US2559581A - Transverse traveling wave amplifier - Google Patents

Transverse traveling wave amplifier Download PDF

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Publication number
US2559581A
US2559581A US6284A US628448A US2559581A US 2559581 A US2559581 A US 2559581A US 6284 A US6284 A US 6284A US 628448 A US628448 A US 628448A US 2559581 A US2559581 A US 2559581A
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United States
Prior art keywords
wave
electrons
electrode
electromagnetic
electrodes
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Expired - Lifetime
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US6284A
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English (en)
Inventor
Robert S Bailey
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International Standard Electric Corp
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International Standard Electric Corp
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Filing date
Publication date
Priority to NL656501092A priority Critical patent/NL144610B/xx
Priority to BE487149D priority patent/BE487149A/xx
Application filed by International Standard Electric Corp filed Critical International Standard Electric Corp
Priority to US6284A priority patent/US2559581A/en
Priority to GB24411/48A priority patent/GB670248A/en
Priority to FR979889D priority patent/FR979889A/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US2559581A publication Critical patent/US2559581A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J25/00—Transit-time tubes, e.g. klystrons, travelling-wave tubes, magnetrons
    • H01J25/34—Travelling-wave tubes; Tubes in which a travelling wave is simulated at spaced gaps
    • H01J25/36—Tubes in which an electron stream interacts with a wave travelling along a delay line or equivalent sequence of impedance elements, and without magnet system producing an H-field crossing the E-field

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a travelling wave amplifier tube and more particularly to that variety of travelling wave amplifier tube in which an electromagnetic Wave exchanges energy 7 with an electronic stream flowing transversely to the direction of propagationof the electromagnetic wave.
  • Travelling wave amplifiers employing the negative resistance principle are well known in the art. Most of these amplifiers amplify substantially equally well in either direction giving rise to certain disadvantages, especially those of ringing or oscillating. Another disadvantage of the travelling wave amplifier of the prior art is that considerable energy is taken from the incident electromagnetic wave in order to control the motion of electrons which contribute no energy to said wave.
  • the method used to obtain amplification in the transverse travelling wave amplifiers of the present invention is to arrange the tube structure in such a way that energy interchanges take place between an electromagnetic travelling wave field and a stream of moving electrons, the greater interchange of this energy being from the electrons to the field.
  • the principle utilised in the present invention is to accelerate electrons by a fixed potential field into a region where they may react with an electromagnetic travelling wave field. It is clear that if any one of such electrons possesses a given kinetic energy corresponding to a given velocity, say Va, and by some agency this Ve is reduced, the kinetic energy of this electron is reduced proportionally to the difference between the squares of the two velocities in question.
  • both the magnetic and electric components of an electromagnetic wave are used to control the direction and velocity of an electron stream in such a way that many of the disadvantages of the travelling wave amplifier of the prior art are eliminated.
  • anelectron remaining in an electromagnetic field for an integral number of cycles of that field will be, in general, unaffected in total energy.
  • An electromagnetic field can be reinforced by a given moving electron only during a half cycle of the electromagnetic wave unless the electron velocity vector is reversed in synchronism with the wave.
  • amplification of the travelling wave amplifier may occur when an electron is in the field for any integral number of cycles plus /2 cycle.
  • Figs. 1 and 2 are transverse and longitudinal sections, respectively, of a coaxial line used to illustrate the principles of the invention
  • Fig. 3 represents a longitudinal cross section of an embodiment of the invention utilizing a coaxial line
  • Figs. 4 and 5 are orthogonal, longitudinal sections of an embodiment of the invention utilizing a wave guide
  • Figs. 6 and 7 are transverse and longitudinal sections, respectively, of a second embodiment of the invention utilizing a wave guide.
  • a coaxial or transverse electromagnetic transmission line is shown together with symbols indicating the direction and polarity of the electric and magnetic vectors in this transmission line.
  • the electric lines are indicated by the solid lines on the drawings while the magnetic lines are indicated by the dotted lines on the drawing.
  • Propagation of the transverse electromagnetic mode requires two conductors l, 2 such as the coaxial transmission line shown in Figs. 1 and 2 or the parallel transmission line well known in the art. This mode-type cannot be propagated in a wave guide and hence is given a separate classification and will be first considered.
  • the transverse electromagnetic type is characterized by transverse electric and magnetic fields as shown in Figs. 1 and 2, electromagnetic wave will on the average, be decelerated before reach ing the outer conductor, generally held at a high direct current potential.
  • the magnetic force lines are also utilized to provide focusing and control of emitted electrons from either conductor in order to obtain a higher efi'iciency.
  • a coaxial trahsverse'el'ectromagnetic mode type is utilized to obtain an amplification according to the principles of the present invention.
  • a coaxial line consisting of an outer conductor 3 and inner conductor 4 and an auxiliary conductor 5 inside conductor 4 and provided with electron emissive electrodes 6 is provided.
  • the openings in conductor 4 are provided with the electron emissive electrodes 6 positioned so that electrons emitted from electrodes 6 will not normally emerge into the space between electrodes 3 and 4.
  • the electromagnetic wave to be amplified is impressed by known means into the coaxial lines consisting of conductors 3 and 4.
  • An auxiliary wave which may be derived from the main wave, is impressed between the conductors 4 and 5.
  • a fixed direct current potential may be established between electrodes 5' and '4 such that electrons emitted from electrode 6 will be attracted toward 4 but will not, in the absence o'finput electromagnetic waves, emerge into the space between electrodes 3 and 4.
  • an auxiliary wave energizes the innercoaxial line consisting of conductors 4 and 5
  • a new force other than the applied static D. C. potential acts upon electrons emitted from electrode 6. This force is due to the magnetic field intensity vector of the incident radio frequency waves and will operate to deflect the electrons into a curvilinear path without altering their velocity due to the static potential between electrodes 4 and 5.
  • Electric field lines due to the main electromagnetic waves between conductors 3 and ti are shown schematically by I. It is seen that these lines reverse in direction-and increase in magnitude periodically each haltwave length.
  • a pair of conductors 8 is shown for the purpose of heating the emissive electrode It will at once be apparent that an electromagnetic wave travelling in the opposite direction, that is from right to left in the figure, will not be amplified since, due to the reverse direction, all of the electric and magnetic vectors will be reversed and electrons emitted from electrode 6 will impinge on electrode 6 and will not appear in the main transmission line, 3, 4.
  • a wave guide embodiment of the present invention is shown wherein a main wave guide 9 is provided with a foram'ina'ted electrode it and emissive electrode ll connected to energization means l2. Electric field intensity lines are shown and it is seen that again both the electricand magnetic intensity reverse each half wave along the direction of propagation of electro-magnetic energy in the guide.
  • the electron emissive electrodes H are so. placed with respect to the foraminated structure 10 and the potential difference between the electrodes so adjusted that electrons emitted from H in'the absence of incident radio frequency energy 'all'impinge upon electrode I0 and are there collected, none of them appearing in the main wave guide Operation proceeds generally as recited above.
  • An auxiliary or control wave preferably derived from the main wave to be amplified energizes the wave guide defined by electrodes Ill and i2 while the main wave to be amplified energizes the space l3.
  • the magnetic wave vector of the electromagnetic field in the wave guide ii l2 causes the electrons emitted from the electrode H to be turned into a curvilinear path resulting in their emission into the space l3.
  • the wall 9 of the main wave guide is held at a high direct current potential in order to collect electrons emitted into l3.
  • This direct potential is chosen in conjunction with the potential used to accelerate electrons from electrode H to electrode ill and'the electron transit time as described above. It is clear that amplification in the reverse direction, that is from right to left in the figure, will not occur for the same reasons given in connection with Fig. 3.
  • a waveguide operating in the TE1,l mode is shown provided with means for amplification according to the principles of the present invention. Again electric field lines are shown by solid lines and the magnetic field lines by dotted lines on the figure.
  • the main guide line M is provided with emissive electrodes 55 energized by conductors l6.
  • Accollector plate H is positioned oppositely to the emissive electrode l5 and insulatively but capacitatively connected to the wave guide wall I i.
  • a foraminated structure it is provided in proximity to the electron emissive surfaces l5 and. operated'at a positive direct current potential as indicated at 23.
  • the openings in electrode E8 are again so positioned with respect to electron emissive electrode i5 that electrons can not emerge into the main wave guide transmission space l9 except in the presence of an electromagnetic wave in a predetermined direction down,
  • a transverse traveling wave amplifier comprising means defining an electromagnetic wave path and a cathode comprising a plurality of emissive elements mounted adjacent said path to project electrons transversely across said path, an electron focusing means to render said amplifier unidirectional comprising a control electrode mounted between said cathode and said path and provided with apertures and means connected to said control electrode for applying a direct current potential thereto to attract electrons from said cathode, each emissive element of said cathode being disposed in offset relation with respect to an adjacent aperture and said control electrode being coupled to said wave path for applying a portion of said electromagnetic wave between said cathode and said control electrode to deflect electrons through said apertures during one half cycle of the Wave.
  • said cathode comprises a plurality of elements mounted adjacent one edge of the apertures in said control electrode whereby electrons deflected in one direction will pass through said apertures and those deflected in the other direction will K impinge on said control electrode.
  • a transverse travelling wave amplifier comprising an electromagnetic wave path, a cathode mounted adjacent said path to project electrons transversely across said path, a control electrode said coupling being 4 6 said path or in the reverse direction, said cathode including a plurality of electron emissive electrodes mounted in ofiset relation with respect to said apertures so that electrons pass through said apertures only during one half cycle of said wave.
  • a transverse traveling wave amplifier comprising an electromagnetic wave path, a cathode mounted adjacent said path to project electrons transversely across said path, a pair of foraminated electrodes mounted between said cathode and said path and coupled to said wave path for applying an electromagnetic wave therebetween, said coupling being adapted to provide a magnetic component of said wave that will deflect electrons from said cathode in the direction of travel of waves in said path and in the reverse direction, said cathode including a plurality of electron emissive electrodes mounted in spaced relation with respect to said foraminated electrodes such that electrons are deflected through said foraminated apertures only during one half cycle of said wave.
  • An amplifier according to claim 1 wherein said wave path comprises a wave guide, said cathode and control electrode being mounted therein, and a collecting electrode is mounted in said wave guide transversely across from said cathode and control electrode.

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  • Microwave Tubes (AREA)
  • Microwave Amplifiers (AREA)
US6284A 1948-02-04 1948-02-04 Transverse traveling wave amplifier Expired - Lifetime US2559581A (en)

Priority Applications (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NL656501092A NL144610B (nl) 1948-02-04 Werkwijze voor de bereiding van een preparaat tegen wormziekte bij warmbloedige dieren.
BE487149D BE487149A (en, 2012) 1948-02-04
US6284A US2559581A (en) 1948-02-04 1948-02-04 Transverse traveling wave amplifier
GB24411/48A GB670248A (en) 1948-02-04 1948-09-17 Transverse travelling wave amplifier
FR979889D FR979889A (fr) 1948-02-04 1949-02-02 Amplificateurs à ondes progressives

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US6284A US2559581A (en) 1948-02-04 1948-02-04 Transverse traveling wave amplifier

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US2559581A true US2559581A (en) 1951-07-10

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US6284A Expired - Lifetime US2559581A (en) 1948-02-04 1948-02-04 Transverse traveling wave amplifier

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US2559581A (en, 2012)
BE (1) BE487149A (en, 2012)
FR (1) FR979889A (en, 2012)
GB (1) GB670248A (en, 2012)
NL (1) NL144610B (en, 2012)

Cited By (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2672571A (en) * 1950-08-30 1954-03-16 Univ Leland Stanford Junior High-frequency oscillator
US2687494A (en) * 1949-05-10 1954-08-24 Zenith Radio Corp Signal translating device of the traveling wave type
US2697799A (en) * 1948-12-01 1954-12-21 Ericsson Telefon Ab L M Amplifying device for microwaves
US2698398A (en) * 1949-04-07 1954-12-28 Univ Leland Stanford Junior Traveling wave electron discharge device
US2746036A (en) * 1952-03-25 1956-05-15 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Device for coupling between free space and an electron stream
US2760102A (en) * 1950-06-09 1956-08-21 Univ Leland Stanford Junior Travelling wave tubes
US2761088A (en) * 1949-02-22 1956-08-28 Csf Travelling-wave amplifying tube
US2762950A (en) * 1951-04-16 1956-09-11 Rca Corp High frequency apparatus
US2791717A (en) * 1950-03-13 1957-05-07 Csf Travelling wave tube with crossed electric and magnetic fields and transversely directed beam
US2796550A (en) * 1951-07-03 1957-06-18 Kazan Benjamin Travelling walve amplifier
US2843792A (en) * 1953-03-30 1958-07-15 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Traveling wave tube
US2885641A (en) * 1955-04-25 1959-05-05 Hughes Aircraft Co Microwave tube
US2916710A (en) * 1951-07-16 1959-12-08 Walkinshaw William Loaded wave-guides for linear accelerators
US2957103A (en) * 1954-08-19 1960-10-18 Hughes Aircraft Co High power microwave tube
US3126497A (en) * 1961-05-15 1964-03-24 white

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2122538A (en) * 1935-01-22 1938-07-05 American Telephone & Telegraph Wave amplifier
US2368031A (en) * 1940-03-15 1945-01-23 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Electron discharge device
US2413309A (en) * 1941-06-24 1946-12-31 Submarine Signal Co Electrical apparatus

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2122538A (en) * 1935-01-22 1938-07-05 American Telephone & Telegraph Wave amplifier
US2368031A (en) * 1940-03-15 1945-01-23 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Electron discharge device
US2413309A (en) * 1941-06-24 1946-12-31 Submarine Signal Co Electrical apparatus

Cited By (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2697799A (en) * 1948-12-01 1954-12-21 Ericsson Telefon Ab L M Amplifying device for microwaves
US2761088A (en) * 1949-02-22 1956-08-28 Csf Travelling-wave amplifying tube
US2698398A (en) * 1949-04-07 1954-12-28 Univ Leland Stanford Junior Traveling wave electron discharge device
US2687494A (en) * 1949-05-10 1954-08-24 Zenith Radio Corp Signal translating device of the traveling wave type
US2791717A (en) * 1950-03-13 1957-05-07 Csf Travelling wave tube with crossed electric and magnetic fields and transversely directed beam
US2760102A (en) * 1950-06-09 1956-08-21 Univ Leland Stanford Junior Travelling wave tubes
US2672571A (en) * 1950-08-30 1954-03-16 Univ Leland Stanford Junior High-frequency oscillator
US2762950A (en) * 1951-04-16 1956-09-11 Rca Corp High frequency apparatus
US2796550A (en) * 1951-07-03 1957-06-18 Kazan Benjamin Travelling walve amplifier
US2916710A (en) * 1951-07-16 1959-12-08 Walkinshaw William Loaded wave-guides for linear accelerators
US2746036A (en) * 1952-03-25 1956-05-15 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Device for coupling between free space and an electron stream
US2843792A (en) * 1953-03-30 1958-07-15 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Traveling wave tube
US2957103A (en) * 1954-08-19 1960-10-18 Hughes Aircraft Co High power microwave tube
US2885641A (en) * 1955-04-25 1959-05-05 Hughes Aircraft Co Microwave tube
US3126497A (en) * 1961-05-15 1964-03-24 white

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB670248A (en) 1952-04-16
FR979889A (fr) 1951-05-04
NL144610B (nl)
BE487149A (en, 2012)

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