US2802973A - Selenium rectifiers - Google Patents

Selenium rectifiers Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US2802973A
US2802973A US589879A US58987956A US2802973A US 2802973 A US2802973 A US 2802973A US 589879 A US589879 A US 589879A US 58987956 A US58987956 A US 58987956A US 2802973 A US2802973 A US 2802973A
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
layer
selenium
genetic
base plate
solution
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US589879A
Inventor
French Eric Lionel
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Siemens Mobility Ltd
Original Assignee
Westinghouse Brake and Signal Co Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Westinghouse Brake and Signal Co Ltd filed Critical Westinghouse Brake and Signal Co Ltd
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US2802973A publication Critical patent/US2802973A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
    • H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
    • H01L21/04—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier, e.g. PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer
    • H01L21/06—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier, e.g. PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising selenium or tellurium in uncombined form other than as impurities in semiconductor bodies of other materials
    • H01L21/10—Preliminary treatment of the selenium or tellurium, its application to the foundation plate, or the subsequent treatment of the combination
    • H01L21/108—Provision of discrete insulating layers, i.e. non-genetic barrier layers

Definitions

  • My invention relates to selenium rectifiers of the kind in which an artificial or non-genetic layer is provided between the selenium and counterelectrode layers.
  • the non-genetic layer consists of a saccharide or a mixture of two or more saccharides.
  • saccharide means, in this specification, a Water soluble monosaccharide or a water soluble substance which, upon hydrolysis, produces only one or more monosaccharides.
  • an incomplete rectifier element consisting of a base plate having a layer of selenium applied to it, the selenium being in its crystalline form, is immersed for one minute in a one percent solution by weight of the monosaccharide D-glucose in water, the solution being maintained at 80 C.
  • a material which wets the selenium for example, gelatine.
  • the plate is then removed from the solution, being arranged with its plane vertical and being withdrawn vertically at a rate of six inches per minute.
  • the temperature at which this dipping is performed and the rate of withdrawal are so chosen that the water evaporates almost completely and the plate is dry in appearance within a few seconds of its being withdrawn from the solution.
  • the proportion of D-glucose may be varied within limits: with a proportion of 0.5 percent the effect of the process upon the rectifier becomes seriously impaired, probably because the layer becomes too thin, and at a proportion of 4 percent the effect of increasing the proportion becomes insignificant.
  • the proportion of the wetting agent is preferably as small as possible for the reason that the gelatine must not become a significant component of the non-genetic layer.
  • Gelatine is preferably added in the proportion of 0.02 percent by weight of the solution.
  • the plate In order to insure complete evaporation of the water the plate is preferably exposed toradiant heat for a few minutes after its withdrawal from the solution.
  • the rate of evaporation also depends upon the ambient temperature and the rate of air flow past the plate while it is being withdrawn from the solution.
  • the procedure set out above has been found suitable for use in a room at a temperature of 15 C. and having a normal degree of ventilation, the resulting rectifier having a non-genetic layer of such a thickness that the forward resistance of the rectifier is of reasonable value. Variation in any of the conditions results in a change in this forward resistance, but, in practice, it has been found convenient to vary the thickness of the layer by variation in the concentration of the solution, all other conditions being maintained constant.
  • the base plate During the application of the D-glucose the base plate necessarily becomes covered with a film of this material,
  • D-glucose substances which may be used in place of the D-glucose are galactose, xylose, fructose, lactose, sucrose, raflinose, maltose, starch or inulin. Alternatively, a mixture of two or more of these substances may be used.
  • the substances of higher molecular weight produce very stable rectifiers in that they do not age to any significant degree.
  • the substances of lower molecular weight however, produce rectifiers, the reverse resistance of which decreases significantly with age. It is therefore preferable, when using mixtures, to use only a small proportion of substances of lower molecular weight.
  • the proportion of glucose to the total solute is preferably one part in four by weight.
  • a selenium rectifier cell comprising, a base plate, a selenium layer on said base plate, a non-genetic layer of a saccharide on said selenium layer, and a counterelectrode layer on said non-genetic layer.
  • a selenium rectifier cell comprising, a base plate, a selenium layer on said base plate, a non-genetic layer on said selenium layer composed of one or more substances selected from the group of D-glucose, galactose, xylose, fructose, lactose, sucrose, raffinose, maltose, starch and inulin, and a counterelectrode layer on said non-genetic layer.
  • a solution containing between 0.5 and 4.0 percent by weight of one or more substances from the group of D-glucose, galactose, xylose, fructose, lactose, raffinose, maltose, starch and inulin in water to form a non-genetic layer on the selenium layer.

Description

United States Patent SELENIUM RECTIFIERS Eric Lionel French, London, England, assiguor to Westinghouse Brake and Signal Company Limited, London, England No Drawing. Application June 7, 1956, Serial No. 589,879
Claims priority, application Great Britain June 15, 1955 7 Claims. (Cl. 317-241) My invention relates to selenium rectifiers of the kind in which an artificial or non-genetic layer is provided between the selenium and counterelectrode layers.
According to the invention, in a rectifier of the kind described the non-genetic layer consists of a saccharide or a mixture of two or more saccharides.
The term saccharide means, in this specification, a Water soluble monosaccharide or a water soluble substance which, upon hydrolysis, produces only one or more monosaccharides.
According to one method of putting the invention into effect an incomplete rectifier element consisting of a base plate having a layer of selenium applied to it, the selenium being in its crystalline form, is immersed for one minute in a one percent solution by weight of the monosaccharide D-glucose in water, the solution being maintained at 80 C. In order to insure uniformity of the non-genetic layer there must be added to the solution a material which wets the selenium, for example, gelatine. The plate is then removed from the solution, being arranged with its plane vertical and being withdrawn vertically at a rate of six inches per minute. The temperature at which this dipping is performed and the rate of withdrawal are so chosen that the water evaporates almost completely and the plate is dry in appearance within a few seconds of its being withdrawn from the solution. The proportion of D-glucose may be varied within limits: with a proportion of 0.5 percent the effect of the process upon the rectifier becomes seriously impaired, probably because the layer becomes too thin, and at a proportion of 4 percent the effect of increasing the proportion becomes insignificant. The proportion of the wetting agent is preferably as small as possible for the reason that the gelatine must not become a significant component of the non-genetic layer. Gelatine is preferably added in the proportion of 0.02 percent by weight of the solution.
In order to insure complete evaporation of the water the plate is preferably exposed toradiant heat for a few minutes after its withdrawal from the solution.
The rate of evaporation also depends upon the ambient temperature and the rate of air flow past the plate while it is being withdrawn from the solution. The procedure set out above has been found suitable for use in a room at a temperature of 15 C. and having a normal degree of ventilation, the resulting rectifier having a non-genetic layer of such a thickness that the forward resistance of the rectifier is of reasonable value. Variation in any of the conditions results in a change in this forward resistance, but, in practice, it has been found convenient to vary the thickness of the layer by variation in the concentration of the solution, all other conditions being maintained constant.
After the plate has dried completely the counterelectrode is applied and the element electroformed in known manner.
During the application of the D-glucose the base plate necessarily becomes covered with a film of this material,
but the film is so thin that its resistance is small and the forward resistance is not increased unduly.
Other substances which may be used in place of the D-glucose are galactose, xylose, fructose, lactose, sucrose, raflinose, maltose, starch or inulin. Alternatively, a mixture of two or more of these substances may be used.
It has been found that the substances of higher molecular weight produce very stable rectifiers in that they do not age to any significant degree. The substances of lower molecular weight, however, produce rectifiers, the reverse resistance of which decreases significantly with age. It is therefore preferable, when using mixtures, to use only a small proportion of substances of lower molecular weight. When using a mixture of glucose and sucrose, for example, the proportion of glucose to the total solute is preferably one part in four by weight.
Although I have herein described several methods of forming a non-genetic or barrier layer on the selenium layer of a rectifier cell, it is to be understood that various changes and modifications may be made therein within the scope of the appended claims Without departing from the spirit and scope of my invention.
Having thus described my invention, what I claim is:
l. A selenium rectifier cell comprising, a base plate, a selenium layer on said base plate, a non-genetic layer of a saccharide on said selenium layer, and a counterelectrode layer on said non-genetic layer.
2. A selenium rectifier cell comprising, a base plate, a selenium layer on said base plate, a non-genetic layer on said selenium layer composed of one or more substances selected from the group of D-glucose, galactose, xylose, fructose, lactose, sucrose, raffinose, maltose, starch and inulin, and a counterelectrode layer on said non-genetic layer.
3. In a method of manufacturing selenium cells, the step of applying to the selenium layer adhering to a base plate, a solution containing between 0.5 and 4.0 percent by weight of saccharide in water, to form a non-genetic layer on the selenium layer. 7
4. In a method of manufacturing selenium cells, the step of applying to the selenium layer adhering to a base plate, a solution containing between 0.5 and 4.0 percent by weight of saccharide in water, the solution containing a small proportion of wetting agent, to form a non-genetic layer on the selenium layer.
5. In a method of manufacturing selenium cells, the step of applying to the selenium layer adhering to a base plate, a solution containing between 0.5 and 4.0 percent by weight of saccharide in water, the solution containing a small proportion of gelatine, to form a non-genetic layer on the selenium layer.
6. In a method of manufacturing selenium cells, the step of applying to the selenium layer adhering to a base plate, a solution containing between 0.5 and 4.0 percent by weight of one or more substances from the group of D-glucose, galactose, xylose, fructose, lactose, raffinose, maltose, starch and inulin in water to form a non-genetic layer on the selenium layer.
7. In a method of manufacturing selenium cells, the step of applying to the selenium layer adhering to a base plate, a solution containing between 0.5 and 4.0 percent by weight of one or more substances from the group of D-glucose, galactose, xylose, fructose, lactose, raffinose, maltose, starch and inulin in water, the solution containing a small proportion of gelatine, to form a non-genetic layer on the selenium layer.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,481,739 Goodman Sept. 13, 1949

Claims (1)

1. A SELENIUM RECTIFIER CELL COMPRISING, A BASE PLATE, A SELENIUM LAYER ON SAID BASE PLATE, A NON-GENETIC LAYER OF A SACCHARIDE ON SAID SELENIUM LAYER, AND A COUNTERELECTRODE LAYER ON SAID NON-GENETIC LAYER..
US589879A 1955-06-15 1956-06-07 Selenium rectifiers Expired - Lifetime US2802973A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB17189/55A GB794516A (en) 1955-06-15 1955-06-15 Selenium rectifier

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US2802973A true US2802973A (en) 1957-08-13

Family

ID=10090818

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US589879A Expired - Lifetime US2802973A (en) 1955-06-15 1956-06-07 Selenium rectifiers

Country Status (3)

Country Link
US (1) US2802973A (en)
FR (1) FR1154700A (en)
GB (1) GB794516A (en)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2828453A (en) * 1955-06-15 1958-03-25 Westinghouse Brake & Signal Selenium rectifiers

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2481739A (en) * 1946-02-23 1949-09-13 Radio Receptor Company Inc Rectifiers

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2481739A (en) * 1946-02-23 1949-09-13 Radio Receptor Company Inc Rectifiers

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2828453A (en) * 1955-06-15 1958-03-25 Westinghouse Brake & Signal Selenium rectifiers

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR1154700A (en) 1958-04-15
GB794516A (en) 1958-05-07

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
Lonsdale et al. Transport properties of cellulose acetate osmotic membranes
DK453286A (en) PROCEDURE FOR CREATING AN IMPROVED HYDROPHILIC COATING ON A POLYMER SURFACE
JPS5766996A (en) Information recording member and method of preparing thereof
US3042551A (en) Impregnation of porous metal
US2802973A (en) Selenium rectifiers
SU566505A3 (en) Method of making chewing gum
US2802974A (en) Selenium rectifiers
US4247352A (en) Method of bonding crystal layers to insulating substrates
US2857293A (en) Selenium rectifiers
Browne Moisture absorptive power of different sugars and carbohydrates under varying conditions of atmospheric humidity
Lewis Diffusion of isopropyl nitrate, acetone and water into nitrocellulose
US3824299A (en) Simplified process for manufacturing cellulose acetate reverse osmosis membranes
US2875103A (en) Method of manufacturing selenium rectifiers
Boikov et al. The Effect of Structure on the Thermal Conductivity of Bi sub 2 Te sub 3 and Bi sub 0. 5 Sb sub 1. 5 Te sub 3 Films
US2794943A (en) Selenium rectifier
US2789920A (en) Method of coating gelatin capsules with ethyl cellulose
Bartell et al. Reproducible Contact Angles on Reproducible Metal Surfaces. III. Contact Angles of Saturated Aqueous Solutions of Different Organic Liquids on Silver and Gold
US1406628A (en) Process of coating candies
US1235037A (en) Process of ornamentation.
US2828453A (en) Selenium rectifiers
US2529006A (en) Method for preparing wooden battery separators
US964483A (en) Manufacture of celluloid or the like.
US1801478A (en) Method of hardening gelatin films and resulting product
US2593396A (en) Process for fixing photograph on glass
JPS56161677A (en) Forming method for diaphragm