US2244800A - Heat transfer tube - Google Patents
Heat transfer tube Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US2244800A US2244800A US311050A US31105039A US2244800A US 2244800 A US2244800 A US 2244800A US 311050 A US311050 A US 311050A US 31105039 A US31105039 A US 31105039A US 2244800 A US2244800 A US 2244800A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- tube
- heat transfer
- elements
- transfer tube
- fins
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F22—STEAM GENERATION
- F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
- F22B37/00—Component parts or details of steam boilers
- F22B37/02—Component parts or details of steam boilers applicable to more than one kind or type of steam boiler
- F22B37/10—Water tubes; Accessories therefor
- F22B37/101—Tubes having fins or ribs
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F22—STEAM GENERATION
- F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
- F22B37/00—Component parts or details of steam boilers
- F22B37/02—Component parts or details of steam boilers applicable to more than one kind or type of steam boiler
- F22B37/06—Flue or fire tubes; Accessories therefor, e.g. fire-tube inserts
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
- F28F1/10—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
- F28F1/10—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses
- F28F1/42—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being both outside and inside the tubular element
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
- F28F1/10—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses
- F28F1/42—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being both outside and inside the tubular element
- F28F1/422—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being both outside and inside the tubular element with outside means integral with the tubular element and inside means integral with the tubular element
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
- F28F1/10—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses
- F28F1/42—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being both outside and inside the tubular element
- F28F1/424—Means comprising outside portions integral with inside portions
Definitions
- the main object of the invention is to provide a tube which will effect an absolute maximum in heat transfer as related to the volume and capacity of the tube.
- Another object of the invention is to provide aA tube with integral webs or fins to increase the superiicialheat transfer area over that oi the plain tube.
- a further object of the invention is to provide a tube for transfer of heat with both, inner and outer fins or Webs and so proportioned as to provide equalization of heat transfer between the inside and the outside of the tube.
- a still further object of the invention is to form the additional heat transfer elements, such as the iins or webs, in comparatively shor-t sections to prevent introduction of stresses through uneven heating of inner elements relative to the exterior elements.
- Fig. 1 is a longitudinal section through a boiler tube with the invention applied thereto.
- Fig; 2 is a cross-sectional view showing a modification as to the number of fins as related to Fig. l. y
- Fig. 3 is a modlcation of Fig. 2, showing pins substituted for the plate fins of the other types.
- Fig. 4 is another modification in which the fins are formed spirally within and exteriorly of the tube.
- Fig. 5 is a fragmentary longitudinal view of Fig. 4 with a portion shown in section to illustrate the interior construction.
- F18. 6 is a modification showing the invention applied to a noncircular type of tubing.
- Fig. 'l is a fragmentary longitudinal view of Fig. 6, and is shown partly in section.
- the invention consists in forming heat transfer tubing such as ilre tubes, water tubes. steam radiators, refrigerating coils, and water heating coils, with integral heat-transfer elements, for the purpose of increasing the efllciency of the tubes to establish heat transfer at an absolute maximum without increasing the normal area of the tube or the space normally required for installation.
- the Itube i0 is provided with heat transfer elements il and I2 respectively externally and internally, and these elements are preferably balanced to provide equal supercial areas solas to maintain directly relative heat transfer characteristics irrespective of variations in exterior and These elements are formed as an integral part of the tube, by either direct rolling or casting processes, or through Welding processes, so that. the ilns, webs or pins and the tube will be an inseparable and directly conductable unit.
- Fig. 2 is identical to Fig. 1I with the exception that eight sets of equi-angularly spaced radial heat transfer fins are included instead of two as shown in Fig. l. principally by the diameter of the tube.
- Fig. 3 can be made with ns in the form of pins in any desired shape, and these pins are shown as cylindrical externally and conical internally, although Wedge or any other shape may be employed.
- This figure illustrates a conventional tube with a multiplicity of holes punched or drilled and pins inserted and welded in place as indicated at I9, the exterior portion Il of the pins being made to t the holes. Instead oi conical, ⁇ the interior portions I8 of these pins may also be cylindrical in form.
- Figs. 4 and 5 show the invention appliedA as a series of spiral elements 2
- the spirals similar to the straight type of fins, are divided into short sections as shown at 23 so as to eliminate the possibility of creation of, torsional stresses. Rings i can be substituted for spirals.
- Figs. 6 and 7 show a structure similar to Fig. 1 with the exception that in these ilgures the invention is applied to non-circular tubing 24 and includes tie ilns 25 interiorly which act as a tie between the bulgable walls, but which tie ilns, due to the formation of the slots 26 permits com.
- the number of iins is governed i munlcation throughout the cross-sectional area of the'tube.
- a boiler tube substantially elliptical in crosssection and having internal webs parallel to the minor ams o! the 4tube and spaced on opposite sides thereof for heat transfer and for tying the and contraction.
Description
June 10, 1941. M. PASCALE HEAT TRANSFER TUBE Filed Dec. 26, 1959 Patented June 10, 1941 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE maar rnaNsrEa TUBE Miguel mais, oakland. cam. Application December 26, 1939, Serial No. 311,050 1 claim. (ci. 257-262) This invention, a heat transfer tube, is designed for use under conditions in which heat is to be transferred from one fluid to another, such as in nre-tube or water-tube boilers, water heaters, refrigeration, and radiators o1' heating systems.
The main object of the invention is to provide a tube which will effect an absolute maximum in heat transfer as related to the volume and capacity of the tube.
Another object of the invention is to provide aA tube with integral webs or fins to increase the superiicialheat transfer area over that oi the plain tube.
A further object of the invention is to provide a tube for transfer of heat with both, inner and outer fins or Webs and so proportioned as to provide equalization of heat transfer between the inside and the outside of the tube.
A still further object of the invention is to form the additional heat transfer elements, such as the iins or webs, in comparatively shor-t sections to prevent introduction of stresses through uneven heating of inner elements relative to the exterior elements.
Other objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent as the following description is read on the drawing forming a part of this specication, and in which similar reference characters are used to designate similar parts throughout the several views, of which:
Fig. 1 is a longitudinal section through a boiler tube with the invention applied thereto.
, interior temperatures.
, Fig; 2 is a cross-sectional view showing a modification as to the number of fins as related to Fig. l. y
Fig. 3 is a modlcation of Fig. 2, showing pins substituted for the plate fins of the other types.
Fig. 4 is another modification in which the fins are formed spirally within and exteriorly of the tube.
Fig. 5 is a fragmentary longitudinal view of Fig. 4 with a portion shown in section to illustrate the interior construction.
F18. 6 is a modification showing the invention applied to a noncircular type of tubing.
Fig. 'l is a fragmentary longitudinal view of Fig. 6, and is shown partly in section.
The invention consists in forming heat transfer tubing such as ilre tubes, water tubes. steam radiators, refrigerating coils, and water heating coils, with integral heat-transfer elements, for the purpose of increasing the efllciency of the tubes to establish heat transfer at an absolute maximum without increasing the normal area of the tube or the space normally required for installation.
The Itube i0 is provided with heat transfer elements il and I2 respectively externally and internally, and these elements are preferably balanced to provide equal supercial areas solas to maintain directly relative heat transfer characteristics irrespective of variations in exterior and These elements are formed as an integral part of the tube, by either direct rolling or casting processes, or through Welding processes, so that. the ilns, webs or pins and the tube will be an inseparable and directly conductable unit.
These webs or fins in all cases are divided into short sections as shown so as to be ineffective in setting up stresses through contraction or expansion created by heat and the ends I3 and I4 of the tubes for boilers or similar uses are left free of heat transfer elements to permit installation in the flue sheets 0r boiler heads i5 and I6.
Fig. 2 is identical to Fig. 1I with the exception that eight sets of equi-angularly spaced radial heat transfer fins are included instead of two as shown in Fig. l. principally by the diameter of the tube.
Fig. 3 can be made with ns in the form of pins in any desired shape, and these pins are shown as cylindrical externally and conical internally, although Wedge or any other shape may be employed. This figure illustrates a conventional tube with a multiplicity of holes punched or drilled and pins inserted and welded in place as indicated at I9, the exterior portion Il of the pins being made to t the holes. Instead oi conical,` the interior portions I8 of these pins may also be cylindrical in form.
Figs. 4 and 5 show the invention appliedA as a series of spiral elements 2| formed exteriorly, and 22 formed interiorly of the tube 20. These spiral elements are formed similarly to the other elements, either integral with the tube as by rolling or casting, or by Welding such as by -a'continuous butt-Weld process. The spirals, similar to the straight type of fins, are divided into short sections as shown at 23 so as to eliminate the possibility of creation of, torsional stresses. Rings i can be substituted for spirals.
Figs. 6 and 7 show a structure similar to Fig. 1 with the exception that in these ilgures the invention is applied to non-circular tubing 24 and includes tie ilns 25 interiorly which act as a tie between the bulgable walls, but which tie ilns, due to the formation of the slots 26 permits com.
The number of iins is governed i munlcation throughout the cross-sectional area of the'tube.
It will be understood that variations in construction and arrangement of parts, which variations are consistent with the appended claim may be resorted to without detracting trom the spirit or scope oi the invention or sacriiicing any of the advantages thereof.
I claim:
A boiler tube substantially elliptical in crosssection and having internal webs parallel to the minor ams o! the 4tube and spaced on opposite sides thereof for heat transfer and for tying the and contraction.
MIGUEL PASCALE.
opposite sides of the Webs;
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US311050A US2244800A (en) | 1939-12-26 | 1939-12-26 | Heat transfer tube |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US311050A US2244800A (en) | 1939-12-26 | 1939-12-26 | Heat transfer tube |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US2244800A true US2244800A (en) | 1941-06-10 |
Family
ID=23205173
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US311050A Expired - Lifetime US2244800A (en) | 1939-12-26 | 1939-12-26 | Heat transfer tube |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US2244800A (en) |
Cited By (39)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2432308A (en) * | 1943-12-29 | 1947-12-09 | Harold J Goodyer | Conduit having annular ribs, a sump, and sediment directing means |
US2446663A (en) * | 1944-01-11 | 1948-08-10 | Curtiss Wright Corp | Fan deicing or anti-icing means |
US2452630A (en) * | 1944-03-29 | 1948-11-02 | Walter L Burritt | Tubular fence post construction |
US2463997A (en) * | 1944-06-19 | 1949-03-08 | Calumet And Hecla Cons Copper | Method of making integral external and internal finned tubing |
US2469635A (en) * | 1948-01-03 | 1949-05-10 | Svenska Maskinverken Ab | Steam boiler or the like having extended heat transfer surfaces |
US2503451A (en) * | 1944-01-11 | 1950-04-11 | Curtiss Wright Corp | Deicing system for aircraft surfaces |
US2543835A (en) * | 1945-12-10 | 1951-03-06 | Maurice J Dewey | Gas-fired immersion heating apparatus |
US2554092A (en) * | 1941-04-29 | 1951-05-22 | Poray Marcel Cyprien Kuczew De | Apparatus for heating a fluid by means of solid fuel |
US2559272A (en) * | 1947-09-06 | 1951-07-03 | Ungarische Radiatoren Fabriks | Heat exchanger |
US2658580A (en) * | 1948-10-18 | 1953-11-10 | Rech S Tech Et D Expl S Ind So | Silencer for internal-combustion engines |
US2757518A (en) * | 1949-10-27 | 1956-08-07 | Fresh Frozen Foods Ltd | Finned tubular heat exchange elements and quick freezing apparatus embodying such elements |
US2759246A (en) * | 1954-12-08 | 1956-08-21 | Olin Mathieson | Method of making hollow articles |
US2801831A (en) * | 1953-12-15 | 1957-08-06 | Vapor Heating Corp | Ribbon spiral flow heat exchanger |
US2873354A (en) * | 1954-08-23 | 1959-02-10 | Gregory Ind Inc | Method of making a heat exchanger |
US2885335A (en) * | 1954-05-11 | 1959-05-05 | Moore Richard Valentine | Nuclear reactor fuel element |
US3015478A (en) * | 1958-11-20 | 1962-01-02 | Seias Corp Of America | Furnace |
US3039858A (en) * | 1959-08-31 | 1962-06-19 | Stauffer Chemical Co | Cs2 retort |
US3172194A (en) * | 1962-08-29 | 1965-03-09 | Olin Mathieson | Metal fabrication |
US3215140A (en) * | 1962-08-30 | 1965-11-02 | Foregger Co Inc | Vaporizing of liquid anesthetic |
US3289752A (en) * | 1964-09-29 | 1966-12-06 | Gen Electric | Condensing heat transfer device |
US3481394A (en) * | 1967-06-26 | 1969-12-02 | Calumet & Hecla Corp | Configuration of heat transfer tubing for vapor condensation on its outer surface |
FR2410238A1 (en) * | 1977-11-25 | 1979-06-22 | Tokyo Shibaura Electric Co | Heat exchanger tube design - incorporates longitudinal grooving and equally spaced circumferential grooves |
US4330036A (en) * | 1980-08-21 | 1982-05-18 | Kobe Steel, Ltd. | Construction of a heat transfer wall and heat transfer pipe and method of producing heat transfer pipe |
FR2496862A1 (en) * | 1980-12-24 | 1982-06-25 | Wieland Werke Ag | RIB TUBE FOR HEAT TRANSFER DEVICES OR SIMILAR DEVICES |
US4375959A (en) * | 1980-10-16 | 1983-03-08 | The Mccarter Corporation | Waste heat recovery in asphalt mixing plant |
DE3734009A1 (en) * | 1987-10-08 | 1989-04-20 | Oschatz Gmbh | Heat exchanger tube |
US5090369A (en) * | 1990-10-18 | 1992-02-25 | Weng Yung J | Heat-absorbing/heating device with high efficiency and a supporting device therefor |
US5529118A (en) * | 1994-10-04 | 1996-06-25 | Nitta; Minoru | Heat exchange system for vehicles and heat exchanger therefor |
US6216675B1 (en) | 1997-05-13 | 2001-04-17 | Bi-Phase Technologies, L.L.C. | System and condenser for fuel injection system |
US6227173B1 (en) | 1999-06-07 | 2001-05-08 | Bi-Phase Technologies, L.L.C. | Fuel line arrangement for LPG system, and method |
US20050034462A1 (en) * | 2000-03-01 | 2005-02-17 | Honeywell International Inc. | System for warming pressurized gas |
US20070224565A1 (en) * | 2006-03-10 | 2007-09-27 | Briselden Thomas D | Heat exchanging insert and method for fabricating same |
US20090178789A1 (en) * | 2008-01-11 | 2009-07-16 | Wolverine Tube, Inc. | Heat exchanger with varying tube design |
CN102706200A (en) * | 2012-07-09 | 2012-10-03 | 浙江美格机械有限公司 | Heat conduction pipe of waste gas and waste fluid waste heat recovery device |
CN105444586A (en) * | 2015-12-23 | 2016-03-30 | 安徽安凯汽车股份有限公司 | Gas water cooler |
CN107764100A (en) * | 2017-10-30 | 2018-03-06 | 清华大学 | Casing type heat exchanging unit and without blocking penetrate mixing rotational-flow high-efficient double pipe heat exchanger |
EP3309368A1 (en) * | 2016-10-14 | 2018-04-18 | AVL List GmbH | Air intake tract arrangement for an internal combustion engine |
USD865141S1 (en) * | 2015-05-21 | 2019-10-29 | Kobe Steet, Ltd. | Heat exchanger tube |
US20230332768A1 (en) * | 2021-12-21 | 2023-10-19 | Spark Thermionics, Inc. | Burner system and method of operation |
-
1939
- 1939-12-26 US US311050A patent/US2244800A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (41)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2554092A (en) * | 1941-04-29 | 1951-05-22 | Poray Marcel Cyprien Kuczew De | Apparatus for heating a fluid by means of solid fuel |
US2432308A (en) * | 1943-12-29 | 1947-12-09 | Harold J Goodyer | Conduit having annular ribs, a sump, and sediment directing means |
US2446663A (en) * | 1944-01-11 | 1948-08-10 | Curtiss Wright Corp | Fan deicing or anti-icing means |
US2503451A (en) * | 1944-01-11 | 1950-04-11 | Curtiss Wright Corp | Deicing system for aircraft surfaces |
US2452630A (en) * | 1944-03-29 | 1948-11-02 | Walter L Burritt | Tubular fence post construction |
US2463997A (en) * | 1944-06-19 | 1949-03-08 | Calumet And Hecla Cons Copper | Method of making integral external and internal finned tubing |
US2543835A (en) * | 1945-12-10 | 1951-03-06 | Maurice J Dewey | Gas-fired immersion heating apparatus |
US2559272A (en) * | 1947-09-06 | 1951-07-03 | Ungarische Radiatoren Fabriks | Heat exchanger |
US2469635A (en) * | 1948-01-03 | 1949-05-10 | Svenska Maskinverken Ab | Steam boiler or the like having extended heat transfer surfaces |
US2658580A (en) * | 1948-10-18 | 1953-11-10 | Rech S Tech Et D Expl S Ind So | Silencer for internal-combustion engines |
US2757518A (en) * | 1949-10-27 | 1956-08-07 | Fresh Frozen Foods Ltd | Finned tubular heat exchange elements and quick freezing apparatus embodying such elements |
US2801831A (en) * | 1953-12-15 | 1957-08-06 | Vapor Heating Corp | Ribbon spiral flow heat exchanger |
US2885335A (en) * | 1954-05-11 | 1959-05-05 | Moore Richard Valentine | Nuclear reactor fuel element |
US2873354A (en) * | 1954-08-23 | 1959-02-10 | Gregory Ind Inc | Method of making a heat exchanger |
US2759246A (en) * | 1954-12-08 | 1956-08-21 | Olin Mathieson | Method of making hollow articles |
US3015478A (en) * | 1958-11-20 | 1962-01-02 | Seias Corp Of America | Furnace |
US3039858A (en) * | 1959-08-31 | 1962-06-19 | Stauffer Chemical Co | Cs2 retort |
US3172194A (en) * | 1962-08-29 | 1965-03-09 | Olin Mathieson | Metal fabrication |
US3215140A (en) * | 1962-08-30 | 1965-11-02 | Foregger Co Inc | Vaporizing of liquid anesthetic |
US3289752A (en) * | 1964-09-29 | 1966-12-06 | Gen Electric | Condensing heat transfer device |
US3481394A (en) * | 1967-06-26 | 1969-12-02 | Calumet & Hecla Corp | Configuration of heat transfer tubing for vapor condensation on its outer surface |
FR2410238A1 (en) * | 1977-11-25 | 1979-06-22 | Tokyo Shibaura Electric Co | Heat exchanger tube design - incorporates longitudinal grooving and equally spaced circumferential grooves |
US4330036A (en) * | 1980-08-21 | 1982-05-18 | Kobe Steel, Ltd. | Construction of a heat transfer wall and heat transfer pipe and method of producing heat transfer pipe |
US4375959A (en) * | 1980-10-16 | 1983-03-08 | The Mccarter Corporation | Waste heat recovery in asphalt mixing plant |
FR2496862A1 (en) * | 1980-12-24 | 1982-06-25 | Wieland Werke Ag | RIB TUBE FOR HEAT TRANSFER DEVICES OR SIMILAR DEVICES |
DE3734009A1 (en) * | 1987-10-08 | 1989-04-20 | Oschatz Gmbh | Heat exchanger tube |
US5090369A (en) * | 1990-10-18 | 1992-02-25 | Weng Yung J | Heat-absorbing/heating device with high efficiency and a supporting device therefor |
US5529118A (en) * | 1994-10-04 | 1996-06-25 | Nitta; Minoru | Heat exchange system for vehicles and heat exchanger therefor |
US6216675B1 (en) | 1997-05-13 | 2001-04-17 | Bi-Phase Technologies, L.L.C. | System and condenser for fuel injection system |
US6227173B1 (en) | 1999-06-07 | 2001-05-08 | Bi-Phase Technologies, L.L.C. | Fuel line arrangement for LPG system, and method |
US7000399B2 (en) * | 2000-03-01 | 2006-02-21 | Honeywell International Inc. | System for warming pressurized gas |
US20050034462A1 (en) * | 2000-03-01 | 2005-02-17 | Honeywell International Inc. | System for warming pressurized gas |
US20070224565A1 (en) * | 2006-03-10 | 2007-09-27 | Briselden Thomas D | Heat exchanging insert and method for fabricating same |
US8162040B2 (en) | 2006-03-10 | 2012-04-24 | Spinworks, LLC | Heat exchanging insert and method for fabricating same |
US20090178789A1 (en) * | 2008-01-11 | 2009-07-16 | Wolverine Tube, Inc. | Heat exchanger with varying tube design |
CN102706200A (en) * | 2012-07-09 | 2012-10-03 | 浙江美格机械有限公司 | Heat conduction pipe of waste gas and waste fluid waste heat recovery device |
USD865141S1 (en) * | 2015-05-21 | 2019-10-29 | Kobe Steet, Ltd. | Heat exchanger tube |
CN105444586A (en) * | 2015-12-23 | 2016-03-30 | 安徽安凯汽车股份有限公司 | Gas water cooler |
EP3309368A1 (en) * | 2016-10-14 | 2018-04-18 | AVL List GmbH | Air intake tract arrangement for an internal combustion engine |
CN107764100A (en) * | 2017-10-30 | 2018-03-06 | 清华大学 | Casing type heat exchanging unit and without blocking penetrate mixing rotational-flow high-efficient double pipe heat exchanger |
US20230332768A1 (en) * | 2021-12-21 | 2023-10-19 | Spark Thermionics, Inc. | Burner system and method of operation |
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