US2501631A - Mechanism for converting rotary motion to reciprocatory motion - Google Patents

Mechanism for converting rotary motion to reciprocatory motion Download PDF

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Publication number
US2501631A
US2501631A US738660A US73866047A US2501631A US 2501631 A US2501631 A US 2501631A US 738660 A US738660 A US 738660A US 73866047 A US73866047 A US 73866047A US 2501631 A US2501631 A US 2501631A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
motion
power transmitting
tool
driven member
reciprocatory
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US738660A
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English (en)
Inventor
Oschwald Max
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Scintilla AG
Original Assignee
Scintilla AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Scintilla AG filed Critical Scintilla AG
Priority to US41786A priority Critical patent/US2506736A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US2501631A publication Critical patent/US2501631A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16F—SPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
    • F16F15/00—Suppression of vibrations in systems; Means or arrangements for avoiding or reducing out-of-balance forces, e.g. due to motion
    • F16F15/22—Compensation of inertia forces
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23D—PLANING; SLOTTING; SHEARING; BROACHING; SAWING; FILING; SCRAPING; LIKE OPERATIONS FOR WORKING METAL BY REMOVING MATERIAL, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23D49/00—Machines or devices for sawing with straight reciprocating saw blades, e.g. hacksaws
    • B23D49/10—Hand-held or hand-operated sawing devices with straight saw blades
    • B23D49/16—Hand-held or hand-operated sawing devices with straight saw blades actuated by electric or magnetic power or prime movers
    • B23D49/162—Pad sawing devices
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23D—PLANING; SLOTTING; SHEARING; BROACHING; SAWING; FILING; SCRAPING; LIKE OPERATIONS FOR WORKING METAL BY REMOVING MATERIAL, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23D51/00—Sawing machines or sawing devices working with straight blades, characterised only by constructional features of particular parts; Carrying or attaching means for tools, covered by this subclass, which are connected to a carrier at both ends
    • B23D51/16—Sawing machines or sawing devices working with straight blades, characterised only by constructional features of particular parts; Carrying or attaching means for tools, covered by this subclass, which are connected to a carrier at both ends of drives or feed mechanisms for straight tools, e.g. saw blades, or bows
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23D—PLANING; SLOTTING; SHEARING; BROACHING; SAWING; FILING; SCRAPING; LIKE OPERATIONS FOR WORKING METAL BY REMOVING MATERIAL, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23D57/00—Sawing machines or sawing devices not covered by one of the preceding groups B23D45/00 - B23D55/00
    • B23D57/0076—Devices for converting any machine for sawing purposes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23D—PLANING; SLOTTING; SHEARING; BROACHING; SAWING; FILING; SCRAPING; LIKE OPERATIONS FOR WORKING METAL BY REMOVING MATERIAL, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23D67/00—Filing or rasping machines or devices
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16H—GEARING
    • F16H21/00—Gearings comprising primarily only links or levers, with or without slides
    • F16H21/10—Gearings comprising primarily only links or levers, with or without slides all movement being in, or parallel to, a single plane
    • F16H21/16—Gearings comprising primarily only links or levers, with or without slides all movement being in, or parallel to, a single plane for interconverting rotary motion and reciprocating motion
    • F16H21/18—Crank gearings; Eccentric gearings
    • F16H21/36—Crank gearings; Eccentric gearings without swinging connecting-rod, e.g. with epicyclic parallel motion, slot-and-crank motion
    • F16H21/365—Crank gearings; Eccentric gearings without swinging connecting-rod, e.g. with epicyclic parallel motion, slot-and-crank motion with orbital gearing having a ratio of 2:1 between central gear and orbital gear
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T74/00—Machine element or mechanism
    • Y10T74/18—Mechanical movements
    • Y10T74/18056—Rotary to or from reciprocating or oscillating
    • Y10T74/18248—Crank and slide
    • Y10T74/18256—Slidable connections [e.g., scotch yoke]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T83/00—Cutting
    • Y10T83/869—Means to drive or to guide tool
    • Y10T83/8878—Guide
    • Y10T83/8881—With anti-friction means
    • Y10T83/8883—Roller with peripheral flange or groove

Definitions

  • This .invention relates to motor-driven tools designated to be moved by hand, and more especially to motor-driven reciprocating hand tools such as saws, cutters, files and the like, wherein the handle of the tool is formed by the motor housing.
  • a further object of the invention is to provide a mechanism for converting the rotary motion of a motor into rectilinear reciprocatory motion, while eliminating the vibrations generated by its masses while they reciprocate at frequencies of at least 3000 power cycles per minute.
  • Fig. 1 is a perspective view of the tool as a whole; while Fig. 2 is an axial sectional view,.
  • Fig. 3 being a front view wherein the cover with the reciprocating tool is removed to show the disposition of parts of the mechanism and some of the counterbalance elements.
  • Fig. 4 is a part sectional view of a second embodiment.
  • the mechanism here illustrated shows a motor shaft fitted with a pinion which drives two gear wheels of equal size positioned in substantially the same plane and on a common diameter line.
  • One gear wheel actuates a reciprocating device, which in turn reciprocates a tool, while the other gear wheel actuates a reciprocating device, which in turn reciprocates a counterbalance, the respective mo- 7 tions of both being such that the reciprocation of one of said devices is opposed to that of the other, thereby producing a uniform and vibrationless action of the tool.
  • the handle of the tool is formed by the housing I of an electric motor having a front bearing plate 2 through which projects the motor shaft 3, which is fitted with a pinion 4.
  • two gear wheels 5 and 6 are rotatably mounted on their fixed journals 5a and 6a respectively. Both of these gear wheels have an equal number of teeth. They are permanently 2 in mesh with the pinion 4 on the motor shaft and are driven by it when the motor is operated.
  • On one of the gear wheels 5 a crank pin 1 is eccentrically mounted. This crank pin I engages a slot 8 in a carrier 9, which is fixed to a reciprocatable tool arm E0 to which the tool H is secured.
  • the reciprocatable tool arm Ill is mounted in a guide l4 which is supported in the casing l3 of the gear-box l2 and has at one end a head 15 adapted to grip the tool I l which is secured therein by a fastening screw it.
  • the tool H in the present case a saw, is Supported by means of an adjustable guide I! with a counter-pressure roller I 8 bearing against the tool. It is obvious that the saw may be replaced by a cutter or by a file without departing from the scope of the invention.
  • a supporting plate or pedestal base I9 is arranged parallel to the motor axis. This plate is slotted lengthwise and through the slot the reciprocating tool projects at right angles to the base l9 which permits of the latter resting on the work and being used as in Fig. 1.
  • a base member 28 may be provided by which may support the mechanism, as for example, in a vise 29. When so mounted, the reciprocating tool is directed vertically upwards and the pedestal base I 9 serves as a work stage.
  • the pedestal base may be adjustably mounted on the gearbox l2 and may be movable by means of joints I (not shown), thus permitting the work to be presented to the tool at any angle.
  • gear wheel 6 Diametrically opposed to the aforementioned gear wheel 5 is the second gear wheel 6 mounted on its journal 6a.
  • the latter gearwheel 6 is fitted with a crank pin 20 which engages with a transverse slot 2i in the counter-balance weight 22.
  • This weight has on its other side, at right angles to the transverse slot, two guide slots 23 fitting guides 24 which are mounted orformed in the interior of the gear-box I2 so as to keep the balance weight in rectilinear direction.
  • reciprocation of the tool arm I and of the balance weight 22 may be accomplished by rods connected to crank pins on the gear wheels I and 8 by spigots fixed to the reciprocating parts and riding in eccentric grooves out into the face of the gear wheels.
  • an aperture 25 is provided therein with a copper plate 21 rockably fastened to the gear box by a screw 28.
  • FIG. 4 provides for the motor being able to serve other purposes besides the one described, for instance, to drive a small compressor (not shown) or'some other suitable implement secured to its front end.
  • an intermediate bearing plate 31 supporting the gearing components, and a disengaging clutch 30 on the motor shaft between the intermediate plate 3i and the front bearing plate 2 may be incorporated in the mechanism.
  • the said intermediate bearing plate 3i may be fastened to the motor housing by means of screws or in some other manner.
  • a mechanism for converting high speed rotary motion of a prime mover into high speed reciprocating motion of a driven member and a counter-balancing mass comprising, a first power transmitting member mounted for rotation about an axis parallel to said prime mover for driving said driven member, a second power transmitting member mounted for rotation about a second axis parallel to said prime mover for driving said mass, said power transmitting members being positioned in substantially the same plane and spaced from one another, means positioned between said power transmitting members for driving said power transmitting members from said prime mover, guiding means for said driven member positioned in proximity to said second power transmitting member and spaced therefrom, said driven member being slidably supported by said guiding means for reciprocating movement in a plane substantially parallel to the plane of said power transmitting members and extending from a point in the proximity of and opposite to said second power transmitting member to a point in proximity to said first power transmitting member, means supporting said mass for reciprocating movement intermediate said driven member and said second power transmitting means, means on each of said driven member and
  • a mechanism for converting high speed rotary motion of a prime mover into high speed reciprocating motion of a driven member and a counter-balancing mass comprising, a first power transmitting member mounted for rotation about an axis parallel to said prime mover for driving said driven member, a second power transmitting member mounted for rotation about a second axis parallel to said prime mover for driving said mass, said power transmitting members being positioned in substantially the same plane and spaced from one another, means positioned between said power transmitting members for driving said power transmitting members from said prime mover, guiding means for said driven member, said guiding means including a sleeve opposite to and spaced from said second.
  • said driven member being slidably supported in said sleeve for reciprocating movement in a plane substantially parallel to the plane of said power transmitting members and extending from within said sleeve to a point in proximity to said first power transmitting member, means supporting said mass for reciprocating movement intermediate said driven member and said second power transmitting means, means on each of said driven member and said counter-balancing mass extending transversely of said axes and of the direction of movement of said mass and said driven member, and a crank member on each of said power transmitting members operatively engaging said transversely extending means so as to move each of said counter-balancing mass and driven member simultaneously.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
  • Sawing (AREA)
US738660A 1944-11-24 1947-04-01 Mechanism for converting rotary motion to reciprocatory motion Expired - Lifetime US2501631A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US41786A US2506736A (en) 1947-04-01 1948-07-31 Motor-driven hand tool

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CH2501631X 1944-11-24

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US2501631A true US2501631A (en) 1950-03-21

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US738660A Expired - Lifetime US2501631A (en) 1944-11-24 1947-04-01 Mechanism for converting rotary motion to reciprocatory motion

Country Status (3)

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US (1) US2501631A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CH (1) CH255189A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
NL (2) NL70975C (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (21)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2584335A (en) * 1948-12-27 1952-02-05 Hal W Dahly Parallel thrust drive
US2611400A (en) * 1949-06-25 1952-09-23 Harold S Forsberg Saw table for portable power driven reciprocating handsaws
US2639737A (en) * 1948-07-03 1953-05-26 Harold S Forsberg Motor driven reciprocating saw
US2651906A (en) * 1950-02-17 1953-09-15 Sl Allen & Co Inc Mowing machine having vibration neutralizing means
US2662413A (en) * 1949-09-21 1953-12-15 Int Register Co Cutting machine drive means
US2735458A (en) * 1951-04-27 1956-02-21 Buchmann
US2760457A (en) * 1951-02-15 1956-08-28 Rabezzana Hector Sewing machine
US2775272A (en) * 1953-11-27 1956-12-25 Walter A Papworth Portable power driven reciprocable cutting tool
US2793661A (en) * 1954-10-04 1957-05-28 Holly M Olson Power driven reciprocating saw unit
US2839101A (en) * 1956-02-07 1958-06-17 Skil Corp Portable power-driven reciprocating saw
US2841993A (en) * 1955-10-25 1958-07-08 Scintilla Ltd Fa Drive for hand power tools
US2914099A (en) * 1955-04-06 1959-11-24 Scintilla Ltd Power hand cutting tool
US2917088A (en) * 1956-12-04 1959-12-15 Walter A Papworth Manually portable power driven cutting tool with oval stroke
US2949944A (en) * 1958-06-27 1960-08-23 Oster Mfg Co John Portable hand held saw
US2970484A (en) * 1959-04-20 1961-02-07 Robbins & Myers Balancing mechanism for sabre saws and the like
US2988924A (en) * 1957-12-03 1961-06-20 Stanley Works Sabre saw
US3017779A (en) * 1957-07-10 1962-01-23 Albert P Beals Reciprocating drive mechanism
US3088358A (en) * 1957-12-20 1963-05-07 Konink Metaalfab V H J N Daald Tool support absorbing tool reactionary force
US3422688A (en) * 1965-12-02 1969-01-21 Bruderer Ag Arrangement for counterbalancing the forces in crankshaft driven machines
US3460770A (en) * 1967-01-30 1969-08-12 Fort Wayne Tool & Die Inc Stator winding apparatus
US20040255475A1 (en) * 2003-06-23 2004-12-23 Makita Corporation Reciprocating power tool

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3200326C1 (de) * 1982-01-08 1983-08-11 Karl-Heinz Dr.-Ing. 3014 Laatzen Raes Vorrichtung zum Umsetzen einer Drehbewegung in eine Hubbewegung und umgekehrt
DE3607234A1 (de) * 1985-03-05 1987-05-21 Christoph Mertens Doppelexzentertrieb zur umwandlung einer geradlinigen hin- und herbewegung in eine gleichfoermige drehbewegung und umgekehrt

Citations (21)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US200306A (en) * 1878-02-12 Improvement in reciprocating churns
US702371A (en) * 1901-04-13 1902-06-10 Henry Andrew Meyer Motor-driven device or mechanism.
US812507A (en) * 1904-12-30 1906-02-13 William H Ludewig Surgical operating-engine.
US841325A (en) * 1906-10-18 1907-01-15 Simplex Cutting Machine Co Cloth-cutting machine.
US1126899A (en) * 1914-01-24 1915-02-02 Christ Specht Device for converting motion.
US1382821A (en) * 1920-02-06 1921-06-28 Chicago Pneumatic Tool Co Power-hammer
US1542127A (en) * 1924-10-31 1925-06-16 Charles B Hastings Portable electric saw
US1620374A (en) * 1925-03-28 1927-03-08 Edward J Maloney Motorized handsaw
US1643721A (en) * 1927-09-27 op cincinnati
US1648008A (en) * 1925-12-01 1927-11-08 Holland Furnace Co Power-driven handsaw
US1661217A (en) * 1926-03-08 1928-03-06 Farrell Fred Power-driven butcher saw
US1700114A (en) * 1925-12-09 1929-01-22 Claude H Thompson Surface-polishing machine
US1700115A (en) * 1926-09-23 1929-01-22 Claude H Thompson Polishing machine
US1789804A (en) * 1927-12-24 1931-01-20 Irwin Rosenthal Saw
US1868507A (en) * 1930-01-25 1932-07-26 Freed A Portable sander and polisher
US2138862A (en) * 1936-12-22 1938-12-06 Walter E Johnston Utility tool
US2281641A (en) * 1940-12-27 1942-05-05 Toop Frederick Mechanism for converting rotary motion to reciprocatory motion
US2282728A (en) * 1940-11-19 1942-05-12 Joseph W Kern Attachment for rotary drills or the like
US2328613A (en) * 1940-05-02 1943-09-07 Skilsaw Inc Abrading and polishing device
US2345383A (en) * 1941-12-31 1944-03-28 John S Curtis Mowing machine
US2428924A (en) * 1944-07-24 1947-10-14 Minneapolis Moline Power Co Counterbalance mechanism

Patent Citations (21)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1643721A (en) * 1927-09-27 op cincinnati
US200306A (en) * 1878-02-12 Improvement in reciprocating churns
US702371A (en) * 1901-04-13 1902-06-10 Henry Andrew Meyer Motor-driven device or mechanism.
US812507A (en) * 1904-12-30 1906-02-13 William H Ludewig Surgical operating-engine.
US841325A (en) * 1906-10-18 1907-01-15 Simplex Cutting Machine Co Cloth-cutting machine.
US1126899A (en) * 1914-01-24 1915-02-02 Christ Specht Device for converting motion.
US1382821A (en) * 1920-02-06 1921-06-28 Chicago Pneumatic Tool Co Power-hammer
US1542127A (en) * 1924-10-31 1925-06-16 Charles B Hastings Portable electric saw
US1620374A (en) * 1925-03-28 1927-03-08 Edward J Maloney Motorized handsaw
US1648008A (en) * 1925-12-01 1927-11-08 Holland Furnace Co Power-driven handsaw
US1700114A (en) * 1925-12-09 1929-01-22 Claude H Thompson Surface-polishing machine
US1661217A (en) * 1926-03-08 1928-03-06 Farrell Fred Power-driven butcher saw
US1700115A (en) * 1926-09-23 1929-01-22 Claude H Thompson Polishing machine
US1789804A (en) * 1927-12-24 1931-01-20 Irwin Rosenthal Saw
US1868507A (en) * 1930-01-25 1932-07-26 Freed A Portable sander and polisher
US2138862A (en) * 1936-12-22 1938-12-06 Walter E Johnston Utility tool
US2328613A (en) * 1940-05-02 1943-09-07 Skilsaw Inc Abrading and polishing device
US2282728A (en) * 1940-11-19 1942-05-12 Joseph W Kern Attachment for rotary drills or the like
US2281641A (en) * 1940-12-27 1942-05-05 Toop Frederick Mechanism for converting rotary motion to reciprocatory motion
US2345383A (en) * 1941-12-31 1944-03-28 John S Curtis Mowing machine
US2428924A (en) * 1944-07-24 1947-10-14 Minneapolis Moline Power Co Counterbalance mechanism

Cited By (22)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2639737A (en) * 1948-07-03 1953-05-26 Harold S Forsberg Motor driven reciprocating saw
US2584335A (en) * 1948-12-27 1952-02-05 Hal W Dahly Parallel thrust drive
US2611400A (en) * 1949-06-25 1952-09-23 Harold S Forsberg Saw table for portable power driven reciprocating handsaws
US2662413A (en) * 1949-09-21 1953-12-15 Int Register Co Cutting machine drive means
US2651906A (en) * 1950-02-17 1953-09-15 Sl Allen & Co Inc Mowing machine having vibration neutralizing means
US2760457A (en) * 1951-02-15 1956-08-28 Rabezzana Hector Sewing machine
US2735458A (en) * 1951-04-27 1956-02-21 Buchmann
US2775272A (en) * 1953-11-27 1956-12-25 Walter A Papworth Portable power driven reciprocable cutting tool
US2793661A (en) * 1954-10-04 1957-05-28 Holly M Olson Power driven reciprocating saw unit
US2914099A (en) * 1955-04-06 1959-11-24 Scintilla Ltd Power hand cutting tool
US2841993A (en) * 1955-10-25 1958-07-08 Scintilla Ltd Fa Drive for hand power tools
US2839101A (en) * 1956-02-07 1958-06-17 Skil Corp Portable power-driven reciprocating saw
US2917088A (en) * 1956-12-04 1959-12-15 Walter A Papworth Manually portable power driven cutting tool with oval stroke
US3017779A (en) * 1957-07-10 1962-01-23 Albert P Beals Reciprocating drive mechanism
US2988924A (en) * 1957-12-03 1961-06-20 Stanley Works Sabre saw
US3088358A (en) * 1957-12-20 1963-05-07 Konink Metaalfab V H J N Daald Tool support absorbing tool reactionary force
US2949944A (en) * 1958-06-27 1960-08-23 Oster Mfg Co John Portable hand held saw
US2970484A (en) * 1959-04-20 1961-02-07 Robbins & Myers Balancing mechanism for sabre saws and the like
US3422688A (en) * 1965-12-02 1969-01-21 Bruderer Ag Arrangement for counterbalancing the forces in crankshaft driven machines
US3460770A (en) * 1967-01-30 1969-08-12 Fort Wayne Tool & Die Inc Stator winding apparatus
US20040255475A1 (en) * 2003-06-23 2004-12-23 Makita Corporation Reciprocating power tool
US7363713B2 (en) * 2003-06-23 2008-04-29 Makita Corporation Reciprocating power tool

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
NL70975C (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1900-01-01
CH255189A (de) 1948-06-15
NL62873C (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1900-01-01

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