US272383A - Otvsxvx - Google Patents

Description

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T. HYATT. ILLlllINAlINGl VA'ULI COVER 0R GRA'TING TILE AND SURFAGES MADE 0F THB SAME. .383.

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. UNITED STATES PATENT UEEICE.

THADDEUS HYATT, OF NEV YORK, N. Y.

Il LUMlNATING VAULT-COVER R GRATlNG-TILE AND SURFACES MADE 0F THE SME.

SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 272,383, dated February 13, 1883.

Application filed January 22, 1883. (No model.)

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, THADDEUs HYATT, a citizen of the United States, residing in the city, county, and State of New York, have invenied certain new and useful Improvements in Illuminating` Vault-Covers or Grating-Tiles and Surfaces Made 'of the same, of which the following is a specification.

Vaultcovers or grating-tiles set with glasses to give light aremanufactured under various modifications having relation to modes of tixing the glasses in the gratings and to forming a-safe foot-surface between the glasses, and are known to the trade by the name of knoblights, cement lights, lead-band lights,7 and concrete lights,77 the knob, cement, and lead band being naked metal,and'theconcrete being covered metal, these variations, however, making no alteration in the functions of the cover or grating, all stillremaining illuminating-gratings, the combination of a num ber of suchl gratings into a large surface also working no change of function, the increased surface being practically only a large vaultcover or gratingtile made up of small pieces for convenience of construction or because of practical difficulties in the way of' producing so large a grating by one single casting. Thek glasses of the naked metal covers or gratings and surfaces made of them have proved universally good after thirty years of constant use, while the glasses of the covered metal or concrete lights have proved universally bad after but few years of use; but the joints between the covers or grating-tiles, where such tiles are combined to produce enlarged snrfaces, have been always defective to some degree whether such surfaces are made of naked or of covered metal gratings, and the junction edges of the tiles at such joints have been always defccti ve whether such surfaces are made of naked metal or of concrete gratings, the

defects being leakage, loss of light, and architectural disiigurement. f

My invention as to `the vault-cover or gratin g-tile relates only to the kind called concrete lights,7 or where hydraulic cement is employed to iix the glasses; but as to the surfaces made by combining a number of covers or tiles, my

| invention relates to them whether made of naked or of covered metal gratings.

-The object of my improvement in concrete lights and in' gratings where the glasses are fixed by meansof hydraulic cement is to make the glasses of such lights as durable as the glasses of cement and lead-band lights; and theobject of my invention, with respect to the construction of enlarged surfaces made by combining a number of vault covers or gratingtiles set with glass,is to prevent leakage at the joints between the tiles, prevent loss of light at thejunction edges or borders of the tiles, and secure a unifbrmly-distributed light-sur-J face, without apparent seam or break over the whole face'of the work. I'attain these objects by the improved modes of construction illustrated in the accompanying drawings, in whichy Figure l represents an illuminating-surface composed of three knob-tiles in combination with a foundation-frame. full size a portion of two tiles meeting at their junction edges. Fig. 3 represents a cross-section of Fig. 2 on the line x x. Fig. 4 represents a top view, Fig. 5 a side view, and Fig.

tbundation-frame. Fig. 7 represents my improved foundation-frame. Fi g8 represents an improved foundation-frame set with tiles. Fig. 9 represents an improved foundation-frame set with tiles when fluished with a concrete face. Figs. 10, 10a, 10b, and 10c represent my improved process of manufacturing concrete lights' to secure durable glasses. Fig. 11 representsa modification of myimproved process of manufacturing concrete lights to secure durable glasses. Fig. 12 represents a modification of Fig. 1l. Fig. 13 represents another modification of Fig. 1L. Fig. 14 represents a stone-light 0r concrete grating formed withA rabbeted seats for glasses and made of concrete and tie metals or core metal. Fig. 15 represents a cast-iron grating combined with glasses got out of plate-glass, fixed in the grating by means of Portland or hydraulic cement Fig. 2 represents in' 6 an end view, of one of the cross bars of a' and set from the under side of t-he grating. Fig. 16 represents a glass inclo'sed in a mount of coal-tar-sulphur cement. Thev upper half of the mount may be pure brimestone, if desired. Fig. 17 represents a brimstone mount around a glass.

Like letters refer to like parts in all the ligures.

A represents the foundation-frame. B represents the cross-bars of the frame; B', the X form or duplex characterof the bar. C represents illuminating` covers or grating-tiles. D represents the glasses of the vault-covers or grating-tiles; c u, border of ibundation-frame; l b, lugs onor solid. metal between tintes in the sides of rafters or cross-bars of foundationframe; c c, ilutcs in cross-bars of foundationframe; d d, recessed or cellular face of vaultcover or grating-tile; c c, body ot' vault-cover or grating-tile between light-l1oles;ff, iron knobs between glasses of cast-iron gratingtiles; g g, under side of vault-cover or gratingtile; g' g', junction edges ot' the under side of grating-tile; h 7L, channel or seam over junction edges, made water-tight bya fillingot' coaltar-sulphurcement; z', screw fastening twotiles to cross-bar; jj, inelastic rings around upper section oi'glasses before putting on of concrete;

jj, inelastic rings around glasses while concrete sets and hardens; /c It, annular space left around glasses by removal of rings; l l, brimstone rings around glasses closing annular spaces; m u, rabbeted seats in grating-tiles; m, bottom ot' seats 5 iz, sides of seats; p p, coaltar-sulphur cement; 1 q, covered joint knobs or rings; r i', cast-iron rings.

Figs. l to 6 represent my improvements in the constructionof illumhiating-surfacesof the kind ordinarily made by the makers of patent lights to cover sunk areas at the front of buildings. The tiles shown are of the knoblight kind, (the ones mostly made and sold.) Fig. 1 represents a surface formed of three tiles, C C C, the length of each tile being equal to the width of the foundation-frame between the ornamental border ot' the same, and the width of each tile heilig equal to one-third the length ot' the foundation-frame between the border of the same, this shape of the tiles corresponding with the shape ot' the spaces between the cross-bars of the frame. As ordinarily made, three distinct panels would be seen, whereas in Fig. l the appearance is that of a single tile. This improvement is effected by forming the tiles without dead material at the junction edges-a feature claimed herein only in combination, inasmuch as my Patent No. 257,712, dated May l), 1882, contains the broad claim to such tiles. The absolutely new features in the construction illustrated byFigs. l to 6 are to be seen in Figs. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,where B represents a cross-bar ot' a foundation-frame, 4 5 6 illustrating the improvement in the bar, which consists in cutting ligbtways cc ortiutes in the sides of the bar to permit the passage of all the light-rays that enter the rows of glasses at the junction edges, where they overlnp the supporting-bar B, as seen in Fig. 3. The solid metal b b between the flutes may be ext-ended in the form of lugs to any desired extent underneath the tiles, on either side of the bar B, 'to give additional support and bearing tu the under face of the tiles.

Fig. 2 represents in full size a small portion of two gratings where they rest upon the top of a cross-bar such as is represented by Fig. 4, the rows of glasses along the junction edges ot' the tiles overlapping the cross-bar B, as shown in Fig. 3, the light of which would he lost but for the lightways c c made in the bars, as described. The novel feature in the junction edges ot the tiles is shown in Fig. 3 at g g and in Fig. 2 at g g', where g g represent a part of the dead metal at the junction edges ofthe tiles that is not out away, but preserved as a bearing-surface to rest upon the top of the bar B and to furnish material for the screws fi to take into in fastening the tiles to the bar, the cut-away portieri of the junction edges above g g making a channel, It h, Fig. 3, for the waterprootng cement p p, Fig. 3. Another novel feature, and a very important one. is represented by the buttons fj", the under portion or body of which juts out into the channel h h, iilled with the coal-tar-sulphur cement p p, Fig. 3, and thus maintains the regularity of the rows ot' knobs fl/in their distribution over the face of the tiles, the combination ot' knobs and glasses in regular order all over the face of the tiles producing the unity ot' design in the surface necessary to make it mcnomorphous.

Fig. 7 represents an improved method of constructing the foumlation-frame toinsure` rigidity and prevent leakage at the joints of the tiles. Fig. 8 represents the same when the triangular and lozenge-shaped spaces ot' the frame are closed by tiles, and Fig. 9 shows the same when finished. The construction represented is concrete; but the tilesemployed may be naked metal of the knob style, or any other. rlhe cross-bars ot' Fig. 7 are drawn with no flutes in the sides; but I design to make them so; and Figs. 4,5, 6 are to be considered as illustrating the bars of the new frame as well as the bars ot' the old. B indicates the duplex character of the supportingbars B.

Fig. S represents an illuminating-surface construction as the parts are put together at the building. The tiles are all made with no dead borders. Where the tiles come together at their junction edges a recessed surface exists, as is represented by the channel h h, Fig. 3. Where the tile is cast-iron, as in Fig. 3. the recess is a channel, because the surface ot' the body of the tile between the glasses is in the same plane with the surface ot the glasses, as shown in Fig. 3; but the tiles in Fig. Sare to he faced with concrete, and this concrete facing is to cover all the tiles and all the joints between the tiles and all the junction edges ot' the tiles, concealing the entire metal of the structure as elfectually as a coating ot' plaster conceals the laths and joints behind it on a plastered ceiling. The face of the tiles of Fie'. 8 over the entire work is there- IOS IIS

IZD

strasse y 3 fore of the kind represented by Figs. 10, 11, and 13, where d indicates the cellular or recessed face, this cellular space forming a sunk surface between the 'glasses that is continuous over all the tiles and joints between the tiles; and my improvement in the construction of illuminating' concrete surfaces consists in tixing the glasses in the tiles at the works or manufactory, leaving them with a sunk surface to be lledy up and nisbed at the building, the unfinished tiles being taken to the building and there made fast to the foundation-frame; and Fig. 8 represents the work at this stage, Fig. 9 representing it after the concrete face. has been put on,'tbe dotted face in Fig.` 9 indicating concrete, and the broken lines across the face indicating the diagonal cross-bars ofthe frame below, that are not seen.

Figs. 10 to 16 refer wholly to concrete lights and glasses set in iron by means ofhydraulic or Portland cement and illustrate my improvements to make theglasses ot' this sty le ot' light as durable as the glasses'of the cement and lead-band lights have proved to be.

Figs. 10,10%10), 10c represent a method 'where the glasses are lixed to the iron vaultcover or grating-tile, and made water-tight by means of sulphur-coal tar cement, the upper section of the glasses standing clear ofthe face ot' the cover ortile, thus crevating a sunk surface all over the plate between the glasses,

for the reception ot' concrete. To secure the glasses from contact with the wet concrete when it is put on, each glass is encircled lby the ringj. This ring I prefer to make of brimstone, which is hard and inelastic, and I prefer to run it hot around the glass before the concrete is put on, the ring remaining permanently in place; but the method represented by the tigures represents a process where removable rings of metal or other material are employed, the brimstone ring being subsequently putin. Fig. l0 represents the cover or surface ready to receive concrete. Fig. 10a represents the same after` the concrete has been put on. Fig. 101 represents the rings removed, leaving the annular channels 7c around the glasses. Fig. 1UB represents the channels lled with brimstone l, poured in a Huid state around the glasses after the concrete has become hard.

Fig. 11 represents a cast-iron vault-cover or grating-tile, where the rabbeted seats for the glasses are made by the rings r, cast upon the cover or plate, the space d between the rings over the surface of the cover forminga sunk surface to receive concrete, the face of the glasses and tops of the encircling-rings fr forming the level to be nished by the lling of concrete. My improvement on this description of cover or tile consists in setting the glasses within the rings r by meansot' a cement cornposed of brimstone and coal-tar, poured While in a hotand duid state around the glasses; also making such covers(when for use as tiles yto be combined into extended surfaces) without dead borders and rims at the edges, the sunk face d between the rin gs r extending to the very edge of the plate, so that when any number of such plates are joined together the sunk surface becomes continuous over the whole face of the-work. e

Figs. 12 and 13 represent a cast-iron vaultcover or grating-tile faced with concrete before the glasses are ixed, the concrete itself forming the light-holes and rabbeted seats for the glasses in part or whole-in partas shown in Fig. 12, where the bottom of the seat is iron, n, and the sides concrete m, and Wholly as represented in Fig 13, where the seat m n is concrete. My improvement, as illustrated by Figs. 12 and 13, consists in the mode of facing cast-iron va lt-covers or grating-tiles with concrete and hxing the glasses, for instead of placing the glasses over the lightholes, asis commonly done, and then adding the concrete, the glasses serving as cores for molding the plastic concrete around, I employ sand cores or other cores for the lightholes and mold .the plastic concrete around such cores within'a proper liask, somewhat after the manner of casting iron in a ask to make cast-iron gratings or vault-covers to be afterward set with glass, as in cement -light making. The product of .this process is a concrete grating, the bottom iron and the topl concrete, with proper rabbeted seats, like an iron casting, for the glasses. When the concrete has become sufficiently dry and hard, the glasses are then put in place and fixed by 'pouring hot coal-tar-sulphur cement around them, as in common Vcement-light work, and glasses combined with concrete by thismethod will be as durable as though the grating or.

IUO

ICS

cover were wholl of iron, as are the gratings of lthe cement-lights- Fig. 14diiiers fiom Figs.12and l3in beingan actual stone grating regularly cast outof concrete, as iron gratings are cast in molds oriiasks, the metal being tie metals that give to the concrete incompression the tensile strength of the metal. This sort of a grating having been t already Vpatented by me, my improvements in it now consist in casting the grating with rah bet-ed seats and lixing the glasses in suchsats by means of vcoal-tar-sulphur cement pouredy around theglasses in a hot and liquid state while the glasses arein the seats of the grating, the iiuid cement making avrater-tight joint with the concrete sides ofthe seat when the concrete is sufficiently dry; and when it is notl then employ glasses that have been previously belted with brimstone or with a mount made of coal.tarsnlpl1ur cement, as represented by Figs. 16 a-nd 17, such mounted glasses being ieadily attached to the green concrete by hydraulic ngrout. The same is true, also, of the cover represented by Figs. 12and 13, the same method being applicable y to them when the concrete face is green. When Lthe stone gratings are designed for making illuminating-surfaces, as represented by Fig.

8, and also when the concrete-faced gratings represented by Figs. 12 and 13 are designed for such a purpose, I cast the concrete with a sunk surface, d, as represented in Fig. 13, the concrete around the light-holes being then in the form of rings o', like the cast-metal rin gs i, that produce the sunk surface d, as represented in Fig. 11, my improvement here consisting in forming the face of a stone grating, or concrete-faced iron grating, with concrete rings r' around the light-holes to form rabbeted seats for the glasses and a sniik surface,d, between the glasses.

Fig. 15 represents a method of making illnminating-vault covers or grating-tiles with durable glasses, notwithstanding the employini-nt ot' concrete or Portland cement put directly in contact with the glasses. To attain this object I employ glasses got out of plate! glassa kind ot' glass so well annealed as to be capable of withstanding the destructive effects of the wet concrete during its process of hardening. My improvement represented by Fig. 15 consists in a method of concealing the ragged edges ofthe cnt glass, so as to make such gratings acceptable to public taste. the invention consisting in the covered jointkiiobs or tlat rings q q, that stand like either rings of buttons or flat rings above the face of the tile or cover, whether such face be concrete or whether it be iron. Fig. 15 represents a cast-iron cover or grating-tile cast with lightholes that receive the glasses from the under side 0f the casting, the sunk surface d of the plate to receive concrete being formed by the standing rings of metal r r', cast around the light-holes to form receptacles foi the glasses, q q being at the top of such rings and suiiicieiitly overlapping the ragged edges of the glasses as to hide' their defects. The glasses rest upon nothing, the side adhesioin7 or adherence of the hydraulic cement or concrete to the sides of the glass and the sides of the iron, producing a bond77 equal to thatof brick bonded by mortar to brick, and maintaining the glass so tirmly in place as to defy anything but absolute violence, and then the glass would break before leaving its place. Where I make such covers or tiles with no concrete faceithe sunk surface d is made on the under side of the plate.

' Fig. 16 represents a glass surrounded with a mount made of coal-tar-sulphur cement, the npperhalf of which I sometimes make of brimsione. \Vhen the mounts are bituminous and formed iii the manner of beltiiig with lead I line the mold with paper to prevent the cement from sticking to the sides of the mold. This paper may be afterward removed from the mount by wetting it'.

Figs. l and 8 represent my improvement in the borders of naked-metal illuminating-surfaces and in concrete illnminatingsnrfaces, the improvement consisting in forming a tessellated in place of the ordinary checkered iron borders in common use, the addition of such a border to a monomorphous illuminating-surface adding to the architecture ofthe building a valuable feature as to ornament and nish. Where a foundation-frame is employed 1 recess the border of the frame and inlay it with colored tiles to form the tessellation, this mode of forming the foundation-frame with an inlaid border constituting apart of my invention. Fig. 9 represents a concrete border made by recessin g the borderof the foundationframe and inlaying it with concrete, this also constitutiiig a part of my invention.

. In constructing illuminating-roofs where no foundation-frame is employed, as in thecase of rear-extension roofs to the groundfloor or principal story of the building, and which, in general, are of curved form, my improvement, as represented by Fig. 7, consists in making cast-iron rafters in duplex or X form, thejoining together of such X-rafters producing the saine shaped spaces and the same sort of support to the tiles as where they form a part of the foundation-frame, as represented by B', Fig. 7. Where the roof is curved I cast the X-rafters curved.

In the construction of stone lights, as rep.

resented by Fig. 14, in place of tie metal 7 made of wrought-iron to give tensile strength, I sometimes employ cast-iron as a strengthening-core, where square glasses are used the metal core consisting ofcross-bars, like a sash; but where circular glasses are used the frame or core consiusts of a collection of separate circular rings held to cach other by bands, the distance of the rings from each other being determined by the width ot' the concrete between the glasses, the circular cast-iron rings being nearly at the center between the glasses, the concrete inclosing the metal completely, as represented in Fig. 14; orA the rings may form the actual raobeted seats for the glasses, in which case the distance between such rings will be as represented in Figs. 10c and 11,where the concrete not only forms the face of the cover between the glasses at top, but also extends downward between and sometimes under the rings, and thus forms a substantial portion of the body of the grating, as shown in Fig. 14, the cast-iron becoming, in fact, core metal.

Fig. 16, as I have already observed, is designed to represent a glass inclosed in a mount that may be composed wholly of coal-tar-sulphur cement, or of coal-tar-sulphiir cement in part, with part brimstoiie, or that may be wholly made of briinstone-the coal-tar-sulphur cement beingyielding and elastic, the brimstoiie mount unyielding and non-elastic. When I employ glasses set in coal-tar-siilphur mounts I combine them by preference with molded and hardened concrete gratings; but they may be safely combined with plastic coilcrete, which alsoI propose to do; and when I employ glasses set in brimstoiie mounts I usually combine them with molded and hardened concrete gratings, but propose to also employ them in making concrete lights by the ordinary wet or plastic process.

Fig. 17 represents a glass inclosed in a brim- IOO stone mount. The sides of the glass are preferably uted or roughened, and before the melted brimston'e is put around the glassI prefer to paint the sides of the glasses with coaltar to make the bond between the glass and brimstone complete. Glasses thus treated are capable of withstanding the destructive effects of plastic concrete during its process of induration,notwithstanding the fact that such mounts are hard, unyielding, andinelastic, the cause of the breakage of the glasses of concrete lights not being for the want of some soft,l yielding, and elastic substance interposed between glass and concrete, as some erroneously imagine.

What I claim as my invention, and desire to secure by Letters Patent, is-

1. Illuminating-surfaces made of vaultcovers or grating-tiles, in which the distance between the rows of glasses atthe junction edges of the tiles is the same as the distance between any two rows of glasses in the body of the tile, when such tiles are combined with supports formed with lightways produced by fluting the sides of the supports, or by means 'of lugs upon the sides ot' the supports, substantially as and for the purposes herein set forth and illustrated.

2. Illuminating-surfaces made of vault-covers or grating-tiles of lozenge and sections of lozen ge shape, in which the distance between the rows of glasses at the junction edges of the tiles is the same as the distance between any two rows of glasses in the body ofthe tile, when such tiles are combined with supports formed with lightways produced by iuting the sides of the supports, or by means of lugs upon the sides of the supports, substantially as and for the purposes herein set forth and illustrated.

3. Foundation-frames made with X or duplex cross-bars for supporting illuminatingtiles in combination with the same, substantially as and for the purposes herein set forth and illustrated.

4. Cast-iron X or duplex rafters or supports for the construction of roofs and roof-pavements, in combination with illuminating vaultcovers or grating-tiles, substantially as and for the purposes herein set forth and illustrated.

5. Foundation-frames with recessed borders inlaid with tessera or geometrical tiles,77 or with concrete, in either plain or ornamental design shapes, in combination with illuminating monomorphous surfaces, substantially as and for the purposes herein setforth and illustrated.

`6. Illuminating monomorphous surfaces combined with tessellated or ornamental border, substantially as and for the purposes herein set forth and illustrated.

y 7. Illuminating concrete surfaces formed of sunk-surface vault-covers or gratin g-tiles cornbined in Zocothat is to say,at the building or place ot perm anency where the construction is to be a fixture-and there completed and rendered monomorphous by a continuous concrete surface, substantially as and for the purposes herein set forth and illustrated.

8. Molded and hardened concrete or stone gratings and metal gratings or plates, made with a facing of molded and hardened concrete,formed with rabbeted seats,in part or entirely concrete, for the reception of glasses, and setting the glasses therein by means of coaltar-sulphur cement, substantially as and for the purposes herein set forth and illustrated.

9. Illuminatingconcreteandconcretedvaultcovers or grating-tiles in which the glasses as to their `lower sections are fixed by means of coal-tar-sulphur cement', and as to their upper 8o 12. Concrete lights made by combining glass- I es with concrete in either its plastic state or in 4a molded and hardened state, the glasses having previously been inclosed in mounts cornposed of coal-tar-sulphur cement, substantially as and for the purposes herein set forth and illustrated. t

13. Concretelights made by combining glasses with concrete in either its plastic state or in a molded and hardened state, the glasses hav Ving been previously inclosed in mounts made by pouring the brimstone in melted state around the glasses, (as in lead-belting glasses,) substantially as and for the purposes herein set forth and illustrated.

14. Stone or concrete lights made with a strengthening-core of metal cast in the form of rings for seating the glasses, the rings being held to each other byconnecting bands or bars, that leave open spaces for the concrete to pass through, and thus form the whole or a portion of the under face of the grating or plate, as represented at T T, Figs. 10e and l1, substan# tially as and for the purposes herein set forth and illustrated.

THADDEUS HYATT. Witnesses: f

T. C. BREGHT, L. F. KELEHnR.

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