US2770572A - Blood grouping card - Google Patents

Blood grouping card Download PDF

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US2770572A
US2770572A US300698A US30069852A US2770572A US 2770572 A US2770572 A US 2770572A US 300698 A US300698 A US 300698A US 30069852 A US30069852 A US 30069852A US 2770572 A US2770572 A US 2770572A
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serum
blood
conglutinin
sera
dried
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US300698A
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Eldon Knud-Erik Harboe
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Nordisk Insulinlaboratorium
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Nordisk Insulinlaboratorium
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/80—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving blood groups or blood types or red blood cells
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • C07K16/34—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against blood group antigens
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/15—Devices for taking samples of blood
    • A61B5/150007—Details
    • A61B5/150015—Source of blood
    • A61B5/150038—Source of blood for blood from umbilical cord
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/15—Devices for taking samples of blood
    • A61B5/150007—Details
    • A61B5/150358—Strips for collecting blood, e.g. absorbent

Definitions

  • This invention relates to means for blood grouping.
  • the blood ⁇ groups of practical importance in humans are the A, B, AB, O and Rh groups.
  • the method hitherto generally used consists in mixing the test serum in question--i. e., serum containing A-antibody or B-antibody* with a saline suspension of red cells from the blood of the patients.
  • the mixture can be produced upon a glass slide or in a small test tube; and after the glass slide has been tilted back and forth for ten minutes or the tube has remained standing for two hours the reaction is read.
  • a temperature of 37 C. should be used in the methods hitherto normally used.
  • a saline suspension of the red cells of the patient is usually mixed in a small test tube with anti-Rh serum, after which the tube is left to stand for one and a half to two hours at 37 C., when the reaction can be read.
  • regular supplies of anti-Rh sera capable of reacting in a saline medium are required.
  • One object of my present invention is, therefore, to provide a blood-grouping test which can be carried out at the side of the patient, which will not require a skilled technician, and the accuracy of whose results will not be interferred with by pseudo-agglutination.
  • Another object of my invention is to provide means by which all test sera required for the grouping, including anti-Rh serum are placed in separated areas or fields safely marked on a single supporting sheet, all being adapted to show the correct result when subjected to identical treatment.
  • Still another object of my invention is to provide a supporting sheet upon which the test sera are safely carried in a dry state until using them, and upon which the reaction mixture after the result has been read will dry to show just as clearly as in its moist state whether the reaction has been positive or negative, which requires that even on completion of the drying no pseudo-agglutination takes place.
  • An additional object of the invention is to provide a blood-grouping test which can be carried out over a wide temperature range and which will disclose cases of pseudoagglutination which might otherwise result in an erroneout typing of blood as belonging to the AB group.
  • each surface-portion of the card bears appropriate indicia identifying the character of the dried serum it bears.
  • the several sera are'mixedinuniform proportions with a substance or a mixture of substances of the class consisting of conglutinins and conglutinin substitutes, the added substance or substances being the same and being employed in the same proportion for all sera on any one card.
  • the several sera used on each card are standardized by the addition of indifferent serum so that when the test is later performed they will yield the reaction for which they are respectively specific.
  • the means used according to my invention in all cases comprise a supporting sheet upon which a series of portions of test sera diluted in a suitable manner to be more closely described in the following are evaporated so as to cover limited areas of the surface of the supporting sheet, said areas being identified in accordance with the kind of serum contained therein by marking in print or otherwise.
  • Fig. l illustrates one form of a suitable sheet or card bearing the dried test sera.
  • Figs. 2 to 4 are graphs illustrating results obtained with various different types of test sera.
  • Fig. l I show a sheet or card bearing spots 11 of dried test sera, each identified by appropriate indicia 12.
  • the card 10 may also bear appropriate spaces 13 for insertion of data such as the name of the patient, the date of the test, the test-result, etc.
  • the sheet 10 as shown is preferably of rectangular or other regular or simple form adapted to be conveniently stored in card files and the like or to be enclosed and sent in envelopes or asa postcard. It is preferably of the thickness of ordinary cardboard or strong paper or the like adapted to keep reasonably flat when used. Preferred thicknesses are in the range of 0.1-3 mms. depending on the material, the thinner materials being only suitable in case of very stiff materials'such as metal or when they are used in connection with a stiffening frame or a stiff support to which they are fastened during the part of the reaction which involves the use of moisture.
  • the kind of sheet-material is otherwise unimportant except for the purposes of portability, stiffness and convenience in storing; and so long as reasonable requirements are fulfilled in these respects and the sheet is capable of keeping flat, with or without auxiliary means, during the part of the reaction where moisture is used, any thickness will do.
  • a thickness of 0.2-0.7 mm. will do.
  • the size of the sheet must be such as to provide space for the desired number of testing areas 11 and for identication notes in the spaces 13. Since in most cases a test-area need not exceed 500 mm.2 and the number of such areas may be reduced to 4 or less, although it can be 8, l0 or more, card sizes of 815 by 5-10 cms. will be well suited for all ordinary purposes.
  • the material of the supporting plate is mainly a practical and economical question, the nature and material of its surface or the part of the surface on which the portions of the test sera are placed and the reactions are to be carried out as described below, is of some importance so far as concerns such qualities as its smoothness,vchemical and biological inertness, and its capability of maintaining and being moistened evenly by serum and water.
  • the smoothness of the surface must be of such a degree that the rather thin layer of moisture involved in the reaction will adequately cover any grain present in the surface, as otherwise a grainy appearance of the moist and dried surface covered by the reaction mixture will result, which would tend to interfere with accurate reading of the test results.
  • An idea of the degree of smoothness required can be had by calculating the depth of the layer of liquid involved in each area during the reaction.
  • each test area may be 300 mm.2 and the amount of liquid may be l0 mm.3 of blood and 50 mm.3 water making 60 mm3 which corresponds to a depth of about 1/5 mm. Consequently, in this case the roughness should not exceed mm. very much and is preferably far less.
  • the material should not give off substances reacting with the constituents 0f the sera and should not be soluble in water or capable of absorbing the constituents of the sera. Furthermore, it should not give off appreciable proportions of substances such as acids (e. g. acetic acid), aldehydes, alkalies and salts.
  • acids e. g. acetic acid
  • aldehydes e.g. aldehydes
  • alkalies e.g. acetic acid
  • a surface layer consisting of a iilm of regenerated cellulose, cellophane, particularly the brand brought on the market under the trade name of Industriatape, is very well adapted for the purpose.
  • a surface yof hard paper glued in the paper mass by a vegetable glue such as resin, and glued on the surface by an animal glue such as recommended by Wagner is also suitable for the purpose,
  • chemically indifferent metals such as gold have been found suited.
  • lacquers or plastics have been found reasonably suitable, such as cellulose acetate, polyvinyl chloride and polymethyl acrylates.
  • the surface layer may also consist of a layer of hardened gelatine, as in photographic paper when xed and washed. Since such gelatine layer is to some extent penetrable to water, as is also regenerated cellulose, I prefer,
  • the supporting sheets may consist tl emselves of Iother material than the surface parts carrying the test sera, for instance of paper, cardboard, Celluloid or plastics. if the sheet is to comprise a sera-bearing facing on a uxening back, the facing need extend only over the area occupied by the test-sera 11.
  • the ysera used are the sera usually c'mpioyed by the hospitals and laboratories carrying out blood grouping; They are comm-only human sera produced from persons who spontaneously contain the antibody in question in their sera or who are immunized for that purpose.
  • the blood recovered from the animal cr person in question is coagulated and 'the serum is removed from the coagulate and centrifuged lif desired.
  • the serum thus recovered is then subjected to the usual treatments to make it suitable as a reagent in blood grouping.
  • the only treatment which is generally necessary is a heat treatment carried out by heating the serum to about 56 C. for about 20 minutes to destroy the complement which otherwise might cause hemolysis instead of agglutination.
  • yof anti-Rh sera a further treatment will be necessary to remove undesired anti-A and anti-B antibodies by adsorption on suitable materials, such as the corresponding blood cells.
  • the sera recovered from individual donors is usually of Varying strength as to the antibody in question.
  • sera the strength of which exceeds the strength necessary to sh'ow a clear unmistakable agglutination reaction are required because dilution of the serum with conglutinin or conglutinin substitutes is necessary for several purposes, one being to avoid the occurrence of unspecic reactions due to rouleaux-formation, another being to maintain the concentration of conglutinin or conglutinin substitutes for the working of incomplete anti-Rh sera, and a third being to accelerate agglutination if so desired, all as explained below.
  • the extent to which the sera are to be diluted for these purposes will be more closely specified below.
  • Figs. 2 to 4 showing a. number of curves.
  • the curves show the intensity of specific and unspecic reactions when the anti-Rh test serum employed is mixed with certain specific constituents k and k" in the relative proportion indicated, the constituents k and k in each case falling in the class of substances consisting of oonglutinins and conglutinin substitutes.
  • the curves Ia. Ila, ⁇ and Illa ⁇ show the intensity of the specific reactions, whereas the curves Ib, IIb, and IIIb show the intensity of the unspecific reactions.
  • the intensities are estimated f-rom the appearance of the reac tion mixtures ⁇ after three minutes on a card produced in accordance with my invention.
  • the curves relate to the following mixtures: p
  • Ia and Ib relate to a mixture in which k is a 6% solution of dextrane and k" is indifferent blood serum, which mixture contains anti-Rh serum in the ratio of 1:1000.
  • IIa and IIb relate to a mixture in which k is a 20% solution of serum albumin, and k is indifferent blood serum, the mixture containing anti-Rh serum in the ratio 1: 1000, and
  • IIIa and Illb relate to a mixture in which k is a 6% solution of dextrane and k is a 20% solution of serum albumin, the mixture containing anti-Rh serum in the ratio 1:1000.
  • the intensity Iof the unspecic reactions indicated by the curves Ib, IIb and IiIb are estimated from the behavior of mixtures to which blood giving no Rh-reaction is added, whereas the intensities of the specific Ireactions indicated by curves In, Ila and Illa are estimated from reactions in which blood containing Rh positive cells is involved.
  • curve IIb shows that the unspecic reactions can also be avoided by replacing serum by this substance.
  • the range of dilution ratio within which signiiicant unspecitic reactions can be prevented will be even greater than in the case of the dextrane, but the intensity of the specic reactions (curve IIb) within the range where unspecific reactions are avoided will be less.
  • curve IIIb it is Ialso possible to prevent unspecific reactions by using a diluting agent in which the proportion of albumin is high.
  • Serum and/or plasma itself contains conglutinin.
  • a mixture to be dried on the card contains conglutinin provided by the serum (indifferent, specic or both) and also contains a conglutinin substitute
  • the ratio of the serum to the conglutinin substitute will generally lie in the range from 1% to 20% calculated as set forth below. In some cases it may be higher, for instance in the case of albumin. Preferably, I use the ratio of 1:9.
  • a test serum strong enough to stand a dilution of 1:1000 is diluted in that ratio with a mixture f of two conglutinin substitutes, viz. dextrane and albumin,
  • conglutinin substitutes may be used such substances falling within the definition given by Wiener in his paper: Rh-Glossary printed in The Laboratory Digest, St. Louis, Mo., November 1950, provided lthat solutions thereof with sera are, after drying, readily re-dissolvable in cold water, for instance albumin solutions, gum acacia solutions, solutions of some high-molecular alcohols or their derivatives or solutions of some high molecular sugars.
  • albumin solutions particularly of the brand on the market under the name of Macrodex, because such solutions in the presence of serum (specific or indifferent) or albumin highly accelerate the rate of reaction of the agglutination process as shown by Figures 2 and 4.
  • the concentration in which the conglutinin or conglutinin substitutes are used for preparing the diluted sera to be placed in the separate areas on the .supporting sheet depends on the particular conglutinin or conglutinin substitute. For instance I may use a 6 percent solution of dextrane, a 20 percent solution of albumin, a 1 percent solution of polyvinyl pyrrolidine or a 1/2 percent solution of gum arabic. Solutions of such respective strengths have a viscosity approximately similar to that of blood serum, and a colloid-osmotic pressure to suit blood corpuscles.
  • conglutinin and conglutinin substitutes the substances which have been used for infusion in the human blood vessels are generally preferred as far as they come within the definition of Wiener.
  • salts may also be added to the sera to be placed on the separate area of the support 10, such as solutions of salts to control the osmotic pressure.
  • salts for instance sodium chloride
  • salt concentration in the reaction mixture is about 2 percent.
  • the salt In order to be able to use tap water or distilled water for re-dissolving the serum-conglutinin or serum-conglutinin substitute mixture on the card, the salt must oe incorporated with the lmixture of serum and conglutinin or conglutinin substitute before drying. Serum will always contain about 0.9 percent, and conglutinin or conglutinin substitutes are frequently prepared with a content of 0.9 percent of salt. However, the increase of the salt concentration to about 2 percent accelerates the specified reaction very considerably without producing unspecic reactions. On the other hand salt concentratons as high as 3 percent should be avoided, since this would substantially inhibit the agglutination.
  • a suspension of blood corpuscles is used instead of blood.
  • suitable admixtures are coagulation inhibiting substances, such as sodium citrate or sodium oxalate or heparin, preferably from other sources than the ox. If such additions are used the proportion may preferably be the same as used for approximately 5-40 mm.3 of full blood.
  • heparin for instance, one part of heparin solution (5 percent) may be used to 3000 parts of the mixture of serum and conglutinin or conglutinin substitute.
  • the sheet has only four areas covered by dried serum.
  • the iirst area carries a mixture of anti-A serum (standardized to stand dilution in the ratio 1-l0) and Macrodex
  • a second area carries a dried mixture of anti-B serum (standardized in the same manner) and Macrodex
  • a third area carries a dried mixture of anti-rhesus serum (which may be of the incomplete type which will not react in saline solution of blood cells but only with solutions containing conglutinin or conglutinin substitutes, which serum is again standardized in the same manner) and Macrodex
  • the fourth area carries indifferent serum mixed with Macrodex.
  • Macrodex is the solution of a dextrane hydrolysate produced by the manufacturer in the concentrations in which it is adapted for infusion in the blood system.
  • the other known conglutinins or conglutinin substitutes with which serum can be diluted i. c., different from serum
  • the amount of dilution stated above is calculated subject to the condition that the conglutinin or conglutinin substitute is used in this concentration, but of course it is not necessary that it is really used in such concentration, since the serum when applied to the supporting sh-eet is to be evaporated.
  • the real concentration used is, therefore, only a practical question.
  • -It may be desirable for specific purposes to include areas of other sera or to omit one or more of the areas shown. It is preferable, however, to maintain in all cases the area carrying indifferent serum, since this will unveil panagglutination and will also show that the reaction has been carried out Ain proper manner and that the test card has not been subjected to influences that have destroyed the capability of omitting unspecic reactions.
  • the card is used in the same manner as the known card by Wagner.
  • each area may contain 60-65 mm.3 of the diluted salt-containing serum calculated as stated above.
  • This serum should preferably not be spread over the whole area marked but left as a drop in the middle of the area. It should be dried at a low temperature, not exceeding 40 C.
  • the moistening fluid should be water which may be ordinary tap water or rain water or distilled water or a saline solution. The amount thereof will preferably be for instance 50 mm.3 to each ⁇ area.
  • the blood should preferably be fresh blood from any part of the body, for instance from the ear lobe, and the amount thereof should preferably be l0 mm.3. These amounts may be varied but they are suitable for areas of -500 mm?.
  • Means for blood grouping comprising a solid sheet having at least one surface area carrying the dried residue of a mixture of a dextrane solution and a serum containing a specific agglutinin against human blood cells, the proportion of dried serum residue to that of dried solution residue being one such as would result from drying a mixture of the serum and a six percent dextrane solution having a composition between about one percent serum and about twenty percent serum.
  • Means for blood grouping comprising a solid sheet having at least one surface area carrying the dried residue of a mixture of a dextrane solution and a serum containing a specific agglutinin against human blood cells, the proportion of dried serum residue to that of dried solution residue being one such as would result from drying a mixture of the serum and a six percent dextrane solution having the composition of about one part serum and about nine parts of the six percent dextrane solution.
  • Means for blood grouping comprising a solid sheet having at least one surface area carrying the dried residue of a solution of albumin and a serum containing a specific agglutinin against human blood cells, the proportion of albumin to the serum being one such as would result from drying a mixture of the serum and a twenty percent albumin solution having a composition between about one percent and about twenty percent serum.
  • Means for blood grouping comprising a solid sheet having at least one surface area carrying the dried residue of a solution of albumin and a serum containing a specific agglutinin against human blood cells, the proportion of albumin to the serum being one such as would result from drying a mixture of Athe serum and a twenty percent albumin solution having the composition of about one part serum and about nine parts of the twenty percent albumin solution.
  • Means for blood grouping comprising a solid sheet having at least one surface area carrying the dried residue of a mixture comprising a low proportion of a strong test serum containing a specific agglutinin against human blood cells and a major portion made up of two different conglutinin-substitute solutions, the ratio of the dried residues of the respective solutions being one such as would result from drying a mixture consisting of about one to about twenty percent of one solution and about ninetynine to about eighty percent of the other.
  • Means for blood grouping comprising a solid sheet having at least one surface area carrying the dried residue of a conglutinin-substitute solution ⁇ and a serum containing a specic agglutinin against human blood cells, the proportion of the dried residue of the conglutinin-substitute to the dried residue of the serum being one such as would result from drying a mixture of serum and cong1utinin-substitute solution containing between about one percent and about twenty percent serum.
  • Blood-grouping means as set forth in claim 5 with the addition that said solid sheet comprises a cellophane facing providing the surface area carrying said dried residue.
  • said sheet also has a second surface area carrying the dried residue of a conglutinin-substitute solution and a serum free from specific agglutinins against human blood cells, the ratio of dried serum residue to dried conglutinin-substitute ratio being substantially the same in said two surface areas.

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Cited By (25)

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US3035986A (en) * 1959-01-02 1962-05-22 Hyland Lab Anti-m lectin from seeds of cruciferae iberis
US3272319A (en) * 1962-10-05 1966-09-13 Hynson Westcott & Dunning Inc Immunological test kit
US3334018A (en) * 1962-09-05 1967-08-01 Technicon Corp Means for analyzing a continuous stream of unique sanguineous samples
US3424558A (en) * 1965-12-08 1969-01-28 Nordisk Insulinlab Instrument for blood grouping on blood grouping cards
US3502437A (en) * 1967-03-13 1970-03-24 Haematronics Inc Identification card
US3624223A (en) * 1964-12-17 1971-11-30 Technicon Instr Blood type indicator
US3798423A (en) * 1971-10-04 1974-03-19 Medislide Ind Inc Diagnostic data card construction
US3853468A (en) * 1972-05-08 1974-12-10 H Haymond Method and apparatus for clinical testing of biological fluids
US3880988A (en) * 1972-03-10 1975-04-29 Baxter Laboratories Inc Method of improving anti-Rh typing serum
US3882224A (en) * 1973-09-11 1975-05-06 American Cyanamid Co Reagents and tests for syphilis
US3949065A (en) * 1973-09-11 1976-04-06 American Cyanamid Company Composition and method for the detection of syphilis
US3956477A (en) * 1973-06-08 1976-05-11 Akzona Incorporated Method and erythrocyte preparation for reverse blood grouping
US3990850A (en) * 1976-01-06 1976-11-09 Akzona Incorporated Diagnostic test card
DE2636616A1 (de) * 1975-08-14 1977-02-24 Sinai School Medicine Monolayer von irreversibel auf einem festen traeger gebundenen zellen, verfahren zu seiner herstellung und seine verwendung zur durchfuehrung immunologischer reaktionen
US4025310A (en) * 1976-05-28 1977-05-24 International Diagnostic Technology, Inc. Method for reading a wet fluorescent surface
US4046871A (en) * 1975-04-08 1977-09-06 Ortho Diagnostics Inc. Compositions and serological methods including bovine serum albumin polymers
US4092116A (en) * 1973-08-30 1978-05-30 General Electric Company Method for binding antibodies to a surface such that they remain active
US4493821A (en) * 1982-02-04 1985-01-15 Harrison James S Preservative and fixative preparations for biological systems
US4578282A (en) * 1982-02-04 1986-03-25 Harrison James S Composition for diagnostic reagents
US5900379A (en) * 1996-04-11 1999-05-04 Mizuho Usa, Inc. Analytical device
US6955889B1 (en) 1999-06-08 2005-10-18 Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics, Inc. Simultaneous determination of forward and reverse ABO blood group
US20070298446A1 (en) * 2003-12-22 2007-12-27 Harry Malyska Reducing Time To Result For Blood Bank Diagnostic Testing
US20100173395A1 (en) * 2003-01-14 2010-07-08 Micronics, Inc. Microfluidic devices for fluid manipulation and analysis
US8318439B2 (en) 2008-10-03 2012-11-27 Micronics, Inc. Microfluidic apparatus and methods for performing blood typing and crossmatching
US10386377B2 (en) 2013-05-07 2019-08-20 Micronics, Inc. Microfluidic devices and methods for performing serum separation and blood cross-matching

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE8029596U1 (de) * 1980-11-06 1981-06-11 Biotest-Serum-Institut Gmbh, 6000 Frankfurt Blutgruppenidentitaetskarte, insbesondere fuer den bed side-test
US5338689A (en) * 1987-08-24 1994-08-16 Stiftung Fur Diagnostische Forschung Method and card for detecting antigens and/or antibodies
JPH087215B2 (ja) * 1987-08-24 1996-01-29 シュティフツング・フュア・ディアグノスティッシュ・フォルシュンク 抗原および／又は抗体の検出方法および検出用の試験キット
DE102004005139A1 (de) 2004-02-02 2005-08-18 Prisma Diagnostika Gmbh Testelement und Verfahren zum Testen von Blut

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US1839573A (en) * 1928-10-15 1932-01-05 Herbert Killips Apparatus for testing blood
US2194131A (en) * 1936-07-30 1940-03-19 Robert W Terry System for conducting stained antigen tests
USRE22208E (en) * 1942-10-20 Composition capable of inhibiting
US2334636A (en) * 1939-08-17 1943-11-16 Indiana University Foundation Syphilis test and antigen
US2357253A (en) * 1940-08-01 1944-08-29 Lederle Lab Inc Preservation of dried blood grouping serum
US2561339A (en) * 1944-01-10 1951-07-24 Chediak Alejandro Apparatus for laboratory investigations

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USRE22208E (en) * 1942-10-20 Composition capable of inhibiting
US1839573A (en) * 1928-10-15 1932-01-05 Herbert Killips Apparatus for testing blood
US2194131A (en) * 1936-07-30 1940-03-19 Robert W Terry System for conducting stained antigen tests
US2334636A (en) * 1939-08-17 1943-11-16 Indiana University Foundation Syphilis test and antigen
US2357253A (en) * 1940-08-01 1944-08-29 Lederle Lab Inc Preservation of dried blood grouping serum
US2561339A (en) * 1944-01-10 1951-07-24 Chediak Alejandro Apparatus for laboratory investigations

Cited By (34)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3035986A (en) * 1959-01-02 1962-05-22 Hyland Lab Anti-m lectin from seeds of cruciferae iberis
US3334018A (en) * 1962-09-05 1967-08-01 Technicon Corp Means for analyzing a continuous stream of unique sanguineous samples
US3272319A (en) * 1962-10-05 1966-09-13 Hynson Westcott & Dunning Inc Immunological test kit
US3624223A (en) * 1964-12-17 1971-11-30 Technicon Instr Blood type indicator
US3424558A (en) * 1965-12-08 1969-01-28 Nordisk Insulinlab Instrument for blood grouping on blood grouping cards
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BE513161A (it)
DE1005759B (de) 1957-04-04
FR1079771A (fr) 1954-12-02
NL89406C (it)

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