US2589403A - Transducer construction and method - Google Patents
Transducer construction and method Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US2589403A US2589403A US514290A US51429043A US2589403A US 2589403 A US2589403 A US 2589403A US 514290 A US514290 A US 514290A US 51429043 A US51429043 A US 51429043A US 2589403 A US2589403 A US 2589403A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- plate
- crystals
- layer
- crystal
- porcelain
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title description 15
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 title description 7
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims description 44
- 239000000037 vitreous enamel Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 25
- 229910052573 porcelain Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 5
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 210000003298 dental enamel Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium nitrate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003292 glue Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920001342 Bakelite® Polymers 0.000 description 2
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004026 adhesive bonding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004637 bakelite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000010344 sodium nitrate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000004317 sodium nitrate Substances 0.000 description 2
- VZGDMQKNWNREIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrachloromethane Chemical compound ClC(Cl)(Cl)Cl VZGDMQKNWNREIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000416162 Astragalus gummifer Species 0.000 description 1
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001018 Cast iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000723 Meehanite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003723 Smelting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920001615 Tragacanth Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940058905 antimony compound for treatment of leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000001463 antimony compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- -1 black oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021538 borax Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001610 cryolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004534 enameling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010433 feldspar Substances 0.000 description 1
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005304 joining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000464 lead oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- YEXPOXQUZXUXJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxolead Chemical compound [Pb]=O YEXPOXQUZXUXJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000021715 photosynthesis, light harvesting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- LJCNRYVRMXRIQR-OLXYHTOASA-L potassium sodium L-tartrate Chemical compound [Na+].[K+].[O-]C(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C([O-])=O LJCNRYVRMXRIQR-OLXYHTOASA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000005488 sandblasting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000017550 sodium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000011006 sodium potassium tartrate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000010339 sodium tetraborate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004328 sodium tetraborate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000014692 zinc oxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
- H04R17/00—Piezoelectric transducers; Electrostrictive transducers
- H04R17/04—Gramophone pick-ups using a stylus; Recorders using a stylus
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
- H04R17/00—Piezoelectric transducers; Electrostrictive transducers
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S228/00—Metal fusion bonding
- Y10S228/903—Metal to nonmetal
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/42—Piezoelectric device making
Definitions
- the old method also involved the use of two glued joints, which joints were found, in practice, to be the weakest points in transducer construction, in addition to providing an important source of energy dissipation. It also produced undesirable discontinuities in the mechanical impedance between the plate and crystals.
- Yet another object of my invention is a construction and method for mounting transducer crystals on backing plates which utilizes a single cemented joint.
- the prior art shows that the backing plate 4 has a layer of glue-2 upon which is placed a layer of insulating material I. Another layer of glue 2 placed upon the insulating material and on this the crystal 3 is mounted. Obviously, the two layers of glue and the insulating material are weak spots in this prior art, and the elimination of one or more of them results in an improved mounting.
- the thickness of the layer of porcelain enamel which I have found desirable is from 4, to This may be varied, particularly depending upon the amount by which it is desired to reduce the electrical capacity between the plate and crystals.
- the layer as it comes from the last heating step should be slightly thicker than is finally desired.
Description
j March 18, 1952 KURIE 2,589,403
TRANSDUCER CONSTRUCTION AND METHOD- Filed Dec. 14, 1943 F/G. Z
lNVENTOR BY WAKE? Patented Mar. 18, 1952 TRANSDUCER CONSTRUCTION AND METHO Franz N. D. Kurie, La Jolla, Calif., assignor to United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Navy Application December 14, 1943, Serial N 0. 514,290
7 Claims. (Cl. 171-327) This invention relates to a crystal transducer mounting and method.
In the past, considerable difliculty has been met in providing a proper bonding surface for Rochelle salt or other piezo-electric crystals when the same are bonded to a metal plate and used to convert electrical to sound energy and vice versa. Not only is it desirable to have a flat backing surface to which the crystals may be attached, but it is equally important that the surface be one capable of insuring a fast bond between the plate and the crystals. Likewise, good practice requires that the electrical characteristics of the bond be such as to insulate, insofar as possible, the crystals from the backing plate and to reduce the distributed capacity between the two.
Past practice has generally involved gluing a layer of some insulating material to the backing plate and subsequently gluing the crystals to this layer of material. The result in many cases,
- when the insulating material possessed the proper electrical characteristics, was that it did not pro-, vide the necessary elasticity to transmit the vibrations of the crystals to the backing plate; and when the necessary stifiness was present, reduction of capacity and proper insulation were not accomplished.
The old method also involved the use of two glued joints, which joints were found, in practice, to be the weakest points in transducer construction, in addition to providing an important source of energy dissipation. It also produced undesirable discontinuities in the mechanical impedance between the plate and crystals.
One of the objects of my invention is a method of overcoming the above objections by providing a vitreous enamel layer on the backing plate, to which the crystals are cemented.
Another of the objects of my invention is a crystal transducer having a layer of vitreous enamel between the crystals and backing plate.
A further object of my invention is to provide a more satisfactory surface for cementing crystals to backing plates.
A still further object of my invention is to provide an insulating layer between crystals and backing plates in transducers.
An even further object of my invention is a device and method for reducing the distributed capacity between transducer crystals and the adjacent backing plate.
Yet another object of my invention is a construction and method for mounting transducer crystals on backing plates which utilizes a single cemented joint.
And still another object of my invention is a transducer and method of construction in which the crystals are attached to the backing plate by means of abond having substantially the characteristics of the backing plate so as to eliminate discontinuities in the mechanical impedance between the two.
Another object is the provision of a mounting of the crystal which will be economical to manufacture, reliable in operation and which possesses all of the qualities of ruggedness and dependability in service.
Other objects and features will become apparent upon a careful consideration of the following detailed description when taken together with the accompanying drawings, the figures of which are designed for the sole purpose of illustration and not as a definition of the limits of the invention, reference for the latter purpose being had to the appended claims.
In the drawings:
Figure 1 represents the mounting of the prior art. c
Figure 2 illustrates the mounting of this invention.
In Figure 1, the prior art shows that the backing plate 4 has a layer of glue-2 upon which is placed a layer of insulating material I. Another layer of glue 2 placed upon the insulating material and on this the crystal 3 is mounted. Obviously, the two layers of glue and the insulating material are weak spots in this prior art, and the elimination of one or more of them results in an improved mounting.
In Figure 2, this invention consists in the placing of the vitreous enamel 5 on the backing plate 4 as the layer of insulating material. The insulating material and the backing plate are integral, thus giving a stronger and a lower loss mounting for the crystal. The single layer of glue 2 is placed upon the vitreous enamel and on this rests the crystal 3.
It is elementary in transducer construction that a relatively elastic plate, ordinarily'of metal, is provided as a seat for the crystals. This plate,
to which the crystals are attached, is securely.
bonded to the plate serves as an excellent joint between the crystals and plate. It overcomes the difliculties outlined above because insofar as its elastic qualities are concerned, it substantially resembles the backing plate. It prevents the undesirable dissipation of energy occurring at the joint and functions much as though the crystals were attached directly to the plate; except that it provides the necessary insulation and reduction of capacity required.
For this purpose, I find that of the known vitreous enamels, including those products sold under the trade-names of iSteatite and Isolanite, porcelain enamel serves very well. Because of this, I have chosen to limit my specific description to porcelain enamel; but it is to be clearly understood that I intend to claim the broader classifications, including vitreous enamels and low loss porcelains.
I have found that either of two methods of processing the backing plate with porcelain enamel may be utilized. These are conventionally known as the wet and dry porcelainizing processes. Both will be described herein, but it is to be understood that either furnishes the desired bond.
In the dry process, the backing plate, which may be steel, cast iron, meehanite or other satisfactory material, is first thoroughly cleaned of all surface dirt. This is preferably done by sand blasting to insure the cleanest possible surface. The plate is then sprayed with a ground or primer coat which serves as a bond between the metal and the subsequent porcelain coats. The ground coat is allowed to dry completely and the plate is then heated until it reaches a temperature of about 1600 F. For this purpose, a muffle-type furnace has been found to be very useful. After the plate reaches 1600 F., it is removed and powdered porcelain is sprinkled onto the surface by means of vibrating sieves and this powdered porcelain immediately fuses onto the metal when it contacts the heated surface. It is important that the powdered porcelain be applied immediately after the plate is brought from the furnace because the porcelain will not adhere to the surface after the temperature has dropped to about 1200 F. If this should happen, the plate must be returned to the furnace and the process repeated.
As a matter of fact, I have found that owing to the rapid loss of heat, two or more applications of porcelain are necessary to insure a completely opaque coating.
As the porcelain contacts the hot surface, it slowly melts and flows into a solid glassy coating which, when completely cold, is as durable and hard as ordinary glass and ready for use.
It should also be noted that the powdered porcelain is composed of the well-known ceramic chemicals, including borax, sodium nitrate, zinc oxide, sodium carbonate, feldspar, flourspar, lead oxide, cryolite, antimony compounds and other related compounds. It is made by smelting these compounds together into a fluid state which fluid is directed to run into a tank of cold water where it is immediately quenched and shatters into minute particles. These particles are then dried and milled to a fineness of 150 mesh.
The alternative or wet process consists in annealing the plate for approximately hour at a temperature of approximately 1500 F. The sandblast process is then used to thoroughly clean the plate and remove all rust, scale, etc. .A black enamel porcelain coat, composed of milled glass. Valendar clay, black oxide, sodium nitrate. gum tragacanth, and water, is then sprayed onto the plate. It is then heated in an oven to dry out the water and brushed to break open any bubble formation. In the next step, a second coat of porcelain is sprayed on and this is fired at about 1300 F. for approximately 1 hour. Three more similar coats are applied but each successive coat is fired at a temperature 20 less than the preceding one.
The thickness of the layer of porcelain enamel which I have found desirable is from 4, to This may be varied, particularly depending upon the amount by which it is desired to reduce the electrical capacity between the plate and crystals. The layer as it comes from the last heating step should be slightly thicker than is finally desired.
The porcelain layer is then lapped, preferably by hand, by means of a piece of heavy glass using carborundum, provided with a suitable liquid containing no water (benzine, carbon tetrachloride, for example), as an abrasive. The layer is lapped down to give a truly flat surface and the desired thickness. Perfect smoothness is not an advantage as small variations and discontinuities serve to made a stronger bond.
The surface is then thoroughly cleaned and several thick coats of a Bakelite cement (such as Bakelite cement 6052 or Vulcalock) are sprayed or brushed on. Each coat is allowed to dry to a sticky consistency before the next is applied. A similar coat is applied to the joining surface of the crystals which has been milled while the crystals were held in place by a jig. This coat is allowed to dry in a similar manner after which one additional coat is brushed on to either the porcelain or crystal surface. The crystals, preferably still mounted in the jig, are then positioned on the plate and pressure is applied by means of a press or weight to force the crystals against the plate. This pressure need not be great, 5 to 10 pounds per square inch being sufficient, if maintained for 15 to 30 minutes, or sufficient time to allow plastic flow between the two partially dried layers of cement.
The above described process produces an excellent bond for the crystals and one which will withstand hard usage whether or not the transducer is used in air or water. This, I believe, is due primarily to the fact that one joint is eliminated and the single remaining joint is made between the crystal and the porcelain surface, which, in addition to being as flat as a metal surface, is considerably more effective in producing a bond because of its roughened and slightly porous surface.
The discontinuities in mechanical impedance caused by ordinary bonds are eliminated and the unit acts substantially as though the crystals were cemented directly to the backing plate. Also reduction of capacity between plate and crystals is accomplished and a high resistance is introduced between the two elements.
Having described my invention, I claim:
1. A crystal-type transducer comprising a backing plate, a layer of vitreous enamel bonded to one face of said plate, and a piezo-electric crystal bonded to said layer of vitreous enamel.
2. A crystal-type transducer comprising, a backing plate, a layer of vitreous enamel bonded to one face of said plate, and a piezo-electric crystal cemented to said layer of vitreous enamel.
3. A crystal-type transducer comprising a back- 5 ing plate, a layer of porcelain enamel bonded to one face of said plate, and a piezo-electric crystal cemented to said layer of porcelain enamel.
4. A crystal-type transducer comprising a backing plate, a layer of porcelain enamel bonded to one face of said plate, and a piezo-electric crystal bonded to said layer of porcelain enamel.
5. A method of attaching a piezo-electric crystal to a backing element to make a transducer, comprising, enameling at least one surface of said element, lapping said enameled surface, and cementin said crystal thereupon.
6. A piezo-electric crystal mounting comprising a backing plate, a layer of insulating material fused onto a surface of said plate, and means bonding the crystal to the insulating material.
'7. The method of attaching a piezoelectric crystal to the surface of a metallic backing element comprising the steps of heating said backing element to a temperature of about 1600 F., sprinkling at least one layer of a powdered fritted enamel on one surface of said heated element,
FRANZ N. D. KURIE.
REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:
v UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 896,134 Meeker Aug. 18, 1908 1,692,074 Burtis Nov. 20, 1928 1,802,782 Sawyer -2 Apr. 28, 1931 2,366,954 Brooks Jan. 9, 1945 2,403,079 Higgins July 2, 1946
Claims (1)
1. A CRYSTAL-TYPE TRANSDUCER COMPRISING A BACKING PLATE, A LAYER OF VITREOUS ENAMEL BONDED TO ONE FACE OF SAID PLATE, AND A PIEZO-ELECTRIC CRYSTAL BONDED TO SAID LAYER OF VITREOUS ENAMEL.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US514290A US2589403A (en) | 1943-12-14 | 1943-12-14 | Transducer construction and method |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US514290A US2589403A (en) | 1943-12-14 | 1943-12-14 | Transducer construction and method |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US2589403A true US2589403A (en) | 1952-03-18 |
Family
ID=24046571
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US514290A Expired - Lifetime US2589403A (en) | 1943-12-14 | 1943-12-14 | Transducer construction and method |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US2589403A (en) |
Cited By (20)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2688121A (en) * | 1951-11-03 | 1954-08-31 | Andersen Lab Inc | Ultrasonic delay line |
US2767336A (en) * | 1951-05-22 | 1956-10-16 | David L Arenberg | Cement for bonding elements of a delay line with low transmission losses using mixtures of inorganic salts |
US2824980A (en) * | 1952-03-14 | 1958-02-25 | Erie Resistor Corp | Piezoelectric transducers |
US2881336A (en) * | 1956-05-04 | 1959-04-07 | Sperry Prod Inc | Damping means for piezo-electric crystals |
US2901644A (en) * | 1955-12-05 | 1959-08-25 | Tibbetts Lab Inc | Electromechanical device and method of making same |
US2910545A (en) * | 1954-08-30 | 1959-10-27 | Gen Electric | Transducer |
US2946904A (en) * | 1956-03-14 | 1960-07-26 | Realisations Ultrasoniques Sa | Ultrasonic transducer arrangement for sending and receiving |
US2967956A (en) * | 1955-04-19 | 1961-01-10 | Gulton Ind Inc | Transducer |
US2998535A (en) * | 1958-04-29 | 1961-08-29 | Acoustica Associates Inc | Composite electro-acoustic transducer configuration |
US3003072A (en) * | 1957-07-11 | 1961-10-03 | United Insulator Company Ltd | Transducers |
US3123727A (en) * | 1960-06-15 | 1964-03-03 | Kritz | |
US3123953A (en) * | 1964-03-10 | merkl | ||
US3441754A (en) * | 1966-05-31 | 1969-04-29 | Linden Lab Inc | Base mounted piezoelectric transducer assembly having intermediate stress absorbing member |
US3453166A (en) * | 1966-10-11 | 1969-07-01 | Bell Telephone Labor Inc | Method and apparatus for bonding transducer elements |
US3454459A (en) * | 1964-07-17 | 1969-07-08 | Alcatel Sa | Manufacture of ferroelectric parts,more particularly of transducers |
US3798473A (en) * | 1971-11-05 | 1974-03-19 | Kureha Chemical Ind Co Ltd | Polymer type electroacoustic transducer element |
US5196754A (en) * | 1990-05-12 | 1993-03-23 | Hoechst Ceramtec Aktiengesellschaft | Piezoelectric tone generator and a process for producing it |
US5410205A (en) * | 1993-02-11 | 1995-04-25 | Hewlett-Packard Company | Ultrasonic transducer having two or more resonance frequencies |
US5438554A (en) * | 1993-06-15 | 1995-08-01 | Hewlett-Packard Company | Tunable acoustic resonator for clinical ultrasonic transducers |
US5460181A (en) * | 1994-10-06 | 1995-10-24 | Hewlett Packard Co. | Ultrasonic transducer for three dimensional imaging |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US896134A (en) * | 1906-01-25 | 1908-08-18 | William Passmore Meeker | Building-block. |
US1692074A (en) * | 1927-04-21 | 1928-11-20 | William H Burtis | Oscillation generator |
US1802782A (en) * | 1927-05-06 | 1931-04-28 | Cleveland Trust Co | Piezo-electric device |
US2366954A (en) * | 1943-01-09 | 1945-01-09 | Western Electric Co | Method of making piezoelectric crystals |
US2403079A (en) * | 1942-04-30 | 1946-07-02 | Smith Corp A O | Joinder of porcelain enameled products |
-
1943
- 1943-12-14 US US514290A patent/US2589403A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US896134A (en) * | 1906-01-25 | 1908-08-18 | William Passmore Meeker | Building-block. |
US1692074A (en) * | 1927-04-21 | 1928-11-20 | William H Burtis | Oscillation generator |
US1802782A (en) * | 1927-05-06 | 1931-04-28 | Cleveland Trust Co | Piezo-electric device |
US2403079A (en) * | 1942-04-30 | 1946-07-02 | Smith Corp A O | Joinder of porcelain enameled products |
US2366954A (en) * | 1943-01-09 | 1945-01-09 | Western Electric Co | Method of making piezoelectric crystals |
Cited By (20)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3123953A (en) * | 1964-03-10 | merkl | ||
US2767336A (en) * | 1951-05-22 | 1956-10-16 | David L Arenberg | Cement for bonding elements of a delay line with low transmission losses using mixtures of inorganic salts |
US2688121A (en) * | 1951-11-03 | 1954-08-31 | Andersen Lab Inc | Ultrasonic delay line |
US2824980A (en) * | 1952-03-14 | 1958-02-25 | Erie Resistor Corp | Piezoelectric transducers |
US2910545A (en) * | 1954-08-30 | 1959-10-27 | Gen Electric | Transducer |
US2967956A (en) * | 1955-04-19 | 1961-01-10 | Gulton Ind Inc | Transducer |
US2901644A (en) * | 1955-12-05 | 1959-08-25 | Tibbetts Lab Inc | Electromechanical device and method of making same |
US2946904A (en) * | 1956-03-14 | 1960-07-26 | Realisations Ultrasoniques Sa | Ultrasonic transducer arrangement for sending and receiving |
US2881336A (en) * | 1956-05-04 | 1959-04-07 | Sperry Prod Inc | Damping means for piezo-electric crystals |
US3003072A (en) * | 1957-07-11 | 1961-10-03 | United Insulator Company Ltd | Transducers |
US2998535A (en) * | 1958-04-29 | 1961-08-29 | Acoustica Associates Inc | Composite electro-acoustic transducer configuration |
US3123727A (en) * | 1960-06-15 | 1964-03-03 | Kritz | |
US3454459A (en) * | 1964-07-17 | 1969-07-08 | Alcatel Sa | Manufacture of ferroelectric parts,more particularly of transducers |
US3441754A (en) * | 1966-05-31 | 1969-04-29 | Linden Lab Inc | Base mounted piezoelectric transducer assembly having intermediate stress absorbing member |
US3453166A (en) * | 1966-10-11 | 1969-07-01 | Bell Telephone Labor Inc | Method and apparatus for bonding transducer elements |
US3798473A (en) * | 1971-11-05 | 1974-03-19 | Kureha Chemical Ind Co Ltd | Polymer type electroacoustic transducer element |
US5196754A (en) * | 1990-05-12 | 1993-03-23 | Hoechst Ceramtec Aktiengesellschaft | Piezoelectric tone generator and a process for producing it |
US5410205A (en) * | 1993-02-11 | 1995-04-25 | Hewlett-Packard Company | Ultrasonic transducer having two or more resonance frequencies |
US5438554A (en) * | 1993-06-15 | 1995-08-01 | Hewlett-Packard Company | Tunable acoustic resonator for clinical ultrasonic transducers |
US5460181A (en) * | 1994-10-06 | 1995-10-24 | Hewlett Packard Co. | Ultrasonic transducer for three dimensional imaging |
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