US2640167A - Envelope for electron flow device and glass-metal seal embodied therein - Google Patents

Envelope for electron flow device and glass-metal seal embodied therein Download PDF

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Publication number
US2640167A
US2640167A US751234A US75123447A US2640167A US 2640167 A US2640167 A US 2640167A US 751234 A US751234 A US 751234A US 75123447 A US75123447 A US 75123447A US 2640167 A US2640167 A US 2640167A
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Prior art keywords
glass
envelope
order
anode
metal
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US751234A
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English (en)
Inventor
Zed J Atlee
Joseph B Gosling
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General Electric Co
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General Electric Co
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Priority to FR964669D priority Critical patent/FR964669A/fr
Application filed by General Electric Co filed Critical General Electric Co
Priority to US751234A priority patent/US2640167A/en
Priority to GB14498/48A priority patent/GB670241A/en
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Publication of US2640167A publication Critical patent/US2640167A/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J35/00—X-ray tubes
    • H01J35/02—Details
    • H01J35/16—Vessels; Containers; Shields associated therewith

Definitions

  • the present invention relates, in general, to electronics, and has more particular reference to electron flow devices, such as X-ray generator tubes.
  • X-ray generator tubes and other electron flow devices commonly comprise an anode forming an electron target, a cathode structure embodying electron emission means, and a sealed enve" lope enclosing the anode and cathode and supporting the same in spaced apart, operative relationship therein.
  • Such devices are operated by suitably exciting the cathode for electron emission. Electrons thus emitted at the cathode may be caused to travel toward and to impinge upon the anode target by applying electron driving potential between the cathode and anode.
  • the glass portions of the envelope provide virtually perfect insulation between the anode and cathode structures. Accordingly, in the fabrication of X-ray generator tubes and other electron flow devices, it has been common L and usual to seal the glass portions of the envelope to metal parts, such as electrode supports for the anode and cathode structures, in order thus to seal and mount the operating elements of the tube, within the envelope, and to 0011- h stitute such glass sealed metal parts as portions of the sealed envelope and also as electrical conductor means for connecting the enclosed operating elements in operating circuits outwardly of the envelope.
  • metal parts such as electrode supports for the anode and cathode structures
  • envelope glass In sealing glass envelope material to metal parts. it is desirable to employ glass having substantially the same coefiicient of thermal expansion as that of the metal to which the glass is sealed, in order to aid in the provision of an effective seal between the connected glass and metal. parts.
  • envelope glass desirably embodies a coefficient of thermal expansion of the order of 4.7:tD.3 1O cm. per cm. per degree 0., within the temperature range 2 between 100 C. and 300 C., the same being substantially equal to that of metals of the sort commonly employed in mounting and sealing the operating elements of the device in and on the glass portions of the envelope.
  • Such metals commonly comprise alloys including nickel as an essential component, the most commonly employed alloys including steel containing 42% nickel, Kovar comprising 29% nickel, 17% cobait and 0.3% manganese, and Fernico comprising 54% iron, 28% nickel and 18% cobalt.
  • X-ray tube envelope glass Other desirable characteristics include annealing temperature of the order of 500:50 0.; softening temperature of the order of 700: :50 0; strain point of the order of 480i30 C.; power factor of the order of 0.03i0.02, at sixty cycles and 100 0.; dielectrio constant of the order of 6:2, at sixty cycles and 100 C.; dielectric strength of the order o1 450:50 volts per mil, at 25 C., and not substantially less than 100 volts per mill at 200 C.; and X-ray transmissivity, per mm. of thickness, of less than the transmissivity of 0.55 mm. thickness of aluminum.
  • electrostatic charges tend to accumulate upon the glass envelope walls, as the result of impingement thereon of stray electrons which fail to reach the anode target.
  • Such electrostatic charges may build up to high potential values upon the envelope walls, with consequent danger of perforation or rupture thereof and consequent failure of the envelope, if such potentials exceed the dielectric strength of the envelope materiel.
  • envelope rupture commonly comprises a tiny perforation of capillary character seemingly burned through the glass envelope wall, at a location of minimum wall strength.
  • perforation apparently being 1 caused by the cumulative effect of repeated application of potential accumulations on the envelope wall during consecutive periods of operation of the device.
  • the formation of the envelope rupturing perforation also appears to be due, at least in part, to the electrostatic interaction, through the envelope wall, of such repeated potential accumulations, with electrostatic objects, such as grounded metal equipment, located outwardly of the envelope.
  • the present invention contemplates the incorporation of electrical conducting characteristics in the glass portion of the envelope to an extent suificient to allow the relatively slow yet continuous drainage, from the glass, of the electrostatic voltage charges which accumulate thereon, to thereby remove the cause of envelope puncture, without, however, reducing the electrode insulating effect of the glass envelope portions to a degree permitting significant flow of electrical current through the glass between the anode and cathode structures.
  • the present invention proposes the employment of glass having electrical resistance of the order of 10 ohms/cur, at 350 0.. structure of an electron flow device.
  • An important object of the present invention thus is to provide an electron flow device, such as an X-ray generator tube, having an envelope including a glass portion having electrical resistivity of an order low enough to allow for continuous drainage, from the glass envelope portion, of such electrostatic charges as may accumulate thereon, during the operation of the device, yet high enough to prevent significant electrical current flow in the envelope between the anode and cathode mounting stations there-
  • Another important object is to provide an envelope structure for electron flow devices embodying glass envelope portions having optimum dielectric strength, thermal expansion characteristics rendering the glass readily scalable with metal, and. also an electrical resistance characteristic providing for the continuous drainage of electrostatic charges from the glass without permitting significant electrical current flow between the anode and cathode of the device.
  • Another important object is to provide a glass envelope for devices of the character mentioned,
  • the envelope L ⁇ including a glass envelope portion having high dielectric strength, relatively high electrical resistance sufficient to prevent significant electrical current flow in the envelope, between the anode and cathode electrodes of the device, yet low enough to permit drainage of potential accumulations from the glass envelope portions, and a coefficient of thermal expansion substantially identical to that of the metal alloys, such as Fernico and Kovar, containing substantial quantities of nickel.
  • Another important object is to provide for the fabrication of the glass portions of the envelope entirely from the same material, whereby the envelope has substantially identical characteristics throughout, thereby avoiding the necessity and expense of utilizing zones or bands of diiTerent glasses in the several portions of the envelope each for its particular desired characteristic, as has been necessary in the past, particularly in the fabrication of high voltage X-ray generators.
  • an electron flow device including an envelope comprising a new glass-to-metal seal embodying a metal alloy including nickel as an essential component and a glass part sealed thereto and having substantially the same coefficient of thermal expansion of the order of 4.7iOBXlO- cm. per cm.
  • a further object being to utilize glass having a dielectric constant within the range of 4.0 to 8.0, at 60 cycles and 100 0., dielectric strength of the order of 100 volts per mil, at 200 C., strength at normal atmospheric temperature, 25 C., being of the order of 4:50:50 volts per mil; a still iurther object being to provide a seal of the character men tioned wherein the glass has electrical resistivity of the order of 10 ohms/cmfi, at 350 C, and a power factor, at 60 cycles and 100 C., of the order of 0.03i0.02.
  • Fig. is a sectional view taken lon tudinally through an tube made in acco nce with the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is an enlarged view of portion of the device shown in Fig, 1.
  • FIG. 1 shows an X-ray tube H comprising a cathode structure l2 and a cooperating anode l2 enclosed in a glass envelo i i, the envelope ing hermetically sealed a: the anode and rode supported in operative position therein by scans of end seals !5 disposed at the opposite ends of the envelope.
  • the cathode structure i2 as shown, an electron emission element supported on and insulated from a cup-shaped. member, which in is n ounted on a stem 20 having an end g in and opposite end projec out rardly of the envelope.
  • the anode l3. shown comprises a body of metal disposed within the envelope formed with a cavity opening toward the cathode, the anode providing an electron target at the bottom of the cavity.
  • the anode also includes an extension forming a stem 20' extending outwardly or" the envelope.
  • the anode and cathode supporting stems 20 and 20 extend outwardly of the members it through openings 2i formed therein, the stems being sealed in said openings, as by brazing or welding, to hermetically seal the stems in said openings.
  • the cathode supporting seal element l6 may also be fitted with seals 22 through which conductors 23 may extend for electrically connecting the electron emission element of the cathode in electrical operating or control circuits out wardly of the envelope.
  • the outwardly extending end of the stem 20 may, of course, be utilized for effecting the connection of the anode in an external circuit.
  • the seals 22 may comprise metal grommets 20 sealed, as by brazing or welding, in openings formed in the element Hi.
  • the conductors it and the grommets 24 are preferably made of metal, such as iron alloyed with nickel and cobalt, adapted to seal readily with glass.
  • a conductor 23 is disposed in position extending concentrically through its associated grommet 24 and may be hermetically sealed in the grommet by means of a glass globule 25, which is adhered to the grommet and the wire in position closing the space around the wire in the grommet.
  • the present invention further proposes the incorporation of an additional characteristic in the glass portions of the envelope, in order to Furthermore,
  • the insulating inhibit envelope puncture due to the accumulation, on the envelope walls, of high potential electrostatic charges during operation of the electron flow device. This is accomplished by making the glass electrically conductive to a degree sufficient to allow for the continuous drainage of electrostatic charges from the envelope glass, at a regulated, relatively slow rate, the electrical resistivity of the glass, however, being maintained high enough to prevent significant electrical current flow between the anode and cathode of the electron flow device.
  • the glass envelope material also has relatively high dielectric strength of the order of 100 volts per mil, at 200 (3., the dielectric strength at normal atmospheric temperature being of the order of 450-550 volts per mil.
  • the glass preferably also has a dielectric constant, at sixty cycles and 100 0., within the range of from 4 to 8. Its power factor, at sixty cycles and 100 C., is preferably within the range from 0.01 to 0.05.
  • the glass preferably has an annealing temperature of the order of 500:50" C.; a softening temperature of 700i50 0.; a strain point at 480:30 0.; X-ray transmissivity, per mm. thickness, within the k. v. p. range, between 30 and 90 k. v. p., of an order equivalent to the transmissivity of aluminum of less than 0.55 mm. in thickness; and the glass shows substantially no discoloration as the result of extensive exposure to X-rays.
  • the envelope I4 may be made from a glass mix or melt comprising mainly silica and boric oxide together with the oxides of sodium, iron, aluminum, cerium, and antimony. More particularly, the glass mix may comprise silica, about 64%; boric oxide, about 23%; sodium oxide, about 7%; iron and aluminum oxide, about 5%; cerium oxide, about 0.4%; and antimony oxide, about 0.1%; the remainder comprising impurities, and the proportions given, of course, being the relative weights of the several components.
  • the proportions specified may be varied, within reasonable limits, without impairing the desired electrical and mechanical characteristics of the resultant glass.
  • the permissible variation in the amounts of the glass constituents is, generally speaking, inversely proportional to the quantity of the constituents, as stated above, for an iueal mix or melt; that is to say, the smaller the proportional amount of a stated ingredient in the ideal mix, the larger may be the permissible variation in its relative proportion in the mix, without altering the desired characteristics in the resultant glass.
  • the relative proportions of such constituents as antimony, iron and cerium oxides may be increased or decreased in the mix by as much as 50% or more of the quantities thereof, without materially afiecting the characteristics of the resultant glass.
  • the amounts of sodium and aluminum oxides may be increased or decreased to a lesser extent, as up to say 30% of the quantities stated for the ideal mix; while the preponderant constituents, namely silica and boric oxide, may be increased or decreased up to say 10% for silica and 20% for boric oxide.
  • the mix o n. ise silica lrom to '70 by weight: boric oxide.
  • the resulting glass not only has the desirable characteistics heretofore mentionec, but it also has a relatively low softening temperature of the order of 700 C., or less, and consequently is readily workable and lends itself to the fabrication of containers, envelopes and the like. Its softening temperature, however, is not so low as to impair the mechanical strength, of X-ray tube envelopes formed therefrom, at the temperatures at which generators and other electron flow equipment are expected to operate.
  • the glass has a co-efiicient of thermal expansion that is substantially identical to that of nickel alloys, including steel containing 42 nickel, and is, therefore, readily scalable directly to metal elements of the character mentioned.
  • the glass for example, makes an exceedingly effective seal with ferrous metal alloys, such as, Kovar, consisting of iron with about 29% nickel. 17% cobalt, and 0.3% manganese, and Fernico, consisting of iron with about 28% nickel, and 18% cobalt.
  • ferrous metal alloys such as, Kovar, consisting of iron with about 29% nickel. 17% cobalt, and 0.3% manganese
  • Fernico consisting of iron with about 28% nickel, and 18% cobalt.
  • X-ray generators built in accordance with the teachings of the present invention may comprise a glass envelope !4 of uniform texture and consistency hermetically sealed by the readily attached nickel alloy elements IS.
  • the cost of fabricating the device is unusually low, not only ecause of the resulting simplification in the steps of assembling and sealing the anode, cathode and other elements in the envelope, but also because oi the considerable cost reduction accomplished by eliminating the necessity of maintaining stocks of several difierent glasses and fabricating the same into composite envelopes.
  • a puncture resistant electron flow device comprising an anode and a cooperating cathode electrode, and an envelope of glass enclosing and supporting said electrodes thereon at spaced mounting stations, said glass having electrical resistivity of the order of 10 ohms/cm at 350 C., such resistivity being low enough to provide for drainage, at a predetermined rate, of 31 ch electrostatic charges as may accumulate on the envelope through electron impact thereon during the operation of the device, and high enough to prevent significant flow of electricity in the envelope between said anode and cathode mounting stations.
  • a puncture resistant electron flow device as set forth in claim 1, wherein the glass portion of the envelope has dielectric strength of the order of 450250 volts per mil, at C.
  • a puncture resistant e ectron flow device as set forth in claim 1, wherein the glass portion of the envelope has a dielectric constant at sixty cycles and 100 C., within the range from [our to eight.
  • a puncture resistant electron flow device set forth in claim 1, wherein the power factor of the glass portion of the envelope, at sixty cycles and 100 0., is within the range from 0.01 to 0.05.
  • a puncture resistant electron flow device as set forth in 1. wheein the annealing temperature of the portion. of the envelope is of the order of 500350 C.
  • A. puncture resistant electron flow device as set forth in claim 1, wherein the softening temperature of the glass portion of the envelope is of the order of 700150 C.
  • a puncture resistant electron flow device as set forth in claim 1, wherein the strain point of the glass portion of the envelope is of the order of 480:" C.
  • a puncture resistant electron flow device as set forth in claim 1, wherein the X-ray transmissivity of the glass portion of the envelope, per mm. of thickness thereof, is of order less than the Xray transmissivity of 0.55 mm. thickness of aluminum.
  • a puncture resistant electron flow device as set forth in claim 1, wherein the glass poi 'ion of the envelope has the following characteristics: a thern 1 expansion cceficient oi the order of i. 7i().3 10 cm., per c!n., per degree C.; dielectric strength of the order of 4501550 volts er mil, at 25 C.; a dielectric constant at sixty cycles and C. within the range from four to eight; power iactor within range from 0.01 to 0.05, at sixty cycles and 100 C.
  • ⁇ l puncture resistant electron flow device comprising an anode and a cooperatin: cathode electrode, an envelope enclosing said electrodes and comprising glass, and a metal seal member, forming a part of said envelope and having portrons forming a glass-metal seal with the glass material of said envelope, a said electrode bein mounted on and supported by said seal mambo; ts1ado%l1a(3sl ortr1age iaghaving elecstricel resistivity oi vide fo drainose t gg jv at 350 to her at DVQdEE-EI O H in r said metal seal meg p r .-c ⁇ .
  • a puncture resistant electron flow device comprising an anode and a cooperating cathode electrode, an elongated tubular envelope enclosing said electrons and comprising a glass portion, and a metal upport member carrying a said electrode and having an annular skirt-like rim portion forming a glass-metal with the glass portion of said envelope, at an end thereof, said glass portion having electrical resistivity of the order of l ohms/cm at 350 C., to provide for drainage, a predetermined rate.
  • glass porti n also having a thermal expansion coefficient of the order of 47:50.3 X cm., per cm., per degree C., for maintenance of the said glass-metal seal, and a dielectric strength of the order of 450150 volts per mil. at C.
  • A. puncture resistant X-ray tube for high voltage operation comprising an anode and a cooperating cathode electrode, an envelope of glass enclosing and supporting said electrodes thereon at spaced mounting stations, said glass having electrical resistivity of the order of 10 ohms/cmfi, at 350 C., such resistivity being low enough to provide for drainage. at a predetermined rate, of such electrostatic charges as may accumulate on the envelope througl'i electron impact thereon. during the operation of the tlevice, and high enough to prevent significant flow of electricity in the envelope between said anode and cathode mounting stations.
  • a puncture resistant Xray tube as set forth in claim 13, wherein the glass portion of the envelope has dielectric strength of the order of 4501*:50 volts per mil, at C.
  • a puncture resistant X-ray tube forth in claim wherein the glass portion of the envelope has a dielectric constant at sixty cycles and 10. C., within the range from four to eight.
  • a puncture resistant X-ray tube as set forth in claim 13, wherein the power factor of the glass portion of the envelope at sixty cycles and 100 C., is within the range from 0.01 to 0.05,
  • a puncture resistant X-ray tube as set forth. in claim 13. wherein the annealing temperature of the glass portion of the envelope is of the order or" 5001:5'0 C.
  • a puncture resistant X-ray tube as set forth in claim 13, wherein the softening temperae ture of the glass portion of the envelope is of the order of 700:t50 C.
  • a puncture resistant X-ray tube as set forth in claim 13, wherein the strain point of the glass portion of the envelope is of the order of 480::" C.
  • a puncture resistant X-ray tube as set forth in claim 13, wherein the X-ray transmissivity oi the glass portion of the envelope, per mm. of thickness thereof, is of an order less than the X-ray transmissivity of 0.55 mm. thickness of aluminum.
  • a puncture resistant X-ray tube as set forth in claim 13, wherein the glass portion of the envelope has the following characteristics: a thermal expansion coefficient of the order of 4.7i0.3 10' cm., per cm., per degree C; dielectric strength of the order of 450:50 volts per mil, at 25 C.; a dielectric constant at sixty cycles and C. within the range from four to eight; power I actor within the range from 0.01 to 0.05, at sixty cycles and 100 C.
  • a puncture resistant Xray tube comprising an anode and a cooperating cathode electrode, an envelope enclosing said electrodes and comprising glass, and a metal seal member, forming a part of said envelope and having portions forming a glass-metal seal with the glass material of said envelope, at said electrode being mounted on and supported by said seal member, said glass material having electrical resistivity of the order of 10 ohms/cm. at 350 C., to provide for drainage, through said metal seal member, at a predetermined rate, of such electrostatic charges as may accumulate on the envelope through electron impact thereon during the operation of the device.
  • a puncture resistant X-ray tube comprising an anode and a cooperating cathode elec trode, and an envelope enclosing said electrodes and comprising glass, a said electrode having a metal mounting portion forming a glass-metal seal with the glass material of said envelope, said glass material having electrical resistivity of the order of l0 ohms/cm. at 350 C., to provide for drainage, at a predetermined rate, of such electrostatic charges as may accumulate on the envelope through electron impact thereon during the operation of the device, said glass also having a thermal expansion coeflicient of the order of 4.7; :0.3 l0 cm., er cm., per degree C., for maintenance of the said glass-metal seal.
  • a puncture resistant X-ray tube comprising an anode and a cooperating cathode electrode, an elongated tubular envelope enclosing said electrodes and comprising a glass portion, and. a metal support member carrying a said electrode and having an annular skirt-like rim portion forming a glass-metal seal with the glass portion of said envelope, at an end thereof, said glass portion having electrical resistivity of the order of 10 ohms/cm.
  • said glass portion also having a thermal expansion coefficient of the order of cm., per cm., per degree C., for maintenance of the said glass-metal seal, and a dielectric strength of the order of 4501-50 volts per mil, at 25 C.

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FR964669D FR964669A (fr) 1947-05-29
US751234A US2640167A (en) 1947-05-29 1947-05-29 Envelope for electron flow device and glass-metal seal embodied therein
GB14498/48A GB670241A (en) 1947-05-29 1948-05-28 Improvements in and relating to electric discharge tubes

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Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2836748A (en) * 1956-04-20 1958-05-27 Dunlee Corp Electron discharge device
US3022435A (en) * 1958-12-22 1962-02-20 Dunlee Corp Envelope for X-ray generator
US3227581A (en) * 1960-02-23 1966-01-04 Eitel Mccullough Inc Process for rendering ceramics slightly conductive
DE19621765A1 (de) * 1996-05-30 1997-07-31 Siemens Ag Röntgenröhre
US6324870B1 (en) * 1997-12-01 2001-12-04 Ge Medical Systems S.A. Method and device for integrating a glass part and metal part
US20050181925A1 (en) * 2004-02-18 2005-08-18 Thomas Kuckelkorn Method of making a glass-metal joint, glass-metal joint made thereby and method of making a solar energy tube collector with said joint
US20070209182A1 (en) * 2004-05-28 2007-09-13 Edouard De Buyer-Mimeure Device For Removing An Archery Arrow Or Arrowhead From A Receiving Support
US20100006090A1 (en) * 2008-07-09 2010-01-14 Tvp Solar Sa Vacuum solar thermal panel

Citations (7)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1975880A (en) * 1932-11-01 1934-10-09 Westinghouse Lamp Co Electrical discharge apparatus
US2068801A (en) * 1935-07-30 1937-01-26 Corning Glass Works Borosilicate glass containing cerium
US2076012A (en) * 1933-11-01 1937-04-06 Westinghouse Electric & Mfg Co Envelope for an electric device
US2167431A (en) * 1936-08-14 1939-07-25 Hygrade Sylvania Corp Method of manufacturing cathode ray tubes
US2172548A (en) * 1939-09-12 Shaped bodies for electric purposes
US2405477A (en) * 1942-08-26 1946-08-06 Gen Electric Ray-generating apparatus
US2564950A (en) * 1947-01-31 1951-08-21 Owens Illinois Glass Co Glass-to-metal seal and composition thereof

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2172548A (en) * 1939-09-12 Shaped bodies for electric purposes
US1975880A (en) * 1932-11-01 1934-10-09 Westinghouse Lamp Co Electrical discharge apparatus
US2076012A (en) * 1933-11-01 1937-04-06 Westinghouse Electric & Mfg Co Envelope for an electric device
US2068801A (en) * 1935-07-30 1937-01-26 Corning Glass Works Borosilicate glass containing cerium
US2167431A (en) * 1936-08-14 1939-07-25 Hygrade Sylvania Corp Method of manufacturing cathode ray tubes
US2405477A (en) * 1942-08-26 1946-08-06 Gen Electric Ray-generating apparatus
US2564950A (en) * 1947-01-31 1951-08-21 Owens Illinois Glass Co Glass-to-metal seal and composition thereof

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2836748A (en) * 1956-04-20 1958-05-27 Dunlee Corp Electron discharge device
US3022435A (en) * 1958-12-22 1962-02-20 Dunlee Corp Envelope for X-ray generator
US3227581A (en) * 1960-02-23 1966-01-04 Eitel Mccullough Inc Process for rendering ceramics slightly conductive
DE19621765A1 (de) * 1996-05-30 1997-07-31 Siemens Ag Röntgenröhre
US6324870B1 (en) * 1997-12-01 2001-12-04 Ge Medical Systems S.A. Method and device for integrating a glass part and metal part
US20050181925A1 (en) * 2004-02-18 2005-08-18 Thomas Kuckelkorn Method of making a glass-metal joint, glass-metal joint made thereby and method of making a solar energy tube collector with said joint
ES2264630A1 (es) * 2004-02-18 2007-01-01 Schott Ag Uso de un vidrio para uniones de vidrio-metal.
US7562655B2 (en) 2004-02-18 2009-07-21 Schott Ag Method of making a glass-metal joint, glass-metal joint made thereby and method of making a solar energy tube collector with said joint
US20070209182A1 (en) * 2004-05-28 2007-09-13 Edouard De Buyer-Mimeure Device For Removing An Archery Arrow Or Arrowhead From A Receiving Support
US7682270B2 (en) * 2004-05-28 2010-03-23 Edouard De Buyer-Mimeure Knife and device for removing an archery arrow or arrowhead from a receiving support
US20100006090A1 (en) * 2008-07-09 2010-01-14 Tvp Solar Sa Vacuum solar thermal panel
US8161965B2 (en) * 2008-07-09 2012-04-24 Tvp Solar Sa Vacuum solar thermal panel

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GB670241A (en) 1952-04-16
FR964669A (fr) 1950-08-22

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