US2793420A - Electrical contacts to silicon - Google Patents

Electrical contacts to silicon Download PDF

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Publication number
US2793420A
US2793420A US50323055A US2793420A US 2793420 A US2793420 A US 2793420A US 50323055 A US50323055 A US 50323055A US 2793420 A US2793420 A US 2793420A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
silicon
nickel
layer
solder
type
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
Inventor
Ralph L Johnston
Raymond L Rulison
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
AT&T Corp
Original Assignee
Bell Telephone Laboratories Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority to BE546514D priority Critical patent/BE546514A/xx
Priority to NL107361D priority patent/NL107361C/xx
Priority to NL212349D priority patent/NL212349A/xx
Priority to NL97268D priority patent/NL97268C/xx
Priority to NL204361D priority patent/NL204361A/xx
Priority to US50323055 priority patent/US2793420A/en
Application filed by Bell Telephone Laboratories Inc filed Critical Bell Telephone Laboratories Inc
Priority to US54831055 priority patent/US2810870A/en
Priority to FR1148115D priority patent/FR1148115A/en
Priority to DEW18789A priority patent/DE1061446B/en
Priority to GB1214156A priority patent/GB818419A/en
Priority to CH350047D priority patent/CH350047A/en
Priority to US607781A priority patent/US2981645A/en
Priority to GB3550256A priority patent/GB842103A/en
Priority to DEI12485A priority patent/DE1054587B/en
Priority to FR1172055D priority patent/FR1172055A/en
Publication of US2793420A publication Critical patent/US2793420A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Priority to US385368A priority patent/US3880880A/en
Priority to IE1117/74A priority patent/IE39290B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Priority to IL44951A priority patent/IL44951A/en
Priority to CA201,607A priority patent/CA1024519A/en
Priority to DE2434208A priority patent/DE2434208A1/en
Priority to NL7410353A priority patent/NL7410353A/en
Priority to CH1066774A priority patent/CH608805A5/xx
Priority to ES428916A priority patent/ES428916A1/en
Priority to BE1006107A priority patent/BE818419A/en
Priority to GB3413674A priority patent/GB1473363A/en
Priority to FR7427015A priority patent/FR2239470B1/fr
Priority to JP8939974A priority patent/JPS5041852A/ja
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12674—Ge- or Si-base component
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12708—Sn-base component
    • Y10T428/12722—Next to Group VIII metal-base component

Definitions

  • This invention relates to electrical contacts on semiconductive material and more particularly to a method of fabricating large area low resistance contacts to silicon semiconductors.
  • Ancillary objects are to produce large area low resistance contacts to semiconductive bodies of silicon by facile and cheap means.
  • This invention is based to a considerable extent upon the discovery that improved large area contacts to silicon are achieved by electroplating a metal, such as nickel, in two distinct steps with an intervening heat treatment.
  • a silicon body containing suitable junctions which may be advantageously formed by the diffusion thereinto of significant impurity elements, is treated in a nickel solution to an electroplating of relatively short duration and low intensity, sufiicient merely to provide a film obliterating the color of the silicon.
  • the body of silicon is then heated briefly, generally less than one minute, at a temperature between 700 C. and 950 C., while maintaining a controlled, oxygen-free atmosphere.
  • a further and heavier layer of nickel is electrodeposited, forming a surface which is facilely tinned preparatory to the application of contact leads or thermal radiators.
  • Fig. 1 is an operational diagram of one form of the method of this invention, employed for producing improved ohmic contacts to silicon;
  • Figs. 2, 3, 4, and 5 represent, in exaggerated crosssectional views, the appearance of a silicon rectifier device at various stages of fabrication in accordance with this invention.
  • the method of this invention as applied to a typical silicon semiconductor body comprises first, washing the silicon in a suitable bath to remove the surface film, which presumably is silicon dioxide.
  • the semiconductor already contains the desired regions of conductivity produced by techniques known in the art, for example, such as those disclosed in the applications of C. S. Fuller, Serial No. 414,272, filed March 5, 1954, and Serial No. 432,638, filed May 27,
  • Such a device may be as depicted in Fig. 2, comprising a body of n-type conductivity silicon having a thin zone of p-type conductivity on one boundary and a region of n+ type,.indicating greater n-type conductivity than the body material, on the opposite boundary.
  • a body of n-type conductivity silicon having a thin zone of p-type conductivity on one boundary and a region of n+ type,.indicating greater n-type conductivity than the body material, on the opposite boundary.
  • liminary surface preparation and may consist of applying the silicon surfaces to be plated to a lapping plate treated with #1800 Alundum abrasive. Generally, a few strokes are sufficient toprovide aproper surface'texture.
  • the initial plating operation is accomplished by mounting the silicon body in a suitable jig or holder which is then immersed in a plating bath.
  • a bath suitable for plating may comprise grams of nickel ammonium sulfate, 15 grams of ammonium chloride, and 15 grams of boric acid dissolved in one liter of distilled water. With the semiconductor body made cathode, current is passed to deposit a film of nickel heavy enough to obliterate the characteristic silicon color. A current density of 0.10 ampere/cm. for about 20 seconds has been found suitable.
  • the lightly plated silicon body as represented in Fig. 3, is cleaned in boiling water and is then inserted slowly into a furnace at a temperature of 800 C.
  • the atmosphere Within the furnace is positively maintained oxygenfree, as by the application of a nitrogen atmosphere or the use of so-called forming gas composed of twenty percent hydrogen and eighty percent nitrogen. After holding in the furnace for about one-half minute, the silicon body is slowly withdrawn to avoid thermal shock and again placed in the plating bath.
  • a second layer of nickel is then electrodeposited to a depth heavier than the initial layer as illustrated in Fig. 4.
  • Application of the same current density as used for the first film for a period of about thirty seconds produces a satisfactory surface.
  • Solder tinning of the plated surfaces to which contact is to be made is readily accomplished by forming a puddie of solder on a hot fiat copper plate. The surfaces are fiuxed and placed in the puddle until tinning occurs, after which the semiconductor body is removed and cooled slowly.
  • Electrodes may be applied by other means known in the art, for example, silver paste may be used in lieu of solder. Another alternative is to afiix a metallized frit of glass to the plated area by means of an additional firing. It is also possible to achieve a satisfactory electrode connection simply by the application of sutlicient pressure to force a base metal wire into the plated layer.
  • Final steps in device fabrication comprise removal of unwanted plated areas to eliminate shorting of junctions. This procedure may involve grinding or combined masking and etching treatments or the like. It is also practical to accomplish the steps of this method on a relatively large area body of silicon which may then be cut or diced into smaller units.
  • the final form of the rectifier will include a flattened wire contact 11 to the p-type zone and a mounting plate 12 of copper, sweated to the n+ type zone.
  • the method of fabricating a low resistance contact to a sem'iconductive body of silicon which comprises cleaning and polishing the contact surfaces of said body, electrodepositing a first layer of nickel just suificient to obliterate the silicon body color, washing said body, heating said body at about 800, C. for about one-half minute in an oxygen-free atmosphere, electrodepositing a second layer of nickel heavier than said first layer, ap-

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Abstract

3R-Phthalimido-1-(1'S-p-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl-2'-methylprop-2'-enyl)- 4-oxo-2-azetidinesulfenic acid is prepared by scission of the S-C2 bond of p-nitrobenzyl 6-phthalimido-2,2-dimethylpenam-3-carboxylate-1-oxide. The sulfenic acid can be converted to desacetoxycephalosporin.

Description

ay 28, 1957 R. L. JOHNSTON ETAL 2,793,420
ELECTRICAL CONTACTS T0 SILICON Filed April 22, 1955 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 FIG.
WASH SILICON BODY CONTAIN/N6 DIFFUSED JUNCT/ONS IN HF-HNO BATH LAP SURFACES TO BE PLATED L/GHTLY TO PRODUCE PROPER SURFACE TEXTURE ELECTROPLATE S/L/CON BODY WITH NICKEL FROM SOLUTION OF NICKEL AND AMMON/UM SULPHATE. F/LM TH/CA ENOUGH TO OBL/TERATE SILICON COLOR IS ADEQUATE WASH S/L/CON IN BOILING WATER HEAT TREAT (800C. 30 SECONDS //v OXYGEN FREE ATMOSPHERE ELECTROPLATE SECOND LAYER OFN/C/(EL ON lN/T/AL LAYER "T/A/"N/E/(EL PLATED SURFACE REMOVE UNWANTED PLATED AREAS l ATTACH LEADS THERMAL RAD/ATORS I R: L. JOHNSTON R. L. RUL/SO/V B MC? A TTORNE V y 1957 R. L. JOHNSTON El'AL 2,793 420 ELECTRICAL CONTACTS TO SILICON Filed April 22, 1955 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 P TYPEV D/FFUSED JUNCTION F IG. 2 SILICON BODY /2 TYPE II+TYP p TYPE HEAT TREAT FIG 3 (APPROX. a00c.30 sEcolvaj /2 TYPE IZ+TYPE /N/T/AL NICKEL PLAT/N6 (F/LM) P TYPE 74 #6646464) g EL Ec TPOPLA TE 4 FINAL NICKEL COAT/N6 F IG. 4 4 g A /2 TYPE% g ,r 4--N/C/(L COAT/N6 )fflflffiffiflffififlf FLA TTENED WIRE 50 SOLDER p TYPE /2 TYPE TYPE FT soLoER R. L. JOHNSTON MOUNT/N6 PLATE WVENTORSR L, RUL/SON OR RADIATOR By C mom/s ATTORNEY 2,793,420 ELECTRICAL CONTACTS T SILICON Application April 22, 1955, Serial No. 503,230
3 Claims. (Cl. 29-1555) This invention relates to electrical contacts on semiconductive material and more particularly to a method of fabricating large area low resistance contacts to silicon semiconductors.
It is important in many types of semiconductive devices to make contact thereto in a manner which is advantageous both electrically and mechanically. This is particularly so in the case of certain silicon devices, such as disclosed in the applications of G. L. Pearson, Serial No. 414,275, filed March 5, 1954, now abandoned, and Serial No. 491,908, filed March 3, 1955, wherein the efliciency of the device hinges materially upon the electrical resistance of the contact. Hence, for such devices an electrical contact combining good mechanical strength with a resistivity of the order of thousandths of an ohm is extremely desirable.
It is, therefore, an object of this invention to produce improved electrical contacts to silicon.
Ancillary objects are to produce large area low resistance contacts to semiconductive bodies of silicon by facile and cheap means.
This invention is based to a considerable extent upon the discovery that improved large area contacts to silicon are achieved by electroplating a metal, such as nickel, in two distinct steps with an intervening heat treatment. Thus, in accordance with the method of this invention, a silicon body containing suitable junctions, which may be advantageously formed by the diffusion thereinto of significant impurity elements, is treated in a nickel solution to an electroplating of relatively short duration and low intensity, sufiicient merely to provide a film obliterating the color of the silicon. The body of silicon is then heated briefly, generally less than one minute, at a temperature between 700 C. and 950 C., while maintaining a controlled, oxygen-free atmosphere. After this heat treatment a further and heavier layer of nickel is electrodeposited, forming a surface which is facilely tinned preparatory to the application of contact leads or thermal radiators.
The above and other objects and features of this invention will be appreciated more fully when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawing, in which:
Fig. 1 is an operational diagram of one form of the method of this invention, employed for producing improved ohmic contacts to silicon; and
Figs. 2, 3, 4, and 5 represent, in exaggerated crosssectional views, the appearance of a silicon rectifier device at various stages of fabrication in accordance with this invention.
Referring to Fig. 1, the method of this invention as applied to a typical silicon semiconductor body comprises first, washing the silicon in a suitable bath to remove the surface film, which presumably is silicon dioxide. It will be understood that the semiconductor already contains the desired regions of conductivity produced by techniques known in the art, for example, such as those disclosed in the applications of C. S. Fuller, Serial No. 414,272, filed March 5, 1954, and Serial No. 432,638, filed May 27,
2,793 ,420 Patente M y :8,
1954, and N. B. Hannay, Serial No. 432,792, filed May 27, 1954, now Patent No. 2,743,200.
Such a device may be as depicted in Fig. 2, comprising a body of n-type conductivity silicon having a thin zone of p-type conductivity on one boundary and a region of n+ type,.indicating greater n-type conductivity than the body material, on the opposite boundary. As disclosed in the aforementioned applications of G. L. Pearson, the structure described is advantageously used as a rectifier of greatly improved characteristics. I
The next step, as shown in Fig. 1,.involves further pre: liminary surface preparation and may consist of applying the silicon surfaces to be plated to a lapping plate treated with #1800 Alundum abrasive. Generally, a few strokes are sufficient toprovide aproper surface'texture. I
The initial plating operation is accomplished by mounting the silicon body in a suitable jig or holder which is then immersed in a plating bath. A bath suitable for plating may comprise grams of nickel ammonium sulfate, 15 grams of ammonium chloride, and 15 grams of boric acid dissolved in one liter of distilled water. With the semiconductor body made cathode, current is passed to deposit a film of nickel heavy enough to obliterate the characteristic silicon color. A current density of 0.10 ampere/cm. for about 20 seconds has been found suitable.
The lightly plated silicon body, as represented in Fig. 3, is cleaned in boiling water and is then inserted slowly into a furnace at a temperature of 800 C. The atmosphere Within the furnace is positively maintained oxygenfree, as by the application of a nitrogen atmosphere or the use of so-called forming gas composed of twenty percent hydrogen and eighty percent nitrogen. After holding in the furnace for about one-half minute, the silicon body is slowly withdrawn to avoid thermal shock and again placed in the plating bath.
A second layer of nickel is then electrodeposited to a depth heavier than the initial layer as illustrated in Fig. 4. Application of the same current density as used for the first film for a period of about thirty seconds produces a satisfactory surface.
Solder tinning of the plated surfaces to which contact is to be made is readily accomplished by forming a puddie of solder on a hot fiat copper plate. The surfaces are fiuxed and placed in the puddle until tinning occurs, after which the semiconductor body is removed and cooled slowly.
Electrodes may be applied by other means known in the art, for example, silver paste may be used in lieu of solder. Another alternative is to afiix a metallized frit of glass to the plated area by means of an additional firing. It is also possible to achieve a satisfactory electrode connection simply by the application of sutlicient pressure to force a base metal wire into the plated layer.
Final steps in device fabrication comprise removal of unwanted plated areas to eliminate shorting of junctions. This procedure may involve grinding or combined masking and etching treatments or the like. It is also practical to accomplish the steps of this method on a relatively large area body of silicon which may then be cut or diced into smaller units.
As shown in Fig. 5, the final form of the rectifier will include a flattened wire contact 11 to the p-type zone and a mounting plate 12 of copper, sweated to the n+ type zone.
While other plating metals, such as rhodium and copper may be employed in the practice of this invention, nickel has been found particularly suitable from the standpoint of electrical and mechanical results. For a series of twenty-five silicon devices of the type disclosed hereinabove, each having a contact area of about 1.75 square centimeters, the contacts made in accordance with this invention had average thousandth of an ohm.
What is claimed is: 1. The method of fabricating a low resistance contact to a 'bodyof semiconductive silicon which comprises electrodepositing a first layer of nickel 'sufiicient to' just obliterate the color of said silicon body, heating said body at about 800 C. for about one-half minute in an oxygenfree atmosphere, electrodepositing a second layer of nickel, .and applying a coating of solder to said nickel plating. 2. The method of fabricating a low resistance contact to a'semiconductive body of silicon which comprises'electrodepositing a thin film of nickel from a plating solution, washing said body, heating said body at about 800? C. for about one-half minute in a slightly reducing atmosphere, electrodepositing a layer of nickel relatively heavier than the said thin film, applying a solder coating to said nickel plating, and affixing electrodes to said solder. v
resistances of about one- 3. The method of fabricating a low resistance contact to a sem'iconductive body of silicon which comprises cleaning and polishing the contact surfaces of said body, electrodepositing a first layer of nickel just suificient to obliterate the silicon body color, washing said body, heating said body at about 800, C. for about one-half minute in an oxygen-free atmosphere, electrodepositing a second layer of nickel heavier than said first layer, ap-
plying a solder coating to said nickel plating, and afiixing,
electrodes to said solder.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS

Claims (1)

  1. 3. THE METHOD OF FABRICATING A LOW RESISTANCE CONTACT TO A SEMICONDUCTIVE BODY OF SILICON WHICH COMPRISES CLEANING AND POLISHING THE CONTACT SURFACES OF SAID BODY, ELECTRODEPOSITING A FIRST LAYER OF NICKEL JUST SUFFICIENT TO OBLITERATE THE SILICON BODY COLOR, WASHING SAID BODY, HEATING SAID BODY AT ABOUT 800*C. FOR ABOUT ONE-HALF MINUTE IN AN OXYGEN-FREE ATMOSPHERE, ELECTRODEPOSITING A SECOND LAYER OF NICKEL HEAVIER THAN SAID FIRST LAYER, APPLYING A SOLDER COATING TO SAID NICKEL PLATING, AND AFFIXING ELECTRODES TO SAID SOLDER.
US50323055 1955-04-22 1955-04-22 Electrical contacts to silicon Expired - Lifetime US2793420A (en)

Priority Applications (27)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NL107361D NL107361C (en) 1955-04-22
NL212349D NL212349A (en) 1955-04-22
NL97268D NL97268C (en) 1955-04-22
NL204361D NL204361A (en) 1955-04-22
BE546514D BE546514A (en) 1955-04-22
US50323055 US2793420A (en) 1955-04-22 1955-04-22 Electrical contacts to silicon
US54831055 US2810870A (en) 1955-04-22 1955-11-22 Switching transistor
FR1148115D FR1148115A (en) 1955-04-22 1956-03-26 Improvements to silicon rectifiers and their manufacturing processes
DEW18789A DE1061446B (en) 1955-04-22 1956-04-05 Method for producing a silicon rectifier with a semiconductor body having three zones
GB1214156A GB818419A (en) 1955-04-22 1956-04-20 Improvements in silicon rectifiers and methods of manufacturing silicon elements therefor
CH350047D CH350047A (en) 1955-04-22 1956-04-21 Method of manufacturing a silicon rectifier device
US607781A US2981645A (en) 1955-04-22 1956-09-04 Semiconductor device fabrication
GB3550256A GB842103A (en) 1955-04-22 1956-11-20 Improvements in transistors and the manufacture thereof
FR1172055D FR1172055A (en) 1955-04-22 1956-11-21 Switching transistor
DEI12485A DE1054587B (en) 1955-04-22 1956-11-21 Transistor, manufactured by the gas diffusion process, especially for switching operations in data processing machines
US385368A US3880880A (en) 1955-04-22 1973-08-03 Substituted 2 -azetidinesulfenic acid
IE1117/74A IE39290B1 (en) 1955-04-22 1974-05-27 Substituted 2-azetidine sulfenic acid
IL44951A IL44951A (en) 1955-04-22 1974-06-02 Substituted 2-azetidine-sulfenic acid
CA201,607A CA1024519A (en) 1955-04-22 1974-06-04 Substituted 2-azetidine-sulfenic acid
DE2434208A DE2434208A1 (en) 1955-04-22 1974-07-16 DERIVATIVE OF 2-ACETIDINE SULFIC ACID AND PROCESS FOR ITS PRODUCTION
NL7410353A NL7410353A (en) 1955-04-22 1974-08-01 PROCESS FOR PREPARING 2-AZETIDINE SULPHINES
CH1066774A CH608805A5 (en) 1955-04-22 1974-08-02
FR7427015A FR2239470B1 (en) 1955-04-22 1974-08-02
GB3413674A GB1473363A (en) 1955-04-22 1974-08-02 Substituted 2-azetidine-sulphenic acid
ES428916A ES428916A1 (en) 1955-04-22 1974-08-02 Electrical contacts to silicon
BE1006107A BE818419A (en) 1955-04-22 1974-08-02 SUBSTITUTE 2-AZETIDINESULFENIC ACID
JP8939974A JPS5041852A (en) 1955-04-22 1974-08-03

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

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US50323055 US2793420A (en) 1955-04-22 1955-04-22 Electrical contacts to silicon
US54831055 US2810870A (en) 1955-04-22 1955-11-22 Switching transistor
US385368A US3880880A (en) 1955-04-22 1973-08-03 Substituted 2 -azetidinesulfenic acid

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US2793420A true US2793420A (en) 1957-05-28

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US54831055 Expired - Lifetime US2810870A (en) 1955-04-22 1955-11-22 Switching transistor
US385368A Expired - Lifetime US3880880A (en) 1955-04-22 1973-08-03 Substituted 2 -azetidinesulfenic acid

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NL97268C (en) 1900-01-01
NL212349A (en) 1900-01-01
DE1054587B (en) 1959-04-09
GB1473363A (en) 1977-05-11
ES428916A1 (en) 1976-08-16
US2810870A (en) 1957-10-22
CH608805A5 (en) 1979-01-31
FR2239470B1 (en) 1979-03-09
BE546514A (en) 1900-01-01
FR1172055A (en) 1959-02-05
FR2239470A1 (en) 1975-02-28
IE39290B1 (en) 1978-09-13
BE818419A (en) 1975-02-03
NL7410353A (en) 1975-02-05
IE39290L (en) 1975-02-03
DE2434208A1 (en) 1975-02-13
NL107361C (en) 1900-01-01
US3880880A (en) 1975-04-29
DE1061446B (en) 1959-07-16
GB842103A (en) 1960-07-20
CH350047A (en) 1960-11-15
GB818419A (en) 1959-08-19
IL44951A0 (en) 1974-09-10
NL204361A (en) 1900-01-01
IL44951A (en) 1976-09-30
CA1024519A (en) 1978-01-17
JPS5041852A (en) 1975-04-16
FR1148115A (en) 1957-12-04

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