US2915575A

US2915575A - Method and apparatus for prolonging life of thermocouples

Info

Publication number: US2915575A
Application number: US596734A
Authority: US
Inventors: John M Thomas
Original assignee: Hoskins Manufacturing Co
Current assignee: HOSKINS ALLOYS LLC
Priority date: 1956-07-09
Filing date: 1956-07-09
Publication date: 1959-12-01
Anticipated expiration: 1976-12-01

Description

Dec 1, 1959 J. M. THOMAS METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PR OLONGING LIFE 0F TI-IERMOCOUPLES Filed July 9, 1956 INVENTOR.

s/0///V M. 71404446 METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PROLONGING V LIFE OF THERMOCOUPLES Application July 9, 1956, Serial No. 596,734

11 Claims. (Cl. 136-4) This invention relates to thermocouples and more particularly to a method and apparatus for prolonging the life of Chromel-Alumel thermocouples.

One of the most commonly used types of thermocouples are those madeof wire knowncommercially as Chromel- Alumel. Chromel is an alloy having a nominal composition of 90% nickel and 10% chromium. Alumel is an'alloy having a nominal composition of 2% aluminum, 3% manganese, 1% silicon and the balance nickel.

Thermocouples made of Chromel-Alumel are quite stable in clean oxidizingatmospheres such asnormal atmospheric air. However, good thermocouple practice requires the use of a protection tube in liquids, corrosive gases or in locations where physical damage may occur due to rough handling.

A good protection tube closed at the exposed end would seem to guarantee maintenance of an accurate thermocouple under any set of conditions that would not destroy the tube, but, unfortunately, this has not always been true. One of the most common sources of trouble has been the residual foreign matter inside the tube which becomes corrosive when heated. One recommended practice to eliminate this trouble has been to burn out all tubes prior to use by soaking in a high temperature furnace. However, even when this precaution is taken, a serious problem still remains. In many cases where the protection tube has a substantially high length-to-diameter ratio, a very appreciable error occurs. This error is in the nature of a decrease in the thermal of the Chromel alloy in the critical temperature range of approximately 1500" to 1900 F.

It is an object of this invention to provide a method and an apparatus for eliminating the error usually encountered in using Chromel-Alumel thermocouples enclosed in protection tubes. Accordingly, it is a further object of the invention to substantially increase the life of the Chromel-Alumel thermocouples.

Heretofore, this error in the nature of a decrease in the E.M.F. produced when thermocouples of the type described have been used in protection tubes has been attributed to diffusion of hydrogen from the furnace atmosphere through the tube wall to create alternate oxidizing and reducing conditions. Tests have shown, however, that although diffusion of hydrogen may contribute to this error, it is not the real source of the difiiculty.

Numerous tests have been conducted which define the basic problem as one involving the preferential oxidation of the chromium from the Chromel wire in the low oxygen pressure atmosphere produced in a closely confined tube. It has been discovered that in an atmosphere where the oxygen content is below about 20%, the chromium oxidizes in preference to the nickel and this oxidation is not merely on the surface but diffuses into the wire along the grain boundaries. Thus, after prolonged oxidation, the composition of the wire changes so that actually two phases are present, one phase consisting of the high nickel alloy and the other of chromium oxide particles along the grain boundaries. Thus, since the composition is no United States Patent I 2,915,515 Patented Dec. 1, 1959 2 longer nickel and 10% chromium, and since when the chromium content drops to less than 10%, the also drops rapidly, a serious error is introduced.

In view of these facts, it is obvious that this problem is of particular importance when the thermocouple is used with an inadequate air supply (as in a tube with the cold end partially or totally closed or in a long narrow tube especially if insulators fill most of the tube). With an inadequate supply of air, the oxygen is depleted by normal oxidation of the thermocouple wire and the inner surface of the protection tube. Under these conditions, the oxygen reaches a critical low partial pressure fairly rapidly and then inter-granular oxidation of the Chromel wire begins. Tests have shown that when the tube is completely sealed, the oxidizing action can be supported by oxidation of the chromium from the Chromel wire in protection tubes where there is an inadequate supply of air, I found that this very troublesome problem could be substantially eliminated if all the oxygen is excluded from the tube such as by evacuation or purging; and, further,

if a getter, a material having a stronger affinity to oxygen than the chromium, is incorporated in the protection tube. Titanium, for example, has a stronger affinity for oxygen than the chromium and very good results have been attained by using a strip of titanium in the protection tube.

A thermocouple assembly in accordance with the present invention is illustrated in the drawings wherein Fig. 1 shows the general arrangement of the thermocouple within the protection tube, and Fig. 2 is a sectional view along the lines 2-2 in Fig. 1.

In Fig. 1, the protection tube which may be of a nonoxidizing metal such as Inconel (15% chromium7% iron-balance nickel) or stainless steel or a ceramic protection tube is indicated at 10. The thermocouple 12 connected to the terminal block 14 comprises a Chromel Wire 16 and an Alumel Wire 18 welded together at the junction 20. The

wires

16 and 18 are threaded through insulators 22 and are sealed in tube 10 in any suitable manner by means of air tight sealing member 24. The getter 26 is in the form of a strip of titanium or the like in the form of wire, ribbon, etc. that provides an extended surface very susceptible to oxidation. With the arrangement discussed herein, it has been found that the life of Chromel-Alumel thermocouples can be prolonged almost indefinitely. Best results have been obtained when the tube is evacuated and hermetically sealed and a strip of getter material, preferably titanium, is placed in' the tube.

I claim:

1. The method of prolonging the life of a thermocouple one element of which comprises a nickel-chromium alloy which comprises sealing the thermocouple in a protection tube formed of a relatively non-oxidizing material and incorporating in the tube a quantity of material that oxidizes more readily than chromium.

2. The method of prolonging the life of a thermocouple one element of which comprises a nickel-chromium alloy which comprises sealing the thermocouple in a protection tube formed of a relatively non-oxidizing material and maintaining the atmosphere within the tube substantially free of oxygen by incorporating in the tube a quantity of material that oxidizes a more readily than chromium.

3. The method of prolonging the life of a thermocouple one element of which comprises a nickel-chromium alloy which comprises sealing the thermocouple in a protection tube formed of a relatively non-oxidizing material and preventing the oxygen within the tube from reacting with the chromium in the thermocouple element by incorporating in the tube a quantity of material that oxidizes more readily than chromium.

4. The method of prolonging the life of a thermocouple one element of which comprises a nickel-chromium alloy which comprises sealing the thermocouple in a protection tube having a relatively non-oxidizing inner surface and incorporating in the tube a strip of titanium.

5. The method of prolonging the life of a thermocouple one element of which comprises a nickel-chromium alloy which comprises arranging the thermocouple within a protection tube formed of a relatively non-oxidizing material, removing the oxygen from the atmosphere within the tube, incorporating in the tube a quantity of material that oxidizes more readily than chromium and thereafter hermetically sealing the tube.

6. The method called for in claim 5 wherein the oxygen is removed from the tube by evacuating the tube.

7. The method called for in claim 5 wherein the oxygen is removed from the tube by purging the tube with an inert gas.

8. A thermocouple assembly comprising a thermocouple sealed within a protection tube formed of a relatively non-oxidizing material, said thermocouple being of the type wherein one of the elements comprises a nickelchromium alloy, said tube also containing a quantity of material that oxidizes more readily than chromium.

9. A thermocouple assembly comprising a thermocouple sealed within a protection tube formed of a I613:-

mears i...

4- tively non-oxidizing material, said thermocouple'being of the type wherein one of the elements comprises a nickel-chromium alloy, said tube also containing a strip of titanium.

10. A thermocouple assembly comprising a thermocouple hermetically sealed within a protection tube formed of a relatively non-oxidizing material from which substantially all the oxygen has been removed, said thermocouple being of the type wherein one of the elements comprises a nickel-chromium alloy, said tube also containing a quantity of material that oxidizes more readily than chromium.

11. A thermocouple assembly comprising a thermocouple hermetically sealed within an evacuated protection tube formed of a relatively non-oxidizing material, said thermocouple being of the type wherein one of the elements comprises a nickel-chromium alloy, said tube also containing a strip of titanium.

References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,422,672 Coghlan July 11, 1922 2,012,465 Godecke Aug. 27, 1935 2,173,259 Lederer Sept. 19, 1939 2,371,288 Frownfelter Mar. 13, 1945 2,381,819 Graves et al Aug. 7, 1945 2,415,187 Moore Feb. 4, 1947 2,493,659 Dorgelo Jan. 3, 1950 2,802,894 Schneider et a1 Aug. 13, 1957

Claims

1. THE METHOD OF PROLONGING THE LIFE OF A THERMOCOUPLE ONE ELEMENT OF WHICH COMPRISES A NICKEL-CHROMIUM ALLOY WHICH COMPRISES SEALING THE THERMOCOUPLE IN A PROTECTION TUBE FORMED OF A RELATIVELY NON-OXIDIZING MA-