US2445259A - Twin-cooled radio tube - Google Patents
Twin-cooled radio tube Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US2445259A US2445259A US465207A US46520742A US2445259A US 2445259 A US2445259 A US 2445259A US 465207 A US465207 A US 465207A US 46520742 A US46520742 A US 46520742A US 2445259 A US2445259 A US 2445259A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- tube
- case
- elements
- hollow
- plate
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J7/00—Details not provided for in the preceding groups and common to two or more basic types of discharge tubes or lamps
- H01J7/24—Cooling arrangements; Heating arrangements; Means for circulating gas or vapour within the discharge space
Definitions
- My invention relates to improvements in radio tubes and the Iobject of my improvement is to provide aradio unit adapted to ultra-high-frequency use kand iitted with hollow water-cooled plate elements. Further objects are to provide a radio unit having two adjacent compartments, one with a set of iiat elements, the other with a set of cylindrical elements and both water-cooled. Another object is to provide a water cooling circuit which flows in series through both the hollow plate elements. I also provide capacities nearthe plates for tuning adjustment, and a special spray for cooling the top of the vacuum chamber.
- Figure I is a vertical section of the radio unit, Figure II a top viewcover removed, and Figure III a perspective of the cylindrical plate element.
- the unit is encased by dielectric walls I, cover Within the casing is a compartmentcontainl ing a iiat cathode I 0, flat gridsl I, and a flat,'hol
- low plate I2 low plate I2; and a second compartment I3 con-v taining a horizontally disposed, .cylindrical cathode I4 with filaments I5, a helical grid I 6 supported by horizontal wires I'I, and a hollow plate element with inner wall I8, outer wall I9, vand at rings 2l) welded at each end to hold them in spaced relation.
- Tubes 2I provide entrance and exit to the hollow plate.
- the at element I2 is hollow and similarly constructed.
- the water cooling system comprises an intake 22, waterways 23 in the walls, hollow plate elements I2 'and 24, tubes 2 I, external tube 32, spray 23, chamber I and outlet 28.
- Water, air, or other cooling fluid is forced into thetube at intake 22 under considerable pressure and consequently divides and passes through several channels before merging again at the outlet 28. Some goes up through the hollow walls 23, some passes along the'oor of the tube to cool the bottom, and some passes' through theA hollow anodes I2 and 24, as it is forced from one side of the tube to the other. ⁇ Grids also may be -of similar hollow construction. Then the uid is collected in the tube 32 and forced from 'its perforated end as a spray to ⁇ cool the top of the cylindrical tube I3, before final dischargethrough orifice 28. Thus all parts of the tube are cooled by the uid stream.
- the metal inserts'l have two purposes: first, they may be used in delicate tuning,A clue* t'o-a capacitative eiect upon 'the tube anodesnear which they are located, but from which Inostof# them are insulated. Connecting different numbers of them in parallel will alect the capacities heat conductors; the inserts serve to remedy'this limitation.
- Metal inserts 25 and conductors 29 may be used for electric connection to the elements within the tube or for capacity effect in tuning the tube.
- Exhaust tube 26 may also be used for electric connection.
- Corrugations, depressions, or pointed supports of dielectric or of conductor, 3U on the inner walls of the chambers provide a support for the elements resting against them. This support extends substantially over the entire plate surface.
- the grids can also be held at the sides.
- the unit may be opened, elements replaced, and a new top put back on.
- the cathode may be activated on one side, and may contain a ceramic filler to support the elements.
- a hairpin or other type lament could be used instead of a cathode.
- the elements and case of the tube can be of i any desired material.
- Metal inserts 25 may contact the desired element or the elements or may contact more than one element. These inserts can also be separatedv from the element or elements by any dielectric so realizing either direct contact or providing for capacitative coupling to external apparatus. Screws may pass from the inserts to the outside, or rthe inserts can be so arranged that leads can be soldered tothem at the outside of the case. If a hollow wall is used, there may be inserts in both walls as shown in Fig. 1. Each plate could have separate Water or gas supply, the intake and outlets being arranged in the .case at desired positions. Any number of leads to the elements could be arranged to Iproperly support them from f the .sides of the case if desired.- The grid and plate elements could be simple without the hollow interior which is air tight.
- the cooling chamber 23 couldbe omitted, the
- Base 3 could be made wider and have hollow inserts for vertical screws which hold thefcase in place. yAny side ears could be molded'as partr of the case yor of the top for holding the case in place in the apparatus.
- Two circular element tubes could bein the same case; two flat element tubes could be in the same case; or one tube ci each kind could be arranged in the case as in Fig. l.
- the elements are horizontal, but one or more of the tubes could be vertically arranged. Any number of tubes having elements oi each one of them the same, or having diie'rent elements in each tube, ⁇ could be arranged in one large dielectric blocl; as in Fig. l,
- Rigidity is one of the main features of this invention with plate supported all aroundf-and either the elements, or the leads to them,-,rigidly held in the walls of the case, as in grooves.
- Soldering lug inserts could be used for cathodes and ber, ⁇ provision for, such as grooves, inserts, and4 corrugations, such'thatthe same tube. case could be changed from a flat element tube to a circular element tube.
- a radio unit having a main compartmenta v cover for said compartment, cathode, grid and k plate elementswithin said compartment, a chamber, within said p late element, waterwaysin the walls of said lcompaltment,4coInrnunicating with said chamber, ⁇ a water compartmentinthe cover of saidmain compartment. a pipeconnecting saidwaterways with said. covercompartmentand entering said compartment, 4and orifices. near ⁇ the end of said pipe.v
- a radio unit having a case, cathodeand gridelementsathwart said case, a corrugated.- .innerY surfaceV forsaid case, a plate element adjacentl said corrugations and supportedl thereby,- metalbodies embedded in the walls of said case near said plate element for capacity effects and conductors leadingfrom lsaid metal bodiesto the outside o f said case.
- radio tube having a dielectric double- ⁇ walled cup-shape receptacle; a hollow, cylindrical, double-walled anode within said receptacle; ways on opposite sides vof said anode connecting the chamber within the walls of said receptacle to theV chamber within the walls 4ol said hollow anode for the flow of liuid; a cylindrical grid within said vanode and spaced therefrom; and a cylindrical cathode within said grid, spaced therefrom.
- a radio tube having a dielectric c-asing, metal insertsin the bottom of said casing, a flat plate element against said metal inserts, ⁇ a plurality of grids in spaced relation to each other andk to said plate, and a cathode in spaced relation to the Y upper of said grids, a cover on said casing having an exhaust tube therein; said cover closing the casing airtight.
- a radio tube as inv claim 4, in that the plate ⁇ element is hollow for the passage of a fluid therethrough, and the inletv andoutlet to vsaid hollow plate both extend through the dielectric walls of the case.
- a radio tube having a dielectric casing, having a cylindrical chamber, the walls of which have metal inserts covering its surface, said inserts being in spaced relation to each other in the dielectric of the case walls, a cylindrical plate in said casing having its outer surface in contact with said inserts, a plurality of cylindrical grids in spaced relation to each other and vt0 the cylindrical plate, and a cathode centrally located within the cylindrical plate and in spaced relation to said grids, a cover closing one side of the case airtight.
- AA radiotubeas in claim 6 in which said cylindrical plate is hollow and means for passing a fluid therethrough.
- a radio tube having an inner dielectric case, cathodey and grid electrodes athwart said case, an anode adjacent the bottom of said case, an outer dielectric wall partially surrounding said inner case, a space between said case and said wallfor the circulation of cooling fluid, a metal insert vin the wall of said inner case, metal inserts in said outer wall, and a conductor of heat and electricity connecting said insert of the inner case with one of said inserts in said outer wall.
- a compact radio unit comprising an outer casing, a two-compartmentv inner casing, a waterway between the two casings for the circulation of cooling fluid; flat cathode, grid, and anode electrodes within one of said compartments of the inner casing for high frequency operation; cylindrical cathode, grid, and anode electrodes within the other of said compartments -for lower frequency operation, both of said electrode sets combining to form a complete high-low frequency unit.
- a radio unit having compartments, covers for said compartments, cathode, grid and anode electrodes Within said compartments, chambers within said anode electrodes, fluid spaces within said covers, waterways in the walls of said compartments communicating with said anode chambers, external cooling pipes connecting said waterways with the uid spaces of said covers,
- a radio unit comprising an outer casing, two envelopes within said casing; cathode, grid and anode electrodes for high frequency operation within one of said envelopes; cathode, grid, and anode electrodes within the otheriof said envelopes for low frequency operation, said anodes being of hollow construction; and a iiuid chamber within said outer casing largely surrounding both of said envelo-pes and having passageways connecting with .the hollow interiors of said cathodes.
- a radio tube as in claim 3 having in addition corrugations upon the inner wall of said receptacle.
- a radio unit as in claim 9 having in addition corrugations uponthe inner wall of said compartments.
- a radio unit as in claim l0 having in addianode being in contact with saidtenvelope, av
Description
July 13, 1948. A; BINNEWEG, JR 2,445,259
TWIN cooLED RADIO TUBE Filed NOV. l1, 1942 Patented .uly 13, k1r 9748:
UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE TWIN-oooLED RADIO TUBE Abraham Binneweg, Jr., Oakland, Calif. Application November 11, 1942, serial Ne. 465,207 15 claims. (o1. 25o-27.5)
, 1` K My invention relates to improvements in radio tubes and the Iobject of my improvement is to provide aradio unit adapted to ultra-high-frequency use kand iitted with hollow water-cooled plate elements. Further objects are to provide a radio unit having two adjacent compartments, one with a set of iiat elements, the other with a set of cylindrical elements and both water-cooled. Another object is to provide a water cooling circuit which flows in series through both the hollow plate elements. I also provide capacities nearthe plates for tuning adjustment, and a special spray for cooling the top of the vacuum chamber.
Figure I is a vertical section of the radio unit, Figure II a top viewcover removed, and Figure III a perspective of the cylindrical plate element.
The unit is encased by dielectric walls I, cover Within the casing is a compartmentcontainl ing a iiat cathode I 0, flat gridsl I, and a flat,'hol
low plate I2; and a second compartment I3 con-v taining a horizontally disposed, .cylindrical cathode I4 with filaments I5, a helical grid I 6 supported by horizontal wires I'I, anda hollow plate element with inner wall I8, outer wall I9, vand at rings 2l) welded at each end to hold them in spaced relation. Tubes 2I provide entrance and exit to the hollow plate. The at element I2 is hollow and similarly constructed.
The water cooling system comprises an intake 22, waterways 23 in the walls, hollow plate elements I2 'and 24, tubes 2 I, external tube 32, spray 23, chamber I and outlet 28. Y v
Water, air, or other cooling fluid is forced into thetube at intake 22 under considerable pressure and consequently divides and passes through several channels before merging again at the outlet 28. Some goes up through the hollow walls 23, some passes along the'oor of the tube to cool the bottom, and some passes' through theA hollow anodes I2 and 24, as it is forced from one side of the tube to the other.` Grids also may be -of similar hollow construction. Then the uid is collected in the tube 32 and forced from 'its perforated end as a spray to `cool the top of the cylindrical tube I3, before final dischargethrough orifice 28. Thus all parts of the tube are cooled by the uid stream.
The metal inserts'l have two purposes: first, they may be used in delicate tuning,A clue* t'o-a capacitative eiect upon 'the tube anodesnear which they are located, but from which Inostof# them are insulated. Connecting different numbers of them in parallel will alect the capacities heat conductors; the inserts serve to remedy'this limitation.
The unit may be opened, elements replaced, and a new top put back on. The cathode may be activated on one side, and may contain a ceramic filler to support the elements. A hairpin or other type lament could be used instead of a cathode. The elements and case of the tube can be of i any desired material.
The cooling chamber 23 couldbe omitted, the
outside of the case in any construction beingf;V
grooved or otherwise arranged for -air cooling.
Two circular element tubes could bein the same case; two flat element tubes could be in the same case; or one tube ci each kind could be arranged in the case as in Fig. l. Here. the elements are horizontal, but one or more of the tubes could be vertically arranged. Any number of tubes having elements oi each one of them the same, or having diie'rent elements in each tube, `could be arranged in one large dielectric blocl; as in Fig. l,
having space between each of the tubes as may be needed. Elements can be of any desired shape or area.
Rigidity is one of the main features of this invention with plate supported all aroundf-and either the elements, or the leads to them,-,rigidly held in the walls of the case, as in grooves. Soldering lug inserts could be used for cathodes and ber, `provision for, such as grooves, inserts, and4 corrugations, such'thatthe same tube. case could be changed from a flat element tube to a circular element tube. l,
I claim:`
l. A radio unit having a main compartmenta v cover for said compartment, cathode, grid and k plate elementswithin said compartment, a chamber, within said p late element, waterwaysin the walls of said lcompaltment,4coInrnunicating with said chamber, `a water compartmentinthe cover of saidmain compartment. a pipeconnecting saidwaterways with said. covercompartmentand entering said compartment, 4and orifices. near `the end of said pipe.v
2. A radio unit having a case, cathodeand gridelementsathwart said case, a corrugated.- .innerY surfaceV forsaid case, a plate element adjacentl said corrugations and supportedl thereby,- metalbodies embedded in the walls of said case near said plate element for capacity effects and conductors leadingfrom lsaid metal bodiesto the outside o f said case.
3. 'A radio tube having a dielectric double-` walled cup-shape receptacle; a hollow, cylindrical, double-walled anode within said receptacle; ways on opposite sides vof said anode connecting the chamber within the walls of said receptacle to theV chamber within the walls 4ol said hollow anode for the flow of liuid; a cylindrical grid within said vanode and spaced therefrom; and a cylindrical cathode within said grid, spaced therefrom.
4. A radio tube having a dielectric c-asing, metal insertsin the bottom of said casing, a flat plate element against said metal inserts,` a plurality of grids in spaced relation to each other andk to said plate, and a cathode in spaced relation to the Y upper of said grids, a cover on said casing having an exhaust tube therein; said cover closing the casing airtight.
5. A radio tube as inv claim 4,. in that the plate` element is hollow for the passage of a fluid therethrough, and the inletv andoutlet to vsaid hollow plate both extend through the dielectric walls of the case.
6. A radio tube having a dielectric casing, having a cylindrical chamber, the walls of which have metal inserts covering its surface, said inserts being in spaced relation to each other in the dielectric of the case walls, a cylindrical plate in said casing having its outer surface in contact with said inserts, a plurality of cylindrical grids in spaced relation to each other and vt0 the cylindrical plate, and a cathode centrally located within the cylindrical plate and in spaced relation to said grids, a cover closing one side of the case airtight.
7. AA radiotubeas in claim 6 in which said cylindrical plate is hollow and means for passing a fluid therethrough.
8. A radio tube having an inner dielectric case, cathodey and grid electrodes athwart said case, an anode adjacent the bottom of said case, an outer dielectric wall partially surrounding said inner case, a space between said case and said wallfor the circulation of cooling fluid, a metal insert vin the wall of said inner case, metal inserts in said outer wall, and a conductor of heat and electricity connecting said insert of the inner case with one of said inserts in said outer wall.
9. A compact radio unit comprising an outer casing, a two-compartmentv inner casing, a waterway between the two casings for the circulation of cooling fluid; flat cathode, grid, and anode electrodes within one of said compartments of the inner casing for high frequency operation; cylindrical cathode, grid, and anode electrodes within the other of said compartments -for lower frequency operation, both of said electrode sets combining to form a complete high-low frequency unit.
10. A radio unit having compartments, covers for said compartments, cathode, grid and anode electrodes Within said compartments, chambers within said anode electrodes, fluid spaces within said covers, waterways in the walls of said compartments communicating with said anode chambers, external cooling pipes connecting said waterways with the uid spaces of said covers,
and intake and outlet orifices for said waterways.
l1. A radio unit comprising an outer casing, two envelopes within said casing; cathode, grid and anode electrodes for high frequency operation within one of said envelopes; cathode, grid, and anode electrodes within the otheriof said envelopes for low frequency operation, said anodes being of hollow construction; and a iiuid chamber within said outer casing largely surrounding both of said envelo-pes and having passageways connecting with .the hollow interiors of said cathodes.
12. A radio tube as in claim 3 having in addition corrugations upon the inner wall of said receptacle.
13. A radio unit as in claim 9 having in addition corrugations uponthe inner wall of said compartments.
14. A radio unit as in claim l0 having in addianode being in contact with saidtenvelope, av
metallic `insert on the inner surface lof. said envelopein contact withsaid anode, anda metallic conductor leading from said insert through the Wal] of said envelope to the outside for the conduction of heat.
ABRAHAM BINNEWEG, JR.
REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the 111e of this patent:
UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Number Number Name Date Mouromtseff et al. Aug. 20, 1935 Mouromtsef Nov. 30, 1937 Bahls June 21, 1938 Hansel] Feb. 7, 1939 Steiner et a1 May 12, 1942 Marshall et a1 Mar. 2, 1943 Litton Mar. 2, 1943 Marzoli et al Oct. 31, 1944 FOREIGN PATENTS Country Date Great Britain Mar. 30, 1937 Germany Apr. 6, 1938 France Apr. 6, 1935 (Addition to 751,866)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US465207A US2445259A (en) | 1942-11-11 | 1942-11-11 | Twin-cooled radio tube |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US465207A US2445259A (en) | 1942-11-11 | 1942-11-11 | Twin-cooled radio tube |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US2445259A true US2445259A (en) | 1948-07-13 |
Family
ID=23846874
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US465207A Expired - Lifetime US2445259A (en) | 1942-11-11 | 1942-11-11 | Twin-cooled radio tube |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US2445259A (en) |
Citations (19)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US354330A (en) * | 1886-12-14 | Condenser for pyroligneous acid | ||
| US1237363A (en) * | 1912-12-19 | 1917-08-21 | George A Miller | Cream-box. |
| US1329426A (en) * | 1917-02-15 | 1920-02-03 | Clarence J Muckle | Cream-cooler |
| US1437498A (en) * | 1916-06-16 | 1922-12-05 | Forest Radio Telephone And Tel | Oscillion |
| US1628999A (en) * | 1924-12-19 | 1927-05-17 | Western Electric Co | Electron-discharge device |
| FR751866A (en) * | 1933-12-09 | 1933-09-11 | Csf | Improvements to removable lamps with several electrodes |
| US1978423A (en) * | 1933-03-14 | 1934-10-30 | Louis A Gebhard | High power demountable tube |
| US1991065A (en) * | 1930-07-30 | 1935-02-12 | Westinghouse Electric & Mfg Co | Vacuum tube |
| FR44712E (en) * | 1933-12-09 | 1935-04-06 | Csf | Improvements to removable lamps with several electrodes |
| US2011647A (en) * | 1932-07-30 | 1935-08-20 | Westinghouse Electric & Mfg Co | Tube cooling device |
| GB463368A (en) * | 1935-07-01 | 1937-03-30 | Asea Ab | Aggregate of single-anode ionic valves |
| US2100147A (en) * | 1932-11-29 | 1937-11-23 | Oehmen Hans | Steering wheel |
| DE658586C (en) * | 1932-03-23 | 1938-04-06 | Marconi Wireless Telegraph Co | Circulation cooling device with electron tubes |
| US2121579A (en) * | 1937-04-07 | 1938-06-21 | Westinghouse Electric & Mfg Co | Water jacket |
| US2146541A (en) * | 1936-07-30 | 1939-02-07 | Rca Corp | Combined fluid-cooled vacuum tube and cooling block |
| US2282901A (en) * | 1940-11-16 | 1942-05-12 | Gen Electric | Electronic apparatus |
| US2312920A (en) * | 1942-02-07 | 1943-03-02 | Int Standard Electric Corp | Anode cooling jacket |
| US2312350A (en) * | 1940-09-26 | 1943-03-02 | Westinghouse Electric & Mfg Co | Discharge device |
| US2361487A (en) * | 1940-10-29 | 1944-10-31 | Rca Corp | Water-cooled amplifier |
-
1942
- 1942-11-11 US US465207A patent/US2445259A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (19)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US354330A (en) * | 1886-12-14 | Condenser for pyroligneous acid | ||
| US1237363A (en) * | 1912-12-19 | 1917-08-21 | George A Miller | Cream-box. |
| US1437498A (en) * | 1916-06-16 | 1922-12-05 | Forest Radio Telephone And Tel | Oscillion |
| US1329426A (en) * | 1917-02-15 | 1920-02-03 | Clarence J Muckle | Cream-cooler |
| US1628999A (en) * | 1924-12-19 | 1927-05-17 | Western Electric Co | Electron-discharge device |
| US1991065A (en) * | 1930-07-30 | 1935-02-12 | Westinghouse Electric & Mfg Co | Vacuum tube |
| DE658586C (en) * | 1932-03-23 | 1938-04-06 | Marconi Wireless Telegraph Co | Circulation cooling device with electron tubes |
| US2011647A (en) * | 1932-07-30 | 1935-08-20 | Westinghouse Electric & Mfg Co | Tube cooling device |
| US2100147A (en) * | 1932-11-29 | 1937-11-23 | Oehmen Hans | Steering wheel |
| US1978423A (en) * | 1933-03-14 | 1934-10-30 | Louis A Gebhard | High power demountable tube |
| FR44712E (en) * | 1933-12-09 | 1935-04-06 | Csf | Improvements to removable lamps with several electrodes |
| FR751866A (en) * | 1933-12-09 | 1933-09-11 | Csf | Improvements to removable lamps with several electrodes |
| GB463368A (en) * | 1935-07-01 | 1937-03-30 | Asea Ab | Aggregate of single-anode ionic valves |
| US2146541A (en) * | 1936-07-30 | 1939-02-07 | Rca Corp | Combined fluid-cooled vacuum tube and cooling block |
| US2121579A (en) * | 1937-04-07 | 1938-06-21 | Westinghouse Electric & Mfg Co | Water jacket |
| US2312350A (en) * | 1940-09-26 | 1943-03-02 | Westinghouse Electric & Mfg Co | Discharge device |
| US2361487A (en) * | 1940-10-29 | 1944-10-31 | Rca Corp | Water-cooled amplifier |
| US2282901A (en) * | 1940-11-16 | 1942-05-12 | Gen Electric | Electronic apparatus |
| US2312920A (en) * | 1942-02-07 | 1943-03-02 | Int Standard Electric Corp | Anode cooling jacket |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| US4235956A (en) | Electrochemical storage battery | |
| US3990962A (en) | Electrolytic cell device | |
| JPH0654688B2 (en) | High temperature battery equipment | |
| US3138729A (en) | Ultra-soft X-ray source | |
| CN107680915B (en) | Plasma source cooling mechanism and semiconductor processing equipment | |
| US2445259A (en) | Twin-cooled radio tube | |
| US2343849A (en) | Radio tube with flattened elements | |
| US3551321A (en) | Tubular ozonizer | |
| US1864591A (en) | Thermionic device | |
| US2106847A (en) | Electric discharge apparatus | |
| US2844752A (en) | Electron discharge device | |
| CN107978771B (en) | Heat pipe type solid oxide fuel cell with high heat integration | |
| US3079527A (en) | Arrangement for converting heat into electric energy | |
| US3649791A (en) | Arc chute for electrical switch apparatus | |
| US2317222A (en) | Electron discharge device | |
| US2227039A (en) | High powered electron discharge device | |
| US3112864A (en) | Modular electronic ultrahigh vacuum pump | |
| US2108539A (en) | Electron discharge device | |
| US1956408A (en) | Electrode for electron discharge devices | |
| US3289022A (en) | Electric discharge tube equipped with anode cooled by the boiling cooling principle | |
| US3246190A (en) | Fluid cooled traveling wave tube | |
| US2677061A (en) | Ion source | |
| US2636142A (en) | Electron discharge device | |
| US2432260A (en) | Electronic switch | |
| US2636141A (en) | Electron discharge device |