US2448857A - Stabilization of photographic emulsions - Google Patents

Stabilization of photographic emulsions Download PDF

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Publication number
US2448857A
US2448857A US624570A US62457045A US2448857A US 2448857 A US2448857 A US 2448857A US 624570 A US624570 A US 624570A US 62457045 A US62457045 A US 62457045A US 2448857 A US2448857 A US 2448857A
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Prior art keywords
silver halide
stabilizing
silver
image
emulsion
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US624570A
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William L Brice
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Eastman Kodak Co
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Eastman Kodak Co
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
    • G03C5/00—Photographic processes or agents therefor; Regeneration of such processing agents
    • G03C5/26—Processes using silver-salt-containing photosensitive materials or agents therefor
    • G03C5/38—Fixing; Developing-fixing; Hardening-fixing
    • G03C5/39—Stabilising, i.e. fixing without washing out
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
    • G03C5/00—Photographic processes or agents therefor; Regeneration of such processing agents
    • G03C5/26—Processes using silver-salt-containing photosensitive materials or agents therefor
    • G03C5/38—Fixing; Developing-fixing; Hardening-fixing
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S430/00—Radiation imagery chemistry: process, composition, or product thereof
    • Y10S430/164—Rapid access processing

Definitions

  • This invention relates to photography and particularly to the rapid processing 01 photographic materials. 1
  • Photographic processing of the customary silver halide emulsions after exposure includes the essential steps of development, fixing, washing and. drying, Optional steps such as reduction, toning, etc., may be included but are not essentialto the formation of a photographic image. These essential steps consume an-appreciable amount of time and in many cases the time required for completion of each step cannot be shortened without harming the quality of the final picture.
  • This object is accomplished by the method described herein which includes stabilizing th im-- age with a soluble thiocyanate in the'presence of a metal below silver and above osmium in the electromotive series without washing the print.
  • a silver halide emulsion preferably a gelatino silver halide emulsion is exposed in the usual way and is then developed in the customary silver'halide developing agent. If the emulsion is coated on a paper or other porous support. it is desirable to wipe the surface of the emulsion with a sponge, a rubber roll, or other applicator wet with the developing solution so that the paper support is I Example 1, Water cc 750 Auric chloride grams 0.24:
  • Ammonium thiocyanate do '60 Acetic acid (glacial) cc.. 10 Water to 1 liter. 1
  • Example 2 Iridium sesquichloride grams 0.301 Ammonium thlocyanate .-..do;... 30 Water cc 500
  • Example 3 Palladium chloride (PdClz) grams 0.1525 Ammonium thiocyanate do. 30 Water "cc-.. 500
  • the excess develop-i ing agent present on the surface of the print is removed by any convenient meanssuch as squeegee and the print treated with a stabilizing solution.
  • the purpose of the stabilizing agent is to make the undeveloped silver halide substantially incapable of further photo-sensitivity.
  • the resulting silver complex should be light-colored or transparent so that it does not interfere with the viewing or printing of the final image.
  • an alkali metal thiocyanate including ammonium thiocyanate
  • the metals of this class'in clude palladium, platinum, gold, iridium and rhodium (see Mellor, Modern Inorganic Chemis- I try, 1925, page 433).
  • Suitable compounds are gold chloride, palladium chloride, iridium sesquichloride, chloroplatinic acid (HzPtCla). These compounds may be present in the stabilizing bath or in the emulsion layer. When used in the stabilizing baths,'suitable amounts are from 0.1 to 10 grams per liter of solution. An amount of the order of 0.04 gram per liter of wet emulsion is suitable for use in the emulsion.
  • the alkali metal thiocyanate may be present in an amount of between about 5% and 10% of the weight of the solution.
  • Positive emulsions such as are used on photoauaesr image in a hardened silver halide photographic layer which comprises exposing said layer, developing it with a silver halide developing agent and stabilizing it in the presence of gold chloride, with an alkali metal thiocyanate, only until the unexposed silver halide is substantially completely converted to a light-inert silver complex I by reaction with the stabilizing material, and
  • graphic papers are generally hardened and no further hardening treatment is required.
  • the emulsion must be hardened before stabilizing according to my invention. This can be done with a formaldehyde hardening bath before or after development or in any other suitable way.
  • the emulsion may be immersed in the developing and stabilizing solutions, I prefer merely to moisten the surface of the emulsion with the solutions except in the case of films and plates. Thus in the case of paper supports. moistening the surface of the emulsion only prevents the support from becoming wet and the drying time is thereby greatly reduced.
  • a rapid process for the formation of an image in a hardened silver halide photographic layer which comprises exposing said layer, developing it with a silver halide developing agent and stabilizing it in the presence of a metal below silver and above osmium in the electromotive series, with an alkali metal thiocyanate, only until the unexposed silver halide is substantially completely converted to a light-inert silver complex by reaction with the stabilizing material,
  • a rapid process for the formation of an image in a hardened silver halide photographic layer which comprises exposing said layer, developing it with a silver halide developing agent and stabilizing it in the presence of a chloride of a metal below silver and above osmium in the electromotive series. with an alkali metal thiocyanate, only until the unexposed silver halide is substantially completely converted to a lightinert silver complex by reaction with the stabilizing material, and drying said stabilized image without any further treatment.
  • a rapid process for the formation of an image in a hardened silver halide photographic layer which comprises exposing said layer, developing it with a silver halide developing agent and stabilizing it 'in the presence of gold chloride, with ammonium thiocyanate, only until the unexposed silver halide is substantially completely converted to a light-inert silver complex by reaction with the stabilizing material, and drying said stabilized image without any further treatment.
  • a rapid process for the formation of an image in a hardened silver halide photographic layer which comprises exposing said layer, developing it with a silver halide developing agent and stabilizing it with a solution of an alkali metal thiocyanate containing a soluble salt of a metal below silver and above osmium in the electromotive series, only until the unexposed silver halide is substantially completely converted to a light-inert silver complex by reaction with the stabilizing material, and drying said stabilized image without any further treatment.
  • a rapid process for the formation of an image in a hardened silver halide photographic layer which comprises exposing said layer, developing it with a silver halide developing agent and stabilizing it with a solution of an alkali metal thiocyanate containing a chloride of a metal below silver and above osmium in the electromotive series, only until the unexposed silver halide is substantially completely converted to a light-inert silver complex by reaction with the stabilizing material, and drying said stabilized image without any further treatment.
  • a rapid process for the formation of an image in a hardened silver halide photographic layer which comprises exposing said layer, developing it with a silver halide developing agent and stabilizing it with a solution of an alkali metal thiocyanate containing gold chloride, only until the unexposed silver halide is substantially completely converted to a light-inert silver complex by reaction with the stabilizing material, and drying said stabilized image without any further treatment.
  • a rapid process for the formation of an image in a hardened silver halide photographic layer which comprises exposing said layer, developing it with a silver halide developing agent and stabilizing it with a solution of ammonium thiocyanate, containing gold chloride, only until the unexposed silver halide is substantially completely converted to a light-inert silver complex by reaction with the stabilizing material, and drying said stabilized image without any further treatment.
  • a rapid process for the formation of an image in a hardened silver halide photographic layer which comprises exposing said layer, de-

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Silver Salt Photography Or Processing Solution Therefor (AREA)

Description

Patented Sept. 7, 1948 STABILIZATION or moroonarmo a EMULSIONS William L. Brice, Oak Ridge, Tenn., assignor to Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, N. Y., a
corporation of New Jersey Application October 25, 1945,
Serial No. 624,570
No Drawing.
This invention relates to photography and particularly to the rapid processing 01 photographic materials. 1
Photographic processing of the customary silver halide emulsions after exposure includes the essential steps of development, fixing, washing and. drying, Optional steps such as reduction, toning, etc., may be included but are not essentialto the formation of a photographic image. These essential steps consume an-appreciable amount of time and in many cases the time required for completion of each step cannot be shortened without harming the quality of the final picture.
-Yackel U. S. application, Ser. No. 594,589, filed May 18, 1945, describes a rapid processing method according to which a developed silver image is stabilized by treatment with a solution of a compound which does not react with metallic silver and which forms a light-inert silver complex by reaction with undeveloped silver halide. The stabilization bath is ,used only until the silver halide has been substantially completely converted to a complex with the stabilizing compoun and the complex is left in the emulsion layer, the layer being dried without any further treatment, such as washing. While the method The stabilizing agent must be a compound which of the Yackel application is satisfactory for-the v,
stabilization of-images which are not to be stored under adverse conditions, it has the disadvantage that the silver images tend to fade when stored under conditions of high temperature and humidity. A further disadvantage is that certain of the stabilizing agents such as thiourea tend to crystallize 'on the surface of the photographic emulsion.
It is therefore the principal obiect of this invention to provide a rapid processing method for silver halide emulsion layers which produces prints stable to high temperature and humidity.
This object is accomplished by the method described herein which includes stabilizing th im-- age with a soluble thiocyanate in the'presence of a metal below silver and above osmium in the electromotive series without washing the print.
According to-the stabilizing process described in Yackel U. S. application, Ser. No, 594,589, a silver halide emulsion preferably a gelatino silver halide emulsion is exposed in the usual way and is then developed in the customary silver'halide developing agent. If the emulsion is coated on a paper or other porous support. it is desirable to wipe the surface of the emulsion with a sponge, a rubber roll, or other applicator wet with the developing solution so that the paper support is I Example 1, Water cc 750 Auric chloride grams 0.24:
Ammonium thiocyanate do '60 Acetic acid (glacial) cc.. 10 Water to 1 liter. 1
" Example 2 Iridium sesquichloride grams 0.301 Ammonium thlocyanate .-..do;... 30 Water cc 500 Example 3 Palladium chloride (PdClz) grams 0.1525 Ammonium thiocyanate do. 30 Water "cc-.. 500
not soaked with the developing solution. After development has taken place, the excess develop-i ing agent present on the surface of the print is removed by any convenient meanssuch as squeegee and the print treated with a stabilizing solution. The purpose of the stabilizing agent is to make the undeveloped silver halide substantially incapable of further photo-sensitivity.
does not react with metallic silver and which forms a light-inert silver complex by reaction with the undeveloped silver halide in the.emu1.-
sion layer. The resulting silver complex should be light-colored or transparent so that it does not interfere with the viewing or printing of the final image.
According to my invention, I use an alkali metal thiocyanate, including ammonium thiocyanate, as the stabilizing agent in the presence of a metal below silver and above osmium in the electromotive series. The metals of this class'in clude palladium, platinum, gold, iridium and rhodium (see Mellor, Modern Inorganic Chemis- I try, 1925, page 433). Suitable compounds are gold chloride, palladium chloride, iridium sesquichloride, chloroplatinic acid (HzPtCla). These compounds may be present in the stabilizing bath or in the emulsion layer. When used in the stabilizing baths,'suitable amounts are from 0.1 to 10 grams per liter of solution. An amount of the order of 0.04 gram per liter of wet emulsion is suitable for use in the emulsion. The alkali metal thiocyanate may be present in an amount of between about 5% and 10% of the weight of the solution.
My invention will be further illustrated by.reference to the following specific examples.
p g Examples Chloroplatinic acid (mrtcm-- -.gmms-- 0.325 Ammonium thlocyanatc -..---do...... 30 Water. -.cc.'- 500 Example To a gelatino silver halide emulsion there was added just before coating 0.2 gram or gold chic-- emulsions must be used with the present process.
Positive emulsions such as are used on photoauaesr image in a hardened silver halide photographic layer which comprises exposing said layer, developing it with a silver halide developing agent and stabilizing it in the presence of gold chloride, with an alkali metal thiocyanate, only until the unexposed silver halide is substantially completely converted to a light-inert silver complex I by reaction with the stabilizing material, and
graphic papers are generally hardened and no further hardening treatment is required. However, in the case of certain negative film emulsions, the emulsion must be hardened before stabilizing according to my invention. This can be done with a formaldehyde hardening bath before or after development or in any other suitable way.
Although the emulsion may be immersed in the developing and stabilizing solutions, I prefer merely to moisten the surface of the emulsion with the solutions except in the case of films and plates. Thus in the case of paper supports. moistening the surface of the emulsion only prevents the support from becoming wet and the drying time is thereby greatly reduced.
It will be apparent from the foregoing description of my invention that all or a major part of the silver remains in the emulsion after stabilization. This differs from the customary fixing and washing in which the intent is to remove the residual silver halide from the emulsion. The unexposed silver halide is converted to a complex with the stabilizing agent and it is desirable that this complex be as stable and permanent as possible so that there is little fading or discoloration of the final image.
I claim:
1. A rapid process for the formation of an image in a hardened silver halide photographic layer which comprises exposing said layer, developing it with a silver halide developing agent and stabilizing it in the presence of a metal below silver and above osmium in the electromotive series, with an alkali metal thiocyanate, only until the unexposed silver halide is substantially completely converted to a light-inert silver complex by reaction with the stabilizing material,
and drying said stabilized image without any further treatment.
2. A rapid process for the formation of an image in a hardened silver halide photographic layer which comprises exposing said layer, developing it with a silver halide developing agent and stabilizing it in the presence of a chloride of a metal below silver and above osmium in the electromotive series. with an alkali metal thiocyanate, only until the unexposed silver halide is substantially completely converted to a lightinert silver complex by reaction with the stabilizing material, and drying said stabilized image without any further treatment.
3. A rapid process (or the formation of an drying said stabilized image without any further treatment.
4. A rapid process for the formation of an image in a hardened silver halide photographic layer which comprises exposing said layer, developing it with a silver halide developing agent and stabilizing it 'in the presence of gold chloride, with ammonium thiocyanate, only until the unexposed silver halide is substantially completely converted to a light-inert silver complex by reaction with the stabilizing material, and drying said stabilized image without any further treatment.
5. A rapid process for the formation of an image in a hardened silver halide photographic layer which comprises exposing said layer, developing it with a silver halide developing agent and stabilizing it with a solution of an alkali metal thiocyanate containing a soluble salt of a metal below silver and above osmium in the electromotive series, only until the unexposed silver halide is substantially completely converted to a light-inert silver complex by reaction with the stabilizing material, and drying said stabilized image without any further treatment.
6. A rapid process for the formation of an image in a hardened silver halide photographic layer which comprises exposing said layer, developing it with a silver halide developing agent and stabilizing it with a solution of an alkali metal thiocyanate containing a chloride of a metal below silver and above osmium in the electromotive series, only until the unexposed silver halide is substantially completely converted to a light-inert silver complex by reaction with the stabilizing material, and drying said stabilized image without any further treatment.
7. A rapid process for the formation of an image in a hardened silver halide photographic layer which comprises exposing said layer, developing it with a silver halide developing agent and stabilizing it with a solution of an alkali metal thiocyanate containing gold chloride, only until the unexposed silver halide is substantially completely converted to a light-inert silver complex by reaction with the stabilizing material, and drying said stabilized image without any further treatment.
8. A rapid process for the formation of an image in a hardened silver halide photographic layer which comprises exposing said layer, developing it with a silver halide developing agent and stabilizing it with a solution of ammonium thiocyanate, containing gold chloride, only until the unexposed silver halide is substantially completely converted to a light-inert silver complex by reaction with the stabilizing material, and drying said stabilized image without any further treatment.
9. A rapid process for the formation of an image in a hardened silver halide photographic layer which comprises exposing said layer, de-
f veloping it with a silver halide developing agent and stabilizing it with a 5% to 10% solution of an alkali metal thioeyanate containing from about 0.01% to about 0.1% of gold chloride. only until the unexposed silver halide is substantially completely converted to a light-inert silver com- FOREIGN PATENTS plex by reaction with the stabilizing material,
and drying said stabilized image without any b r ountry Date further treatment, V 23,809 Great Britain 24, 1902 -WILLIAM L. BRICE. 5 OTHER REFERENCES REFERENCES CITED Piper, More About Fixing," British Journal The following references are of record in the zg gg gg 458 and 459 cited file of this patent: m Y
UNITED STATES PATENTS Number. Name Date 1,356,236 Sulzberger Oct. 19, 1920 1,361,352 Sulzberger Dec. 7, 1920
US624570A 1945-10-25 1945-10-25 Stabilization of photographic emulsions Expired - Lifetime US2448857A (en)

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Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2552229A (en) * 1949-05-04 1951-05-08 Eastman Kodak Co Fog inhibitors for photographic emulsions
US2552230A (en) * 1949-05-04 1951-05-08 Eastman Kodak Co Fog inhibitors for photographic emulsions
US2614927A (en) * 1949-06-01 1952-10-21 Eastman Kodak Co Rapid processing of photographic materials
US2639226A (en) * 1951-08-27 1953-05-19 Hall Brothers Inc Method of staining embossing plates
US2706157A (en) * 1951-07-21 1955-04-12 Grant Photo Products Inc Processing photographic paper and film
US3384490A (en) * 1964-12-28 1968-05-21 Eastman Kodak Co Vacuum deposited silver halide photographic element
US3508925A (en) * 1967-09-08 1970-04-28 Eastman Kodak Co Method for preparing gelatino emulsions containing latexes and polyvalent salts and products obtained thereby

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB190223809A (en) * 1902-10-31 1902-12-24 Samuel Sidney Bromhead Improved Photographic Toning and Fixing Sheets of Absorbent Material.
US1356236A (en) * 1915-04-26 1920-10-19 Sulzberger Nathan Process of reducing the sensitiveness of silver compounds and products
US1361352A (en) * 1914-12-10 1920-12-07 Sulzberger Nathan Process of desensitizing photo-sensitive silver compounds

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB190223809A (en) * 1902-10-31 1902-12-24 Samuel Sidney Bromhead Improved Photographic Toning and Fixing Sheets of Absorbent Material.
US1361352A (en) * 1914-12-10 1920-12-07 Sulzberger Nathan Process of desensitizing photo-sensitive silver compounds
US1356236A (en) * 1915-04-26 1920-10-19 Sulzberger Nathan Process of reducing the sensitiveness of silver compounds and products

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2552229A (en) * 1949-05-04 1951-05-08 Eastman Kodak Co Fog inhibitors for photographic emulsions
US2552230A (en) * 1949-05-04 1951-05-08 Eastman Kodak Co Fog inhibitors for photographic emulsions
US2614927A (en) * 1949-06-01 1952-10-21 Eastman Kodak Co Rapid processing of photographic materials
US2706157A (en) * 1951-07-21 1955-04-12 Grant Photo Products Inc Processing photographic paper and film
US2639226A (en) * 1951-08-27 1953-05-19 Hall Brothers Inc Method of staining embossing plates
US3384490A (en) * 1964-12-28 1968-05-21 Eastman Kodak Co Vacuum deposited silver halide photographic element
US3508925A (en) * 1967-09-08 1970-04-28 Eastman Kodak Co Method for preparing gelatino emulsions containing latexes and polyvalent salts and products obtained thereby

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