US2394924A - Electric calculating machine - Google Patents

Electric calculating machine Download PDF

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Publication number
US2394924A
US2394924A US481075A US48107543A US2394924A US 2394924 A US2394924 A US 2394924A US 481075 A US481075 A US 481075A US 48107543 A US48107543 A US 48107543A US 2394924 A US2394924 A US 2394924A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
contacts
wire
relay
magnet
order
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US481075A
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English (en)
Inventor
Hans P Luhn
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
International Business Machines Corp
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International Business Machines Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority to NL78641D priority Critical patent/NL78641C/xx
Application filed by International Business Machines Corp filed Critical International Business Machines Corp
Priority to US481075A priority patent/US2394924A/en
Priority to GB5841/44A priority patent/GB577195A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US2394924A publication Critical patent/US2394924A/en
Priority to FR942833D priority patent/FR942833A/fr
Priority to DEI2051A priority patent/DE931502C/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F7/00—Methods or arrangements for processing data by operating upon the order or content of the data handled
    • G06F7/38—Methods or arrangements for performing computations using exclusively denominational number representation, e.g. using binary, ternary, decimal representation
    • G06F7/46—Methods or arrangements for performing computations using exclusively denominational number representation, e.g. using binary, ternary, decimal representation using electromechanical counter-type accumulators
    • G06F7/468—Methods or arrangements for performing computations using exclusively denominational number representation, e.g. using binary, ternary, decimal representation using electromechanical counter-type accumulators for evaluating functions by calculation
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F7/00—Methods or arrangements for processing data by operating upon the order or content of the data handled
    • G06F7/38—Methods or arrangements for performing computations using exclusively denominational number representation, e.g. using binary, ternary, decimal representation
    • G06F7/40—Methods or arrangements for performing computations using exclusively denominational number representation, e.g. using binary, ternary, decimal representation using contact-making devices, e.g. electromagnetic relay
    • G06F7/44—Multiplying; Dividing
    • G06F7/446—Multiplying; Dividing by partial product forming (with electric multiplication table)

Definitions

  • This invention relates .to calculating machines and more particularly to machines for performing multiplying and dividing operations.
  • the principal object of the invention is to prolvide an improved form of electrical multiplying machine in which multiplying is effected instantaneously upon the setting of factors on the key-
  • a further object of the invention is to provide a common mechanism which functions in one manner to perform multiplication and in another manner to perform division.
  • a specific object of the invention is to provide improvedl relay adding mechanism for summing a plurality of subproducts to form a complete product.
  • a more specific object of the invention is to provide improved tens carry mechanismv for a relay adding mechanism whereby tens carry operations may occur simultaneously with the adding operations in a relay accumulator.
  • a further specific object is to provide improved comparing mechanism i'or comparing a dividend amount with a succession of trial products in the performance of dividing operations.
  • a still further object of the invention is to provide improved mechanism for automatically obtaining the square root of a number.
  • Fig. 3 is a similar diagram outlining the method emnlvnd in a more detailed manner.
  • Hg. 4 is a diagram showing the manner in which-the ilgu'res of the circuit diagram are to be arranged
  • the general theory of operation will first be explained with particular reference to Figs. 2 Aand 3.
  • a machine is provided with a. keyboard which, for multiplying operations, is operated to set multiplicand and multiplier amounts and through cirious subproducts 35, 40, 63, 72 obtained when 87 is multiplied by 95.
  • I'he selected relays are denominationally arranged so that the subproducts are separately added with tens carry between orders.
  • Fig. 2 represents the general procedure followed in multiplying. In Fig. 3 the procedure is set forthdn greater detail.
  • Fig. 2 represents the vareral orders as shown in Fig. 3.
  • the multiplication of the units digit 7 of the multiplicand by the units digit 5 ofthe multiplier will energize relays valued at l, 2, 4. 4, 8, and i6, the sum of these being 35, and the selected values represent the multiplication of each binary term oi' the multiplier digit by each of the binary terms of the multiplicand digit as indicated.
  • multiplier or divisor keys designated Il
  • multiplicand keys designated Il.
  • Two orders are provided for multiplying two digits by two digits, which is the capacity of the arrangement shown.
  • Each of the keys is arranged, when depressed, to be held by a spring- .pressed iatching bar designated I2, and depresthe4andicontactsll,andthe9keyilin the tens order will close the 8 and l contacts il.
  • 'I'he multipilcand keys II are arrangedto close contacts I ⁇ 4 arranged in the same manner as the contacts I2, so that for the example chosen the 7 key II in the units order will close the 4, 2 and i contacts I4 in line with the '1 key.
  • each set has one magnet for each of the first four terms of the binary progression as indicated bythe numerals I, 2, 4, l, and each relay has a double winding with the two windings being opposite in direction.
  • Depression of the multiplicand keys II will energize the relays I l in accordance with the binary equivalent of the multiplicand digits.
  • the l, 2 and 4 relays I8 in the units order (Fig. l) will become energized
  • the 8 magnet Isin the tens order of Fig. 1b will become energized.
  • the circuits involved are emphasized in heavy lines on the circuit diagram and are traceable as follows:
  • the 8 magnet I8 of the tens order (Fig. 1b) is energized.
  • This circuit is traceable from positive line I5 (Fig. ld) the 8 contacts I4 related to the 8 key, the 8 wire of the group designated of the tens order, normaliy closed relay contacts RIb, the 8 wire of the group 2I of the tens order (Fig. lb), the upper winding of the 8 relay I8 in the tens order to the common wire 22, and thence to negative line I8 as traced for the units order circuit.
  • Each of the relays I8 closes a set of eight contacts designated 28,' a single contact designated 24, and additional contacts designated 25.
  • I'he related contacts for the l, 2 and 4 relays I8 in Fig. la and the 8 relay I8 in Fig. lb will accordingly be shifted.
  • These contacts jointly with the contacts I2 closed by the multiplier keys I0 will now concurrently complete a plurality of circuits to energize relay magnets shown in Figs. la and ik for the unitsorderand in Figs. lh and lm for the tens order.
  • the relay magnets are designated by the letter R followed by two digits separated by a dot, ⁇ indicating that the relay is responsive to multiplication of the two digits indicated.
  • Inspection of Figs. 1a and lk shows that the digits involved are-l, 2, 4 and 8. It will be noted that the combinations of any of the four digits 1,2,4and8with eachofthe same four digits gives sixteen possible combinations.- In Fig. lk, several of the relays have a common core, said core being provided for combinations which will not occur at the same time for' any problem.
  • Each of the relays when energized, will shift the set of contacts at the right thereof which are identified by the same reference character as the relay suflixed by the letter a. These contacts are interconnected through what may be termed an adding circuit generally, which will become addusted in response to the energization of the relays in Figs. la and lk to complete a circuit representing the units digit of the sum of the products e represented by the relays.
  • the sets of contacts are separated by horizontal dotted lines with the groups designated generally l, 2, 4, 8, 18, 82 and 84, these numbers indicating the several subproducts to be selectively added by the circuit chain.
  • relay RIA For relay RIA; from negative line Il (Fig. lc), relay contacts Rta normally closed, wire 28, the 4 contacts Il ofthe 5 key Il, the 4 contacts of a group designated Rlla, the 4 wire of a group designated 21 (Figs. la and 1k), relay RIA, a wire in the 4 set generally designated 28 (Figs. la, lc, la), the related contacts 28 in line with the4 relay I8,topositive line Il.
  • relay R42 For relay R42; from negative line I8 (Fig. lo), relay contacts Rla normally closed, wire 2t. the 4 contacts Il of the 5 key I0. the 4 contacts of a group designated Riila, the 4 wire of a group designated 21 (Figs. l0 and lk), relay R41, a wire in the 2 set which is generally designated 28 (Figs. la, lc, la), the related contacts 2l in line with the 2 relay Il, to positive line Il.
  • relay contacts Rla normally closed, wire 28, the 4 contacts I! of the 5 key III, the 4 contacts of a group designated RIIIa,'the 4 wire of the group designated 21 (Figs. ⁇ lc, lo), relay R4.I, a wire in the l set which ii"generally designated 2l (Figs. lc, la). the related contacts 28 in line with the l relay I8, to hpositive line Il.
  • relay contactaRla. wire 24 contacts Il of the 5 key I0, contacts Rib, the l contacts RlIIa, the l wire of the group 21'(Fig. la), relay RIJ, wire of the 2 set designated 28 (Figs. lc, la), to another of the contacts 2l in line with the 2 magnet I8, to positive line Il.
  • the circuit for illuminating the 5 lamp in the units order is traceable as follows and. is emphasized by heavy lines: from positive line ⁇ Il (Fig. llc), one of the contacts R8.8 a. one ofthe contacts Ella. one of the contacts RJAa (shifted), one of the contacts R414 (shifted), one o! the contacts R2.8a, one of the contacts Rua (lng. i9) shifted, contacts R2.2a, one oi' the contacts RIJa (shifted), one of'thecontacts R2.Ia, one of the contacts Rl.2a (shifted), one of the contacts RLIa (shifted), to the 5 wire of a group designated 82 (Fig. 1c), the 5 lamp 8
  • the separate wires in each group are given values 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 as indicated, and it will be particularly noted that, except in the case ofthe 0 wire, each continuous connection starting at any point and extending upwardly runs through wires whose values progressively double from section to section.
  • in section Il (Fig. 1k) has a value oi' 2 in that section.
  • energization of relay RIJ in section 04 connects the wire
  • is connected over to the 2 wire
  • the multiplying mechanism just described is utilised inthe performance of division which is carried out by automatically multiplying the a plurality of dverent amounts greater, equal to or less than the dividend.
  • the multiplying part of the operation linvolves automatic setting oi' therelays it in Figs. 1a and 1b sequentially represent dverent amounts inch dividing is carried out may best be exby way' ofconcrete example.
  • Magnet SL is of the slow acting type and upon closure of its contacts SLa will complete a circuit iromwire l2 (connected to positive line il as explained), through contacts BLa, magnet S to negative line il.
  • the magnet S operates a stepping switch through a ratchet and pawl mechanism 6i (Fig. la). To the pivot shalt oi the ratchet are connected contact wipers I4 and l2 (Fig. la) and 0U and Il (Fig.
  • Fig- 1b When magnet S is energized, it also opens its contacts Sa which break the circuit to magnet SL and which in turn permits its contacts Sla to open to break the circuit to magnet S, whereupon the wipers are advanced one step. Advance of the wiper N (Fig. la) will break the circuit through the magnet R0 oi Fig. 1c. which was previously traced. and this circuit will not be again completed until the wiper Il has been advanced through 180 or ten steps.
  • the wiper iii (Fig. 1b) functions as a control for the stepping switch to repeatedly energize magnet S and advance the several wipers ten steps of operation.
  • the initial energization oi' magnet SL was brought about by manual operation of the key it and through wire 58.
  • the wiper 60 When the wiper 60 is on its 1 segment 59, it is disconnected to wire 58 and is connected to wire l2 (which is connected to positive line i5), so that a circuit is traced from wire l2, through ⁇ the l segment I9, wiper 60, contacts Sa, magnet SL to negative line it.
  • closure oi' contacts SLa energizes magnet S which in turn opens its contacts Sa, deenergizing magnet SL, the latter opening contacts SLa to -deenergize magnet S and enable the wipers to advance to the next step, where the operation is repeated.
  • wiper I2 When wiper I2 is on the 2 spot 8l, it completes a circuit from positive line il. to wire B6. as explained, wiper I2, the 2 spot 6l, wire 6l (Fig. lb), through the lower winding oi' the 8 magnet il in the tens order to negative line il.
  • wiper 82 When the wiper 82 is on the 3 spot, a similar circuit is completed to energize the lower winding of the magnet.4 magnetv i8 in the tens order.
  • a circuit is completed to energize the lower winding oi the 2 magnet il in the tens order.
  • the lower windoi the 1 magnet is of the tens order and on the lamps Upper then the lower windings of the 8.
  • Multiplying takes place in exactly the same manner under control of the divisor key contacts I8 and the contacts 28 of the 8 magnet I8 in the tens order as though this magnet had been energized under control of a multiplicand key, so that the multiplying circuits will not be traced in detail, and it will sufilce to point out briefly the relays that are energized' in the several orders for this multiplication of 80 and 95.
  • the comparing mechanism operthe trial product 'Z600 with the At this point atea to compare divident 8265.
  • each of the keys I I when depressed will through a pin or roller 1I thereon rock a contact blade 12 toward the left to close a related pair of contacts 18 and all the other contacts 18 to the left thereof. Depression of a key II will also shift a pair4 of contacts 14 to open the upper and to close the lower contacts 14. In the units section of the machine (Fig. 1c) only the upper contacts 14 are required while in higher orders (Fiss. ld, le and 1f) both and lower contacts are provided.
  • the function of the comparing mechanism is to deenergize the relay magnet I8 if the trial product is greater than the dividend. Where the trial product is less than the dividend, no effective circuits are completed.
  • each contact 18 is wired to a coil of a relay R88 and through this coil to negative line I8.
  • the movable blade of contact 18 is wired to upper contacts 14 whose common contact is connected through a wire 11 in parallel with the lamp 4I in the related digital position.
  • the comparison of a multiplicand digitwith a trial product digit may best be explained by assumed conditions representing the three possible conditions of comparison. Let it be supposed that the 8 key II is depressed (closing contacts 1I in the 8 and 9 positions and closing lower contacts 14 in the 8 position) and the 8 lamp 4I is receiving current.
  • a wire 18 is connected to the movable blade of contacts R88a and it will be apparent that. if the set digit in this order is smaller, wire 18 will be connected through left hand con tacts R880 to negative line I8. If the digits are equal, wire 18 connects through right hand contacts R881: and closed contacts R8Ia to wire 88 which in Fig. le corresponds to wire 18 in Fig. lf; I
  • the 8 magnet Il will remain energized through this holding circuit when the switch 82 advances to the next step, where it energizes the 4 magnet I8 so that at that step both the 8 and the 4 magnets I8 are yenergized and multiplication again takes place.
  • the contacts 28 of the 4 magnet can not complete a hold- -ing circuit since the contacts 28 ofthis 4 magnet are connected to the now open lower contacts 28 of the 8 magnet, so that the 4 magnet cannot remain energized when the wiper advances to energize the 2 magnet I8.
  • the contacts 28 of this magnet also cannot establish a holding circuit, so that again there is an idle multiplying operation which will be ineilective to hold the 2 magnet Il energized.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computing Systems (AREA)
  • Mathematical Analysis (AREA)
  • Mathematical Optimization (AREA)
  • Pure & Applied Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computational Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Keying Circuit Devices (AREA)
  • Input From Keyboards Or The Like (AREA)
US481075A 1943-03-30 1943-03-30 Electric calculating machine Expired - Lifetime US2394924A (en)

Priority Applications (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NL78641D NL78641C (US07223432-20070529-C00017.png) 1943-03-30
US481075A US2394924A (en) 1943-03-30 1943-03-30 Electric calculating machine
GB5841/44A GB577195A (en) 1943-03-30 1944-03-29 Improvements in or relating to calculating machines
FR942833D FR942833A (fr) 1943-03-30 1946-06-28 Perfectionnements aux machines à calculer électriques
DEI2051A DE931502C (de) 1943-03-30 1950-09-22 Dezimal-binaere Relaisrechenmaschine

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US481075A US2394924A (en) 1943-03-30 1943-03-30 Electric calculating machine

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US2394924A true US2394924A (en) 1946-02-12

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US481075A Expired - Lifetime US2394924A (en) 1943-03-30 1943-03-30 Electric calculating machine

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US (1) US2394924A (US07223432-20070529-C00017.png)
DE (1) DE931502C (US07223432-20070529-C00017.png)
FR (1) FR942833A (US07223432-20070529-C00017.png)
GB (1) GB577195A (US07223432-20070529-C00017.png)
NL (1) NL78641C (US07223432-20070529-C00017.png)

Cited By (22)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2493862A (en) * 1946-10-03 1950-01-10 Ibm Dividing machine
US2536951A (en) * 1945-12-21 1951-01-02 Ibm Record controlled multiplying machine
US2560172A (en) * 1948-03-31 1951-07-10 Automatic Elect Lab Binary binomial sequential analyzer
US2574283A (en) * 1946-03-27 1951-11-06 John T Potter Predetermined electronic counter
US2620974A (en) * 1947-03-31 1952-12-09 Raymond L A Valtat Binary network type calculating machine
US2703201A (en) * 1949-03-24 1955-03-01 Ibm Electronic divider
US2717734A (en) * 1950-08-16 1955-09-13 Hofgaard Rolf Relay calculating machine
US2736493A (en) * 1956-02-28 C ellerbeck
US2736494A (en) * 1956-02-28 Square root calculating machine
US2817477A (en) * 1947-03-14 1957-12-24 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Electronic computer
US2829827A (en) * 1954-03-01 1958-04-08 Ibm Electronic multiplying machine
US2829822A (en) * 1949-10-24 1958-04-08 Marchant Calculators Inc Binary value calculator
DE1030064B (de) * 1953-05-28 1958-05-14 Ibm Deutschland Anordnung zur UEberfuehrung dezimaler Lochkarten-Angaben in Binaerwerte
US2855147A (en) * 1954-11-12 1958-10-07 Phillips Petroleum Co Polynomial multiplier
US2873913A (en) * 1953-03-10 1959-02-17 Eldi Feinmechanik G M B H Electrical multiplier
US2876687A (en) * 1951-06-26 1959-03-10 Graphic Arts Res Foundation In Type composing apparatus
US2921738A (en) * 1955-04-18 1960-01-19 Phillips Petroleum Co Polynomial multiplier
US2934268A (en) * 1956-05-28 1960-04-26 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Square root computer
US2934269A (en) * 1954-11-23 1960-04-26 Ibm Product generator
US2961160A (en) * 1956-05-28 1960-11-22 Toledo Scale Corp Electronic multiplier
US3023961A (en) * 1957-05-23 1962-03-06 Thompson Ramo Wooldridge Inc Apparatus for performing high speed division
US3033456A (en) * 1956-05-12 1962-05-08 Emi Ltd Apparatus for multiplying binary numbers

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1119021B (de) * 1958-06-04 1961-12-07 Zuse K G Rechenvorrichtung zum Multiplizieren von Zahlen
NL263156A (US07223432-20070529-C00017.png) * 1960-04-05

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE664012C (de) * 1931-09-12 1938-08-20 Raymond Louis Andre Valtat Rechenmaschine

Cited By (22)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2736493A (en) * 1956-02-28 C ellerbeck
US2736494A (en) * 1956-02-28 Square root calculating machine
US2536951A (en) * 1945-12-21 1951-01-02 Ibm Record controlled multiplying machine
US2574283A (en) * 1946-03-27 1951-11-06 John T Potter Predetermined electronic counter
US2493862A (en) * 1946-10-03 1950-01-10 Ibm Dividing machine
US2817477A (en) * 1947-03-14 1957-12-24 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Electronic computer
US2620974A (en) * 1947-03-31 1952-12-09 Raymond L A Valtat Binary network type calculating machine
US2560172A (en) * 1948-03-31 1951-07-10 Automatic Elect Lab Binary binomial sequential analyzer
US2703201A (en) * 1949-03-24 1955-03-01 Ibm Electronic divider
US2829822A (en) * 1949-10-24 1958-04-08 Marchant Calculators Inc Binary value calculator
US2717734A (en) * 1950-08-16 1955-09-13 Hofgaard Rolf Relay calculating machine
US2876687A (en) * 1951-06-26 1959-03-10 Graphic Arts Res Foundation In Type composing apparatus
US2873913A (en) * 1953-03-10 1959-02-17 Eldi Feinmechanik G M B H Electrical multiplier
DE1030064B (de) * 1953-05-28 1958-05-14 Ibm Deutschland Anordnung zur UEberfuehrung dezimaler Lochkarten-Angaben in Binaerwerte
US2829827A (en) * 1954-03-01 1958-04-08 Ibm Electronic multiplying machine
US2855147A (en) * 1954-11-12 1958-10-07 Phillips Petroleum Co Polynomial multiplier
US2934269A (en) * 1954-11-23 1960-04-26 Ibm Product generator
US2921738A (en) * 1955-04-18 1960-01-19 Phillips Petroleum Co Polynomial multiplier
US3033456A (en) * 1956-05-12 1962-05-08 Emi Ltd Apparatus for multiplying binary numbers
US2934268A (en) * 1956-05-28 1960-04-26 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Square root computer
US2961160A (en) * 1956-05-28 1960-11-22 Toledo Scale Corp Electronic multiplier
US3023961A (en) * 1957-05-23 1962-03-06 Thompson Ramo Wooldridge Inc Apparatus for performing high speed division

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Publication number Publication date
NL78641C (US07223432-20070529-C00017.png)
GB577195A (en) 1946-05-08
DE931502C (de) 1955-09-22
FR942833A (fr) 1949-02-18

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