US2654043A - Discharge lamp, method of operating, and method of making - Google Patents

Discharge lamp, method of operating, and method of making Download PDF

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Publication number
US2654043A
US2654043A US11714A US1171448A US2654043A US 2654043 A US2654043 A US 2654043A US 11714 A US11714 A US 11714A US 1171448 A US1171448 A US 1171448A US 2654043 A US2654043 A US 2654043A
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United States
Prior art keywords
lamp
electrode
quartz
tube
flash
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Expired - Lifetime
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US11714A
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English (en)
Inventor
George A Freeman
Jr Carl G Anderson
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Westinghouse Electric Corp
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Westinghouse Electric Corp
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Publication date
Priority to NL144070D priority Critical patent/NL144070C/xx
Application filed by Westinghouse Electric Corp filed Critical Westinghouse Electric Corp
Priority to US11714A priority patent/US2654043A/en
Priority to GB33034/48A priority patent/GB658799A/en
Priority to CH275958D priority patent/CH275958A/de
Priority to FR981735D priority patent/FR981735A/fr
Priority to DEW2231A priority patent/DE830984C/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US2654043A publication Critical patent/US2654043A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J61/00—Gas-discharge or vapour-discharge lamps
    • H01J61/84—Lamps with discharge constricted by high pressure
    • H01J61/90—Lamps suitable only for intermittent operation, e.g. flash lamp
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J17/00—Gas-filled discharge tubes with solid cathode
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J61/00—Gas-discharge or vapour-discharge lamps
    • H01J61/02—Details
    • H01J61/54—Igniting arrangements, e.g. promoting ionisation for starting
    • H01J61/547—Igniting arrangements, e.g. promoting ionisation for starting using an auxiliary electrode outside the vessel
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J2893/00—Discharge tubes and lamps
    • H01J2893/0064—Tubes with cold main electrodes (including cold cathodes)

Definitions

  • This invention relatesto discharge lamps and more particularly to such which may furnish instantaneous flashes of light of high intensity.
  • the principal object of our invention is to provide a durable lamp which efficiently emits intense-flashes of light at'Y desired time intervals.
  • Another object of our invention is to provide a discharge lamp, the envelope of which has a fused quartz tubular portion unitedfat its ends to electrode-containing glass chambers which serve to collect quartz powder vaporized during operation.
  • a further object of our invention is to provide a discharge lamp adapted to emit intense flashes or light and which comprises an intermediate fused'quartz'tubular envelope portion and metal terminals holding inwardly-extending tungsten electrodes at each end thereof, said metal ter--v minals being connected to the respective ends of said tube by graded seal portions forming-end chambers large enough to cushion thesudden expansion ofl gas in the tube during a flash.
  • a still further object of our invention' is to operate a lamp such as above rdescrilavedathigher than usual power to thereby avoid blackening and improve the operation in general.
  • A-n additional object of our invention is to initiate the operation of a discharge lamp, such as above described, by the employment of atrigger having a plurality of loops disposed around the quartz tubular portion to thereby avoid inconsistent firing.
  • Figure l is an axial sectional view to scale of a lamp embodying our invention with parts shown in elevation, and an operating circuit indicated diagrammatically.
  • Figure 2 is a graph illustrating typical relations between light intensity and duration of flash :from a lamp embodying our invention.
  • Figure 3 is a graph illustrating how certain of the characteristics, such as the output in lumens per watt, the peak lumens, the duration of the flash above one third of the peak, and the lumen seconds output, vary with the energy in each ash in terms of watt seconds, fora lamp embodying our invention.
  • Figure 4 is a graph showing the spectrum distribution of the light from a lamp embodying our invention.
  • Figure 5 is a graph comparing the light output 2 and the duration ofthe flash for a lamp ⁇ embodying our invention with those of a standard photographic flash' tube, when the input of each is 48 ⁇ wattl seconds-per flash.
  • a 'new flashing-lamp has been developed especially for safe landing of aircraft under all weather conditions.y Instrument flying brings a plane closeto the airport where a new lighting system using lamps according to our invention provides the pilot the assurance that only direct visionI can give f as to the runway location.
  • Flashing lightv was selected'as the only means of obtaining 'therequired'intensity and still not blind the'pilot as'he" approached'more closely. Only a i'ewvvatt'sV average power is used by a flashing'lamp butth-ervpeak power in the flash isv millionsof watts. Extreme light intensity is produced, lasting' a fewz millionths of a second. Suchla lamp is-operatfed-frcm energy accumulated in a condenser'whichis released at the desired A'instant by 'means'of an ignition spark applied ⁇ tothe-lmnp. Before ignition, the lamp is non-conducting.
  • A- hi-gh voltage spark similar to
  • the central portion of the lamp is a tough vitreous tube, thick-walled to insure long life, about two inches long and about one fifth of an inch inside diameter.
  • a graded seal is employed at each end to hermetically seal the low thermal expansion quartz to the higher thermal expansion metal terminals.
  • the graded seals have larger diameter than the quartz tube and form end cavities which act as shock absorbers for the sudden expansion of gas during a flash.
  • the vaporized quartz powder is blown into the end cavities where it is harmless since there it cannot absorb light output.
  • the thick quartz wall gradually wears away on the inside until eventual break-through causes the lamp to fail.
  • the new flashing lamp has been standardized as with a rating of about 50 Watt seconds per flash when operated at 40 flashes per minute.
  • the power is supplied from a 2000 volt charge on a 25 microfarad condenser.
  • the rate of energy consumption during the flash is obtained by dividing the energy per flash by the flash duration and is found to be 3,000,000 Watts. obtained by dividing the output in a direction perpendicular to the lamp axis by the size of the light source viewed from the same direction, and is found to be 10,000,000 candlepower per square inch.
  • the peak current estimated by Ohms law is 2940 amperes.
  • the average power used in the lamp is obtained by dividing the energy per flash by the interval between flashes and is found to be only 33 watts.
  • Krypton gas is used in the lamp to obtain the maximum light efficiency.
  • Argon gas will give about 80% as much light and nitrogen still less.
  • FIG. 1 a lamp embodying our invention and comprising :an envelope I I with an intermediate tubular portion I2, preferably formed of tough transparent vitreous material such as fused quartz, fused magnesia, fused alumina, or similar refractory material.
  • the intermediate portion I2 is about 2" long, has an inside diameter of about 4 millimeters or 1/5", and a wall thickness of about 3 millimeters.
  • the envelope II holds a pair of electrodes I3 and I4 desirably formed of tungsten, molybdenum or similar refractory or -high melting point metal.
  • they consist of relatively heavy solid or non-tubular, as distinguished from hollow, tungsten cylinders, that is such about 1/8 in diameter that is, nearly as large as the bore of the portion I2, and about 1% long, presenting to one another flat faces relatively large in area.
  • These electrodes are disposed in end chambers I5 and I6, respectively extending from opposite ends of the quartz tubular portion I2.
  • the end chambers are formed as graded seals, desirably hermetically sealed to the quartz tube after first beading the ends of the latter with rings of special flux glass I1, using a glass lathe.
  • the graded seal portions forming the end chambers I5 and I6 may be sealed directly to the electrodes I3 and I4, respectively.
  • each electrode has its outer end portion fitting in an end cup or cap I8 or I9, and the caps are in The brightness is turn sealed to the respective ends of the graded seal portions I5 and I6.
  • the cups I8 and I9 are desirably formed of material which seals well to the glass of the end chamber members I5 and I6. For that purpose, they may be formed of Kovar as defined in the Lempert et al. Patent No. 2,279,831, dated April 14, 1942, or other suitable metal.
  • Such cups are desirably degreased, baked in humid hydrogen, the tungsten electrodes chamfered at their outer ends, then degreased and spot welded to the Kovar cups. Rings of brazing wire are then formed, degreased, and two rings applied over each electrode.
  • a boat is used to hold each electrode assembly in a vertical position with the Kovar cup down. Heating in a humid hydrogen atmosphere at about 1010 C. for about 20 minutes serves to braze each electrode to its cup, thereby making a good electrical connection therebetween.
  • its edge is desirably rst glassed, as on a lathe, oxidation removed as in a hot anodic alkaline electrocleaner, the parts rinsed in clean water, neutralized, again rinsed, and then dried.
  • An ⁇ assembled electrode and cup is secured to its graded seal and the latter to the quartz tube, preferably in the following manner.
  • a graded seal with a protective ring of asbestos ribbon around its end is held in a lathe head chuck and la quartz tube with one end plugged with asbestos is held in the tail chuck.
  • the adjacent ends of the parts are sealed, care being taken to avoid sealing to an unfluxed part of the quartz tube.
  • the tail chuck is disengaged and the yasbestos plug removed from the quartz tube.
  • the second graded seal with one end corked and with a protective ring of asbestos ribbon around the end, is placed in the tail chuck and a second seal made as before.
  • the tail chuck is disengaged and the cork removed from the graded seal.
  • An electrode assembly is placed in the tail chuck and sealed to a graded seal, care being taken that the electrode is not oxidized.
  • a hole may be blown for the exhaust tubulation and an exhaust tube sealed thereabout.
  • the tail chuck is disengaged and the exhaust tube may be bent around so it can be engaged in the tail chuck, care being taken that the exhaust tubulation is disposed axially of the assembled lamp part.
  • the graded seal is desirably annealed while the exhaust tube is being held by the tail chuck.
  • the assembly is removed, turned around and put into the head chuck, where it is held by the exhaust tubulation, and an electrode assembly is placed in the tail chuck, sealed to the graded seal and annealed, completing the assembly.
  • the complete assembly is then desirably connected to a vacuum pump and tested for leaks with a spark coil.
  • rlhe lamp is then exhausted, baked, and then filled with an inert gas such as argon or nitrogen at a pressure of about millimeters and tested by flashing two minutes at three flashes per second, using a 24 microfarad condenser charged to about 2000 volts. The polarity is reversed and this is repeated. Triggering is accomplished with the spark coil applied to the center of the quartz tubing.
  • the lamp is then reevacuated and lled with krypton gas to a pressure of about 325 millimeters.
  • the lamp is then preferably flashed for about two minutes at about 40 flashes per minutes on 24 microfarad condenser with a potential of 2000 volts.
  • desirably formed of. suitable wire such as 1'5A ⁇ mil-spring1 steel.l orf/nickel"y and wound several times .-a-roun:l:the-quai-tz.-ti-xbe. I2, as illustrated, an intermediate portion there-i of, between end portions whichfencirclethetube, being connected to the timing, mechanism indie..
  • the lamp of ourinvention was rst testedfat20 to..30 watt secondsper flashfrom ⁇ 40 to 8041er4 minute. After 10 to. .20: hoursthevarious. lamps.r testedalldeveloped somev blackening obscuringf.y the. light Aoutput and voltagel .breakdown became. high sol that triggering waslinconsistent.. We.. thereforestepped up the. power. per -flaslbto- 3.81 wattseconds and later to ⁇ 5.0fandreven as .highvasr 325. Contrary. to. expectations, the. operation .aty higherloading gavelexcellent' results. Blackening. Wasnot only ⁇ avoided, but blachened'-larxxpsivvould. become. clean. by raising.- the power perflashz. Then.: voltage .break-down became moreconsistent,and.-4 lamps which had becomehard to startwere made tol start wellagainby4 operating; fori as whileat higher power per ash'.
  • Figure 2 ⁇ shows the characteristics .of ⁇ the, lamp)-h of ourV invention4 with; changesV in thee.capacity, of the condenser 25.- Witlra condenser/ofv 121 microfarad capacity; it will be ,seenY that vlpeakgin-e.. tensity of the flash is only; aboutY 3 1 millions lumens as indicated by the graphe-26,;y When-Itho.. condenser capacityis doubled, the peak lumens increased-to kmillion,asindicated by the graph 2'I. When tripled, it increases to '74 million, as indicated bythe graph. 28.
  • Theash tube of'l this invention has: a shorter duration and.y higherT peak output than other known photographic-flash lamps,v as graphically disclosed r Figure5becauseashort arc gap witharelatively highl gas pressure is provided thaty will ⁇ have lower resistance- ⁇ to the flash current thana long.- straight or coiled discharge. tube; in which thefgask pressure is quite low.
  • The. same. ⁇ quantity of energy ⁇ is ,usedup faster in thefl'amp offzthis invention.
  • the hash does not. last as long andthe intensityof thelight, beingI proportional to'thevrate of much higher.
  • each electrode toits cup glassing the free edge of the cup of each electrode assembly, holding one of said graded seals with a protective ring of asbestos ribbon around its end in a lathe head chuck and a quartz intermediate portion tube with one end plugged with asbestos in the tail chuck of said lathe, sealing the adjacent ends of the parts, using a special flux glass on the quartz tube, disengaging the tail chuck and removing the asbestos plug from the quartz tube, plugging a second graded seal and holding it with a protective ring of asbestos ribbon in the tail chuck, making a second seal between it and the other end of said quartz tube, placing an electrode assembly in the tail chuck and sealing it to a graded seal, care being taken to avoid oxidation of the electrode, removing the assembly, turning it around and holding it in the head chuck, placing the other electrode assembly in the tail chuck, and sealing it to the other graded seal.
  • a discharge lamp comprising an intermediate fused quartz tubular portion, thick-walled to insure long life metal cup terminals one at each end thereof, graded seal glass portions forming end chambers with said metal cup terminals and hermetically sealing the respective ends of said low thermal expansion quartz portion to the higher thermal expansion metal terminals to complete the envelope of said lamp, a solid or non-tubular cylindrical refractory metal electrode, nearly as large in diameter as the bore of the tubular portion, extending inwardly from each metal terminal, disposed in the adjacent chamber, presenting to one another dat faces relatively large in area, and aligned axially with said envelope, each metal terminal having an inwardly opening socket, in which the outer end portion of its electrode is received and brazed, and a ange portion surrounding and spaced from its electrode, the free edge portion of said flange being hermetically sealed to the adjacent edge portion of said graded seal portion, and a filling of rare gas in said envelope.
  • a gas-filled discharge lamp comprising a thick-walled quartz tube about 2" long and l/5 inside diameter, a graded seal glass chamber of larger diameter hermetcally sealed to each end of and communicating with said tube, and solid refractory metal electrodes, nearly as large in diameter as the bore of said tube, presenting to one another fiat faces relatively large in area, disposed axially of said tube, one in each chamber.
  • a discharge lamp comprising an envelope, said envelope having an intermediate fused quartz tubular portion, thick-walled to insure long life, and metal cup terminals at each end thereof, said metal cup terminals closing the envelope and being hermetically sealed to the respective ends of said tube by graded seal portions forming end chambers and completing the envelope, a solid or non-tubular cylindrical refractory metal electrode, nearly as large in diameter as the bore of said tubular portion, extending inwardly from each metal terminal, disposed in the adjacent chamber, and aligned axially with said envelope, and a rare gas filling in said envelope.
  • a gas-filled discharge lamp comprising an outer tube of translucent refractory material selected from the group consisting of fused quartz, fused magnesia, and fused alumina, a glass chamber hermetically sealed to each end thereof, metal cup terminals at the outer ends of said glass chambers, and a solid or non-tubular metal electrode, nearly as large in diameter as the bore of said tube, in each chamber, presenting a flat surface to the other electrode with its outer end secured to the inner surface of the corresponding terminal, and disposed axially of said tube.
  • a discharge lamp comprising an intermediate tube of translucent refractory material selected from the group consisting of fused quartz, fused magnesia and fused alumina, about 2" long, 1/5 inside diameter and 3 mm. wall thickness, metal cup terminals one at each end of said lamp, graded seal glass portions, of a diameter larger than said refractory portions.
  • each metal terminal having an inwardly opening socket in which the outer end portion of its electrode is received and connected, and a flange portion surrounding and spaced from its electrode, the free edge portion of said flange being embedded in, and hermetically sealed to, the outer edge portion of the adjacent glass end chamber, and a lling of noble gas comprising a major proportion of krypton at a pressure of about 325 millimeters in said envelope.

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  • Vessels And Coating Films For Discharge Lamps (AREA)
  • Discharge Lamps And Accessories Thereof (AREA)
US11714A 1948-02-27 1948-02-27 Discharge lamp, method of operating, and method of making Expired - Lifetime US2654043A (en)

Priority Applications (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NL144070D NL144070C (en, 2012) 1948-02-27
US11714A US2654043A (en) 1948-02-27 1948-02-27 Discharge lamp, method of operating, and method of making
GB33034/48A GB658799A (en) 1948-02-27 1948-12-22 Improvements in or relating to electric discharge lamps
CH275958D CH275958A (de) 1948-02-27 1949-01-31 Gasentladungslampe.
FR981735D FR981735A (fr) 1948-02-27 1949-02-24 Lampe à décharge et mode de fonctionnement
DEW2231A DE830984C (de) 1948-02-27 1950-05-28 Entladungslampe zur Erzeugung von Blitzlicht hoher Intensitaet und Verfahren zum Betrieb der Lampe

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US11714A US2654043A (en) 1948-02-27 1948-02-27 Discharge lamp, method of operating, and method of making

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US2654043A true US2654043A (en) 1953-09-29

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US (1) US2654043A (en, 2012)
CH (1) CH275958A (en, 2012)
DE (1) DE830984C (en, 2012)
FR (1) FR981735A (en, 2012)
GB (1) GB658799A (en, 2012)
NL (1) NL144070C (en, 2012)

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2893289A (en) * 1953-03-09 1959-07-07 Harold E Edgerton Microscope flash-photography system and apparatus
US2904713A (en) * 1952-07-15 1959-09-15 Heraeus Schott Quarzschmelze Casings for gas discharge tubes and lamps and process
US2924733A (en) * 1957-09-17 1960-02-09 Patent Treuhand Ges Fuer Elektrische Gluehlampen Mbh Wall-stabilized electric high-pressure gaseous discharge lamp
US2939984A (en) * 1957-11-21 1960-06-07 Edgerton Germeshausen & Grier Flash device and method
US3056904A (en) * 1958-10-20 1962-10-02 Minnesota Mining & Mfg Thermoprinting apparatus and method
US3125684A (en) * 1964-03-17 Attys
US3179213A (en) * 1960-03-14 1965-04-20 Eitel Mccullough Inc Dielectric window and method of making it
US3449615A (en) * 1965-03-25 1969-06-10 Us Navy Xenon flash lamp for laser pumping in liquid nitrogen
US3476969A (en) * 1967-02-16 1969-11-04 Westinghouse Electric Corp Capillary ceramic discharge lamp with closure means therefor
US3569754A (en) * 1968-06-19 1971-03-09 Dyonics Inc Flash source

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1025562B (de) * 1954-07-28 1958-03-06 Richard Wolf Fotoendoskop mit Elektronenblitzroehre
DE1046773B (de) * 1955-03-31 1958-12-18 Physikalisch Tech Werkstaetten Gasentladungslampe
DE1256281B (de) * 1963-09-20 1967-12-14 Csf Standard-Rauschquelle fuer das Millimeterband

Citations (18)

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US1877932A (en) * 1926-12-10 1932-09-20 Electrons Inc Electric lamp
US1882609A (en) * 1928-06-08 1932-10-11 Los Angeles Testing Lab Electroluminous display
US1935697A (en) * 1931-07-28 1933-11-21 Gen Electric Gaseous electric discharge device
US1971944A (en) * 1930-07-07 1934-08-28 Gen Electric Gaseous electric discharge device
US2056641A (en) * 1928-03-24 1936-10-06 Gen Electric Electric discharge tube
US2116429A (en) * 1935-10-14 1938-05-03 Gen Electric Assembly for discharge devices
US2142047A (en) * 1935-10-29 1938-12-27 Hygrade Sylvania Corp Electric discharge lamp
US2182732A (en) * 1926-12-10 1939-12-05 Gen Electric Metal vapor lamp
US2213796A (en) * 1936-03-12 1940-09-03 Gen Electric Gaseous electric discharge lamp device
US2241968A (en) * 1939-06-21 1941-05-13 Gen Electric Light source
US2254909A (en) * 1939-03-28 1941-09-02 Westinghouse Electric & Mfg Co Ultraviolet discharge lamp
US2267318A (en) * 1939-03-21 1941-12-23 Gen Electric Electrode and terminal structure for electric discharge devices
US2295626A (en) * 1939-09-30 1942-09-15 Westinghouse Electric & Mfg Co Discharge lamp and method of manufacture
US2341541A (en) * 1939-01-31 1944-02-15 Grier Herbert Earle Flash-producing apparatus
US2367595A (en) * 1942-02-07 1945-01-16 Westinghouse Electric & Mfg Co High temperature lamp
US2385397A (en) * 1937-01-21 1945-09-25 Westinghouse Electric Corp Discharge lamp and application thereof
US2399222A (en) * 1941-11-08 1946-04-30 Germeshausen Kenneth Joseph Flash-photography apparatus
US2433218A (en) * 1945-06-12 1947-12-23 Herzog Carl Cold cathode fluorescent lamp

Patent Citations (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1877932A (en) * 1926-12-10 1932-09-20 Electrons Inc Electric lamp
US2182732A (en) * 1926-12-10 1939-12-05 Gen Electric Metal vapor lamp
US2056641A (en) * 1928-03-24 1936-10-06 Gen Electric Electric discharge tube
US1882609A (en) * 1928-06-08 1932-10-11 Los Angeles Testing Lab Electroluminous display
US1971944A (en) * 1930-07-07 1934-08-28 Gen Electric Gaseous electric discharge device
US1935697A (en) * 1931-07-28 1933-11-21 Gen Electric Gaseous electric discharge device
US2116429A (en) * 1935-10-14 1938-05-03 Gen Electric Assembly for discharge devices
US2142047A (en) * 1935-10-29 1938-12-27 Hygrade Sylvania Corp Electric discharge lamp
US2213796A (en) * 1936-03-12 1940-09-03 Gen Electric Gaseous electric discharge lamp device
US2385397A (en) * 1937-01-21 1945-09-25 Westinghouse Electric Corp Discharge lamp and application thereof
US2341541A (en) * 1939-01-31 1944-02-15 Grier Herbert Earle Flash-producing apparatus
US2267318A (en) * 1939-03-21 1941-12-23 Gen Electric Electrode and terminal structure for electric discharge devices
US2254909A (en) * 1939-03-28 1941-09-02 Westinghouse Electric & Mfg Co Ultraviolet discharge lamp
US2241968A (en) * 1939-06-21 1941-05-13 Gen Electric Light source
US2295626A (en) * 1939-09-30 1942-09-15 Westinghouse Electric & Mfg Co Discharge lamp and method of manufacture
US2399222A (en) * 1941-11-08 1946-04-30 Germeshausen Kenneth Joseph Flash-photography apparatus
US2367595A (en) * 1942-02-07 1945-01-16 Westinghouse Electric & Mfg Co High temperature lamp
US2433218A (en) * 1945-06-12 1947-12-23 Herzog Carl Cold cathode fluorescent lamp

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3125684A (en) * 1964-03-17 Attys
US2904713A (en) * 1952-07-15 1959-09-15 Heraeus Schott Quarzschmelze Casings for gas discharge tubes and lamps and process
US2893289A (en) * 1953-03-09 1959-07-07 Harold E Edgerton Microscope flash-photography system and apparatus
US2924733A (en) * 1957-09-17 1960-02-09 Patent Treuhand Ges Fuer Elektrische Gluehlampen Mbh Wall-stabilized electric high-pressure gaseous discharge lamp
US2939984A (en) * 1957-11-21 1960-06-07 Edgerton Germeshausen & Grier Flash device and method
US3056904A (en) * 1958-10-20 1962-10-02 Minnesota Mining & Mfg Thermoprinting apparatus and method
US3179213A (en) * 1960-03-14 1965-04-20 Eitel Mccullough Inc Dielectric window and method of making it
US3449615A (en) * 1965-03-25 1969-06-10 Us Navy Xenon flash lamp for laser pumping in liquid nitrogen
US3476969A (en) * 1967-02-16 1969-11-04 Westinghouse Electric Corp Capillary ceramic discharge lamp with closure means therefor
US3569754A (en) * 1968-06-19 1971-03-09 Dyonics Inc Flash source

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CH275958A (de) 1951-06-15
DE830984C (de) 1952-02-11
GB658799A (en) 1951-10-10
NL144070C (en, 2012)
FR981735A (fr) 1951-05-30

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