US2443600A - Electroplating method and electrolyte - Google Patents
Electroplating method and electrolyte Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US2443600A US2443600A US767859A US76785947A US2443600A US 2443600 A US2443600 A US 2443600A US 767859 A US767859 A US 767859A US 76785947 A US76785947 A US 76785947A US 2443600 A US2443600 A US 2443600A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- bath
- carbonate
- alkaline
- gluconate
- cyanide
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000009713 electroplating Methods 0.000 title description 19
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title description 14
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 title description 7
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 37
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 29
- 229940050410 gluconate Drugs 0.000 description 24
- 239000004227 calcium gluconate Substances 0.000 description 21
- 229960004494 calcium gluconate Drugs 0.000 description 21
- 235000013927 calcium gluconate Nutrition 0.000 description 19
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 18
- NEEHYRZPVYRGPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium;2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoate Chemical compound [Ca+2].OCC(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)C([O-])=O.OCC(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)C([O-])=O NEEHYRZPVYRGPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 18
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 15
- -1 alkaline earth metal gluconate Chemical class 0.000 description 15
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 12
- XFXPMWWXUTWYJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyanide Chemical compound N#[C-] XFXPMWWXUTWYJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- RGHNJXZEOKUKBD-SQOUGZDYSA-M D-gluconate Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C([O-])=O RGHNJXZEOKUKBD-SQOUGZDYSA-M 0.000 description 12
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 12
- OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium sulfate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 10
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000004070 electrodeposition Methods 0.000 description 8
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 7
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 6
- GTLDTDOJJJZVBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc cyanide Chemical compound [Zn+2].N#[C-].N#[C-] GTLDTDOJJJZVBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- DOBRDRYODQBAMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper(i) cyanide Chemical compound [Cu+].N#[C-] DOBRDRYODQBAMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 5
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- NHMJUOSYSOOPDM-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium cyanide Chemical compound [Cd+2].N#[C-].N#[C-] NHMJUOSYSOOPDM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- KXZJHVJKXJLBKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N chembl1408157 Chemical compound N=1C2=CC=CC=C2C(C(=O)O)=CC=1C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 KXZJHVJKXJLBKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium atom Chemical compound [Cd] BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KMQBJCLXVWVUHS-UHFFFAOYSA-J calcium barium(2+) tetrahydroxide Chemical compound [Ba+2].[OH-].[Ca+2].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-] KMQBJCLXVWVUHS-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 3
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 3
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000084 Gum arabic Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 241000978776 Senegalia senegal Species 0.000 description 2
- 239000000205 acacia gum Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000010489 acacia gum Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- RQPZNWPYLFFXCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L barium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Ba+2] RQPZNWPYLFFXCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 229910001863 barium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 2
- MOTZDAYCYVMXPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecyl hydrogen sulfate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCOS(O)(=O)=O MOTZDAYCYVMXPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229940043264 dodecyl sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OCUCCJIRFHNWBP-IYEMJOQQSA-L Copper gluconate Chemical class [Cu+2].OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C([O-])=O.OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C([O-])=O OCUCCJIRFHNWBP-IYEMJOQQSA-L 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000002159 abnormal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001464 adherent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium atom Chemical compound [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 101150062523 bath-39 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005282 brightening Methods 0.000 description 1
- CXKCTMHTOKXKQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium oxide Inorganic materials [Cd]=O CXKCTMHTOKXKQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CFEAAQFZALKQPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium(2+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Cd+2] CFEAAQFZALKQPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960005069 calcium Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000005587 carbonate group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- LQZZUXJYWNFBMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCO LQZZUXJYWNFBMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001385 heavy metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001603 reducing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- WAXFJXOMQFLOBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium zinc tricyanide Chemical compound [Na+].[Zn++].[C-]#N.[C-]#N.[C-]#N WAXFJXOMQFLOBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sulfonate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)=O BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000080 wetting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D3/00—Electroplating: Baths therefor
- C25D3/02—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions
Definitions
- This invention relates to improved electroplating baths, and more particularly to an alkaline cyanide bath or electrolyte for use in electroplating metallic surfaces at high current densities.
- the prior art has suggested the use of calcium sulfate to control the amount of sodium carbonate formed during an electrodeposition from cyanide plating baths. This material has been added from time to time as the carbonate content has grown sufficiently high to prove harmful to the deposit or deposition rate. Brighten-- ing agents have also been added in separate operations.
- One of the objects of the present invention is to provide a single additive composition which will control carbonate content in cyanide plating baths, improve the appearance and brightness of the plate, improve the cathode eiiiciency appreciably, and improve the throwing power of the bath.
- Another object is to provide an electroplating bath or solution containing a substantially insoluble addition agent or additive composition which will plate fine-grained ductile deposits rapidly in a still tank.
- Still a further object is to provide a plating solution containing the aforesaid substantially insoluble addition agent which may be advantageously used with an ordinary plating source of direct current voltage, but which is especially useful with plating currents of abnormal wave form such as are obtained by superimposing an alternating current component on a direct current component.
- Another object of the invention is to provide an alkaline zinc cyanide plating bath which will produce bright adherent metal deposits of good quality at high electroplating rates, and in which the carbonate concentration and polarization are reduced.
- alkaline cyanide plating baths preferably zinc, cadmium or copper cyanide plating baths
- a gluconate of an alkali metal which is slightly soluble in the cyanide plating solution and is reactive with soluble carbonates to form still more insoluble carbonates.
- a gluconate of an alkali metal which is slightly soluble in the cyanide plating solution and is reactive with soluble carbonates to form still more insoluble carbonates.
- a gluconate of an alkali metal which is slightly soluble in the cyanide plating solution and is reactive with soluble carbonates to form still more insoluble carbonates.
- gluconate compositions containing both calcium and barium as obtained, for example, by blending barium hydroxide and calcium gluconate.
- the gluconate composition may function to accomplish one or more objects of the invention, depending to some extent upon the quantity used, but good results are obtained with relatively small quantities.
- Example I An alkaline zinc cyanide bath was prepared by mixing together grams of sodium cyanide, 45 grams of zinc oxide, 15 grams of sodium hydroxide, and enough water to make a liter of solution.
- the lauryl sulfate may be considered to be a wetting agent, reduc ing the surface tension and producing better deposits.
- the calcium gluconate acts as a control agent for controlling the action and performance of the bath.
- Example II A composition was prepared by blending together 99 pounds of barium hydroxide ground to 60 mesh and one pound of calcium gluconate.
- This composition was incorporated in alkaline cyanide plating baths with agitation.
- baths are typical plating baths to which the addition agent can be added:
- any of the baths A, B and C as little as of calcium gluconate or the equivalent quantity of the barium hydroxide calcium gluconate composition may be added to the bath.
- the plating bath will tolerate a certain amount of sodium carbonate; hence, when the electrolyte is new it can be run for some time without adding .any of the gluconate composition for the specific purpose of controlling the carbonate content of the bath.
- any of the gluconate composition for the specific purpose of controlling the carbonate content of the bath.
- the carbonate content builds up to as much as 4: ounces of sodium carbonate per gallon of bath, it will usually be desirable toadd an amount of the gluconate composition effective to reduce the carbonate content.
- the gluoonate composition can be added initially or in increments from the very beginning in order to keep the bath frombuilding up an undesirable carbonate content, and at the same time to improve the performance of the bath in other respects as previously described.
- the present invention may be applied to the electroplating of work employing an aqueous bath containing dissolved salts of the plating metal and an anode, and wherein the work is the cathode and bath soluble carbonates are formed during the electroplating operation, and the plating current applied to the cathode with respect to the anode is a pulsating direct current voltage whose instantaneous value is always positive.
- the soluble carbonate content of alkaline aqueous cyanide electroplating baths can be controlled by taking the bath out of operation, cooling it and crystallizing out the carbonates.
- This procedure has several disadvantages, including the one that the bath must be taken out of operation for a substantial period of time.
- Another suggested way of controlling the carbonate content of the bath is to add calcium sulfate thereto in order to precipitate calcium carbonate.
- This method also has several disadvantages, one of them being that the reaction between the calcium sulfate and the soluble carbonates form soluble sulfates which are often more objectionable than the soluble carbonates.
- the reaction products which are left in the bath after the precipitation of the insoluble calcium carbonate are beneficial to the bath and actually increase the cathode efficiency.
- Another practical aspect of this invention is that the insoluble gluconates are relatively easy to filter as compared, for example, to calcium sulfate.
- the operation with the present process is a relatively simple one as compared to the previously proposed use of calcium sulfate.
- An alkaline aqueous cyanide plating bath electrolyte containing in solution a plating metal which forms complex cyanides and calcium gluconate, said electrolyte normally tending to form a bath soluble alkaline carbonate during electrodeposition of the plating metal and the quantity of said gluconate therein being effective to react with and precipitate said bath soluble carbonate as an insoluble carbonate.
- An alkaline aqueous zinc cyanide plating bath containing an alkaline earth metal gluconate said bath being characterized by the formation of a bath soluble alkaline carbonate therein during an electroplating operation and the quantity of said gluconate being effective to react with and precipitate said bath soluble carbonate as a carbonate insoluble in the bath.
- An alkaline aqueous cadmium cyanide plating bath containing an alkaline earth metal gluconate said bath being characterized by the formation of a bath soluble alkaline carbonate therein during an electroplating operation and the quantity of said gluconate being effective to react with and precipitate said bath soluble carbonate as a carbonate insoluble in the bath.
- An alkaline aqueous copper cyanide plating bath containing an alkaline earth metal gluconate said bath being characterized by the formation of a bath soluble alkaline carbonate therein during an electroplating operation and the quantity of said gluconate being effective to react with and precipitate said bath soluble carbonate as a carbonate insoluble in the bath.
- An alkaline aqueous cyanide plating bath containing in solution a plating metal which forms complex cyanides and wherein a bath soluble alkaline carbonate is formed during an electroplating operation, and containing partially in solution an alkaline earth metal gluconate in a minimum amount of at least 1 6% by wei ht o the bath.
- the method of obtaining rapid clean deposition which consists in applying to the cathode with respect to the anode a pulsating direct current voltage whose instantaneous value is always positive, and maintaining calcium gluconate as an addition agent in suspension in said bath, the quantity of said calcium gluconate being effective to react with and precipitate said bath soluble carbonates as insoluble calcium carbonate.
- the step which comprises electrodepositing zinc from an aqueous sodium cyanid-zinc plating bath in the presence of calcium gluconate, the quantity of calcium gluconate being effective to react with sodium carbonate formed during the electroplating operation and to precipitate the carbonate as insoluble calcium carbonate.
- the method of obtaining rapid deposition and controlling carbonate ion concentration in the bath which consists in applying to the cathode with respect to the anode a pulsating direct current voltage Whose instantaneous value is always positive, the lowest instantaneous value of said pulsating voltage at the negative alternating peak being between 0.5 volt and 1.5 volts, and maintaining in suspension in said alkaline zinc bath calcium gluconate in an amount of at least 10 grams per liter, said direct current component having a voltage not substantially higher than 24 volts and said alternating current component having a frequency within the range of from about 25 to cycles, inclusive.
- the method of obtaining rapid depositon which consists in applying to the cathode with respect to the anode a pulsating direct current voltage whose instantaneous value is always positive, the lowest instantaneous value of said pulsating voltage at the negative alternating peak being between 0.5 volt and 1.5 volts, and maintaining calcium gluconate in suspension in said bath, the quantity of calcium gluconate being effective to react with sodium carbonate formed during the electroplating operation and to precipitate the carbonate as insoluble calcium carbonate.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Electroplating And Plating Baths Therefor (AREA)
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR960115D FR960115A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1947-08-09 | ||
| US767859A US2443600A (en) | 1947-08-09 | 1947-08-09 | Electroplating method and electrolyte |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US767859A US2443600A (en) | 1947-08-09 | 1947-08-09 | Electroplating method and electrolyte |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US2443600A true US2443600A (en) | 1948-06-22 |
Family
ID=25080798
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US767859A Expired - Lifetime US2443600A (en) | 1947-08-09 | 1947-08-09 | Electroplating method and electrolyte |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US2443600A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
| FR (1) | FR960115A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
Cited By (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2479670A (en) * | 1944-03-20 | 1949-08-23 | Poor & Co | Electroplating baths and method for the electrodeposition of zinc |
| US2548867A (en) * | 1945-04-14 | 1951-04-17 | Poor & Co | Electroplating metals |
| US2730490A (en) * | 1951-11-13 | 1956-01-10 | Wire Coating And Mfg Co | Process of zinc coating magnesium articles |
| US2916423A (en) * | 1957-06-19 | 1959-12-08 | Metal & Thermit Corp | Electrodeposition of copper and copper alloys |
| US3084112A (en) * | 1960-07-29 | 1963-04-02 | Allied Res Products Inc | Process and composition for electroplating copper |
| US3219560A (en) * | 1961-10-12 | 1965-11-23 | Allied Res Products Inc | Process and bath for electrolytic copper deposition |
| US3257841A (en) * | 1961-03-08 | 1966-06-28 | Jr Samuel C Lawrence | Paint stripping system |
| US3294655A (en) * | 1963-11-04 | 1966-12-27 | Lancy Lab | Zinc and cadmium electroplating |
| JPS5030745A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * | 1973-07-21 | 1975-03-27 |
Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US694658A (en) * | 1900-12-11 | 1902-03-04 | Jules Meurant | Electrolytic process. |
| US1388874A (en) * | 1920-02-18 | 1921-08-30 | Ralph D Mershon | Forming dielectric films |
| US1755479A (en) * | 1924-04-28 | 1930-04-22 | Jones W Bart Ett | Method of and means for cyclic current control |
| US1918605A (en) * | 1928-01-09 | 1933-07-18 | Parker Rust Proof Co | Chromium plating |
| GB414939A (en) * | 1933-11-22 | 1934-08-16 | Max Schlotter | Improved process for electro-deposition of chromium |
| US2063760A (en) * | 1931-09-10 | 1936-12-08 | Schulein Joseph | Bath for and process of electrodeposition of metal |
-
0
- FR FR960115D patent/FR960115A/fr not_active Expired
-
1947
- 1947-08-09 US US767859A patent/US2443600A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US694658A (en) * | 1900-12-11 | 1902-03-04 | Jules Meurant | Electrolytic process. |
| US1388874A (en) * | 1920-02-18 | 1921-08-30 | Ralph D Mershon | Forming dielectric films |
| US1755479A (en) * | 1924-04-28 | 1930-04-22 | Jones W Bart Ett | Method of and means for cyclic current control |
| US1918605A (en) * | 1928-01-09 | 1933-07-18 | Parker Rust Proof Co | Chromium plating |
| US2063760A (en) * | 1931-09-10 | 1936-12-08 | Schulein Joseph | Bath for and process of electrodeposition of metal |
| GB414939A (en) * | 1933-11-22 | 1934-08-16 | Max Schlotter | Improved process for electro-deposition of chromium |
Cited By (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2479670A (en) * | 1944-03-20 | 1949-08-23 | Poor & Co | Electroplating baths and method for the electrodeposition of zinc |
| US2548867A (en) * | 1945-04-14 | 1951-04-17 | Poor & Co | Electroplating metals |
| US2730490A (en) * | 1951-11-13 | 1956-01-10 | Wire Coating And Mfg Co | Process of zinc coating magnesium articles |
| US2916423A (en) * | 1957-06-19 | 1959-12-08 | Metal & Thermit Corp | Electrodeposition of copper and copper alloys |
| US3084112A (en) * | 1960-07-29 | 1963-04-02 | Allied Res Products Inc | Process and composition for electroplating copper |
| US3257841A (en) * | 1961-03-08 | 1966-06-28 | Jr Samuel C Lawrence | Paint stripping system |
| US3219560A (en) * | 1961-10-12 | 1965-11-23 | Allied Res Products Inc | Process and bath for electrolytic copper deposition |
| US3294655A (en) * | 1963-11-04 | 1966-12-27 | Lancy Lab | Zinc and cadmium electroplating |
| JPS5030745A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * | 1973-07-21 | 1975-03-27 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR960115A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1950-04-13 |
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