US2801638A - Filter tip for tobacco products - Google Patents

Filter tip for tobacco products Download PDF

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Publication number
US2801638A
US2801638A US428874A US42887454A US2801638A US 2801638 A US2801638 A US 2801638A US 428874 A US428874 A US 428874A US 42887454 A US42887454 A US 42887454A US 2801638 A US2801638 A US 2801638A
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
paper
filter
wrapper
activated charcoal
particles
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US428874A
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English (en)
Inventor
Milton O Schur
Overton L Hillsman
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Brown and Williamson Holdings Inc
Original Assignee
American Tobacco Co
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority to BE536840D priority Critical patent/BE536840A/xx
Application filed by American Tobacco Co filed Critical American Tobacco Co
Priority to US428874A priority patent/US2801638A/en
Priority to GB2821/55A priority patent/GB764470A/en
Priority to ES0220811A priority patent/ES220811A1/es
Priority to FR1126458D priority patent/FR1126458A/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US2801638A publication Critical patent/US2801638A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
    • A24D—CIGARS; CIGARETTES; TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS; MOUTHPIECES FOR CIGARS OR CIGARETTES; MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS OR MOUTHPIECES
    • A24D3/00—Tobacco smoke filters, e.g. filter-tips, filtering inserts; Filters specially adapted for simulated smoking devices; Mouthpieces for cigars or cigarettes
    • A24D3/06—Use of materials for tobacco smoke filters
    • A24D3/16—Use of materials for tobacco smoke filters of inorganic materials
    • A24D3/163—Carbon

Definitions

  • This invention relates to tobacco products, and more particularly to a filter tip for a smoking product, such as a cigarette.
  • Prior proposals include the construction of a filter tip by enclosing folded paper in a wrapper with longitudinal channels between the plies of the paper. Improved results are alleged to be obtained by creping the paper in a direction parallel to the longitudinal folds. It has also been proposed to place materials, such as flutfy asbestos or cotton, in alternate layers between convolutions of paper to provide a filter having superior characteristics and performance. Such filters, acting solely as mechanical filters, remove some solids, such as tars and thelike, but do not remove anything that is in the gaseous phase from the smoke.
  • a filter tip consisting of a multitude of layers of paper with the paper substantially filling the wrapper in the tip portion of the cigarette, but providing a maze of tortuous passages which extend through the filter in a generally longitudinal direction.
  • the paper when formed into the plurality of folds, weighs from 0.1 gram to about 0.3 gram per cubic centimeter. Best results are obtained if a pliant paper such as crepe paper or other paper having a rough surface such as embossed paper is utilized, particularly if the weight thereof is between about 16 grams and .30 grams per square meter. Ordinarily papers weighing from about 7 grams to 30 grams per square meter before creping and before crumpling are preferred.
  • the paper should be free from contaminants, whether naturally occurring or otherwise.
  • the activated charcoal must be incorporated with the fibrous material in such manner that it does not become deactivated.
  • the utilization of glue or the like to secure the activated charcoal to a paper sheet is entirely unsatisfactory for the purpose since such materials tend to deactivate the charcoal and prevent its subsequent utility.
  • the activated charcoal can be included in the fiber furnish prior to or during the paper sheet formation without deactivating it, and the resulting sheet has the particles of charcoal secured to the individual fibers intermeshed through out the paper in such manner that the combined exposed surfaces provide improved filtering efliciency.
  • adsorbent materials such as silica gel and the like
  • filter material of this invention may be utilized with any type of smoking device, it is particularly suited as a filter for cigarettes.
  • the granulation of the activated charcoal be such that substantially all the particles thereof will pass through a Tyler screen having about 100 meshes per inch and substantially none of the particles will pass through a Tyler screen having about 300 meshes per square inch.
  • the paper and the filter made from it tend to shed coarser particles while finer particles, though more securely held by the paper, are poorly retained during the papermaking process and r they tend to darken the filter excessively for a given concentration of charcoal.
  • activated charcoal such as Columbia Grade G, manufactured by The Carbide and Carbon Chemicals Company. This material, ground to a fineness of to 300 mesh, is added to the paper slurry in the proper cally.
  • activated charcoal such as Columbia Grade G, manufactured by The Carbide and Carbon Chemicals Company.
  • This material ground to a fineness of to 300 mesh, is added to the paper slurry in the proper cally.
  • the sheet paper may be creped, during manufacture,
  • a particularly advantageous method of crumpling the paper is to pull one or more sheets, ribbons or webs there- A of through a series of orifices, each orifice having lesser dimensions thanthe preceding one.
  • a set of three circular orifices arranged one after the other in the order of decreasing diameter in the ratio of about 0.25, 0.22 and 0.20 has been found admirably suited for the purpose.
  • a greater or lesser number of orifices may be advisable with some papers, however, and the opening may be square, oval or of other shape adapted to crumple and to compress the paper as it is pulled therethrough.
  • the tortuous passageways through the filter resulting from forming it from the crumpled paper insure that the smoke will impinge against the surface thereof as it passes through the filter.
  • the filter of this invention can be formed on a conventional cigarette making machine embodying modifications to adapt it for feeding the paper into the tip forming cone of the machine and for enclosing the layers of paper within the wrapper.
  • the multitude of layers of paper may be formed from a single sheet of paper or from a plurality of sheets.
  • the heavier papers weighing about 16 grams or more per square meter are utilized, it has been found that even distribution of the layers within the wrapper is most easily approached if a plurality of sheets which have been separately crumpled before they are compressed together by the forming cone are utilized.
  • Three separately crumpled sheets weighing about 16 grams per square meter compressed together in the forming cone of a cigarette machine make an advantageous filter.
  • crepe paper is utilized best results are obtained if the direction ofcreping is transverse to the direction of flow of smoke through the filter.
  • the percentage crepe in the paper should be within the range of from' about 8 percent to about 60 percent. In other words, a sheet about inches long is reduced to a length in the range of from about 9.2 inches to about 4 inches when creped.
  • the paper used to form the labyrinthal filter may be carried by the wrapepr as it is pulled through the forming cone of the cigarette making machine. The resulting plug may be cut into any convenient length and the intermediate product may be later cut to the required length for use in the smoking device.
  • Fig. 1 is a diagrammatic perspective view illustrating one manner of forming the filter tip of our invention
  • Fig. 2 is a perspective View of a cigarette including a filter tip of our invention
  • Fig. 3 is a diagrammatic, perspective view of another 4 scribed, is provided with particles 2 of activated charcoal dispersed substantially uniformly throughout the sheet in the manner heretofore explained or in any other suitable manner.
  • the sheet is preferably creped by conventional means.
  • a number of layers of these sheets, about one-half inch in width are mounted on a roll 3, and the activated charcoal containing strip 4 of multi-layers is delivered from the roll.
  • the paper from which the wrapper of the tip is to be formed is mounted on a roll 5, and it is also delivered from this roll in proximity to the strip 4 as indicated at 6.
  • the wrapper paper 6 is pulled from roll 5 by endless belt 7 which passes over a plurality of suitably positioned rolls 8, one of which is mounted on a driven shaft.
  • the belt passes through a tip-forming cone 9 of a conventional cigarette tip-making machine, and the strip 4 of the layers of paper with activated charcoal lying on the strip 6, is pulled through the cone with it.
  • the pas sage through the cone forms the strip 6 into a convolutely wound wrapepr 10 with a vertical edge 11 to receive an adhesive.
  • the strip 4 which has previously been worked to make it pliable is compressed as the strip 6 is wound into a tube, and the separate layers of the strip 4 are gathered forming a maze of tortuous passages 12 (Fig. 2) extending through the rod 10 in a generally longitudinal direction.
  • the edge 11 of the rod 10 receives an adhesive from wheel 13, and this edge is then caused to overlap the other edge of the strip 6 and is sealed to it by the final forming cone 14.
  • a heater 15 may be provided to remove water or other liquid from the adhesive and tightly seal the Wrapper of the rod 10.
  • the rod is cut to desired lengths as indicated at 16 by a rotary cutter 17 or other suitable means. 7
  • the filter tip 16 and tobacco 18 are assembled in the outer cigarette paper 19, as illustrated in Fig. 2, in a conventional manner to form the completed cigarette.
  • FIG. 3 of the drawings An advantageous method of crumpling the paper of which the filter is formed is shown in Fig. 3 of the drawings.
  • webs 20, 21, 22 of paper which may be embossed or otherwise worked and-which contains dispersed particles of activated charcoal are fed from rolls 23, 24 and 25, respectively.
  • Each of these webs ispassed through orifices in a succession of plates or dies 26, 27 and 28, each orifice being of smaller size than the preceding one.
  • orifices 29 in plate 26 are larger than the orifices 30 in plate 27 and the orifices 30 are, in turn, larger than the'orifices 31 in plate 28.
  • a greater or lesser number of orifices may be employed and the openings 29, 30 and 31 may be of a shape which will crumple and compress the paper web as it is pulled through :the orifice. This crumpling produces the tortuous passages 12 when the paper is pulled through the forming cone.
  • a web 32 is drawn through forming cone 33 to form a wrapper and compress the webs 20, 21 and 22 into a maze with the tortuous longitudinal passages as heretofore described in connectionwith Figs. land 2.
  • the apparatus beyond the forming cone 33. may be the same, or similar to, that beyond the forming cone 9 of Fig. 1.
  • the plates 26, 27 and 28 are spaced apart a suffici'ent distance to permit the webs to expand after each crumpling before passing through the next orifice.
  • the spacing may be in the nature of 3 or 4 inches.
  • a web or sheet of greater width In the embodiment of the invention shown in Fig. 5 we start with a web or sheet of greater width.
  • the web 36 is fed from a roll 37, and passes rotary slitters 38 by means of which it is cut into a plurality of strips of desired widths. These strips, which may have been previously creped, may then be passed through the dies of Fig. 3 to further work them, and increase their pliability, or they may be worked in any other suitable manner.
  • One method of doing this, illustrated in Fig. 5, is by means of embossing rolls. As shown, we preferably employ two pairs of rolls.
  • the positive roll 39 is the lower roll and the negative roll 40 the upper roll
  • the arrangement is reversed in the second pair with the positive roll 41 the upper roll and the negative roll 42 the lower roll.
  • the pairs of rolls are spaced from each other, as heretofore described in connection with the dies or plates of Fig. 3 to permit the paper to expand after being embossed by the first pair of rolls, before it is fed through the second pair.
  • the positive and negative surfaces for the rolls may be produced in many ways.
  • the positive rolls 39 and 41 are roughened and this can be accomplished by way of example, by surfacing a roll with very coarse sandpaper.
  • the surface of the negative rolls 40 and 42 should be of a soft material to permit the roughened surface of the positive roll to force the paper web into it. A layerof sponge rubber forms a satisfactory surface for these rolls.
  • the filter tip heretofore described is not only an effective mechanical filter of the particulate constituents of tobacco smoke, without retarding the flow of smoke to an objectionable extent, but also acts as an adsorbent of other undesirable constituents of tobacco smoke. Owing to the high adsorption characteristics of activated charcoal our filter will remove constituents in gaseous form which are not removed by known filters that function by mechanical means only. Thus, large proportions of acrolein, an unsaturated aldehyde, and hydrocyanic acid are effectively removed by our filter. The concentrations of other saturated and unsaturated aldehydes, as well as ketones, are substantially reduced. Significant amounts of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, both aromatic and aliphatic, are removed, as well as volatile acids.
  • activated charcoal in the foregoing specification and in the appended claims, we mean to include activated carbon.
  • a filter for smoking devices comprising a wrapper, and a filling of paper, weighing not more than 30 grams per square meter arranged in the wrapper in a multitude of layers to form a maze of tortuous passageways extending generally longitudinally through the filter, said paper having particles of activated charcoal predominantly of l0030() mesh dispersed therein and secured to individual fibers of the paper, the particles having active surfaces exposed to said passageways against which the tobacco smoke will impinge as it flows through the passages.
  • a filter for smoking devices comprising a Wrapper, and a filling of crumpled paper weighing not more than 7 to 30 grams per square meter arranged in the wrapper in a multitude of layers to form a maze of tortuous passageways extending generally longitudinally through the filter, said paper having particles of activated charcoal predominantly of l00300 mesh dispersed therein and secured to individual fibers of the paper, the particles having active surfaces exposed to said passageways against which the tobacco smoke will impinge as it flows through the passages.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Cigarettes, Filters, And Manufacturing Of Filters (AREA)
  • Paper (AREA)
US428874A 1954-05-11 1954-05-11 Filter tip for tobacco products Expired - Lifetime US2801638A (en)

Priority Applications (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
BE536840D BE536840A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1954-05-11
US428874A US2801638A (en) 1954-05-11 1954-05-11 Filter tip for tobacco products
GB2821/55A GB764470A (en) 1954-05-11 1955-01-31 Improved filter for tobacco-smoking devices
ES0220811A ES220811A1 (es) 1954-05-11 1955-03-22 Un método de hacer dispositivos de fumar filtrantes
FR1126458D FR1126458A (fr) 1954-05-11 1955-03-23 Bout filtrant pour produits à fumer

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US428874A US2801638A (en) 1954-05-11 1954-05-11 Filter tip for tobacco products

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US2801638A true US2801638A (en) 1957-08-06

Family

ID=23700740

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US428874A Expired - Lifetime US2801638A (en) 1954-05-11 1954-05-11 Filter tip for tobacco products

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US2801638A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
BE (1) BE536840A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
ES (1) ES220811A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR1126458A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB764470A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (23)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2931364A (en) * 1955-02-11 1960-04-05 Mueller Paul Adolf Rod-shaped filter element
US3008472A (en) * 1957-12-16 1961-11-14 Eastman Kodak Co Filament filter containing a hygroscopic compound
US3079929A (en) * 1958-08-09 1963-03-05 Mueller Paul Adolf Filter plugs for cigarettes
US3128680A (en) * 1960-03-15 1964-04-14 Philip Morris Inc Method of forming cigarette filter
US3227791A (en) * 1962-08-08 1966-01-04 Eastman Kodak Co Process for producing tobacco smoke filter elements from cellulose ester filaments containing polyethylene glycol
US3236244A (en) * 1961-09-19 1966-02-22 American Tobacco Co Tobacco smoke filter element
US3318315A (en) * 1964-06-18 1967-05-09 Ralph H Orter Cigarette holder and smoker
US3384932A (en) * 1964-02-28 1968-05-28 Celanese Corp Method of improving the uniformity of an unopened tow band and apparatus for making cigarette filters therefrom
US3390686A (en) * 1965-12-21 1968-07-02 American Tobacco Co Tobacco smoke filter element
US4124033A (en) * 1971-11-25 1978-11-07 Vyzkumny Ustav Chemickych Zarizeni Cigarette filter
US5360023A (en) * 1988-05-16 1994-11-01 R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company Cigarette filter
US5404890A (en) * 1993-06-11 1995-04-11 R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company Cigarette filter
US5732718A (en) * 1994-08-23 1998-03-31 Schweitzer-Mauduit International, Inc. Selective filtration device
US5814390A (en) * 1995-06-30 1998-09-29 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Creased nonwoven web with stretch and recovery
US20050066981A1 (en) * 2003-09-30 2005-03-31 Crooks Evon Llewellyn Filtered cigarette incorporating an adsorbent material
US20050066984A1 (en) * 2003-09-30 2005-03-31 Crooks Evon Llewellyn Filtered cigarette incorporating an adsorbent material
US20050066982A1 (en) * 2003-09-30 2005-03-31 Clark Melissa Ann Filtered cigarette incorporating an adsorbent material
US20050066980A1 (en) * 2003-09-30 2005-03-31 Crooks Evon Llewellyn Filtered cigarette incorporating an adsorbent material
US20050066983A1 (en) * 2003-09-30 2005-03-31 Clark Melissa Ann Filtered cigarette incorporating an adsorbent material
US20070056600A1 (en) * 2005-09-14 2007-03-15 R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company Filtered smoking article
US7216652B1 (en) 1999-07-28 2007-05-15 Philip Morris Usa Inc. Smoking article wrapper with improved filler
WO2011118042A1 (ja) 2010-03-26 2011-09-29 日本たばこ産業株式会社 チャコールフィルターおよびシガレット
US8739802B2 (en) 2006-10-02 2014-06-03 R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company Filtered cigarette

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1129410B (de) * 1957-01-31 1962-05-10 Schickedanz Ver Papierwerk Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Herstellen von Zigarettenfiltern
DE1176039B (de) * 1962-03-31 1964-08-13 Tabak & Ind Masch Vorrichtung zum Strangformen einer Filter-materialbahn

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE612737C (de) * 1933-09-23 1935-05-03 Carbo Norit Union Verwaltungs Filtereinlage fuer Zigarren, Zigaretten, Rauchspitzen o. dgl.
US2033867A (en) * 1935-08-27 1936-03-10 Hyman R Segal Filter for pipes and cigar or cigarette holders
CH188399A (de) * 1934-09-25 1936-12-31 Bosch Robert Ag Einrichtung an Brennkraftmaschinen zur Regelung der von einer Einspritzpumpe geförderten Brennstoffmenge.
US2164702A (en) * 1936-02-29 1939-07-04 Davidson Glenn Method and apparatus for making cigarette mouthpieces
US2181614A (en) * 1939-01-20 1939-11-28 Robert S Striefling Cigarette or the like
GB538529A (en) * 1940-03-11 1941-08-07 Leonard Alfred Beckman Improvements in filter and purification media
US2325386A (en) * 1940-08-01 1943-07-27 Paul A Frank Filter and method for making the same

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE612737C (de) * 1933-09-23 1935-05-03 Carbo Norit Union Verwaltungs Filtereinlage fuer Zigarren, Zigaretten, Rauchspitzen o. dgl.
CH188399A (de) * 1934-09-25 1936-12-31 Bosch Robert Ag Einrichtung an Brennkraftmaschinen zur Regelung der von einer Einspritzpumpe geförderten Brennstoffmenge.
US2033867A (en) * 1935-08-27 1936-03-10 Hyman R Segal Filter for pipes and cigar or cigarette holders
US2164702A (en) * 1936-02-29 1939-07-04 Davidson Glenn Method and apparatus for making cigarette mouthpieces
US2181614A (en) * 1939-01-20 1939-11-28 Robert S Striefling Cigarette or the like
GB538529A (en) * 1940-03-11 1941-08-07 Leonard Alfred Beckman Improvements in filter and purification media
US2325386A (en) * 1940-08-01 1943-07-27 Paul A Frank Filter and method for making the same

Cited By (30)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2931364A (en) * 1955-02-11 1960-04-05 Mueller Paul Adolf Rod-shaped filter element
US3008472A (en) * 1957-12-16 1961-11-14 Eastman Kodak Co Filament filter containing a hygroscopic compound
US3079929A (en) * 1958-08-09 1963-03-05 Mueller Paul Adolf Filter plugs for cigarettes
US3128680A (en) * 1960-03-15 1964-04-14 Philip Morris Inc Method of forming cigarette filter
US3236244A (en) * 1961-09-19 1966-02-22 American Tobacco Co Tobacco smoke filter element
US3227791A (en) * 1962-08-08 1966-01-04 Eastman Kodak Co Process for producing tobacco smoke filter elements from cellulose ester filaments containing polyethylene glycol
US3384932A (en) * 1964-02-28 1968-05-28 Celanese Corp Method of improving the uniformity of an unopened tow band and apparatus for making cigarette filters therefrom
US3318315A (en) * 1964-06-18 1967-05-09 Ralph H Orter Cigarette holder and smoker
US3390686A (en) * 1965-12-21 1968-07-02 American Tobacco Co Tobacco smoke filter element
US4124033A (en) * 1971-11-25 1978-11-07 Vyzkumny Ustav Chemickych Zarizeni Cigarette filter
US5360023A (en) * 1988-05-16 1994-11-01 R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company Cigarette filter
US5404890A (en) * 1993-06-11 1995-04-11 R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company Cigarette filter
US5732718A (en) * 1994-08-23 1998-03-31 Schweitzer-Mauduit International, Inc. Selective filtration device
US5814390A (en) * 1995-06-30 1998-09-29 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Creased nonwoven web with stretch and recovery
US7216652B1 (en) 1999-07-28 2007-05-15 Philip Morris Usa Inc. Smoking article wrapper with improved filler
US20050066981A1 (en) * 2003-09-30 2005-03-31 Crooks Evon Llewellyn Filtered cigarette incorporating an adsorbent material
US7856990B2 (en) 2003-09-30 2010-12-28 R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company Filtered cigarette incorporating an adsorbent material
US20050066980A1 (en) * 2003-09-30 2005-03-31 Crooks Evon Llewellyn Filtered cigarette incorporating an adsorbent material
US20050066983A1 (en) * 2003-09-30 2005-03-31 Clark Melissa Ann Filtered cigarette incorporating an adsorbent material
US9554594B2 (en) 2003-09-30 2017-01-31 R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company Filtered cigarette incorporating an adsorbent material
US20050066984A1 (en) * 2003-09-30 2005-03-31 Crooks Evon Llewellyn Filtered cigarette incorporating an adsorbent material
US7237558B2 (en) 2003-09-30 2007-07-03 R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company Filtered cigarette incorporating an adsorbent material
US7240678B2 (en) 2003-09-30 2007-07-10 R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company Filtered cigarette incorporating an adsorbent material
US7669604B2 (en) 2003-09-30 2010-03-02 R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company Filtered cigarette incorporating an adsorbent material
US7827997B2 (en) 2003-09-30 2010-11-09 R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company Filtered cigarette incorporating an adsorbent material
US20050066982A1 (en) * 2003-09-30 2005-03-31 Clark Melissa Ann Filtered cigarette incorporating an adsorbent material
US8066011B2 (en) 2003-09-30 2011-11-29 R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company Filtered cigarette incorporating an adsorbent material
US20070056600A1 (en) * 2005-09-14 2007-03-15 R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company Filtered smoking article
US8739802B2 (en) 2006-10-02 2014-06-03 R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company Filtered cigarette
WO2011118042A1 (ja) 2010-03-26 2011-09-29 日本たばこ産業株式会社 チャコールフィルターおよびシガレット

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
BE536840A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB764470A (en) 1956-12-28
FR1126458A (fr) 1956-11-23
ES220811A1 (es) 1955-12-16

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