US2739163A - Manufacture of hard odorless soap from low grade fats and oils - Google Patents
Manufacture of hard odorless soap from low grade fats and oils Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US2739163A US2739163A US346803A US34680353A US2739163A US 2739163 A US2739163 A US 2739163A US 346803 A US346803 A US 346803A US 34680353 A US34680353 A US 34680353A US 2739163 A US2739163 A US 2739163A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- fatty acids
- oils
- fats
- low grade
- hard
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 239000003925 fat Substances 0.000 title claims description 15
- 239000000344 soap Substances 0.000 title claims description 15
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 title claims description 14
- 230000009965 odorless effect Effects 0.000 title claims description 7
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 6
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 claims description 36
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 claims description 36
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 claims description 36
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 36
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 23
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000010924 continuous production Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000004668 long chain fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007127 saponification reaction Methods 0.000 description 14
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 10
- 235000019197 fats Nutrition 0.000 description 10
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 10
- ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7553-56-2 Chemical compound [I] ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000011630 iodine Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000004061 bleaching Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000010775 animal oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 2
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000014593 oils and fats Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000015112 vegetable and seed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000019871 vegetable fat Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000008158 vegetable oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000019486 Sunflower oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000019864 coconut oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003240 coconut oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001804 emulsifying effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005187 foaming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008161 low-grade oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002085 persistent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000004671 saturated fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000003441 saturated fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002600 sunflower oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004670 unsaturated fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000021122 unsaturated fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000010698 whale oil Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D13/00—Making of soap or soap solutions in general; Apparatus therefor
- C11D13/02—Boiling soap; Refining
- C11D13/04—Continuous methods therefor
Description
2,739,163 Patented Mar. 20, 1956 MANUFAGTURE or HARD DDORLESSTSDAP FROM LOW GRADE FATS ANnmL-s Klaus Appulm, Vina del Mar, Chile, assignorto com pania IndustriaL Vina del Mar,hile, a corporation of Chile No Drawing. Application April a, 1 95;,
Serial No. 346,803
- Claims-priority, application GreatBritain July 11, 1952 6 Claims. (or. 260-413 V This invention relates to the manufacture of odorless soap of. good quality from low grade animal or vegetable oils and fats which have a disagreeable odor...
Soaps of good quality are usuallyma-nufactured from saturated fatty acids which contain from 12 to 16 carbon atoms in the chain, as for instance those fatty acids predominating in coconut oil. 1 3
The majority of fatty substances found in nature are formed by fatty acids of a longer chain than 16 carbon atoms or are highly unsaturated, or by a combination of both types of substances and are consequently less suitable for the manufactureof good quality soaps. They are the so-called low-grade'fats andoils.
In my co-pending application, Serial No. 151,030, filed March 21, 1950, now Patent No. 2,640,840, there is described a continuous process for the manufacture of odorless soap of high quality, from low grade animal or vegetable oils and fats, which process comprises the treatment of the fatty acids .derived from low grade oils and fats with molten alkali at about 300 C. in the absence of water and at substantially atmospheric pressure. When the fatty acids used in said process are obtained from malodorous fats and oils by special reagents according to the Twitchell process, the subsequent saponification reaction with molten'alkali at high temperature results in the formation of excessive and persistent foam. This necessitates resorting to a number of precautions before the reaction canbe carried out in an industrially profitable manner. One such precaution was to add sperm oil to the fatty acids to reduce the foaming.
in laboratory trials a remarkable difference has been noted between the fatty acids produced by refining fats and those obtained by splitting with Twitchell type reagents as far as consistency and formation of foam during anhydrous saponification is concerned. It has been observed that the foam formed during anhydrous saponification of fatty acids produced by refining was less viscous and dense than the foam formed when submitting to the same treatment, fatty acids obtained by splitting with Twitchell. type reagents. This difference in behavior suggested the possibility of saponifying by the anhydrous saponification system, those fatty acids produced by refining without addition of a reaction moderator such as sperm oil. The difference in behavior of these two types of fatty acids, suggested what has not been possible to prove by analysis, namely, that the remainders or traces of the reagent retained in the fatty acid obtained by the Twitchell process, due to their emulsifying properties conferred consistency and persistency to the foam, thus making continuous anhydrous saponification impracticable.
I have now found that the foam formation can be moderated to such an extent that it is possible to carry out the saponification reaction in a continuous manner without special precautions, if the fatty acids obtained by the Twitchell process are first treated with activated carbon. The fatty acids may be treated with about 0.2% of their weight of activated carbon, preferably after first "2 treating them with bleaching earth, for example, with about 2%. of their weight of bleaching earth. One method of carrying out the process according to the present invention given by way of example is as follows:
A .mixture of fatty acids obtained by splitting malodorous oils and fats by the Twitchell process are vacuum dried, treated with 2% of their we'ight ofbleaching earth and then with 02% of activated carbon and finally filtered in a filter-press. The resultant fatty. acids at a temperature slightly above their melting point, and the alkali in molten state, are simultaneously passed in controlled amounts to a specially constructed saponifier such, for example, as described in U. S. Patent No. 2,492,940,
' where they are reacted at a temperature of about 300- 350 C. The reaction between the fatty matter and alkali takes pla'ee instantaneously resulting in "complete saponification with the liberation of hydrogen. The soap leaves the continuous saponifier continuously, passing through an automatic outlet in the same proportion as it is fed in with the raw'material. The hydrogen liberated during the process passes through a condenser for its purification, and finally through an outlet arrangement (water seal) which maintains a slight uniform pressure of not more than 20 cm. water in the whole system, in order to prevent the entrance of air. Consequently, by treating with activated carbon the fatty acids obtained by the Twitchell process, such fatty acids are rendered suitable for anhydrous saponification, without the addition of a reaction moderator such as sperm oil, as set forth in my aforementionedpatent application.
.I Thus, a new-processhas been *developed for obtainingv excellent quality soaps from fatty acids of marine animal fats and oils or from other sources which hitherto, due
to their high content of unsaturated fatty acids, had been of no importance to the soap industry.
Additional examples are given below of how this process was carried out in practical elaborations in an industrial plant.
Example 1 The raw materials used were fatty acids obtained from whale oil by a Twitchell type reagent and treated with activated carbon. The chemical characteristics of these fatty acidswerei saponification index 189.5 Iodine number 125.1
After saponifying these fatty acids by the continuous anhydrous alkali method with 18.7% of molten alkali at 330 C., a neutral hard, odorless soap of good quality was obtained having the following characteristics of its total fatty acids:
saponification index 205.7 Iodine number 51.9
As may be appreciated, the iodine number decreased by about 73 units, this being due to the fact that the long and non-saturated carbon chains were broken and transformed into shorter and more saturated compounds."
Example 2 In another trial, fatty acids obtained from the refining of sunflower oil were used as raw material and treated as in Example 1, using 20% molten alkali. A neutral and excellent quality soap was also obtained. The iodine number of the fatty acids decreased from 134.0 in the raw material to 80.6 in the fatty acids of the soap and the saponification index increased from 188.1 to 199.0.
Example 3 Fatty acids obtained frornfish oil by a Twitchell reagent were used as raw material and treated as in Example 1. The chemical characteristics of these fatty acids were:
Saponification index 139.8
. iodine number 158.9
Saponification index 204.7 Iodine number 69.5
From the foregoing examples it will be appreciated that whatever percentage of alkali was employed a neutral soap was obtained and the variations are shown by the greater or lesser decrease of the iodine number and corresponding increase of the saponification index.
What I claim is:
1. A continuous process for the manufacture of hard, odorless soaps from highly unsaturated long chain fatty acids produced from low grade or marine animal fats and oils obtained by splitting such fats and oils by a Twitchell reagent, said process comprising, treating said fatty acids with activated carbon, then anhydrously saponifying such treated acids at a temperature between 300 and 350 C. with an excess of molten alkali at substantially atmospheric pressure.
2. A process according to claim 1 wherein the activated carbon is used in about the proportion of 0.2% of the weight of the fatty acids.
3. A process according to claim 1 wherein the fatty 4 acids are treated with bleaching earth prior to treatment with the activated carbon.
4. A process according to claim 3 wherein the bleaching earth is used in about the proportion of 2.0% of the weight of the fatty acids.
5. A continuous process for the manufacture of hard, odorless soap from highly unsaturated long chain fatty acids produced from low grade ormarine animal fats and oils obtained by splitting such fats and oils by a Twitchell reagent, said process comprising'treating said fatty acids with bleaching earth in about the proportion of 2.0% of the weight of the fatty acids, then treating the fatty acids with activated carbon in about the proportion of 0.2% of the weight of the fatty acids, separating the fatty acids from the treating substances and anhydrousiy saponifying such separated treated fatty acids at a temperature between 300 and 350 C. with an excess of molten alkali at substantially atmospheric pressure.
6. A process according to claim 5 wherein the fatty acids obtained by splitting with a Twitchell reagent are vacuum dried before treatment with the bleaching earth and activated carbon.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,608,341 Schrauth et al Nov. 23, 1926 2,475,420 Brown et al. July 5, 1949 2,492,940 Schmidt Dec. 27, 1949 2,654,768 Palmer Oct. 6, 1953 OTHER REFERENCES Bailey: Industrial Oil and Fat Products, 2nd edition, 1951, page 656.
Claims (1)
1. A CONTINUOUS PROCESS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF HARD, ODORLESS SOAPS FROM HIGHLY UNSATURATED LONG CHAIN FATTY ACIDS PRODUCED FROM LOW GRADE OR MARINE ANIMAL FATS AND OILS OBTAINED BY SPLITTING SUCH FATS AND OILS BY A TWITCHELL REAGENT, SAID PROCESS COMPRISING, TREATING SAID FATTY ACIDS WITH ACTIVATED CARBON, THEN ANHYDROUS SAPONIFYING SUCH TREATED ACIDS AT A TEMPERATURE BETWEEN 300 AND 350* C. WITH AN EXCESS OF MOLTEN ALKALI AT SUBSTANTIALLY ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB2739163X | 1952-07-11 | ||
GB1774152A GB710825A (en) | 1952-07-14 | 1952-07-14 | Improved manufacture of odourless soaps from low grade oils |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US2739163A true US2739163A (en) | 1956-03-20 |
Family
ID=32299762
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US346803A Expired - Lifetime US2739163A (en) | 1952-07-11 | 1953-04-03 | Manufacture of hard odorless soap from low grade fats and oils |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US2739163A (en) |
BE (1) | BE521995A (en) |
FR (1) | FR1063987A (en) |
NL (1) | NL180413C (en) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5620692A (en) * | 1993-12-23 | 1997-04-15 | Nurture, Inc. | Oat oil compositions with useful cosmetic and dermatological properties |
JP2002212591A (en) * | 2001-01-23 | 2002-07-31 | Biox:Kk | Detergent |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US1608341A (en) * | 1924-01-05 | 1926-11-23 | Schrauth Walther | Fat-splitting agent and process for splitting fats |
US2475420A (en) * | 1947-05-07 | 1949-07-05 | Emery Industries Inc | Treatment of fatty acids |
US2492940A (en) * | 1945-12-22 | 1949-12-27 | Compania Ind | Manufacture of soap from sperm oil |
US2654768A (en) * | 1952-03-12 | 1953-10-06 | Kellogg M W Co | Production of fatty acid concentrates |
-
0
- NL NLAANVRAGE7613394,A patent/NL180413C/en active
- BE BE521995D patent/BE521995A/xx unknown
-
1952
- 1952-10-01 FR FR1063987D patent/FR1063987A/en not_active Expired
-
1953
- 1953-04-03 US US346803A patent/US2739163A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US1608341A (en) * | 1924-01-05 | 1926-11-23 | Schrauth Walther | Fat-splitting agent and process for splitting fats |
US2492940A (en) * | 1945-12-22 | 1949-12-27 | Compania Ind | Manufacture of soap from sperm oil |
US2475420A (en) * | 1947-05-07 | 1949-07-05 | Emery Industries Inc | Treatment of fatty acids |
US2654768A (en) * | 1952-03-12 | 1953-10-06 | Kellogg M W Co | Production of fatty acid concentrates |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5620692A (en) * | 1993-12-23 | 1997-04-15 | Nurture, Inc. | Oat oil compositions with useful cosmetic and dermatological properties |
JP2002212591A (en) * | 2001-01-23 | 2002-07-31 | Biox:Kk | Detergent |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FR1063987A (en) | 1954-05-10 |
NL180413C (en) | |
BE521995A (en) |
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