US3330751A - Cathodic protection circuit including diode means - Google Patents

Cathodic protection circuit including diode means Download PDF

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US3330751A
US3330751A US281577A US28157763A US3330751A US 3330751 A US3330751 A US 3330751A US 281577 A US281577 A US 281577A US 28157763 A US28157763 A US 28157763A US 3330751 A US3330751 A US 3330751A
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electrolyte
electrode
cathodic protection
diode means
series
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US281577A
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Stanley D Warner
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Lockheed Martin Corp
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Lockheed Aircraft Corp
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING 
    • B63B59/00—Hull protection specially adapted for vessels; Cleaning devices specially adapted for vessels
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23F—NON-MECHANICAL REMOVAL OF METALLIC MATERIAL FROM SURFACE; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL; MULTI-STEP PROCESSES FOR SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL INVOLVING AT LEAST ONE PROCESS PROVIDED FOR IN CLASS C23 AND AT LEAST ONE PROCESS COVERED BY SUBCLASS C21D OR C22F OR CLASS C25
    • C23F13/00—Inhibiting corrosion of metals by anodic or cathodic protection
    • C23F13/02—Inhibiting corrosion of metals by anodic or cathodic protection cathodic; Selection of conditions, parameters or procedures for cathodic protection, e.g. of electrical conditions
    • C23F13/04—Controlling or regulating desired parameters
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23F—NON-MECHANICAL REMOVAL OF METALLIC MATERIAL FROM SURFACE; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL; MULTI-STEP PROCESSES FOR SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL INVOLVING AT LEAST ONE PROCESS PROVIDED FOR IN CLASS C23 AND AT LEAST ONE PROCESS COVERED BY SUBCLASS C21D OR C22F OR CLASS C25
    • C23F13/00—Inhibiting corrosion of metals by anodic or cathodic protection
    • C23F13/02—Inhibiting corrosion of metals by anodic or cathodic protection cathodic; Selection of conditions, parameters or procedures for cathodic protection, e.g. of electrical conditions
    • C23F13/06—Constructional parts, or assemblies of cathodic-protection apparatus
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23F—NON-MECHANICAL REMOVAL OF METALLIC MATERIAL FROM SURFACE; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL; MULTI-STEP PROCESSES FOR SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL INVOLVING AT LEAST ONE PROCESS PROVIDED FOR IN CLASS C23 AND AT LEAST ONE PROCESS COVERED BY SUBCLASS C21D OR C22F OR CLASS C25
    • C23F13/00—Inhibiting corrosion of metals by anodic or cathodic protection
    • C23F13/02—Inhibiting corrosion of metals by anodic or cathodic protection cathodic; Selection of conditions, parameters or procedures for cathodic protection, e.g. of electrical conditions
    • C23F13/06—Constructional parts, or assemblies of cathodic-protection apparatus
    • C23F13/08—Electrodes specially adapted for inhibiting corrosion by cathodic protection; Manufacture thereof; Conducting electric current thereto
    • C23F13/20—Conducting electric current to electrodes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23F—NON-MECHANICAL REMOVAL OF METALLIC MATERIAL FROM SURFACE; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL; MULTI-STEP PROCESSES FOR SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL INVOLVING AT LEAST ONE PROCESS PROVIDED FOR IN CLASS C23 AND AT LEAST ONE PROCESS COVERED BY SUBCLASS C21D OR C22F OR CLASS C25
    • C23F2213/00—Aspects of inhibiting corrosion of metals by anodic or cathodic protection
    • C23F2213/30—Anodic or cathodic protection specially adapted for a specific object
    • C23F2213/31—Immersed structures, e.g. submarine structures
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
    • E02B17/00—Artificial islands mounted on piles or like supports, e.g. platforms on raisable legs or offshore constructions; Construction methods therefor
    • E02B17/0017—Means for protecting offshore constructions
    • E02B17/0026—Means for protecting offshore constructions against corrosion

Definitions

  • the corrosion problem exists not as a typical galvanic cell, but wherever a metal is wetted by an electrolyte, whether a liquid or gas, and the earth is wetted by the same electrolyte.
  • Cathodic protection makes use of the fact that metals may be arranged in the familiar voltaic or electro-chemical series, the position of any given metal in the series being determined by the direction of flow of current through the electrolyte from that metal to any other in the series, when the two metals are connected exteriorly of the electrolyte.
  • the metals higher in the series are regarded as electro-positive or anodic with respect to the others and the metals lower in the series are regarded as electro-negative or cathodic.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide cathodic protection without the need for external power.
  • a further object of the present invention is to provide automatically controlled cathodic protection utilizing sacrificial anodes.
  • a further object of the invention is to provide accurate and uniform polarization control which eliminates the need for manual adjustment.
  • FIGURE 1 is a schematic representation of the invention.
  • FIGURE 2 is a schematic representation of a specific embodiment of the invention.
  • FIGURE 3 is a schematic variation of the embodiment shown in FIGURE 2.
  • the invention may be broadly regarded as comprising a constant voltage device connected in series with the surface to be protected, the sacrificial anode and the electrolyte. Variations of the invention may include various series and/or parallel connections of constant voltage devices, with or without amplifiers and reference cells.
  • FIGURE 1 shows the invention in its basic or simplest form.
  • A- metal surface 1 such as a ships hull which is to be protected is immersed in a liquid or electrolyte.
  • the ships hull corrodes due to the electron loss to the electrolyte or sea water to the earth or ocean bottom in this case.
  • This electrolytic action is reversed in cathodic systems by utilizing a metal which is anodic or higher in the electrochemical series.
  • a sacrificial anode 2 is electrically connected to the metal surface 1 through a constant voltage drop device 3.
  • the metal surface becomes cathodic, and erosion of the surface by electron loss ceases.
  • the metal In order for the metal surface to be fully protected from corrosive electron loss, the metal must be maintained cathodic or slightly negative with respect to the so-called polarization voltage.
  • the polarization voltage is around 600 mv. Therefore, in series path of FIG. 1 the metal of the sacrificial anode and the selection of the constant voltage drop device will determine the range of potential within which the cathode surface is maintained.
  • the magnesium anode and the silicon diode provides a range of about 810 to 850 mv. in the cathode potential.
  • Other anode materials may be utilized or other diodes taken single or in series and/ or parallel combinations may be used to provide other ranges of cathode potential.
  • the cathode potential is maintained essentially constant.
  • the galvanic voltage from the sacrificial anode due to the electro-chemical action provides the DC. power for polarization without the need of a separate external power source.
  • the sacrificial anode in FIGS. 1 and 2 functions as a sensing or reference anode as well as the polarizing anode.
  • the inventive concept is illustrated in connection with a reference cell such as the well-known silver-silver chloride cell.
  • a reference cell such as the well-known silver-silver chloride cell.
  • a constant voltage drop device 23 is connected in series with the reference cell 24 and the input to a transistor amplifier 25.
  • the potential of the reference cell with respect to the steel hull 21 is essentially uniform. Since the voltage applied to the amplifier input is the difference between the uniform cell potential and the constant voltage drop across the diodes 23, then it is believed apparent that this difiference will be constant or effectively regulated and the amplifier output will be highly stabilized and uniform.
  • the major advantage of this system as compared to FIGS. 1 and 2 is the superior reference cell (Ag-AgCl) and the resulting improvement in the accuracy with which the desired polarization potential can be maintained.
  • an electrolytic system for cathodic protection of the type which includes an electrolyte, an electrode adapted to be immersed in the electrolyte, a cathode structure to be protected adapted to be immersed in the elecrolyte, said electrode being formed of a material higher in the electrochemical series than said structure, diode means having a consultant voltage drop conductively connected between said electrode and said structure, said system consisting solely of the series connection of said electrode, said constant voltage device, said structure and the electrolyte whereby a substantially constant polarization potential is developed between said electrode and said structure.
  • said electrode is a magnesium sacrificial anode.
  • an electrolytic system for cathodic protection of the type which includes an electrolyte, the combination comprising a structure to be protected adapted to be immersed in the electrolyte, a sacrificial anode adapted to be immersed in the electrolyte, a reference electrode adapted to be immersed in the electrolyte, a diode means having a constant voltage drop, an amplifier means including a portion of said amplifier for connecting said diode means between said structure and said reference electrode, means including a second portion of said amplifier for connecting said anode to said structure.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
  • Prevention Of Electric Corrosion (AREA)

Description

July 11, 1967 s. D. WARNER 3,
CATHODIC PROTECTION CIRCUIT INCLUDING DIODE MEANS Filed May 20, 1965 SACFHFICIAL sgfifigg PROTECTED ANODE DROP DEVICE -2 e MAGNESIUM SHIPS ANODE HULL \2 DIODE 3 sEA WATER ,V
EARTH\/ MAGNESIUM g g ANODE N22 A.- V A; V 9 2| l/ l/ l\ \l\ 2 lvlvlvl'L INVENTOR.
STANLEY D. WARNER Agent United States Patent Orifice 3,330,751 Patented July 11, 1967 3,330,751 CATHODIC PROTECTION CIRCUIT INCLUDING DIODE MEANS Stanley D. Warner, Upland, Calif., assignor to Lockheed Aircraft Corporation, Los Angeles, Calif. Filed May 20, 1963, Ser. No. 281,577 4 Claims. (Cl. 204-196) This invention relates to cathodic protection systems and more particularly to an automatically controlled sacrificial anode anticorrosion system.
Corrosive effects which occur due to electrolytic action when two dissimilar metals are immersed in an electrolyte are well-known. Prior protective systems to counteract the corrosive effects have been of two basic types, viz., sacrificial anode and impressed current or combinations of these two. The present invention is concerned primarily with the former type.
Generally, the corrosion problem exists not as a typical galvanic cell, but wherever a metal is wetted by an electrolyte, whether a liquid or gas, and the earth is wetted by the same electrolyte. Cathodic protection makes use of the fact that metals may be arranged in the familiar voltaic or electro-chemical series, the position of any given metal in the series being determined by the direction of flow of current through the electrolyte from that metal to any other in the series, when the two metals are connected exteriorly of the electrolyte. The metals higher in the series are regarded as electro-positive or anodic with respect to the others and the metals lower in the series are regarded as electro-negative or cathodic.
An object of the present invention is to provide cathodic protection without the need for external power.
A further object of the present invention is to provide automatically controlled cathodic protection utilizing sacrificial anodes.
A further object of the invention is to provide accurate and uniform polarization control which eliminates the need for manual adjustment.
These and other related objects will become more apparent from the following detailed description when taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIGURE 1 is a schematic representation of the invention.
FIGURE 2 is a schematic representation of a specific embodiment of the invention.
FIGURE 3 is a schematic variation of the embodiment shown in FIGURE 2.
The invention may be broadly regarded as comprising a constant voltage device connected in series with the surface to be protected, the sacrificial anode and the electrolyte. Variations of the invention may include various series and/or parallel connections of constant voltage devices, with or without amplifiers and reference cells.
With reference now to the drawings, FIGURE 1 shows the invention in its basic or simplest form. A- metal surface 1 such as a ships hull which is to be protected is immersed in a liquid or electrolyte. In the absence of cathodic protection, the ships hull corrodes due to the electron loss to the electrolyte or sea water to the earth or ocean bottom in this case. This electrolytic action is reversed in cathodic systems by utilizing a metal which is anodic or higher in the electrochemical series. In FIG. 1 a sacrificial anode 2 is electrically connected to the metal surface 1 through a constant voltage drop device 3. As a result the metal surface becomes cathodic, and erosion of the surface by electron loss ceases.
In order for the metal surface to be fully protected from corrosive electron loss, the metal must be maintained cathodic or slightly negative with respect to the so-called polarization voltage. For steel, as an example, the polarization voltage is around 600 mv. Therefore, in series path of FIG. 1 the metal of the sacrificial anode and the selection of the constant voltage drop device will determine the range of potential within which the cathode surface is maintained.
For illustration purposes and with reference to FIG. 2, the magnesium anode and the silicon diode provides a range of about 810 to 850 mv. in the cathode potential. Other anode materials may be utilized or other diodes taken single or in series and/ or parallel combinations may be used to provide other ranges of cathode potential.
The uniqueness and simplicity of the invention should be readily apparent. By utilizing a constant voltage drop device the cathode potential is maintained essentially constant. The galvanic voltage from the sacrificial anode due to the electro-chemical action provides the DC. power for polarization without the need of a separate external power source. In addition the sacrificial anode in FIGS. 1 and 2 functions as a sensing or reference anode as well as the polarizing anode.
Now with reference to FIG. 3, the inventive concept is illustrated in connection with a reference cell such as the well-known silver-silver chloride cell. In this case a constant voltage drop device 23 is connected in series with the reference cell 24 and the input to a transistor amplifier 25. It is to be understood that other conventional reference cells may be utilized. The potential of the reference cell with respect to the steel hull 21 is essentially uniform. Since the voltage applied to the amplifier input is the difference between the uniform cell potential and the constant voltage drop across the diodes 23, then it is believed apparent that this difiference will be constant or effectively regulated and the amplifier output will be highly stabilized and uniform. Thus, a protective potential exists between the sacrificial type magnesium anode 22 and the steel hull 21 such that no corrosion takes place on the cathodic hull. As with FIGURES 1 and 2, the potentials utilized are generated within the cathodic system itself by chemical action eliminating the need for an external power source.
The major advantage of this system as compared to FIGS. 1 and 2 is the superior reference cell (Ag-AgCl) and the resulting improvement in the accuracy with which the desired polarization potential can be maintained.
While specific embodiments of the invention have been shown and described it should be understood that certain alterations, modifications and substitutions may be made to the instant disclosure without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
What is claimed is:
1. In an electrolytic system for cathodic protection of the type which includes an electrolyte, an electrode adapted to be immersed in the electrolyte, a cathode structure to be protected adapted to be immersed in the elecrolyte, said electrode being formed of a material higher in the electrochemical series than said structure, diode means having a consultant voltage drop conductively connected between said electrode and said structure, said system consisting solely of the series connection of said electrode, said constant voltage device, said structure and the electrolyte whereby a substantially constant polarization potential is developed between said electrode and said structure.
2. The electrolytic system as defined in claim 1,
wherein said electrode is a magnesium sacrificial anode.
3. In an electrolytic system for cathodic protection of the type which includes an electrolyte, the combination comprising a structure to be protected adapted to be immersed in the electrolyte, a sacrificial anode adapted to be immersed in the electrolyte, a reference electrode adapted to be immersed in the electrolyte, a diode means having a constant voltage drop, an amplifier means including a portion of said amplifier for connecting said diode means between said structure and said reference electrode, means including a second portion of said amplifier for connecting said anode to said structure.
4. An electrolytic system as defined by claim 3 wherein the reference electrode is of the silver-silver chloride type and the amplifier is a transistor amplifier.
Sands 204231 Blake et a1. 136100 Andrus 204196 Sabins 204-197 Moore 32225 Sabins 204-496 Bradley 204196 Ruetschi 320-13 Holm et a1.
Fischer 204-196 Husock 204196 Oster.
Ballard.
Byrne 204-4196 JOHN H. MACK, Primary Examiner.
20 T. H. TUNG, Assistant Examiner.

Claims (1)

1. IN AN ELECTROLYTIC SYSTEM FOR CATHODIC PROTECTION OF THE TYPE WHICH INCLUDES AN ELECTROLYTE, AN ELECTRODE ADAPTED TO BE IMMERSED IN THE ELECTROLYTE, A CATHODE STRUCTURE TO BE PROTECTED ADAPTED TO BE IMMERSED IN THE ELECTROLYTE, SAID ELECTRODE BEING FORMED OF A MATERIAL HIGHER IN THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES THAN SAID STRUCTURE, DIODE MEANS HAVING A CONSULTANT VOLTAGE DROP CONDUCTIVELY CONNECTED BETWEEN SAID ELECTRODE AND SAID STRUCTURE, SAID SYSTEM CONSISTING SOLELY OF THE SERIES CONNECTION OF SAID ELECTRODE, SAID CONSTANT VOLTAGE DEVICE, SAID STRUCTURE AND THE ELECTROLYTE WHEREBY A SUBSTANTIALLY CONSTANT POLARIZATION POTENTIAL IS DEVELOPED BETWEEN SAID ELECTRODE AND SAID STRUCTURE.
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Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4226694A (en) * 1976-08-16 1980-10-07 Texas Instruments Incorporated Cathodic protection system for a motor vehicle
US4381981A (en) * 1980-12-17 1983-05-03 S. A. Texaco Belgium N.V. Sacrificial cathodic protection system
US4437957A (en) 1982-05-03 1984-03-20 Freeman Industries, Inc. Cathodic or anodic protection system and method for independently protecting different regions of a structure
US4486181A (en) * 1982-04-05 1984-12-04 Outboard Marine Corporation Marine propulsion device including thrust bushing anode
US4549949A (en) * 1984-06-07 1985-10-29 Outboard Marine Corporation Marine propulsion device including cathodic protection
US4932795A (en) * 1988-11-10 1990-06-12 Outboard Marine Corporation Electrically conductive plastic bushings for marine propulsion devices
US5350494A (en) * 1992-04-07 1994-09-27 Franciscus Brummelhuis Arrangement for cathodic protection
US6562206B2 (en) 2001-05-31 2003-05-13 Johnson Outdoors Inc. Anode assembly

Citations (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2584816A (en) * 1948-08-17 1952-02-05 Matthew L Sands Electroplating control system
US2699459A (en) * 1953-09-22 1955-01-11 Burgess Battery Co Primary cell
US2752308A (en) * 1952-08-18 1956-06-26 Smith Corp A O Cathodically protected water storage tank with safety shutoff
US2826543A (en) * 1955-01-31 1958-03-11 Standard Magnesium Corp Mounting means for cathodic protection anodes
US2912635A (en) * 1956-11-01 1959-11-10 Ford Motor Co Electrical regulator device for generators
US2918420A (en) * 1956-08-06 1959-12-22 Sabins Dohrmann Inc Electrolytic system
US3020216A (en) * 1959-01-15 1962-02-06 Richard D Bradley Process for protection against electrolytic corrosion of vessel hulls and the like in fresh water
US3085186A (en) * 1961-08-23 1963-04-09 Electric Storage Battery Co Silver-zinc battery and method for obtaining a substantially flat voltage discharge curve
US3121837A (en) * 1960-04-28 1964-02-18 Ford Motor Co Electrical generator regulator
US3135677A (en) * 1961-02-02 1964-06-02 Thermo Craft Electric Corp Durable anode protective system
US3143670A (en) * 1962-04-11 1964-08-04 Harco Corp Self-regulating cathodic protection system
US3215923A (en) * 1961-12-07 1965-11-02 Ford Motor Co Warning signal circuit for an alternator
US3217229A (en) * 1962-05-08 1965-11-09 Lyttleton W Ballard Alternator current and voltage control
US3242064A (en) * 1960-02-29 1966-03-22 Engelhard Ind Inc Cathodic protection system

Patent Citations (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2584816A (en) * 1948-08-17 1952-02-05 Matthew L Sands Electroplating control system
US2752308A (en) * 1952-08-18 1956-06-26 Smith Corp A O Cathodically protected water storage tank with safety shutoff
US2699459A (en) * 1953-09-22 1955-01-11 Burgess Battery Co Primary cell
US2826543A (en) * 1955-01-31 1958-03-11 Standard Magnesium Corp Mounting means for cathodic protection anodes
US2918420A (en) * 1956-08-06 1959-12-22 Sabins Dohrmann Inc Electrolytic system
US2912635A (en) * 1956-11-01 1959-11-10 Ford Motor Co Electrical regulator device for generators
US3020216A (en) * 1959-01-15 1962-02-06 Richard D Bradley Process for protection against electrolytic corrosion of vessel hulls and the like in fresh water
US3242064A (en) * 1960-02-29 1966-03-22 Engelhard Ind Inc Cathodic protection system
US3121837A (en) * 1960-04-28 1964-02-18 Ford Motor Co Electrical generator regulator
US3135677A (en) * 1961-02-02 1964-06-02 Thermo Craft Electric Corp Durable anode protective system
US3085186A (en) * 1961-08-23 1963-04-09 Electric Storage Battery Co Silver-zinc battery and method for obtaining a substantially flat voltage discharge curve
US3215923A (en) * 1961-12-07 1965-11-02 Ford Motor Co Warning signal circuit for an alternator
US3143670A (en) * 1962-04-11 1964-08-04 Harco Corp Self-regulating cathodic protection system
US3217229A (en) * 1962-05-08 1965-11-09 Lyttleton W Ballard Alternator current and voltage control

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4226694A (en) * 1976-08-16 1980-10-07 Texas Instruments Incorporated Cathodic protection system for a motor vehicle
US4381981A (en) * 1980-12-17 1983-05-03 S. A. Texaco Belgium N.V. Sacrificial cathodic protection system
US4486181A (en) * 1982-04-05 1984-12-04 Outboard Marine Corporation Marine propulsion device including thrust bushing anode
US4437957A (en) 1982-05-03 1984-03-20 Freeman Industries, Inc. Cathodic or anodic protection system and method for independently protecting different regions of a structure
US4549949A (en) * 1984-06-07 1985-10-29 Outboard Marine Corporation Marine propulsion device including cathodic protection
US4932795A (en) * 1988-11-10 1990-06-12 Outboard Marine Corporation Electrically conductive plastic bushings for marine propulsion devices
US5350494A (en) * 1992-04-07 1994-09-27 Franciscus Brummelhuis Arrangement for cathodic protection
US6562206B2 (en) 2001-05-31 2003-05-13 Johnson Outdoors Inc. Anode assembly

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