US2531880A - Adjustable typewriter support - Google Patents

Adjustable typewriter support Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US2531880A
US2531880A US730481A US73048147A US2531880A US 2531880 A US2531880 A US 2531880A US 730481 A US730481 A US 730481A US 73048147 A US73048147 A US 73048147A US 2531880 A US2531880 A US 2531880A
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
shaft
support
pan
arms
hinge
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US730481A
Inventor
Wayland F Herring
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Priority to US730481A priority Critical patent/US2531880A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US2531880A publication Critical patent/US2531880A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41JTYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
    • B41J29/00Details of, or accessories for, typewriters or selective printing mechanisms not otherwise provided for
    • B41J29/06Special supports, platforms or trolleys for supporting machines on tables
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A47FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
    • A47BTABLES; DESKS; OFFICE FURNITURE; CABINETS; DRAWERS; GENERAL DETAILS OF FURNITURE
    • A47B21/00Tables or desks for office equipment, e.g. typewriters, keyboards
    • A47B21/02Tables or desks for office equipment, e.g. typewriters, keyboards with vertical adjustable parts

Definitions

  • the objects of the present invention are to provide an improved adjustable typewriter support which may be installed as a part of the desk for adjustably supporting the typewriter; to provide an improved support for typewriters whereby they may be adjustably and rigidly held in dif-' ferent positions; to pro-vide a support which will tend to eliminate vibration; and to provide such other novel features and advantages as will ap pear more fully hereinafter.
  • Fig. 1 is a more or less diagrammatic sectional view showing a portion of a desk with the support mounted therein and a typewriter resting on the support;
  • Fig. 2 is a perspective view of the adjustable support with parts broken away for convenience in illustration;
  • Fig. 3 is a detail showing portions of the adjusting members
  • Fi 4 is a longitudinal sectional view taken substantially on the line 4-4 of Fig. 5;
  • Fig. 5 is a cross sectional view taken substan tially on the line 5--5 of Fig. 4.
  • 6 is a typewriter desk having a recess I for the typewriter 8.
  • the support has a substantially rectangular bottom pan or base I 5 provided with a bottom l2, sides l3, front end Hi, and rear end 15.
  • the support also has a coact- 3 Claims. (Cl. 248-23) 7 2 V ing top plate or member l6 in the form of an inverted pan having side flange l1, front end l8, and rear end IS.
  • the flanges of the upper plate are adapted to telescope or pass within the lower pan as shown particularly in Fig. 4.
  • a shaft 20 is mounted in bearings 2! and 22 which are'secured in any suitable manner to the bottom I 2 as shown in Figs. 4'and '5.
  • This shaft is manually turned by any suitable means, in the present instance being shown as squared at 23 at the'front end for receiving a crank or wheel 56 which may be inserted through a hole 24 inthe wall IA.
  • the shaft 20 which actuates the adjusting mechanism has right hand threads 25 at the front end and left hand threads 26 at the rear end which coact with threaded blocks or nuts 21 and 28 re spectively. 1
  • Two bars or rods 29 and 30 have their inner ends reduced and engaging with bearing 3
  • the outer ends of the rods are provided with rollers 33 and 34 which roll upon the bottom H! of the lower pan or sup port II, and are held down by rails 51.
  • a hinge plate or leaf 35 has its lower edge secured to the bars 29 and 30 in any suitable mannor as by means of screws 36.
  • the upper-edge of the plate 35 is connected by means of the usual knuckle 37 and pintle arrangement 38 to a coacting leaf or plate 39 which also extends substantially across the entire width of the support.
  • the lower edge of the plate 39 is secured to a shaft or bar All which extends across the lower pan and pivotally engages bearings 4
  • Levers or links 53 and M are secured to or formed integrally with the ends of the hinge leaf 35 with their central portions pivoted on the shaft or pintle 38. The upper ends of these levers are pivoted to the side flange I! at Q5 and 46 respectively.
  • the opposite end of the support is provided with elevating mechanism similar to that just described so that it need not be set forth in detail.
  • the portion of the shaft 20 having the left hand threads 26 coacts with a nut or block 28 which actuates a hinge device having leaves 35a and 33a with oppositely arranged cross arms pivoted and connected as shown for raising the opposite end of the upper plate or support I6.
  • the cross arms are pivoted to the base I l and movable support It in substantially the same manner as described with reference to the first named elements serving the same purpose.
  • An adjustable typewriter support including a base and a relatively movable plate arranged above the'basaa central shaft rotatably mounted on the; base, means for turning said shaft, said shaft having right and left hand threads thereon, nuts coasting with said. threads, hinge members having their outer leaves pivotally connected with. the base and having their inner members secured to nuts having: threaded engagement with the respective threads on the shaft whereby the hinge members will be actuated to raise and lower the center portions when the shaft is turned, arms extending upwardly from the hinge members and pivotally connected with the movableplate and other arms connected with" the-oppositely disposed hinge members, rollers on the ends of said last named arms engaging with the plate, and rollers on the ends of the first named arms engaging with the base.
  • An adjustable typewriter support comprising a pan having upwardly extending sides, hinged plates extending transversely across the pan adjacent to either end thereof with their pivoted portions extending upwardly, means for nlll pivotally securing the outer edges of the endmost plates to the sides of the pan, bearings positioned in the center of the pan, a shaft rotatably mounted in said bearings, oppositely disposed threads adjacent to the ends of the shaft, threaded members coasting with said threads and adapted to move longitudinally of the shaft when the shaft is turned, said threaded members being secured to the inwardly extending portions of the hinge members, arms secured to the ends of the hinge members, two of the arms of the respective members being pivotally connected with the respective threaded members on the shaft and adapted.
  • each of said hinge members alsohaving arms extending upwardly at the ends of the leaves thereof, a top plate pivotally connected' with one pair of arms of each hinge member; other pairs of arms extending upwardly from the coacting hinge members, and rollers on the ends of the last named arms engaging with said plate.
  • a supporting pan having upwardly projecting sides
  • a shaft mounted in said pan and extending longitudinally thereof

Description

8, 1950 w. F. HERRING 2,531,880
ADJUSTABLE TYPEWRITER SUPPORT Filed Feb. 24, 1947 '2 Sheets-Sheet 1 Nov. 28, 1950 w. F. HERRING ADJUSTABLE TYPEWRITER SUPPORT Filed Feb. 24. 1947' 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 v I ff? 7% Q9. 7ZM
- mm 6 mm m v Q NW N mm W mm. J r i r- F 6 L, F-.::-:::: U M Nb ,& N a
Patented Nov. 28, 1950 UNITED STATES PATENT osrlcr.
Wayland F. Herring, Calumet City, 111.
Application February 24, 1947, Serial No. 730,431
When a typewriter, supported on a desk in the usual manner, is being operated, it causes more or less vibrations in the desk which tend to react on the machine. Such vibration is objectionable for a number of reasons inasmuch as it may tend to impair the accuracy of the writing as well as the speed of operation. I- have found that by supporting the machine with a novel support positioned between the machine and the desk, such vibrations may be largely reduced or eliminated. I have found that by having flat plates or surfaces mounted on and supported by curved or rounded supporting members, the initial vi bration is transmitted from the flat plate to the curved surface in such a mannerthat it is largely eliminated and thi arrangement forms one of the novel features of the present invention.
It is also desirable to adjust the height of the typewriter with respect to the de k for convenience in operation by operators of different size so that the operator may assume a convenient and restful position for speed and ease in striking the keys.
The objects of the present invention are to provide an improved adjustable typewriter support which may be installed as a part of the desk for adjustably supporting the typewriter; to provide an improved support for typewriters whereby they may be adjustably and rigidly held in dif-' ferent positions; to pro-vide a support which will tend to eliminate vibration; and to provide such other novel features and advantages as will ap pear more fully hereinafter.
In the accompanying drawings illustrating this invention,
' Fig. 1 is a more or less diagrammatic sectional view showing a portion of a desk with the support mounted therein and a typewriter resting on the support;
Fig. 2 is a perspective view of the adjustable support with parts broken away for convenience in illustration;
Fig. 3 is a detail showing portions of the adjusting members;
Fi 4 is a longitudinal sectional view taken substantially on the line 4-4 of Fig. 5; and
Fig. 5 is a cross sectional view taken substan tially on the line 5--5 of Fig. 4.
As shown in these drawings, 6 is a typewriter desk having a recess I for the typewriter 8. My
support, indicated generally by the numeral 9, is
positioned between the typewriter and the floor or bottom H! of the recess. The support has a substantially rectangular bottom pan or base I 5 provided with a bottom l2, sides l3, front end Hi, and rear end 15. The support also has a coact- 3 Claims. (Cl. 248-23) 7 2 V ing top plate or member l6 in the form of an inverted pan having side flange l1, front end l8, and rear end IS. The flanges of the upper plate are adapted to telescope or pass within the lower pan as shown particularly in Fig. 4. A shaft 20 is mounted in bearings 2! and 22 which are'secured in any suitable manner to the bottom I 2 as shown in Figs. 4'and '5. This shaft is manually turned by any suitable means, in the present instance being shown as squared at 23 at the'front end for receiving a crank or wheel 56 which may be inserted through a hole 24 inthe wall IA. The shaft 20 which actuates the adjusting mechanism has right hand threads 25 at the front end and left hand threads 26 at the rear end which coact with threaded blocks or nuts 21 and 28 re spectively. 1
Two bars or rods 29 and 30 have their inner ends reduced and engaging with bearing 3|"and 32 in the ends of the block or'nut 21, the arrangements being such that the 'rods may rotate freely with respect to the nut. The outer ends of the rods are provided with rollers 33 and 34 which roll upon the bottom H! of the lower pan or sup port II, and are held down by rails 51.
A hinge plate or leaf 35 has its lower edge secured to the bars 29 and 30 in any suitable mannor as by means of screws 36. The upper-edge of the plate 35 is connected by means of the usual knuckle 37 and pintle arrangement 38 to a coacting leaf or plate 39 which also extends substantially across the entire width of the support. The lower edge of the plate 39 is secured to a shaft or bar All which extends across the lower pan and pivotally engages bearings 4| and'42 secured to the sides of the pan. Levers or links 53 and M are secured to or formed integrally with the ends of the hinge leaf 35 with their central portions pivoted on the shaft or pintle 38. The upper ends of these levers are pivoted to the side flange I! at Q5 and 46 respectively. The lower ends of these levers engage with the pivots for the rollers 33 and 34 which roll on the bottom I2. Other links or levers 49 and 5|) are secured to the ends of the hinge leaf 39 or formed integrally therewith and are pivoted on the shaft or pintle 38 and are ar anged crosswise with respect to the levers 43 and 44 as shown in Fig. 2. The levers 49 and are pivoted at their lower ends to the sides of the pan H as shown at 5! and 52 and are provided at their upper ends with rollers and 54 respectively, which rollers engage with the lower surface of the upper plate 5 6. The several links or arms should all extend at equal distances from the center of the pintle 38 in order 3 to prevent binding. The hinge leaf 39 is cut away at 55 to clear the threaded shaft and other parts as indicated in Fig. 2.
The opposite end of the support is provided with elevating mechanism similar to that just described so that it need not be set forth in detail. The portion of the shaft 20 having the left hand threads 26 coacts with a nut or block 28 which actuates a hinge device having leaves 35a and 33a with oppositely arranged cross arms pivoted and connected as shown for raising the opposite end of the upper plate or support I6. The cross arms are pivoted to the base I l and movable support It in substantially the same manner as described with reference to the first named elements serving the same purpose.
As will be readily seen from Fig, 4, when the shaft 22 is turned in one direction, the nuts 21 and 56 are caused to approach each other and lower the plate or bed i6, and when turned in the opposite direction, the nuts are moved apart and the bed raised as shown in dotted position. By means of this arrangement, the typewriter may be readily adjusted to any desired position within the" range of travel of the support.
While I have shown a preferred form of my support or device, it. would be evident that the same may be modified in order to adapt the same for different makes of typewriters or other instruments without departing from the scope of the invention as set forth in the following claims in which I claim:
1. An adjustable typewriter support including a base and a relatively movable plate arranged above the'basaa central shaft rotatably mounted on the; base, means for turning said shaft, said shaft having right and left hand threads thereon, nuts coasting with said. threads, hinge members having their outer leaves pivotally connected with. the base and having their inner members secured to nuts having: threaded engagement with the respective threads on the shaft whereby the hinge members will be actuated to raise and lower the center portions when the shaft is turned, arms extending upwardly from the hinge members and pivotally connected with the movableplate and other arms connected with" the-oppositely disposed hinge members, rollers on the ends of said last named arms engaging with the plate, and rollers on the ends of the first named arms engaging with the base. i
2. An adjustable typewriter support, comprising a pan having upwardly extending sides, hinged plates extending transversely across the pan adjacent to either end thereof with their pivoted portions extending upwardly, means for nlll pivotally securing the outer edges of the endmost plates to the sides of the pan, bearings positioned in the center of the pan, a shaft rotatably mounted in said bearings, oppositely disposed threads adjacent to the ends of the shaft, threaded members coasting with said threads and adapted to move longitudinally of the shaft when the shaft is turned, said threaded members being secured to the inwardly extending portions of the hinge members, arms secured to the ends of the hinge members, two of the arms of the respective members being pivotally connected with the respective threaded members on the shaft and adapted. to move longitudinally thereof when the shaft is turned, each of said hinge members alsohaving arms extending upwardly at the ends of the leaves thereof, a top plate pivotally connected' with one pair of arms of each hinge member; other pairs of arms extending upwardly from the coacting hinge members, and rollers on the ends of the last named arms engaging with said plate.
3-. In a device of the character set forth, the combination of a supporting pan having upwardly projecting sides, a shaft mounted in said pan and extending longitudinally thereof, means for turning. said. shaft, right. and left hand threads adjacent to the ends of the shaft, nuts coacting with said threads, bars pivotally connected with the nuts and extending across the pan, rollers on the ends of said bars engaging with the pan, hinge plates secured to said bars, other hinge plates pivotally secured to the first named hinge platesand extending downwardly, the said-last named hinge plate being, pivotally secured to the sides of. the pan, arms projecting upwardly from the first named hinge plates, a top plate havingv a downwardly extending peripheralv flange coacting with the pan, pivotal connections between said arms and said top plate, other arms projecting upwardly from the second named hinge members, and rollers on the ends of said arms engagingwith the top plate.
WAYLAND F. HERRING.
REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:
UNITED STATES PATENTS Herring. Feb; 18, 1947'
US730481A 1947-02-24 1947-02-24 Adjustable typewriter support Expired - Lifetime US2531880A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US730481A US2531880A (en) 1947-02-24 1947-02-24 Adjustable typewriter support

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US730481A US2531880A (en) 1947-02-24 1947-02-24 Adjustable typewriter support

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US2531880A true US2531880A (en) 1950-11-28

Family

ID=24935535

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US730481A Expired - Lifetime US2531880A (en) 1947-02-24 1947-02-24 Adjustable typewriter support

Country Status (1)

Country Link
US (1) US2531880A (en)

Cited By (21)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2624535A (en) * 1947-08-20 1953-01-06 Franz W Bollhoefer Elevating platform for typewriters
US2630359A (en) * 1950-03-21 1953-03-03 Nat Blank Book Co Vertically shiftable platform support for office furniture
US2733970A (en) * 1956-02-07 Vertically adjustable lectern
US2798640A (en) * 1954-09-24 1957-07-09 Sunray Company Floating bottom container
US2878088A (en) * 1957-03-11 1959-03-17 Vennice E Mark Support providing concealed storage
US2902349A (en) * 1955-07-11 1959-09-01 Lerner Aaron Bunsen Laboratory equipment elevation adjusting apparatus
US3288090A (en) * 1965-08-27 1966-11-29 Murray W Maxwell Control structure for ironing boards
US3317239A (en) * 1966-01-21 1967-05-02 Fruehauf Corp Trailer construction
US3435570A (en) * 1966-09-23 1969-04-01 Fairchild Hiller Corp Erectable structure with scissors link
US4515086A (en) * 1982-04-21 1985-05-07 Hamilton Sorter Company, Inc. Adjustable word processor work station
FR2620009A1 (en) * 1987-09-09 1989-03-10 Siguret Michel Device for adjusting the height of two shelves placed one on top of the other in a piece of furniture
US5236171A (en) * 1990-11-07 1993-08-17 Krister Borgh Load supporting linkage with gas spring
WO1998050726A1 (en) * 1997-05-02 1998-11-12 Johnson Robert E Height-adjustable workstand support
US20080203041A1 (en) * 2007-02-26 2008-08-28 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Variable shelf assembly and refrigerator having the same
US20080209980A1 (en) * 2007-03-01 2008-09-04 Hong Fu Jin Precision Industry (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd . Impact platform for drop testing
US20140063167A1 (en) * 2012-08-31 2014-03-06 Seiko Epson Corporation Inkjet recording device
US20140144352A1 (en) * 2012-11-24 2014-05-29 Christopher John Roberts Portable and adjustable desktop workstation
US20140265806A1 (en) * 2013-03-14 2014-09-18 Electrolux Home Products, Inc. Refrigerator with a scissor-type lift mechanism
FR3028735A1 (en) * 2014-11-26 2016-05-27 Leonidas Kalogeropoulos ELEMENT FORMING SUB-MAIN TO BE POSTED ON AN OFFICE PLAN
US9961991B1 (en) * 2016-12-22 2018-05-08 Ying Liang Health Tech. Co., Ltd. Desktop liftable platform
US10413053B2 (en) 2012-05-24 2019-09-17 Varidesk, Llc Adjustable desk platform

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1550944A (en) * 1924-06-09 1925-08-25 Donald C Beidler Stand for cameras and the like
US1941301A (en) * 1932-05-19 1933-12-26 American Gas Machine Company Tray holder for ovens
US2206788A (en) * 1939-10-13 1940-07-02 Meacham George Elevating truck
US2415820A (en) * 1945-03-16 1947-02-18 Wayland F Herring Support for office appliances

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1550944A (en) * 1924-06-09 1925-08-25 Donald C Beidler Stand for cameras and the like
US1941301A (en) * 1932-05-19 1933-12-26 American Gas Machine Company Tray holder for ovens
US2206788A (en) * 1939-10-13 1940-07-02 Meacham George Elevating truck
US2415820A (en) * 1945-03-16 1947-02-18 Wayland F Herring Support for office appliances

Cited By (26)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2733970A (en) * 1956-02-07 Vertically adjustable lectern
US2624535A (en) * 1947-08-20 1953-01-06 Franz W Bollhoefer Elevating platform for typewriters
US2630359A (en) * 1950-03-21 1953-03-03 Nat Blank Book Co Vertically shiftable platform support for office furniture
US2798640A (en) * 1954-09-24 1957-07-09 Sunray Company Floating bottom container
US2902349A (en) * 1955-07-11 1959-09-01 Lerner Aaron Bunsen Laboratory equipment elevation adjusting apparatus
US2878088A (en) * 1957-03-11 1959-03-17 Vennice E Mark Support providing concealed storage
US3288090A (en) * 1965-08-27 1966-11-29 Murray W Maxwell Control structure for ironing boards
US3317239A (en) * 1966-01-21 1967-05-02 Fruehauf Corp Trailer construction
US3435570A (en) * 1966-09-23 1969-04-01 Fairchild Hiller Corp Erectable structure with scissors link
US4515086A (en) * 1982-04-21 1985-05-07 Hamilton Sorter Company, Inc. Adjustable word processor work station
FR2620009A1 (en) * 1987-09-09 1989-03-10 Siguret Michel Device for adjusting the height of two shelves placed one on top of the other in a piece of furniture
US5236171A (en) * 1990-11-07 1993-08-17 Krister Borgh Load supporting linkage with gas spring
US5996961A (en) * 1996-05-03 1999-12-07 Johnson; Robert E. Height-adjustable workstand support
WO1998050726A1 (en) * 1997-05-02 1998-11-12 Johnson Robert E Height-adjustable workstand support
US20080203041A1 (en) * 2007-02-26 2008-08-28 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Variable shelf assembly and refrigerator having the same
US8172347B2 (en) * 2007-02-26 2012-05-08 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Variable shelf assembly and refrigerator having the same
US20080209980A1 (en) * 2007-03-01 2008-09-04 Hong Fu Jin Precision Industry (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd . Impact platform for drop testing
US7552616B2 (en) * 2007-03-01 2009-06-30 Hong Fu Jin Precision Industry (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd. Impact platform for drop testing
US10413053B2 (en) 2012-05-24 2019-09-17 Varidesk, Llc Adjustable desk platform
US20140063167A1 (en) * 2012-08-31 2014-03-06 Seiko Epson Corporation Inkjet recording device
US9308758B2 (en) * 2012-08-31 2016-04-12 Seiko Epson Corporation Inkjet recording device
US20140144352A1 (en) * 2012-11-24 2014-05-29 Christopher John Roberts Portable and adjustable desktop workstation
US20140265806A1 (en) * 2013-03-14 2014-09-18 Electrolux Home Products, Inc. Refrigerator with a scissor-type lift mechanism
US9377238B2 (en) * 2013-03-14 2016-06-28 Electrolux Home Products, Inc. Refrigerator with a scissor-type lift mechanism
FR3028735A1 (en) * 2014-11-26 2016-05-27 Leonidas Kalogeropoulos ELEMENT FORMING SUB-MAIN TO BE POSTED ON AN OFFICE PLAN
US9961991B1 (en) * 2016-12-22 2018-05-08 Ying Liang Health Tech. Co., Ltd. Desktop liftable platform

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US2531880A (en) Adjustable typewriter support
US2624535A (en) Elevating platform for typewriters
US2453254A (en) Rockable shelf bracket
US5029814A (en) Scissor jack stand
US2223405A (en) Desk
US2585566A (en) Typewriter cabinet
US2415820A (en) Support for office appliances
US2509274A (en) Compression spring for press recoil mechanisms
US3033510A (en) Vehicle seat adjuster
US898349A (en) Leveling device for crushing-rolls.
US2273716A (en) Glass cutting apparatus
US2827945A (en) Roller leveler with upper-roller adjusting means
US1689445A (en) Ironing board
US1322110A (en) Gage por metal-working machines
US2506243A (en) Nonslip parallel rule
US594505A (en) James k welch and albert ernest
US1410095A (en) Clothes-pressing machine
US1527578A (en) Variable condenser
US1427074A (en) Book holder
US1938531A (en) Adjustable guide for paper plates of typewriters
US2104502A (en) Valve
US935014A (en) Glass-cutting table.
US1388687A (en) Engraving-machine
US1043334A (en) Hot bending-machine for the treatment of printing-plates.
US1454047A (en) Pendulum mechanism