US2918420A - Electrolytic system - Google Patents

Electrolytic system Download PDF

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Publication number
US2918420A
US2918420A US602156A US60215656A US2918420A US 2918420 A US2918420 A US 2918420A US 602156 A US602156 A US 602156A US 60215656 A US60215656 A US 60215656A US 2918420 A US2918420 A US 2918420A
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United States
Prior art keywords
cathode
cell
potential
wire
current
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Expired - Lifetime
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US602156A
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English (en)
Inventor
Rolland C Sabins
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Sabins Dohrmann Inc
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Sabins Dohrmann Inc
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Publication date
Priority to NL219618D priority Critical patent/NL219618A/xx
Application filed by Sabins Dohrmann Inc filed Critical Sabins Dohrmann Inc
Priority to US602156A priority patent/US2918420A/en
Priority to NL219618A priority patent/NL109089C/xx
Priority to DES55688A priority patent/DE1156626B/de
Priority to DES63501A priority patent/DE1154331B/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US2918420A publication Critical patent/US2918420A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23F—NON-MECHANICAL REMOVAL OF METALLIC MATERIAL FROM SURFACE; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL; MULTI-STEP PROCESSES FOR SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL INVOLVING AT LEAST ONE PROCESS PROVIDED FOR IN CLASS C23 AND AT LEAST ONE PROCESS COVERED BY SUBCLASS C21D OR C22F OR CLASS C25
    • C23F13/00—Inhibiting corrosion of metals by anodic or cathodic protection
    • C23F13/02—Inhibiting corrosion of metals by anodic or cathodic protection cathodic; Selection of conditions, parameters or procedures for cathodic protection, e.g. of electrical conditions
    • C23F13/04—Controlling or regulating desired parameters

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an electrolytic system which among many other uses has particular utility in preventing corrosion, or what is understood as preventing galvanic dissolution by cathodic protection, and is a continuation-in-part of my copending application Serial No. 586,969, filed May 24, 1956, for Corrosion Prevention System.
  • My improved system includes an electrolyte, a cathode and an anode-cathode immersed in the electrolyte, the anode-cathode functioning as an anode with respect to said cathode, and, in one aspect of the invention, 1 employ a third element which functions as an anode in its relationship with the anode-cathode.
  • 1 impress electric current on the cathode, and, in the aspect of the invention in which one of the metals functions as an anode as well as a cathode, I also impress electric current on it.
  • I also utilize a reference half-cell; it is also submerged in the electrolyte and is utilized as a reference element in a circuit for determining the potential of the cathode and the anode-cathode.
  • the steel has a potential of 630 millivolts, when no extraneous electric current is impressed on the circuit, and in a cirthat, to protect a ships steel hull from corrosion, a potential must exist of approximately 890 millivolts, and accordingly the potential of the steel cathode (herein the ships hull) must be raised 260 rnillivolts to prevent what is known as galvanic corrosion or dissolution of the steel.
  • magnesium can be protected from passing into solution if its potential is raised from 1590 to 2105 millivolts, namely, raised 515 millivolts.
  • the reference half-cell when the reference half-cell is subjected to various environments, its resist ance to the flow of current is increased, i.e., it becomes negatively polarized. Obviously, if the resistance to current flow of the half-cell varies, it cannot function constantly as a reference. I have discovered that the reference half-cell can be rejuvenated, i.e., its abnormal resistance to flow of current removed by depolarizing the same. This is accomplished by subjecting the half-cell to the positive side of a source of direct current.
  • I provide a field instrument including a millivolt meter, a dry cell battery, and suitable switch mechanism.
  • the switching mechanism is such that when the mechanism is properly electrically connected to the steel of the ships hull and half-cell, the potential of the hull is readable on the millivoltmeter, and then by 2,918,420 Patented Dec. 22, 1959 ice actuating a simple switch, the positive side of the dry cell is connected with the half-cell to rejuvenate the same.
  • the switch mechanism is provided with a third position, i.e., an ofF position in addition to the potential measure position and the half-cell rejuvenating position.
  • the switch mechanism ineludes four positions; in addition to the hull potential measure position, the half-cell rejuvenating position, the stop position, it includes a position in which the potential of the magnesium can be measured.
  • Another important feature of the present invention lies in the automatic control of rejuvenating the reference halfcell and the varying of the impressed current on cathode.
  • a cycle of automatic control is instituted including the immediate impressing of direct current to the half-cell to rejuvenate, i.e., depolarize the same, and simultaneously decrease the current impressed on the cathode.
  • This phase of the cycle of rejuvenating the half-cell and the decreasing of current on the cathode will continue for a predetermined length of time, and then be discontinued, but will be reinstituted automatically substantially immediately if the current value in the reference circuit is above normal.
  • Fig. 1 is a diagrammatic representation of one form of the invention
  • Fig. 2 is a diagrammatic representation of a combination manual and automatic system employing my invention
  • Fig. 3 is a diagrammatic representation of one form of the invention including a field instrument which is utilized for indicating the potential of either of the cathode or the anode-cathode and for rejuvenating the reference half-cell; and
  • Fig. 4 is a diagrammatic representation of another form of the invention including a more simple field instrument which is utilized for indicating the potential only of the cathode and for rejuvenating the half-cell.
  • I show as the cathode a steel plate 21, as the anode-cathode magnesium 22, and as the anode platinum 23. Further, for illustrating one form of the invention, these metals 21, 22 and 23 are immersed in sea water, the level of which is indicated by the numeral 25. I impress an electric current on the anode-cathode 22 and the cathode 21 through a suitable source of current, and in Fig. 1 this source of current is a direct current generator 26, the current being impressed across the variable resistance 27 through ammeter 28, lines 29 and 30 through the magnesium 22, through the sea water to the platinum anode 23, and then by Wire 32 to the positive side of the generator.
  • the variable resistance 27 is adjusted so that the potential of the magnesium is 2105 millivolts, namely, raised 515 millivolts; likewise the variable resistance 35 is adjusted so that the potential at the steel plate 21 is 890 millivolts.
  • the reference circuit for the magnesium includes a reference half-cell 38, wire 39, millivoltmeter 40, wire 42, movable switch contact 44, a stationary switch contact 45, wire 46 which is connected to magnesium plate 22 by the wire 30; the circuit is completed through the sea water.
  • the reference circuit for the steel cathode comprises the reference half-cell 38, wire 39, millivoltmeter 40, wire 42, movable switch contact 44, a stationary contact 48, wire 49 which is connected to the steel plate 21 by wire 36; the circuit is completed between the cathode 21 and the reference half-cell 38 through the sea water.
  • the potentials of the magnesium plate 22 and the steel plate 21 are periodically determined through the aforementioned reference circuits and the variable resistances 27 and 35 and adjusted to maintain the desired potential on these plates.
  • the steel plate 21 may be the steel hull of a ship and the magnesium may be in the form of plates which are exposed to the sea water but are electrically insulated from the hull of the ship.
  • the reference half-cell is formed of silver-silver chloride. I have discovered that, by connecting the half-cell with the positive side of a source of direct current, the half-cell is depolarized, that is rejuvenated.
  • the circuit for rejuvenating the reference half-cell 38 comprises a battery 51, stationary contacts 52 and 53 which are arranged to be bridged by contact 54, carried by but insulated from the switch arm 44, wires 56, 49 and 36, steel plate 21, the sea water, reference half-cell 38 and wires 39 and 57 to the positive side of the battery.
  • I provide a field instrument for measuring the potential of the cathode 21 and for impressing depolarizing current upon the reference halfcell 38.
  • This instrument includes a casing indicated by dot and dash lines 60, the wires 49 and 57 being removably connected respectively with the wires 36 and 39 by conductor clips shown diagrammatically at 61 and 62.
  • the battery, the millivolt meter and the switching mechanism are all contained within this casing.
  • a modification thereof is shown in Fig. 3, in which the instrument is also utilized for measuring the potential of the magnesium plate 22.
  • the wire 46 is removably connected to wire 30 by a clip indicated diagrammatically at 63.
  • the potential of the hull or other cathode can be readily read, and, if below a predetermined minimum, the reference half-cell can be readily rejuvenated. Should the potential still be below normal, the variable resistance 35 is adjusted so that the proper galvanic action takes place between the magnesium and the sea water to increase the potential on the hull 21.
  • a transformer 226 the primary of which is shown at 65 connected with a suitable source of, for example, 110 volt A.C. current, by wire 66 and wire 67, the latter containing a variable resistance 68.
  • the secondary is shown at 70 interposed between the wires 32 and 33, there being a rectifier 71 in wire 32.
  • the field instrument also provides for the ready measuring of the potential of the magnesium 22.
  • the potential impressed upon the magnesium 22 is governed by adjusting the variable resistance 68.
  • the reference half-cell is indicated at 238. It is connected across meter 83 by wire 84, variable resistance 85, wire 86, coil 88, wire 89 to the ships hull 21 through wire 36, and thence via sea water to the reference half-cell 238.
  • the arm 91 of the meter will bridge, through contact 92, contacts 93 and 94.
  • Relay 104 controls two sets of contacts through its armature 109.
  • One set of these contacts namely, movable contact 110 and stationary contacts 111 and 112, maintains a circuit through the coil 113 of relay 77 and maintains a circuit through the primary coil 114 of a transformer 115.
  • the circuit for the relay coil 113 is as follows: 110 volt A.C. wire 116, a fuse, wires 117, contacts 112, 110, 111, wires 118 and 119, coil 113 to the opposite side of the line 120.
  • the circuit is also maintained through the primary coil 114, since it is connected in parallel with coil 113 through wires 122 and 123. Inasmuch as coil 113 is energized, its armature contact 76 is separated from contact 75 and the charging current, for the hull 21, also flows through the coil portion 81 of the variable resistance 35.
  • the contact 124 on armature 109 bridges contacts 125 and 126 to complete a rejuvenating or depolarizing circuit to the reference halfcell 238; that is, the half-cell 238 is connected to the positive side of a source of current, namely, the positive side of secondary coil 96, the circuit being reference halfcell 238, sea water, cathode 21, wires 36, 89 and 98, to the negative side of coil 96, thence the current flows via the rectifier 107, milliammeter 106, wires 105 and 128, contacts 125, 124 and 126, wire 129, variable resistance 131, and wires 132 and 84 to the reference half-cell 238.
  • a source of current namely, the positive side of secondary coil 96
  • the circuit being reference halfcell 238, sea water, cathode 21, wires 36, 89 and 98
  • Arm 91 of meter 83 is normally held in contact-closing position by a permanent magnet 134, but can be pushed from that position by a plunger 135.
  • This plunger is actuated by a bellcrank lever 137, and the bellcrank lever is moved in a counterclockwise direction by the solenoid plunger 139 of a solenoid coil 140.
  • Coil 140 is energized by the secondary coil 96 of transformer 97 through the circuit including wire 98, resistance 99, wire 101, coil 140, wire 142, tube 143, wires 144 and 105, milliammeter 106, rectifier 107 to the opposite side of coil 96.
  • reference half-cell 238 becomes polarized, such polarization causes such resistance in the reference circuit as to cause the armature contact 92, of the meter 83, to remain out of contact with contacts 93 and 94 until the current from the magnesium raises the polarization of the cathode 21 to a corresponding value, as previously explained.
  • the transformer 97 also includes a primary coil 151 which is connected across a source of 110 volt A.C. current by wires 152 and 153.
  • the potential of the hull can be determined through the milli voltmeter through the following circuit: Reference half-- cell 238, wires 84, 132, 162,. a stationary contact 163, sector 156, stationary contact 164, wire 165, variable resistance portion 167 of variable resistance 166, millivoltmeter 46, wires 168 and 169, stationary contact 1711, sector 157, stationary contact 172, wires 173 and 36 to the cathode 21, and thence by the water to half-cell 238.
  • the potential of the cathode can always be determined at the millivoltmeter 40 while the system is under automatic operation.
  • the switch 155 Under manual operation, and when it is desirable to rejuvenate reference half-cell 33, the switch 155 is moved to the b position. When in this position, the current flow can be traced from reference half-cell 38 through wires 39 and 57 to the positive side of the dry cell 51, and from the negative side of the battery 51 through wire 175, stationary contact 176, sector157, stationary contact 172, and wires 173 and 36 to the cathode 21, and thence from the cathode 21 to the reference half-cell 38 through the water.
  • the value of'current flow can be determined through the following circuit: Positive battery 51, wire 178, stationary contact 179, sector 156, stationary contact 164, wire portion 167 of variable resistance 166, millivoltmeter 41), wires 168 and 181), stationary contact 181, sector 153, stationary contact 182, wires 153 to negative battery51.
  • the hull potential can be determined at the millivoltmeter it? when the switch 155 is moved to the 0 position.
  • This circuit can be traced as follows: Half-cell 35, wires 57, 178 and 184, stationary contact 185, sector 156, stationary contact 164, wire 165, variable resistance portion 167, meter 16, wires 168 and 136, stationary contact 138, sector 157, contact 172, and wires 173 and 36 to the cathode 21, thence through the water to the half-cell 38.
  • contact 164 is in constant con-- tact with sector 1156, contact 172 in constant contact with sector 157, contact 182 in constant contact with sector 158, and contact 193 in constant contact with sector 159.
  • either the reference half-cell 33 or 238 can be depolarized, as above explained, while the system is used in sea water, fresh water, or distilled water; that is, silver chloride is formed on the reference half-cell while being subject to positive current and when used in sea water, fresh water, or distilled water.
  • an electrolytic system for cathodic protection of the type which includes an electrolyte, a cathode and an anode adapted to be disposed in the electrolyte, means connecting the cathode to the anode to permit current flow between the same, reference half cell means of the silversilver chloride type adapted to be disposed in the electrolyte, means connecting the reference means to the cathode, the reference means having a normal potential substantially lower than the potential on the cathode so that there is a current flow between the reference half cell means and the cathode, the reference half cell means .the same.
  • an electrolytic system for cathodic protection of the type which includes an electrolyte, an electrode adapted to be disposed in the electrolyte, reference half cell means of the silver-silver-chloride type adapted to be disposed in the electrolyte, means connecting the reference half cell means to the electrode to permit current fiow between the same, the reference half cell means having a normal potential substantially lower than the potential on the electrode, the reference half cell means being characterized by a tendency to become polarized in one polarity during current flow between it and the electrode, and means for applying a voltage of opposite polarity to said reference half cell means to cause current flow in an opposite direction to depolarize the same.
  • An electrolytic system as in claim 2 wherein said means connecting the reference half cell means to the electrode includes means for measuring the potential difierence between the reference half cell means and the electrode.
  • an electrolytic system for cathodic protection of the type which includes an electrolyte, a cathode, and an anode adapted 'to be'd-isposed in the electrolyte, means connecting the cathode to the'anode to permit current 7 flow between the same, reference half cell means adapted to be disposed in the electrolyte means connecting the reference half cell means to the cathode, the reference half cell having a normal potential substantially lower;- than the potential on the cathode, the reference halfcell means being characterized by a tendency to become polarized negatively during current flow in one direction between it and the cathode, and means for applying a. voltage of positive polarity to said reference half cell,

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Prevention Of Electric Corrosion (AREA)
US602156A 1956-08-06 1956-08-06 Electrolytic system Expired - Lifetime US2918420A (en)

Priority Applications (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NL219618D NL219618A (ko) 1956-08-06
US602156A US2918420A (en) 1956-08-06 1956-08-06 Electrolytic system
NL219618A NL109089C (ko) 1956-08-06 1957-08-05
DES55688A DE1156626B (de) 1956-08-06 1957-10-28 Anordnung zum kathodischen Korrosionsschutz von Koerpern aus Eisen und Stahl mittels Fremdstrom
DES63501A DE1154331B (de) 1956-08-06 1957-10-28 Schaltungs-Anordnung zum Depolarisieren der in einer Anlage zum kathodischen Korrosionsschutz mit Fremdstromquelle verwendeten Bezugselektrode

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US602156A US2918420A (en) 1956-08-06 1956-08-06 Electrolytic system

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US2918420A true US2918420A (en) 1959-12-22

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US602156A Expired - Lifetime US2918420A (en) 1956-08-06 1956-08-06 Electrolytic system

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DE (2) DE1156626B (ko)
NL (2) NL109089C (ko)

Cited By (22)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2982714A (en) * 1958-05-09 1961-05-02 Rolland C Sabins Electrolytic system
US3072557A (en) * 1959-11-09 1963-01-08 Gentron R Electrolytic recovery apparatus
US3126328A (en) * 1958-12-01 1964-03-24 Electrolytic bridge assembly for
US3132081A (en) * 1961-04-28 1964-05-05 Gen Electric Cathodic protection for water storage tanks
US3152057A (en) * 1961-03-09 1964-10-06 Continental Oil Co Electrolytic bridge assembly
US3169105A (en) * 1958-11-10 1965-02-09 Exxon Research Engineering Co Corrosion-erosion-cavitation protection for marine propellers
US3182007A (en) * 1958-12-01 1965-05-04 Continental Oil Co Electrode assembly for the anodic passivation of metals
US3208925A (en) * 1960-01-07 1965-09-28 Continental Oil Co Anodic protection against corrosion
US3223604A (en) * 1962-05-25 1965-12-14 Union Oil Co Method and apparatus for eliminating spark hazards
US3257293A (en) * 1959-04-03 1966-06-21 Commissariat Energie Atomique Process and apparatus for controlling a counter-current electromigration installation
US3330751A (en) * 1963-05-20 1967-07-11 Lockheed Aircraft Corp Cathodic protection circuit including diode means
US3351545A (en) * 1962-12-22 1967-11-07 Contre La Corrosion Soc Et Device for checking cathodic protection
US3362900A (en) * 1962-10-17 1968-01-09 Hull Protectors Inc System for cathodically protecting a structure
US3374162A (en) * 1962-08-21 1968-03-19 Rubelmann Haydn Control unit for automatic cathodic protection
US3377263A (en) * 1964-09-14 1968-04-09 Philco Ford Corp Electrical system for etching a tunnel diode
US4138323A (en) * 1976-09-29 1979-02-06 Statsenko Nikolai N Apparatus for anodic protection against corrosion of metal objects in contact with electrically conductive media
FR2426094A1 (fr) * 1978-05-15 1979-12-14 Orszagos Koolaj Gazipari Circuit de prolongation de la duree de service d'une electrode servant d'anode
US4639677A (en) * 1982-01-04 1987-01-27 Shell Oil Company Cathodic protection monitoring system
US4705617A (en) * 1983-05-06 1987-11-10 Sensormedics Corporation Apparatus for deplating cutaneous gas sensors
US4917775A (en) * 1984-10-30 1990-04-17 Outokumpu Oy Method for measuring and adjusting electrochemical potential and/or component content in the process of treating valuable materials
WO2009157816A1 (en) * 2008-06-25 2009-12-30 Ab Volvo Penta An auxiliary device, a marine surface vessel, and a method for corrosion protection in a marine construction
US8057651B1 (en) * 2008-05-15 2011-11-15 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Electrochemical sensor with nano-wire array

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2021519A (en) * 1933-12-12 1935-11-19 Polin Inc Corrosion preventative
US2370871A (en) * 1942-02-07 1945-03-06 Wallace & Tiernan Inc Chlorine detection by electrode depolarization
US2410527A (en) * 1944-07-17 1946-11-05 Ideal Ind Auto charger
US2659042A (en) * 1950-05-12 1953-11-10 Emil W Anderson Booster battery carting and emergency servicing equipment
US2759887A (en) * 1951-01-24 1956-08-21 John A Miles Cathodic protection regulator
US2767135A (en) * 1951-01-23 1956-10-16 Ionics Electrolytic transfer of salts
US2805191A (en) * 1952-01-16 1957-09-03 Int Nickel Co Oxygen analysis of gases

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
BE340855A (ko) * 1926-06-15

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2021519A (en) * 1933-12-12 1935-11-19 Polin Inc Corrosion preventative
US2370871A (en) * 1942-02-07 1945-03-06 Wallace & Tiernan Inc Chlorine detection by electrode depolarization
US2410527A (en) * 1944-07-17 1946-11-05 Ideal Ind Auto charger
US2659042A (en) * 1950-05-12 1953-11-10 Emil W Anderson Booster battery carting and emergency servicing equipment
US2767135A (en) * 1951-01-23 1956-10-16 Ionics Electrolytic transfer of salts
US2759887A (en) * 1951-01-24 1956-08-21 John A Miles Cathodic protection regulator
US2805191A (en) * 1952-01-16 1957-09-03 Int Nickel Co Oxygen analysis of gases

Cited By (26)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2998371A (en) * 1958-05-09 1961-08-29 Bruce Dohrmann Control system
US2982714A (en) * 1958-05-09 1961-05-02 Rolland C Sabins Electrolytic system
US3169105A (en) * 1958-11-10 1965-02-09 Exxon Research Engineering Co Corrosion-erosion-cavitation protection for marine propellers
US3182007A (en) * 1958-12-01 1965-05-04 Continental Oil Co Electrode assembly for the anodic passivation of metals
US3126328A (en) * 1958-12-01 1964-03-24 Electrolytic bridge assembly for
US3127337A (en) * 1958-12-01 1964-03-31 Anodic passivation system
US3257293A (en) * 1959-04-03 1966-06-21 Commissariat Energie Atomique Process and apparatus for controlling a counter-current electromigration installation
US3072557A (en) * 1959-11-09 1963-01-08 Gentron R Electrolytic recovery apparatus
US3208925A (en) * 1960-01-07 1965-09-28 Continental Oil Co Anodic protection against corrosion
US3152057A (en) * 1961-03-09 1964-10-06 Continental Oil Co Electrolytic bridge assembly
US3132081A (en) * 1961-04-28 1964-05-05 Gen Electric Cathodic protection for water storage tanks
US3223604A (en) * 1962-05-25 1965-12-14 Union Oil Co Method and apparatus for eliminating spark hazards
US3374162A (en) * 1962-08-21 1968-03-19 Rubelmann Haydn Control unit for automatic cathodic protection
US3362900A (en) * 1962-10-17 1968-01-09 Hull Protectors Inc System for cathodically protecting a structure
US3351545A (en) * 1962-12-22 1967-11-07 Contre La Corrosion Soc Et Device for checking cathodic protection
US3330751A (en) * 1963-05-20 1967-07-11 Lockheed Aircraft Corp Cathodic protection circuit including diode means
US3377263A (en) * 1964-09-14 1968-04-09 Philco Ford Corp Electrical system for etching a tunnel diode
US4138323A (en) * 1976-09-29 1979-02-06 Statsenko Nikolai N Apparatus for anodic protection against corrosion of metal objects in contact with electrically conductive media
FR2426094A1 (fr) * 1978-05-15 1979-12-14 Orszagos Koolaj Gazipari Circuit de prolongation de la duree de service d'une electrode servant d'anode
US4639677A (en) * 1982-01-04 1987-01-27 Shell Oil Company Cathodic protection monitoring system
US4705617A (en) * 1983-05-06 1987-11-10 Sensormedics Corporation Apparatus for deplating cutaneous gas sensors
US4917775A (en) * 1984-10-30 1990-04-17 Outokumpu Oy Method for measuring and adjusting electrochemical potential and/or component content in the process of treating valuable materials
US8057651B1 (en) * 2008-05-15 2011-11-15 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Electrochemical sensor with nano-wire array
WO2009157816A1 (en) * 2008-06-25 2009-12-30 Ab Volvo Penta An auxiliary device, a marine surface vessel, and a method for corrosion protection in a marine construction
US20110083973A1 (en) * 2008-06-25 2011-04-14 Ab Volvo Penta Auxiliary device, a marine surface vessel, and a method for corrosion protection in a marine construction
US8298397B2 (en) 2008-06-25 2012-10-30 Ab Volvo Penta Auxiliary device, a marine surface vessel, and a method for corrosion protection in a marine construction

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE1156626B (de) 1963-10-31
DE1154331B (de) 1963-09-12
NL109089C (ko) 1964-03-16
NL219618A (ko)

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