US2443094A - Frequency multiplier network - Google Patents

Frequency multiplier network Download PDF

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Publication number
US2443094A
US2443094A US717000A US71700046A US2443094A US 2443094 A US2443094 A US 2443094A US 717000 A US717000 A US 717000A US 71700046 A US71700046 A US 71700046A US 2443094 A US2443094 A US 2443094A
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Prior art keywords
frequency
input
titanate
linear
signals
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Expired - Lifetime
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US717000A
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English (en)
Inventor
Wendell L Carlson
Hugh L Donley
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RCA Corp
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RCA Corp
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Priority to FR956108D priority Critical patent/FR956108A/fr
Application filed by RCA Corp filed Critical RCA Corp
Priority to US717000A priority patent/US2443094A/en
Priority to GB30827/47A priority patent/GB641365A/en
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Publication of US2443094A publication Critical patent/US2443094A/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/01—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics
    • C04B35/46—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on titanium oxides or titanates
    • C04B35/462—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on titanium oxides or titanates based on titanates
    • C04B35/465—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on titanium oxides or titanates based on titanates based on alkaline earth metal titanates
    • C04B35/468—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on titanium oxides or titanates based on titanates based on alkaline earth metal titanates based on barium titanates
    • C04B35/4682—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on titanium oxides or titanates based on titanates based on alkaline earth metal titanates based on barium titanates based on BaTiO3 perovskite phase
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03B—GENERATION OF OSCILLATIONS, DIRECTLY OR BY FREQUENCY-CHANGING, BY CIRCUITS EMPLOYING ACTIVE ELEMENTS WHICH OPERATE IN A NON-SWITCHING MANNER; GENERATION OF NOISE BY SUCH CIRCUITS
    • H03B19/00—Generation of oscillations by non-regenerative frequency multiplication or division of a signal from a separate source
    • H03B19/05—Generation of oscillations by non-regenerative frequency multiplication or division of a signal from a separate source using non-linear capacitance, e.g. varactor diodes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03D—DEMODULATION OR TRANSFERENCE OF MODULATION FROM ONE CARRIER TO ANOTHER
    • H03D7/00—Transference of modulation from one carrier to another, e.g. frequency-changing

Definitions

  • thermionic discharge detector tubes or crystal detectors connected in back-toback arrangement for generating harmonics of an applied fundamental frequency. All of such networks depend upon the non-linear resistance characteristics of the detectors employed, with resultant power loss in the frequency multiplier network.
  • Another system employed heretofore utilizes a crystalline variable reactance element, such as a Rochelle salt crystal, for coupling together the fundamental frequency input circuit and the harmonic resonant output circuit.
  • a crystalline variable reactance element such as a Rochelle salt crystal
  • the instant invention comprises improved methods of and means for generating and deriving integral multiples of an applied fundamental. frequency wherein a non-linear titanate ceramic ferro-electric device is utilized as a coupling element between a fundamental resonant frequency circuit and a harmonic resonant frequency circult. Since the reactance of the non-linear coupling element varies as a non-linear function of the applied unidirectional or alternating potential, the device may be operated under some conditions as a frequency multiplier having negligible power loss since the resistance is negligible and is not dependent upon the applied voltage within wide limits. It has been found that extremely small, thin, molded sections of barium-strontium titanate may be employed with a resultant high coupling coefiicient for an extremely small coupling device. Without a unidirectional bias voltage, the dielectric characteristics of the device will be substantially the same for both positive and negative alternating cycles, whereby odd integral harmonics will be generated. When a unidirectional bias voltage is applied to the device, even integral harmonics will be generated.
  • the charge q at any instant on the device 5 may be assumed to be where Cu is the capacity of the device, e is the excitation potential and K2 is a constant characteristic of the dielectric constant.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide improved methods of and means for generating and selecting multiples of substantially any applied fundamental frequency. Another object is to provide an improved frequency multiplier employing a non-linear reactance element as a coupling between tuned input and output circuits. A further object of the invention is to provide an improved frequency multiplier utilizing a titanate ceramic non-linear reactance element. improved frequency multiplier network comprising a tuned input circuit, excited at a fundamental frequency, coupled through a titanate ceramic non-linear capacitor to a tuned output circuit resonant to a predetermined harmonic of the applied fundamental frequency.
  • a further object of the invention is to provide an improved frequency multiplier network employing a non-linear reactance element and including means for applying a unidirectional bias potential to said element to limit the derived output signals to even integral harmonics of the applied signal.
  • a still further object of the invention is to provide an improved frequency multiplier network utilizing a titanate ceramic capacitor having a non-linear temperature coemcient of. dielectric constant and a nonlinear capacity characteristic as a function of excitation voltage.
  • An additional object of the invention is to provide an improved frequency multiplier network utilizing a non-linear titanate ceramic reactance element having a
  • An additional object is to provide an 4 negligible resistive component and negligible power loss. Another object is to provide an extremely small, efficient, and economical frequency multiplying device.
  • Figure l is a schematic circuit diagram of This expanded Such non-linear titanate reactors also a preferred embodiment thereof
  • Figure 2 is a family of graphs illustrative of the relation between the capacity of non-linear titanate capacitors and applied A. C. or D. C.
  • Figure 3 is a group of graphs showing the relation between the operating temperature and dielectric constant of titanate capacitor coupling elements
  • Figure 4 is a family of graphs illustrating the relation between applied fundamental frequency signal magnitudes and derived third harmonic signal magnitudes as well as the relation between said applied fundamental frequency signals and the input-to-output power ratio
  • Figure 5 is a group of graphs illustrative of the power-factor of titanate capacitors as a function of applied signal magnitudes. Similar reference characters are applied to similar elements throughout the drawing.
  • an input circuit 3 comprising a parallel-tuned inductor 5 and capacitor 1 is resonant to a source of input signals, not shown, having a frequency f.
  • the tuned input circuit 3 is coupled through a non.- linear titanate ceramic capacitive device 9 to a tuned output circuit ll comprising a parallelconnected second inductor l3 and second capacitor IS, the output circuit being resonant to a desired integral harmonic M of the input frequency j.
  • the non-linear titanate coupling device 9 preferably comprises an extremely thin section I! (of the order of 1.5 mils) of bariumstrontium titanate having a diameter of the order of 5 mils. The use of a thicker dielectric requires higher excitation voltage.
  • are deposited upon, or coated upon, opposite surfaces of the titanate dielectric l1, and terminals are provided thereto for connection to the input and output tuned circuits 3 and II. It has been found that the proportions of percent barium-titanate oxide and 20 percent strontium-titanate oxide provide a satisfactory mixture for a low temperature coefiicient at room temperature. However, other proportions having different temperature coemcients as well as sensitivity factors may be employed.
  • the dielectric characteristics thereof will .be substantially the same for both positive and negative portions of the alternating cycle, thereby providing odd integral harmonic generation. If only this type of harmonic generation is desired, the remaining terminals of the tuned input and output circuits may have a common ground connection.
  • a coupling capacitor 23 is connected between the low potential terminals of the input and output tuned circuits 3 and II.
  • a source of bias voltage such as a battery 25, and a potentiometer 21 is connected in parallel with the coupling capacitor 23, providing a continuously adjustable source of bias voltage for the titanatecoupling device.
  • the adjustable contact 29 of the potentiometer 21 is adjusted to provide a zero bias voltage, the coupling capacitor 23 is efiectively short circuited, and the low potential terminals of the input and output tuned circuits are effectively directly connected together for odd integral harmonic variation.
  • Figure 2 includes a first graph (A) characteristic of the variation of the capacity'of an 80 percent barium titanate oxide-20 percent strontium titanate oxide coupling unit as a function of an applied alternating potential.
  • Graph (a) is characteristic of the variation of the capacity of a 69 percent barium titanate oxide-31 percent strontium titanate oxide coupling device as a function of the same applied potentials.
  • Graph (B) is characteristic of the variation in capacity of the titanate coupling device as a function of an applied unidirectional voltage. Both graphs indicate the operation of the device at a temperature of 20 C.
  • Figure 3 shows a graph (G) characteristic of the variation of dielectric constant of an 80 percent barium titanate oxide-20 percent strontium titanate oxide coupling device 9 as a function of operating temperature in degrees C.
  • Graph (0) shows the different characteristics for a 69 percent barium titanate oxide-31 percent strontium titanate oxide device.
  • Comparison of the graphs (A) and (C) of Figures 2 and 3 indicate that the device may be operated as an extremely sensitive variable capacitive element as a function of an applied alternating potential while having simultaneously a relatively low temperature coeilicient of dielectric constant at an average room temperature of 20 C.
  • Figure 4 shows in graph (D) the secondary voltage at the third harmonic frequency 3/ as a function of input voltage at the fundamental frequency
  • Graph (E) indicates the ratio of input to output power of the network at a harmonic frequency 11 as a function of input voltage at the fundamental frequency f.
  • This ratio as illustrated is characteristic of the relation between input power at the fundamental frequency and output power for substantially any low harmonic frequency value, since the resistive component of the coupling device has a substantially negligible value.
  • the coupling between the tuned input and output circuits 3 and H is substantially a higher order non-linear function of the variation in reactance of the coupling device which for practical purposes is purely reactive.
  • graph (F) indicates the relation between power factor and applied signal magnitudes for a capacitor having a dielectric of 80 percent barium titanate oxide and 20 percent strontium titanate oxide.
  • Graph (G) indicates the widely diflerent relation between power factor and applied signal magnitudes for a capacitor having a dielectric of 69 percent barium titainate oxide and 31 percent strontium titanate 0 de.
  • the invention disclosed and claimed herein comprises an improved frequency multiplying network utilizing a non-linear titanate ceramic capacitor employing a barium strontium mixture for coupling together an input circuit tuned to a fundamental frequency and an output circuit tuned to a predetermined harmonic frequency.
  • Means is included in the network for providing an adjustable unidirectional bias voltage for the coupling device in order to generate even integral harmonic frequencies.
  • a signal frequency multiplying device comprising a non-linear substantially reactive ceramic ferroelectrie device, means for applying signals to said device and means for deriving output signals from said device, the frequency of said output signals being an integral multiple of the frequency of said applied signals.
  • a signal frequency multiplying device including means for applying a unidirectional bias potential to said ferro-electric device for limiting the frequencies of said output signals substantially to even integral multiples of said applied signal frequency.
  • a frequency multiplying network for a source of signals comprising an input circuit responsive to said signals, an output circuit tuned to an integral multiple of the frequency of said input signals, and a non-linear substantially reactive ceramic ferroelectric device coupling together said input and output circuits.
  • a frequency multiplying network for a source of signals comprising an input circuit tuned to and responsive to said signals, an output circuit tuned to an integral multiple of the frequency of said input signals, and a non-linear substantially reactive refractory ferroelectric device coupling together said input and output circuits.
  • a frequency multiplying network for a source of signals comprising an input circuit responsive to said signals, an output circuit tuned to an integral multiple of the frequency of said input signals, and a non-linear substantially reactive coupling device comprising a capacitor having a titanate ceramic dielectric, said device coupling together said input and output circuits.
  • a frequency multiplying network for a source of signals comprising an input circuit tuned to and responsive to said signals, an output circuit tuned to an integral multiple of the frequency of said input signals, and a non-linear substantially reactive coupling device comprising a capacitor having a barium-strontium-titanate dielectric, said device coupling together said input and output circuits.
  • a frequency multiplying network for a source of signals comprising an input circuit tuned to and responsive to said signals, an output circuit tuned to an odd integral multiple of the frequency of said input signals, and a non-linear substantially reactive coupling device comprising a capacitor having a titanate refractory dielectric, said device coupling together said input and output circuits.
  • a frequency multiplying network for a source of signals comprising an input circuit tuned to and responsive to said signals, an output circuit tuned to an even integral multiple of the frequency of said input signals, a non-linear substantially reactive coupling device comprising a capacitor having a titanate dielectric, said device coupling together said input and output circuits, and means for applying a unidirectional bias potential to said device to provide said even multiple frequency multiplying characteristic.
  • the coupling device has,

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Nonlinear Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Measuring Instrument Details And Bridges, And Automatic Balancing Devices (AREA)
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US717000A 1946-12-18 1946-12-18 Frequency multiplier network Expired - Lifetime US2443094A (en)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR956108D FR956108A (xx) 1946-12-18
US717000A US2443094A (en) 1946-12-18 1946-12-18 Frequency multiplier network
GB30827/47A GB641365A (en) 1946-12-18 1947-11-20 Improvement in frequency multiplying device

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US717000A US2443094A (en) 1946-12-18 1946-12-18 Frequency multiplier network

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Cited By (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2509758A (en) * 1949-01-26 1950-05-30 Philips Lab Inc Electrical condenser
US2565231A (en) * 1947-01-04 1951-08-21 Hartford Nat Bank & Trust Co Variable artificial transmission line for effecting phase modulated oscillations
US2642476A (en) * 1947-08-12 1953-06-16 Hartford Nat Bank & Trust Co Combination of at least two condensers electrically connected in parallel
US2689311A (en) * 1951-09-14 1954-09-14 British Thomson Houston Co Ltd Pulse generating circuit
US2719223A (en) * 1946-05-28 1955-09-27 Hartford Nat Bank & Trust Co Circuit for mixing a carrier wave with an auxiliary wave
US2830251A (en) * 1952-03-19 1958-04-08 Philco Corp Frequency changer
US2995698A (en) * 1957-04-17 1961-08-08 Phillips Petroleum Co Magnetic resonance spectrometer and bridge circuit
US3000564A (en) * 1954-04-28 1961-09-19 Ibm Electronic apparatus
US3045188A (en) * 1956-05-08 1962-07-17 Decca Ltd Microwave apparatus
US3046410A (en) * 1959-05-14 1962-07-24 Space Technology Lab Inc Frequency divider systems
US3060364A (en) * 1959-06-11 1962-10-23 Hughes Aircraft Co Parametric frequency multiplier
US3182315A (en) * 1961-11-24 1965-05-04 Gen Precision Inc Interrogator-responder signalling system
US3185914A (en) * 1960-12-14 1965-05-25 Ibm Parametric device for increasing frequency and/or power
US3243792A (en) * 1963-04-08 1966-03-29 Lockheed Aircraft Corp Detection devices
US3407350A (en) * 1963-12-16 1968-10-22 Fujitsu Ltd Unidirectional frequency multiplier comprising non-linear reactance and resistance
US3538440A (en) * 1968-08-30 1970-11-03 Westinghouse Electric Corp Voltage detector for shielded conductor providing substantially constant output voltage over wide range of input voltage

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
NL180296C (nl) * 1983-09-29 1987-02-02 Mampaey Johannes J Aanslaginrichting voor een kabel of ketting.

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
None *

Cited By (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2719223A (en) * 1946-05-28 1955-09-27 Hartford Nat Bank & Trust Co Circuit for mixing a carrier wave with an auxiliary wave
US2565231A (en) * 1947-01-04 1951-08-21 Hartford Nat Bank & Trust Co Variable artificial transmission line for effecting phase modulated oscillations
US2642476A (en) * 1947-08-12 1953-06-16 Hartford Nat Bank & Trust Co Combination of at least two condensers electrically connected in parallel
US2509758A (en) * 1949-01-26 1950-05-30 Philips Lab Inc Electrical condenser
US2689311A (en) * 1951-09-14 1954-09-14 British Thomson Houston Co Ltd Pulse generating circuit
US2830251A (en) * 1952-03-19 1958-04-08 Philco Corp Frequency changer
US3000564A (en) * 1954-04-28 1961-09-19 Ibm Electronic apparatus
US3045188A (en) * 1956-05-08 1962-07-17 Decca Ltd Microwave apparatus
US2995698A (en) * 1957-04-17 1961-08-08 Phillips Petroleum Co Magnetic resonance spectrometer and bridge circuit
US3046410A (en) * 1959-05-14 1962-07-24 Space Technology Lab Inc Frequency divider systems
US3060364A (en) * 1959-06-11 1962-10-23 Hughes Aircraft Co Parametric frequency multiplier
US3185914A (en) * 1960-12-14 1965-05-25 Ibm Parametric device for increasing frequency and/or power
US3182315A (en) * 1961-11-24 1965-05-04 Gen Precision Inc Interrogator-responder signalling system
US3243792A (en) * 1963-04-08 1966-03-29 Lockheed Aircraft Corp Detection devices
US3407350A (en) * 1963-12-16 1968-10-22 Fujitsu Ltd Unidirectional frequency multiplier comprising non-linear reactance and resistance
US3538440A (en) * 1968-08-30 1970-11-03 Westinghouse Electric Corp Voltage detector for shielded conductor providing substantially constant output voltage over wide range of input voltage

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Publication number Publication date
GB641365A (en) 1950-08-09
FR956108A (xx) 1950-01-26

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