example, by means of a so-called expansion or contraction of the electron course, i.e., by an enlargement or reduction of its diameter, depending on whether the anticathode is located outside or inside of the circuit through which the electrons pass during the acceleration.
  • Expansion or contraction is mostly effected by coils which change the relationship between the control field and the acceleration flux. But it is often desired to direct the accelerated electrons not towards an anticathode but, in order to utilize them elsewhere, to conduct them out of the acceleration tube.
  • the means specified in the patent are satisfactorily effective to direct the accelerated electrons towards an anticathode. But it has been found that the conducting out of the accelerated electrons at a very specific point of the orbit by the specified means does not result in satisfactory efiiciency because a considerable part of the electrons leave the orbit at other points. This is due to the fact that the specified means deform not only the lowest point of the potential channel (the so-called equilibrium course) in which the electrons travel during the acceleration, but that, to a certain extent, the edges of the potential channel are shifted similarly. The probability that an electron will leave a potential channel at the desired point is therefore not much greater than the probability that it will emerge at any other point of the potential channel.
  • the present invention eliminates the shortcomings which exist in the known arrangement for conducting the electrons out of the acceleration tube. It is characterized in that, during the expansion of the circuit over a rela-' tively small part of the circumference, the centripetal 2,935,691 Patented May. 3, 196O ice forces, centered in the direction of the electron course, decrease more extensively with growing radius, than the function l/R. That is to say, the centripetal forces decrease according to the funtion 12R", R being the radius and n being greater than unity. This measure produces a radial instability at a very specific point of the orbit,
  • Fig. 1 is a diagrammatic representation of a segment of a potential channel.
  • Fig. 2 diagrammatically illustrates coils constructed to produce a magnetic field of constant length
  • Fig. 3 diagrammatically illustrates a coil constructed to produce a field whose length decreases with increasing radius.
  • the process according to the invention therefore makes it possible to conduct out a larger part of the accelerated electrons at a very specific point of the circuit than was possible by the known method.
  • the invention also relates to an apparatus to perform the said process.
  • the apparatus is characterized in that it contains coils which produce a magnetic field extending perpendicularly to the plane of the circular course, which, compared to the circumference, has a small length A.
  • the coil is constituted so a A: $1? L P -dA 1 that the magnetic flux falling to the surface element A.dR, decreases with growing radius.
  • the coils 1, 1 can be constructed so that they produce a magnetic field of at least approximately constant length, but with the radius of variable field intensity.
  • the turns of the coils 1, 1' extend radially to each side of the circular path B along which acceleration of the electrons takes place and they also have a non-symmetrical configuration in the direction of the radius of the electron path, i.e. the turns have progressively increasing peripheral lengths in the direction of the radius of the electron path, so that the magnetic field produced by the coils decreases with increasing radius of the electron path. It is also possible to use a type of coil construction according to Fig.
  • the turns of coils 2, 2' also extend radially to each side of the electron path B and they are also of nonsymmetrical configuration in that they converge in the direction of the radius of the electron path so as to produce the desired decrease in magnetic field with increasing radius of the electron path.
  • the magnetic field produced by the coils so far as its effect upon the circling electrons is concerned decreases with an increasing radius of the electron path.
  • the distance travelled by the electron stream through the magnetic field produced by coils 1, 1 remains constant but the intensity of the magnetic field decreases with an increase in radius of the electron path.
  • the intensity. of the magnetic field remains essentially constant in a radially outward direction but the coil turns themselves converge in that direction so that the distance travelled by the electron stream through the magnetic field decreases with an increase in radius of the electron path.
  • the coils are fed, especially advantageously, by the current used for energizing the expansion coils or by current proceeding at least approximately proportional to this.
  • the coils can therefore simply be connected in series to the expansion coils, using a transformer if desired.
  • the suppression can be carried'out, for example in that an alternating current of line frequency and of suitable size is introduced into a series connection, whose phase is opposite to that of the induced current.
  • the magnetic field to be used in accordance with the invention can be relatively weak and can still bring about the intended effect.
  • the technical advantage of the apparatus according to the invention can therefore be found particularly in the small input of additional means for an effective conducting out of electrons.
  • Apparatus for conducting electrons accelerated in an electron accelerator of the magnetic induction type out .4 of the circular path travelled by the electrons during their acceleration comprising a pair of coils arranged symmetrically at opposite sides of the plane of said circular path and producing a magnetic field perpendicular to the plane of said circular path, said coils overlying only a relatively small part of the circumference of said cir cula-r path, the turns of said coils extendingradially to each side of said circular path and said coil turns being of non-symmetrical configuration in the direction of'the radius of the electron path so thatthe'rnagne'tic field produced by the coils decreases with increasing radius of the electron path.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Particle Accelerators (AREA)
US384538A 1952-10-18 1953-10-07 Process and apparatus to conduct out particles accelerated in an induction accelerator Expired - Lifetime US2935691A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CH756872X 1952-10-18

Publications (1)

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US2935691A true US2935691A (en) 1960-05-03

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ID=4534347

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US384538A Expired - Lifetime US2935691A (en) 1952-10-18 1953-10-07 Process and apparatus to conduct out particles accelerated in an induction accelerator

Country Status (6)

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US (1) US2935691A (de)
CH (1) CH305551A (de)
DE (1) DE954814C (de)
FR (1) FR1085214A (de)
GB (1) GB756872A (de)
NL (2) NL181692B (de)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3139566A (en) * 1955-08-25 1964-06-30 Hazeltine Research Inc Construction of magnetic deflection yokes and the like
US4353033A (en) * 1979-03-07 1982-10-05 Rikagaku Kenkyusho Magnetic pole structure of an isochronous-cyclotron
US4791370A (en) * 1985-08-23 1988-12-13 Resonex, Inc. Gradient field structure and method for use with magnetic resonance imaging apparatus
KR100459773B1 (ko) * 1995-10-13 2005-05-10 소레마떼끄 에스. 에이. 식품포장용기

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8106570B2 (en) 2009-05-05 2012-01-31 General Electric Company Isotope production system and cyclotron having reduced magnetic stray fields
US8106370B2 (en) 2009-05-05 2012-01-31 General Electric Company Isotope production system and cyclotron having a magnet yoke with a pump acceptance cavity
US8153997B2 (en) 2009-05-05 2012-04-10 General Electric Company Isotope production system and cyclotron
US8374306B2 (en) 2009-06-26 2013-02-12 General Electric Company Isotope production system with separated shielding

Citations (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2152362A (en) * 1935-09-30 1939-03-28 Firm Fernseh Ag Deflecting coil for cathode ray tubes
US2193602A (en) * 1938-05-06 1940-03-12 Westinghouse Electric & Mfg Co Device for accelerating electrons to very high velocities
US2237651A (en) * 1937-04-12 1941-04-08 Gen Electric Electronic device
US2331788A (en) * 1942-01-20 1943-10-12 Gen Electric Magnetic induction accelerator
US2394070A (en) * 1942-06-02 1946-02-05 Gen Electric Magnetic induction accelerator
US2568456A (en) * 1949-12-06 1951-09-18 Gen Electric Electromagnetic deflection yoke structure
US2572414A (en) * 1946-12-11 1951-10-23 Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie Magnetic induction accelerator
US2574975A (en) * 1950-01-17 1951-11-13 Heinz E Kallmann Electron beam deflecting system
US2586494A (en) * 1947-10-11 1952-02-19 Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie Apparatus for controlling electron path in an electron accelerator
US2640923A (en) * 1950-03-31 1953-06-02 Gen Electric System and apparatus for obtaining a beam of high energy electrons from charged particle accelerators
US2669652A (en) * 1948-12-15 1954-02-16 Gail D Adams Means for improving the yield from betatron x-ray generators
US2760096A (en) * 1952-01-29 1956-08-21 Westinghouse Electric Corp Television pickup tube
US2805351A (en) * 1952-09-10 1957-09-03 Philips Corp Magnet system for producing a magnetic field

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE939221C (de) * 1942-08-06 1956-02-16 Siemens Reiniger Werke Ag Einrichtung fuer die Elektronenbeschleunigung im elektrischen Wirbelfeld

Patent Citations (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2152362A (en) * 1935-09-30 1939-03-28 Firm Fernseh Ag Deflecting coil for cathode ray tubes
US2237651A (en) * 1937-04-12 1941-04-08 Gen Electric Electronic device
US2193602A (en) * 1938-05-06 1940-03-12 Westinghouse Electric & Mfg Co Device for accelerating electrons to very high velocities
US2331788A (en) * 1942-01-20 1943-10-12 Gen Electric Magnetic induction accelerator
US2394070A (en) * 1942-06-02 1946-02-05 Gen Electric Magnetic induction accelerator
US2572414A (en) * 1946-12-11 1951-10-23 Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie Magnetic induction accelerator
US2586494A (en) * 1947-10-11 1952-02-19 Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie Apparatus for controlling electron path in an electron accelerator
US2669652A (en) * 1948-12-15 1954-02-16 Gail D Adams Means for improving the yield from betatron x-ray generators
US2568456A (en) * 1949-12-06 1951-09-18 Gen Electric Electromagnetic deflection yoke structure
US2574975A (en) * 1950-01-17 1951-11-13 Heinz E Kallmann Electron beam deflecting system
US2640923A (en) * 1950-03-31 1953-06-02 Gen Electric System and apparatus for obtaining a beam of high energy electrons from charged particle accelerators
US2760096A (en) * 1952-01-29 1956-08-21 Westinghouse Electric Corp Television pickup tube
US2805351A (en) * 1952-09-10 1957-09-03 Philips Corp Magnet system for producing a magnetic field

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3139566A (en) * 1955-08-25 1964-06-30 Hazeltine Research Inc Construction of magnetic deflection yokes and the like
US4353033A (en) * 1979-03-07 1982-10-05 Rikagaku Kenkyusho Magnetic pole structure of an isochronous-cyclotron
US4791370A (en) * 1985-08-23 1988-12-13 Resonex, Inc. Gradient field structure and method for use with magnetic resonance imaging apparatus
KR100459773B1 (ko) * 1995-10-13 2005-05-10 소레마떼끄 에스. 에이. 식품포장용기

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
NL95556C (de)
DE954814C (de) 1956-12-20
FR1085214A (fr) 1955-01-28
CH305551A (de) 1955-02-28
NL181692B (nl)
GB756872A (en) 1956-09-12

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