US2867532A - Wear resistant alloy steel - Google Patents
Wear resistant alloy steel Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US2867532A US2867532A US634408A US63440857A US2867532A US 2867532 A US2867532 A US 2867532A US 634408 A US634408 A US 634408A US 63440857 A US63440857 A US 63440857A US 2867532 A US2867532 A US 2867532A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- steel
- alloy steel
- wear resistant
- resistant alloy
- vanadium
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 229910000851 Alloy steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 7
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 25
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 25
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 12
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000001247 metal acetylides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910001339 C alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001208 Crucible steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000760 Hardened steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000677 High-carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011449 brick Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000734 martensite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000844 transformation Methods 0.000 description 1
- NWONKYPBYAMBJT-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc sulfate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O NWONKYPBYAMBJT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/24—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with vanadium
Definitions
- This invention pertains to a high carbon alloy steel containing as essential constituents chromium, vanadium and molybdenum in proportions such as to impart wear resistance and high hardenability to relatively thick sections upon air cooling from the austenitizing temperature range.
- the steel of the invention also preferably contains a small amount of tungsten.
- the object of this invention is to provide a forgeable wear resistant steel to be used for blanking dies, drawing dies, thread rolling dies, mandrels, burnishing tools, gauges, brick mold liners, sand slinger liners, and the like.
- a further object is to provide a wear resistant steel of high hardenability so that fairly large sections can be hardened adequately by an air cool from a suitable austenitizing temperature.
- the steel of this invention is based on the use of high carbon from about 1.65 to 2.75% along with fairly high vanadium, from about 2.0 to 5.0%, to provide a large quantity of hard, abrasion-resistant residual carbides in the microstructure of the hardened steel.
- high carbon from about 1.65 to 2.75% along with fairly high vanadium, from about 2.0 to 5.0%
- chromium is used from more than up to about 6.5%, and molybdenum from about 1.75 to 5.0%, along with the carbon and vanadium mentioned above.
- tungsten is preferably added in amount up to about 1.5%, the lowest effective limit being about 0.25%.
- the manganese in the steel i usually held within the range 0.20 to 1.00%; and silicon generally from 0.20 to 1.50%.
- the steel as annealed is ordinarily difiicult to machine because of the large quantities of fairly massive alloy carbides in the structure, we may use up to 0.50% sulfur as an addition to the steel, the sulfur being added either as the element itself, or in the form of a compound with other elements which enter the steel during the melting.
- the balance of the steel is substantially or all iron.
- the published schedule for the particular size bar the cooling of which is being simulated.
- the published cooling schedules for large bars may be applied only to steels in which no transformation other than the martensite reaction occurs because it is known that the exothermic reaction accompanying high temperature transformations would appreciably alter the cooling schedule.
- Bars 8828, 8829, and 3350 represent commercial air hardentug die steels. Bars 3688 and 3238 are steels of this invention.
- the steel of this invention is quite resistant to softening at temperatures up to 900 F. and maintains a hardness of C 60 or higher when tempered cumulatively for two hours at temperatures from 500 to 900 F.
- the steel of this invention is forgeable, we may also use it as castings if design and service of, the part make casting a more economical procedure.
- a forgeable and wear resistant alloy steel containing about: 1.65 to 2.75% carbon, from more than 5% to 6.5% chromium, 2 to 5% vanadium, 1.75% to 5% molybdenum, up to 1% manganese, up to 1.5 silicon, up to 1.5% tungsten, up to 0.5% sulfur, and the balance substantially iron, characterized in being hardenable to a minimum of C 62 Rockwell in sections up to about four inches round, on air cooling from about 1800 F.
- An alloy steel consisting of about: 1.65 to 2.75% carbon, from more than 5% to 6.5% chromium, 2 to 5% vanadium, 1.75 to 5% molybdenum, up to 1% manganese, up to 1.5% silicon, up to 0.5 sulfur, up to 1.5 tungsten, and the balance iron.
- a forgeable and wear resistant alloy steel containing about: 2.1 to 2.5% carbon, 5.25 to 5.75% chromium, 3.25 to 4.25% vanadium, 2.0 to 3.5% molybdenum, 0.25
- An alloy steel consisting of about: 2.1 to 2.5% carbon, 5.25 to 6% chromium, 3.25 to 4.25% vanadium, 2.0 to 3.5% molybdenum, 0.25 to 1% tungsten, 0.2 to 1% manganese, 0.2 to 1.5% silicon, up to 0.5% sulfur, and the balance iron.
Description
ice
WEAR RESISTANT ALLOY STEEL Peter Payson and David I. Dilworth, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa.,
assignors to Crucible Steel Company of America, Pittsburgh, Pa., a corporation of New. Jersey N Drawing. Application January 16-, 1957 Serial No. 634,408
6 Claims. (Cl. 75-126) This invention pertains to a high carbon alloy steel containing as essential constituents chromium, vanadium and molybdenum in proportions such as to impart wear resistance and high hardenability to relatively thick sections upon air cooling from the austenitizing temperature range. For improving forgeability the steel of the invention also preferably contains a small amount of tungsten.
The object of this invention is to provide a forgeable wear resistant steel to be used for blanking dies, drawing dies, thread rolling dies, mandrels, burnishing tools, gauges, brick mold liners, sand slinger liners, and the like. A further object is to provide a wear resistant steel of high hardenability so that fairly large sections can be hardened adequately by an air cool from a suitable austenitizing temperature.
The steel of this invention is based on the use of high carbon from about 1.65 to 2.75% along with fairly high vanadium, from about 2.0 to 5.0%, to provide a large quantity of hard, abrasion-resistant residual carbides in the microstructure of the hardened steel. To provide adequate hardenability in the steel so that sections as large as three inches, and even four inches, thick, may be hardened to a minimum of Rockwell C 62 on air cooling from a suitable austenitizing temperature, say 1800 F., chromium is used from more than up to about 6.5%, and molybdenum from about 1.75 to 5.0%, along with the carbon and vanadium mentioned above. For improving forgeability tungsten is preferably added in amount up to about 1.5%, the lowest effective limit being about 0.25%.
The broad and preferred ranges of these elements in the steel of this invention are as follows:
The manganese in the steel i usually held within the range 0.20 to 1.00%; and silicon generally from 0.20 to 1.50%.
Since the steel as annealed is ordinarily difiicult to machine because of the large quantities of fairly massive alloy carbides in the structure, we may use up to 0.50% sulfur as an addition to the steel, the sulfur being added either as the element itself, or in the form of a compound with other elements which enter the steel during the melting. The balance of the steel is substantially or all iron.
To evaluate the hardening of steels in fairly heavy sections on air cooling from suitable austenitizing temperatures, it is not necessary to make up bars of the sizes in question. Such a procedure would indeed be very expensive in a development program because it would be necessary to melt heats of at least 150 lbs. of each analysis so that an ingot would be produced of sufiicient Patented Jan. 6, 1 959 size to make satisfactory bars about four inches thick. Generally, in a development program much smaller beats are made, of the order of 15 to 30 lbs, and-bars are forged from these ingots to about five-eighths to one inch in section. Tostudy the hardening of a large section when only small sections are available, it is merely necessary to heat the small sections to a suitable austeniti'zing temperature and then to cool them according to the temperature-time relationships known to exist for various size bars cooled in various quenchan'ts. Such cooling schedules are available in the literature, for example, in the classic paper by H. J. French, A Study of the Quenching of Steels, Trans. ASST, vol. 17, 1930. Cooling schedules for practically any size bar can be followed with small pieces by moving them through a series of lead .or salt baths maintained at an appropriate series of temperatures, if a thermocouple is attached to the test piece and connected to a suitable potentiometer. The. movement of the test piece from one temperature level to the next is governed by the published schedule for the particular size bar the cooling of which is being simulated. Admittedly the published cooling schedules for large bars may be applied only to steels in which no transformation other than the martensite reaction occurs because it is known that the exothermic reaction accompanying high temperature transformations would appreciably alter the cooling schedule.
To show the hardening responses of the steel of this invention, and to show also the efiects of variations in some of the elements used in the steel, cooling schedules for three inch and four inch round bars cooling in air from 1800 F. were followed. Samples of commercial air hardening die steels were run as controls along with samples of the steel of this invention. Pertinent composition and hardness data are given in Table I below:
Table 1 Rockwell 0 hardness-Samples cooled from 1,800 Bar 0 0r V Mo I at rate of air cooled 3 in. rd. 4 in. rd
NOTE. Bars 8828, 8829, and 3350 represent commercial air hardentug die steels. Bars 3688 and 3238 are steels of this invention.
It is evident from these data that in the high carbon steel of this invention both increasing vanadium and increasing molybdenum are eflective in increasing hardenability of the steel, and when both vanadium and molybden'um are above the low limits indicated in our broad range, as in Bars 3688 and 3238, the steel hardens to a minimum of Rockwell C 62 when cooled from 1800 F. in air in sizes up to and including four inch round.
The steel of this invention is quite resistant to softening at temperatures up to 900 F. and maintains a hardness of C 60 or higher when tempered cumulatively for two hours at temperatures from 500 to 900 F.
Although the steel of this invention is forgeable, we may also use it as castings if design and service of, the part make casting a more economical procedure.
This application is a continuation-in-part of our copending application Serial No. 450,556, filed August 17, 1954, now abandoned.
. 3 I What is claimed is:
l 1. A forgeable and wear resistant alloy steel containing about: 1.65 to 2.75% carbon, from more than 5% to 6.5% chromium, 2 to 5% vanadium, 1.75% to 5% molybdenum, up to 1% manganese, up to 1.5 silicon, up to 1.5% tungsten, up to 0.5% sulfur, and the balance substantially iron, characterized in being hardenable to a minimum of C 62 Rockwell in sections up to about four inches round, on air cooling from about 1800 F.
2. An alloy steel consisting of about: 1.65 to 2.75% carbon, from more than 5% to 6.5% chromium, 2 to 5% vanadium, 1.75 to 5% molybdenum, up to 1% manganese, up to 1.5% silicon, up to 0.5 sulfur, up to 1.5 tungsten, and the balance iron.
3. A forgeable and wear resistant alloy steel containing about: 2.1 to 2.5% carbon, 5.25 to 5.75% chromium, 3.25 to 4.25% vanadium, 2.0 to 3.5% molybdenum, 0.25
to 1% tungsten, 0.2 to 1% manganese, 0.2 to 1.5 silicon, up to 0.5% sulfur, and the balance substantially iron,
characterized in being hardenable to a minimum of C 62 Rockwell in sections up to about four inches round, on air cooling from about 1800 F.
4. An alloy steel consisting of about: 2.1 to 2.5% carbon, 5.25 to 6% chromium, 3.25 to 4.25% vanadium, 2.0 to 3.5% molybdenum, 0.25 to 1% tungsten, 0.2 to 1% manganese, 0.2 to 1.5% silicon, up to 0.5% sulfur, and the balance iron.
5. A wear resisting article made of an alloy steel according to claim 1.
6. A wear resisting article made of an alloy steel according to claim 3.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,174,281 Gill Sept. 26, 1939 2,278,315 Houdremont et al Mar. 31, 1942 2,575,219 Giles Nov. 13, 1951
Claims (1)
1. A FORGEABLE AND WEAR RESISTANT ALLOY STEEL CONTAINING ABOUT: 1.65 TO 2.75% CARBON, FROM MORE THAN 5% TO 6.5% CHROMIUM, 2 TO 5% VANADIUM, 1.75% TO 5% MOLYBDENUM, UP TO 1% MANGANESE, UP TO 1.5% SILICON, UP TO 1.5% TUNGSTEN, UP TO 0.5% SULFUR, AND THE BALANCE SUBSTANTIALLY IRON, CHARACTERIZED IN BEING HARDENABLE TO A MINIMUM OF C 62 ROCKWELL IN SECTIONS UP TO ABOUT FOUR INCHES ROUND, ON AIR COOLING FROM ABOUT 1800* F.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US634408A US2867532A (en) | 1957-01-16 | 1957-01-16 | Wear resistant alloy steel |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US634408A US2867532A (en) | 1957-01-16 | 1957-01-16 | Wear resistant alloy steel |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US2867532A true US2867532A (en) | 1959-01-06 |
Family
ID=24543658
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US634408A Expired - Lifetime US2867532A (en) | 1957-01-16 | 1957-01-16 | Wear resistant alloy steel |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US2867532A (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3342058A (en) * | 1962-03-26 | 1967-09-19 | Hitachi Ltd | Roll for cold-rolling metallic sheet materials |
| US4221612A (en) * | 1977-10-14 | 1980-09-09 | Acieries Thome Cromback | Grinding members |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2174281A (en) * | 1939-02-21 | 1939-09-26 | Vanadium Alloys Steel Co | Ferrous alloy |
| US2278315A (en) * | 1938-02-24 | 1942-03-31 | Pantena Ltd | Manufacture of high speed steels |
| US2575219A (en) * | 1951-01-10 | 1951-11-13 | Latrobe Electric Steel Company | Ferrous alloys and abrasive-resistant articles made therefrom |
-
1957
- 1957-01-16 US US634408A patent/US2867532A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2278315A (en) * | 1938-02-24 | 1942-03-31 | Pantena Ltd | Manufacture of high speed steels |
| US2174281A (en) * | 1939-02-21 | 1939-09-26 | Vanadium Alloys Steel Co | Ferrous alloy |
| US2575219A (en) * | 1951-01-10 | 1951-11-13 | Latrobe Electric Steel Company | Ferrous alloys and abrasive-resistant articles made therefrom |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3342058A (en) * | 1962-03-26 | 1967-09-19 | Hitachi Ltd | Roll for cold-rolling metallic sheet materials |
| US4221612A (en) * | 1977-10-14 | 1980-09-09 | Acieries Thome Cromback | Grinding members |
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