US20240006905A1 - Charging method, diagnosis method, charger, and diagnosis system of battery, and non-transitory storage medium - Google Patents

Charging method, diagnosis method, charger, and diagnosis system of battery, and non-transitory storage medium Download PDF

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Publication number
US20240006905A1
US20240006905A1 US18/166,607 US202318166607A US2024006905A1 US 20240006905 A1 US20240006905 A1 US 20240006905A1 US 202318166607 A US202318166607 A US 202318166607A US 2024006905 A1 US2024006905 A1 US 2024006905A1
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Prior art keywords
battery
impedance
current
charging
time point
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English (en)
Inventor
Yuta KANAI
Ryosuke YAGI
Wataru Uno
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Toshiba Corp
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Toshiba Corp
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Assigned to KABUSHIKI KAISHA TOSHIBA reassignment KABUSHIKI KAISHA TOSHIBA ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: KANAI, YUTA, UNO, WATARU, YAGI, RYOSUKE
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/007—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage
    • H02J7/00712—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage the cycle being controlled or terminated in response to electric parameters
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
    • G01R31/389—Measuring internal impedance, internal conductance or related variables
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
    • G01R31/392—Determining battery ageing or deterioration, e.g. state of health
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0047—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with monitoring or indicating devices or circuits
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0047—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with monitoring or indicating devices or circuits
    • H02J7/005—Detection of state of health [SOH]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • Embodiments described herein relate generally to a charging method, a diagnosis method, a charger, and a diagnosis system of a battery, and a non-transitory storage medium.
  • the frequency characteristic of the impedance of the battery is measured, and the state of the battery including the degradation state of the battery is diagnosed based on the measurement result of the frequency characteristic of the impedance.
  • a current waveform such as the current waveform of an AC current, whose current value periodically changes, is input to the battery at each of a plurality of frequencies, and the impedance of the battery is measured at each of the plurality of frequencies, thereby measuring the frequency characteristic of the impedance of the battery.
  • a battery such as a lithium ion secondary battery
  • the charging rate of the charging current is higher than an appropriate range
  • lithium is hardly diffused in at least one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and uneven distribution of lithium readily occurs in at least one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
  • the impedance of the battery is measured using the above-described superimposed current in a state in which charging is being performed at a charging rate higher than the appropriate range
  • the measurement result of the impedance of the battery is affected not only by the degradation of the battery including the degradation of an electrode active material but also the uneven distribution of lithium in at least one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
  • the charging rate of the charging current is lower than the appropriate range in a state in which the impedance is being measured using the superimposed current, the charging time of the battery becomes long.
  • the current value of the charging current is required to be adjusted to an appropriate magnitude.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing, concerning a battery as a diagnosis target in the embodiment, an example of the relationship between a charging rate and the Warburg impedance of the battery.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic view showing, concerning the battery as the diagnosis target in the embodiment, an example of the frequency characteristic of an impedance as a complex impedance plot.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic view showing, concerning the battery as the diagnosis target in the embodiment, an example of the change of the frequency characteristic of the impedance caused by charging at a high charging rate.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic view showing an example of a diagnosis system for a battery according to the embodiment.
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic view showing an example of a current waveform input to the battery in measurement of the first impedance of the battery according to the embodiment.
  • FIG. 6 is a flowchart schematically showing an example of processing performed by the control circuit of a charger executing a charging program in the embodiment.
  • FIG. 7 is a flowchart schematically showing an example of processing performed by the processing circuit of a diagnosis apparatus executing a diagnosis program in the embodiment.
  • a charging method of a battery at each of a first time point and a second time point after a time point at which a predetermined time is elapsed from the first time point, a superimposed current obtained by superimposing a current waveform that periodically changes at a predetermined frequency on a charging current is input to the battery, thereby measuring, concerning the impedance of the battery at the predetermined frequency, a first impedance at the first time point and a second impedance at the second time point.
  • the current value of the charging current is adjusted.
  • the battery as the diagnosis target and the charging target is, for example, a secondary battery such as a lithium ion secondary battery.
  • the battery may be formed by a unit cell (unit battery), or may be a battery module or a cell block formed by electrically connecting a plurality of unit cells.
  • the plurality of unit cells may electrically be connected in series, or may electrically be connected in parallel in the battery.
  • both a series-connection structure in which a plurality of unit cells are connected in series and a parallel-connection structure in which a plurality of unit cells are connected in parallel may be formed in the battery.
  • the battery may be any one of a battery string, a battery array, and a storage battery, in each of which a plurality of battery modules are electrically connected. Also, in a battery module in which a plurality of unit cells are electrically connected, each of the plurality of unit cells may be a battery as a diagnosis target and a charging target.
  • the electric charge amount (charging amount) and the SOC are defined as parameters representing the charging state of the battery.
  • the electric charge amount of the battery in real time is calculated based on the electric charge amount of the battery at a predetermined time point and a time change from the predetermined time point concerning a current flowing to the battery. For example, the time integrated value of the current flowing to the battery from the predetermined time point is added to the electric charge amount of the battery at the predetermined time point, thereby calculating the electric charge amount of the battery in real time.
  • a lower limit voltage Vmin and an upper limit voltage Vmax are defined.
  • an SOC value is defined as the value of an SOC of the battery.
  • a state in which the voltage in discharging or charging under a predetermined condition becomes the lower limit voltage Vmin is defined as a state in which the SOC value is 0 (0%)
  • a state in which the voltage in discharging or charging under a predetermined condition becomes the upper limit voltage Vmax is defined as a state in which the SOC value is 1 (100%).
  • a charging capacity (charging electric charge amount) until the SOC value changes from 0 to 1 in charging under a predetermined condition or a discharging capacity (discharging electric charge amount) until the SOC value changes from 1 to 0 in discharging under a predetermined condition is defined as a battery capacity.
  • the ratio of a remaining electric charge amount (remaining capacity) until the state in which the SOC value is 0 to the battery capacity of the battery is the SOC of the battery.
  • the battery includes a positive electrode and a negative electrode as electrodes, and the polarities of the positive electrode and the negative electrode are opposite to each other.
  • the positive electrode contains a positive electrode active material
  • the negative electrode contains a negative electrode active material.
  • the battery as the diagnosis target is a lithium ion secondary battery that is charged and discharged as lithium ions move between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
  • the positive electrode includes, as the positive electrode active material, one of lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide, lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide, lithium iron phosphate, and lithium manganese oxide
  • the negative electrode includes, as the negative electrode active material, one of lithium titanate, titanium oxide, niobium titanium oxide, and a carbon-based active material.
  • a battery as described above such as a lithium ion secondary battery
  • lithium is hardly diffused and uneven distribution of lithium readily occurs in at least one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode. That is, if the battery is charged at a high charging rate, the concentration of lithium tends to be uneven in at least one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
  • the concentration of lithium tends to be uneven in at least one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
  • uneven distribution of lithium tends to readily occur in at least the negative electrode at the time of charging at a high charging rate.
  • uneven distribution of lithium tends to readily occur in at least the positive electrode at the time of charging at a high charging rate.
  • the impedance components of the battery include not only an ohmic resistance including a resistance in the moving process of lithium in an electrolyte, the charge transfer impedance of each of the positive electrode and the negative electrode, an impedance derived from a coat formed on the positive electrode or the negative electrode by a reaction or the like, and the inductance component of the battery but also the Warburg impedance of each of the positive electrode and the negative electrode, which is an impedance in the diffusion process of ions such as lithium ions in the electrode active material of each of the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
  • the Warburg impedance is large in a state in which uneven distribution of lithium occurs, as described above, as compared to a state in which lithium is not unevenly distributed.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing, concerning a battery as a diagnosis target in the embodiment, an example of the relationship between a charging rate and the Warburg impedance of the battery.
  • the abscissa represents time based on the start of charging as the reference, and the ordinate represents the increase amount of the Warburg impedance (the sum of the Warburg impedances of the positive electrode and the negative electrode) from the start of charging. Also, in FIG.
  • the time change of the increase amount of the Warburg impedance in a case where charging is performed at a charging rate ⁇ 1 is indicated by a solid line
  • the time change of the increase amount of the Warburg impedance in a case where charging is performed at a charging rate ⁇ 2 higher than the charging rate ⁇ 1 is indicated by a broken line.
  • conditions other than the charging rates including the SOC values of the battery at the start and the end of charging, are identical to each other in the charging at the charging rates ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2 .
  • the charging rate ⁇ 1 is a low charging rate and is, for example, 1C.
  • the charging rate ⁇ 2 is a high charging rate and is, for example, 3C.
  • the impedance of the battery at each of a plurality of frequencies is measured, and the frequency characteristic of the impedance of the battery is measured.
  • the measurement of the frequency characteristic of the impedance of the battery is performed concurrently with charging of the battery. For example, a superimposed current obtained by superimposing a periodically changing current waveform (the current waveform of an AC current) on a charging current at each of a plurality of frequencies is input to the battery, thereby measuring the impedance of the battery at each of the plurality of frequencies.
  • the measurement result for the frequency characteristic of the impedance of the battery can be shown on, for example, a complex impedance plot (Cole-Cole plot) for the battery.
  • a complex impedance plot On the complex impedance plot, a real number component and an imaginary number component are shown concerning the impedance of the battery measured at each of a plurality of frequencies.
  • the distance from the origin indicates the magnitude of the impedance (the absolute value of the impedance).
  • reference literature 1 Jpn. Pat. Appln. KOKAI Publication No. 2017-106889
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic view showing, concerning the battery as the diagnosis target in the embodiment, an example of the frequency characteristic of the impedance as a complex impedance plot.
  • the abscissa represents a real number component Zre of the impedance
  • the ordinate represents an imaginary number component ⁇ Zim of the impedance.
  • FIG. 2 shows the frequency characteristic of the impedance in each of three states ⁇ 1 to ⁇ 3 for the battery.
  • the frequency characteristic of the impedance in the state ⁇ 1 is indicated by a solid line
  • the frequency characteristic of the impedance in the state ⁇ 2 is indicated by a broken line
  • the frequency characteristic of the impedance in the state ⁇ 3 is indicated by an alternate long and short dash line.
  • the state ⁇ 1 corresponds to a state immediately after the start of use of the battery, in which uneven distribution of lithium does not occur in each of the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
  • the state ⁇ 2 corresponds to a state after the elapse of a certain period from the start of use of the battery, in which uneven distribution of lithium does not occur in each of the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
  • the state ⁇ 3 corresponds to a state in which uneven distribution of lithium occurs in at least one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode due to rapid charging or the like in the same period as the state ⁇ 2 . In each of the states ⁇ 2 and ⁇ 3 , the period is the period after the state ⁇ 1 .
  • the battery is degraded in each of the states ⁇ 2 and ⁇ 3 due to the degradation of the electrode active material and coat formation on the positive electrode or the negative electrode, as compared to the state ⁇ 1 .
  • other conditions such as the temperature and the SOC are identical to each other in the states ⁇ 1 to ⁇ 3 .
  • the frequency characteristic of the impedance of the battery changes due to the degradation of the battery including the degradation of the electrode active material.
  • the frequency characteristic of the impedance in the state ⁇ 1 changes to the frequency characteristic of the impedance in the state ⁇ 2 due to the degradation of the battery.
  • the frequency characteristic of the impedance changes due to the occurrence of uneven distribution of lithium in at least one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
  • the frequency characteristic of the impedance in the state ⁇ 2 changes to the frequency characteristic of the impedance in the state ⁇ 3 due to uneven distribution of lithium in at least one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
  • the impedance in the low frequency range that is, the impedance in the frequency range corresponding to the Warburg impedance largely increases as compared to a state in which lithium is not unevenly distributed in each of the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic view showing, concerning the battery as the diagnosis target in the embodiment, an example of the change of the frequency characteristic of the impedance caused by charging at a high charging rate.
  • the abscissa represents a frequency f
  • the ordinate represents the impedance of the battery as an absolute value
  • the frequency characteristic of the impedance at time ta at the start of charging or immediately after the start is indicated by a solid line
  • the frequency characteristic of the impedance at time tb after the time ta is indicated by a broken line. As shown in FIG.
  • the impedance of the battery largely increases in a low frequency range as compared to the start of charging and the time point immediately after the start.
  • the increase of the impedance of the battery is conspicuous at least within a frequency range ⁇ f 0 .
  • the frequency range ⁇ f 0 in which the increase of the impedance from the start of charging is conspicuous includes a frequency range corresponding to the Warburg impedance.
  • a frequency range of 0.005 Hz (inclusive) to 10 Hz (inclusive) corresponds to the frequency range ⁇ f 0 .
  • the frequency characteristic of the impedance of the battery is measured concurrently with charging of the battery. Then, based on the measurement result for the frequency characteristic of the impedance of the battery, the degradation state of the battery is determined, and the battery is diagnosed.
  • the impedance component of the battery such as the Warburg impedance of each of the positive electrode and the negative electrode is calculated. Then, based on the calculation result of the impedance component, the degradation state of the battery is determined.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic view showing an example of a diagnosis system 1 for a battery 6 according to the embodiment.
  • the diagnosis system 1 includes a battery mounting device 2 , a charger 3 , and a diagnosis apparatus 5 .
  • the battery 6 is mounted in the battery mounting device 2 .
  • Examples of the battery mounting device 2 are a large power storage apparatus for an electric power system, a smartphone, a vehicle, a stationary power supply device, a robot, and a drone, and examples of a vehicle serving as the battery mounting device 2 are a railroad vehicle, an electric bus, an electric car, a plug-in hybrid car, and an electric motorcycle.
  • the impedance of the battery in a low frequency range exhibits a tendency of largely increasing.
  • the charger 3 supplies electric power to the battery 6 in charging of the battery 6 .
  • a charging current is input from the charger 3 to the battery 6 .
  • a control circuit 10 a storage medium (non-transitory storage medium) 11 , and a communication module 12 are mounted in the charger 3 .
  • a driving circuit 13 a current detection circuit 15 , and a voltage detection circuit 16 are mounted in the charger 3 .
  • the control circuit 10 controls supply of electric power to the battery 6 and controls charging of the battery 6 .
  • the control circuit 10 is formed by a processor or an integrated circuit.
  • the processor or the like forming the control circuit 10 includes one of a CPU (Central Processing Unit), an ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit), a microcomputer, an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array), and a DSP (Digital Signal Processor).
  • the control circuit 10 may be formed by one processor or the like, or may be formed by a plurality of processors or the like.
  • the storage medium 11 is one of a main storage device such as a memory and an auxiliary storage device.
  • a magnetic disk, an optical disk (for example, a CD-ROM, a CD-R, or a DVD), a magnetooptical disk (for example, an MO), or a semiconductor memory can be used.
  • the charger 3 may include only one memory serving as the storage medium 11 , or may include a plurality of memories.
  • the control circuit 10 , the storage medium 11 , and the like form a processing apparatus such as a computer.
  • the communication module 12 is formed by the communication interface of the charger 3 .
  • the control circuit 10 communicates with processing apparatuses outside the charger 3 , including the diagnosis apparatus 5 , via the communication module 12 .
  • the control circuit 10 performs processing by executing programs and the like stored in the storage medium 11 .
  • a data management program 17 and a charging program 18 are stored in the storage medium 11 .
  • the control circuit 10 executes the data management program 17 , thereby performing data write to the storage medium 11 and data read from the storage medium 11 .
  • the control circuit 10 executes the charging program 18 , thereby performing processing (to be described later) in charging of the battery 6 .
  • the program to be executed by the control circuit 10 including the data management program 17 and the charging program 18 , may be stored in a computer (server) connected via a network such as the Internet or a server in a cloud environment. In this case, the control circuit 10 downloads the programs via the network. Also, the control circuit 10 performs processing based on an instruction received from the outside via the communication module 12 .
  • the control circuit 10 controls driving of the driving circuit 13 , thereby controlling currents input to the battery 6 , including the charging current to the battery 6 .
  • AC electric power from a commercial electric power supply 7 is input to the driving circuit 13 of the charger 3 .
  • the driving circuit 13 for example, an AC/DC converter, a transformation circuit, and the like are mounted.
  • the AC/DC converter converts the AC electric power from the commercial electric power supply 7 into DC electric power
  • the transformation circuit transforms the voltage of the electric power supplied from the commercial electric power supply 7 into a voltage corresponding to the battery 6 .
  • the DC electric power is supplied to the battery 6 with the voltage corresponding to the battery 6 , and the charging current is input to the battery 6 .
  • the driving circuit 13 is provided with a current value adjustment circuit configured to adjust the current value of the charging current to the battery 6 .
  • the control circuit 10 controls driving of the current value adjustment circuit, thereby adjusting the current value of the charging current.
  • adjustment for increasing or decreasing the current value of the charging current to the battery 6 and adjustment for maintaining the current value of the charging current to the battery 6 are performed by the control circuit 10 .
  • the driving circuit 13 is also provided with a current waveform generation circuit.
  • the current waveform generation circuit generates the periodically changing current waveform of an AC current.
  • the control circuit 10 controls driving of the current waveform generation circuit, thereby adjusting the frequency of the current waveform to be generated.
  • the driving circuit 13 can input, to the battery 6 , a superimposed current obtained by superimposing the current waveform generated by the current waveform generation circuit on the charging current of the battery 6 .
  • the current value of the superimposed current periodically changes at the frequency of the superimposed current waveform with the current value of the charging current being as the center.
  • the superimposed current is a DC current whose flowing direction does not change.
  • the control circuit 10 controls driving of the driving circuit 13 , thereby switching between a state in which the charging current without superimposition of the current waveform is input to the battery 6 and a state in which the superimposed current obtained by superimposing the periodically changing current waveform on the charging current is input to the battery 6 .
  • the current detection circuit 15 and the voltage detection circuit 16 form a measurement unit 8 that detects and measures parameters associated with the battery 6 .
  • the measurement unit 8 periodically measures the parameters associated with the battery 6 .
  • the current detection circuit 15 periodically detects and measures a current flowing to the battery 6
  • the voltage detection circuit 16 periodically detects and measures a voltage applied to the battery 6 .
  • the measurement unit 8 includes a temperature sensor (not shown) in addition to the current detection circuit 15 and the voltage detection circuit 16 . In this case, as a parameter associated with the battery 6 , the temperature sensor periodically detects and measures the temperature of the battery 6 .
  • the control circuit 10 acquires measurement data including the measurement results, by the measurement unit 8 , of the above-described parameters associated with the battery 6 .
  • the control circuit 10 acquires, as measurement data, a measurement value at each of a plurality of measurement time points and a time change (time history).
  • the control circuit 10 may acquire the time change (time history) of the current of the battery 6 and the time change (time history) of the voltage of the battery 6 .
  • the control circuit 10 may acquire the time change (time history) of the temperature of the battery 6 .
  • the control circuit 10 controls the driving circuit 13 , thereby controlling the current input to the battery 6 .
  • the measurement unit 8 is provided in the charger 3 .
  • the measurement unit 8 including the current detection circuit 15 and the voltage detection circuit 16 may be provided in the battery mounting device 2 .
  • the battery mounting device 2 may have a charging function of charging the battery, like the charger 3 . In this case, processing (to be described later) by the control circuit of the charger 3 is performed by the processor or integrated circuit of the battery mounting device 2 .
  • the control circuit 10 when charging the battery 6 , the control circuit 10 performs the following processing by executing the charging program 18 . That is, the control circuit 10 controls driving of the driving circuit 13 , thereby inputting the charging current to the battery 6 to start charging of the battery 6 . Then, at the first time point that is the start of charging or a time point immediately after the start of charging, the control circuit 10 measures the impedance of the battery 6 at a predetermined frequency F 0 .
  • the impedance of the battery 6 at the predetermined frequency F 0 which is measured at the first time point, will be referred to as the “first impedance” in the following explanation.
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic view showing an example of a current waveform input to the battery 6 in measurement of the first impedance of the battery 6 according to the embodiment.
  • the abscissa represents time t
  • the ordinate represents a current I.
  • the driving circuit 13 generates a superimposed current Ia(t) by superimposing the current waveform of an AC current that periodically changes at the predetermined frequency F 0 on a charging current Ia 0 ( t ), and inputs the generated superimposed current Ia(t) to the battery 6 .
  • the current value periodically changes with the current value Ia 0 of the charging current being as the center.
  • the superimposed current Ia(t) is a DC current whose flowing direction does not change.
  • the first impedance is measured concurrently with charging of the battery 6 .
  • the superimposed current Ia(t) input to the battery 6 in the measurement of the first impedance periodically changes at the predetermined frequency F 0 .
  • one period of the superimposed current Ia(t) is the reciprocal (1/F 0 ) of the predetermined frequency F 0 .
  • the current waveform of the superimposed current Ia(t) shown in FIG. 5 is a sinusoidal wave (sin wave).
  • the current waveform of the superimposed current input to the battery 6 may be a current waveform such as a triangular wave or a sawtooth wave other than the sinusoidal wave.
  • the current detection circuit 15 and the voltage detection circuit 16 measure the current and the voltage of the battery 6 , respectively, in a state in which the superimposed current whose current value periodically changes at the predetermined frequency F 0 , as described above, is input to the battery 6 . Then, the control circuit 10 acquires measurement data representing the measurement results of the current and the voltage of the battery 6 in the state in which the superimposed current at the predetermined frequency F 0 is input to the battery 6 . Based on the measurement data in the state in which the superimposed current at the predetermined frequency F 0 is input to the battery 6 , the control circuit 10 calculates the first impedance as the impedance of the battery 6 at the predetermined frequency F 0 at the first time point.
  • control circuit 10 calculates a peak-to-peak value (variation width) in the periodical change of the current of the battery 6 based on the time change of the current of the battery 6 , and calculates a peak-to-peak value (variation width) in the periodical change of the voltage of the battery 6 based on the time change of the voltage of the battery 6 .
  • a processing circuit 20 then calculates the first impedance of the battery 6 from the ratio of the peak-to-peak value of the voltage to the peak-to-peak value of the current.
  • the first time point is the start of charging of the battery 6 or a time point immediately after the start, as described above.
  • the first time point is a time point before a time point at which 10 sec is elapsed from the start of charging of the battery.
  • the predetermined frequency F 0 is a relatively low frequency and is a frequency within the frequency range corresponding to the Warburg impedance.
  • the predetermined frequency F 0 is included in the frequency range in which the increase of the impedance of the battery 6 is conspicuous due to uneven distribution of lithium in at least one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode. For this reason, in an example, the predetermined frequency F 0 is 10 Hz or less.
  • the predetermined frequency F 0 is 0.005 Hz or more.
  • the predetermined frequency F 0 that is the frequency of the superimposed current is preferably a frequency within the frequency range of 0.005 Hz (inclusive) to 10 Hz (inclusive).
  • the control circuit 10 measures the impedance of the battery 6 at the predetermined frequency F 0 at a second time point after a time point at which a predetermined time is elapsed from the first time point.
  • the impedance of the battery 6 at the predetermined frequency F 0 which is measured at the second time point, will be referred to as the “second impedance” in the following explanation.
  • the control circuit 10 controls driving of the driving circuit 13 , thereby inputting a superimposed current generated by superimposing an AC current that periodically changes at the predetermined frequency F 0 on the charging current, like the measurement of the first impedance.
  • the superimposed current Ia(t) shown in FIG. 5 is input to the battery 6 .
  • the control circuit calculates the second impedance as the impedance of the battery 6 at the predetermined frequency F 0 at the second time point.
  • the above-described predetermined time from the first time point is preferably a time of 10 sec (inclusive) to 360 sec (inclusive).
  • the charging current is continuously input to the battery 6 , and the battery is continuously charged. Between the first time point and the second time point, the charging current without superimposition of the AC current may be input to the battery 6 , or the superimposed current obtained by superimposing the AC current on the charging current may be input to the battery 6 .
  • the control circuit 10 executes the charging program 18 , thereby calculating a parameter representing the increase state of the second impedance to the first impedance as an index.
  • a parameter representing the increase state of the second impedance to the first impedance is calculated as the index.
  • the increase ratio ⁇ is calculated by equation (1) using a first impedance Z 1 and a second impedance Z 2 .
  • the increase amount corresponds to a value obtained by subtracting the first impedance (the absolute value of the first impedance) from the second impedance (the absolute value of the second impedance).
  • the parameter representing the increase state of the second impedance to the first impedance such as the increase ratio R, has a negative value if the second impedance decreases relative to the first impedance.
  • the control circuit 10 Based on the calculation result of the parameter serving as the index such as the increase ratio R, the control circuit 10 adjusts the current value of the charging current. That is, using the parameter representing the increase state of the second impedance to the first impedance as the index, the current value of the charging current is adjusted. At this time, for the parameter serving as the index, a reference range from a lower limit value (inclusive) to an upper limit value (inclusive) is defined. In an example, the increase ratio ⁇ of the second impedance to the first impedance is calculated as the index, and a reference range from a lower limit value (inclusive) to an upper limit value ⁇ u (inclusive) is defined for the increase ratio R.
  • the control circuit 10 Based on whether the parameter serving as the index falls within the above-described reference range or not, the control circuit 10 adjusts the current value of the charging current. If the parameter serving as the index falls within the reference range, the control circuit 10 maintains the current value of the charging current. If the parameter serving as the index is larger than the upper limit value of the reference range, the control circuit 10 decreases the current value of the charging current. If the parameter serving as the index is smaller than the lower limit value of the reference range, the control circuit 10 increases the current value of the charging current.
  • the above-described increase ratio ⁇ is calculated as the index. If the increase ratio ⁇ fall within the range of the lower limit value (inclusive) to the upper limit value ⁇ u (inclusive), the] current value of the charging current is maintained. If the increase ratio ⁇ is smaller than the lower limit value ⁇ 1 , the current value of the charging current is increased. If the increase ratio ⁇ is larger than the upper limit value ⁇ u, the current value of the charging current is decreased.
  • the control circuit After the second time point, the control circuit inputs the charging current to the battery 6 with the current value adjusted as described above based on the parameter such as the increase ratio ⁇ representing the increase state of the second impedance to the first impedance. Until an end condition to end the charging is satisfied, the control circuit 10 continues the charging of the battery 6 .
  • the control circuit 10 measures the impedance of the battery 6 at the predetermined frequency F 0 .
  • the impedance of the battery 6 at the predetermined frequency F 0 which is measured at the third time point, will be referred to as the “third impedance” in the following explanation.
  • the above-described superimposed current is input to the battery 6 , like the measurement of the first impedance and the second impedance.
  • the control circuit 10 calculates, as an index, a parameter representing the increase state of the third impedance to the first impedance, such as the increase ratio of the third impedance to the first impedance.
  • the parameter serving as the index is calculated like the calculation of the parameter representing the increase state of the second impedance to the first impedance.
  • the control circuit 10 Based on whether the parameter representing the increase state of the third impedance to the first impedance, that is, the parameter calculated as the index falls within the reference range, the control circuit 10 adjusts the current value of the charging current. At this time, the current value of the charging current is adjusted, like the adjustment of the current value of the charging current based on the parameter such as the above-described increase ratio ⁇ representing the increase state of the second impedance to the first impedance. After the third time point as well, the control circuit 10 may adjust the current value of the charging current based on the increase state of the impedance of the battery 6 at the predetermined frequency F 0 to the first impedance. In this case, the current value of the charging current is adjusted, like the adjustment of the current value of the charging current based on the parameter such as the above-described increase ratio ⁇ representing the increase state of the second impedance to the first impedance.
  • the diagnosis apparatus 5 diagnoses the state of the battery 6 , including the degradation state of the battery 6 .
  • the diagnosis apparatus 5 is a processing apparatus (computer) such as a server provided outside the battery mounting device 2 and the charger 3 , and can communicate with the charger 3 via a network.
  • the diagnosis apparatus 5 includes the processing circuit 20 , a storage medium (non-transitory storage medium) 21 , a communication module 22 , and a user interface 23 .
  • the processing circuit 20 is formed by a processor or an integrated circuit.
  • the processor or the like forming the processing circuit 20 includes one of a CPU, an ASIC, a microcomputer, an FPGA, and a DSP.
  • the processing circuit may be formed by one processor or the like, or may be formed by a plurality of processors or the like.
  • the storage medium 21 is one of a main storage device such as a memory and an auxiliary storage device.
  • the diagnosis apparatus 5 may include only one memory serving as the storage medium 21 , or may include a plurality of memories.
  • the processing circuit 20 performs processing by executing programs and the like stored in the storage medium 21 .
  • a data management program 25 and a diagnosis program 26 are stored in the storage medium 21 .
  • the processing circuit 20 executes the data management program 25 , thereby performing data write to the storage medium 21 and data read from the storage medium 21 .
  • the processing circuit 20 executes the diagnosis program 26 , thereby performing processing (to be described later) in diagnosis of the battery 6 .
  • the diagnosis apparatus 5 is formed by a plurality of processing apparatuses (computers) such as a plurality of servers, and the processors of the plurality of processing apparatuses cooperatively perform processing (to be described later) in the diagnosis of the battery 6 .
  • the diagnosis apparatus 5 is formed by a cloud server in a cloud environment.
  • the infrastructure of the cloud environment is formed by a virtual processor such as a virtual CPU and a cloud memory.
  • the virtual processor performs processing (to be described later) in the diagnosis of the battery 6 .
  • the cloud memory has a function of storing programs and data, like the storage medium 21 .
  • the storage medium 21 that stores the programs to be executed by the processing circuit 20 and data to be used for the processing of the processing circuit 20 is provided in a computer separate from the charger 3 and the diagnosis apparatus 5 .
  • the diagnosis apparatus 5 is connected, via a network, to the computer in which the storage medium 21 and the like are provided.
  • the diagnosis apparatus 5 is mounted in the battery mounting device 2 or the charger 3 .
  • a processor or the like mounted in the battery mounting device 2 or the charger 3 performs processing (to be described later) in the diagnosis of the battery 6 .
  • the communication module 22 is formed by the communication interface of the processing apparatus that forms the diagnosis apparatus 5 .
  • the processing circuit 20 communicates with devices outside the diagnosis apparatus 5 , including the charger 3 , via the communication module 22 .
  • the user interface 23 On the user interface 23 , the user of the diagnosis apparatus 5 and the diagnosis system 1 , or the like inputs an operation associated with the diagnosis of the battery 6 .
  • the user interface 23 is provided with buttons, a mouse, a touch panel, or a keyboard serving as an operation unit used by the user to input an operation.
  • the user interface 23 is provided with a notification unit that notifies information associated with the diagnosis of the battery 6 .
  • the notification unit notifies the information by screen display or sound generation. Note that the user interface 23 may be provided separately from the processing apparatus that forms the diagnosis apparatus 5 .
  • the processing circuit 20 executes the diagnosis program 26 , thereby diagnosing the battery 6 as the diagnosis target.
  • the processing circuit 20 measures the frequency characteristic of the impedance of the battery 6 .
  • the processing circuit 20 transmits an instruction to the charger 3 via the communication module 22 , and the control circuit 10 receives the instruction from the diagnosis apparatus 5 via the communication module 12 .
  • the control circuit 10 then superimposes the periodically changing current waveform of the AC current on the charging current with the adjusted current value at each of a plurality of frequencies, and sequentially inputs the superimposed currents at the plurality of frequencies to the battery 6 .
  • the control circuit 10 measures each of the current and the voltage of the battery 6 and transmits measurement data representing the measurement results to the diagnosis apparatus 5 via the communication module 12 .
  • the processing circuit 20 calculates the impedance at each of the plurality of frequencies based on the measurement data received from the charger 3 via the communication module 22 . At this time, the impedance is calculated, like the first impedance, the second impedance, and the like.
  • the processing circuit 20 calculates the impedance of the battery 6 at each of the plurality of frequencies, thereby calculating the frequency characteristic of the impedance of the battery 6 .
  • the current waveform of the AC current is superimposed on the charging current, and the frequency characteristic of the impedance of the battery 6 is measured in the above-described way.
  • the processing circuit 20 sequentially superimposes the current waveform on the charging current at each of the plurality of frequencies, and measures the frequency characteristic of the impedance of the battery 6 .
  • the processing circuit 20 executes the diagnosis program 26 , thereby determining the degradation state of the battery 6 based on the measurement result of the frequency characteristic of the impedance of the battery 6 .
  • the impedance component of the battery 6 including the Warburg impedance of each of the positive electrode and the negative electrode is calculated.
  • an ohmic resistance and the charge transfer resistance of each of the positive electrode and the negative electrode are calculated.
  • the storage medium 21 stores an equivalent circuit model including information about the equivalent circuit of the battery 6 .
  • a plurality of electric characteristic parameters (circuit constants) corresponding to the impedance components of the battery 6 are set.
  • the electric characteristic parameters are parameters representing the electric characteristics of circuit elements provided in the equivalent circuit. Examples of the electric characteristic parameters are a resistance, a capacitance (capacity), an inductance, and an impedance. Resistances shown as electric characteristic parameters in the equivalent circuit can include, for example, an ohmic resistance and the charge transfer resistance of each of the positive electrode and the negative electrode. Also, the electric characteristic parameters set in the equivalent circuit can include the Warburg impedance of each of the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
  • the equivalent circuit model stored in the storage medium 21 includes data representing the relationship between the electric characteristic parameters of the equivalent circuit and the impedance of the battery 6 .
  • the data representing the relationship between the electric characteristic parameters and the impedance of the battery 6 shows, for example, expressions for calculating the real number component and the imaginary number component of the impedance from the electric characteristic parameters (circuit constants).
  • each of the real number component and the imaginary number component of the impedance of the battery 6 is calculated using the electric characteristic parameters, the frequency, and the like.
  • the processing circuit 20 performs a fitting calculation using the equivalent circuit model including the above-described equivalent circuit, and the measurement result for the frequency characteristic of the impedance of the battery 6 .
  • the fitting calculation is performed using the electric characteristic parameters of the equivalent circuit including the resistance components of the battery 6 as variables, thereby calculating the electric characteristic parameters as the variables.
  • the values of the electric characteristic parameters as the variables are decided such that the difference between the calculation result of the impedance using the expression included in the equivalent circuit model and the measurement result of the impedance becomes as small as possible.
  • Reference literature 1 also shows a method of performing a fitting calculation using the measurement result for the frequency characteristic of the impedance of the battery and the equivalent circuit model of the battery and calculating the electric characteristic parameters (circuit constants) of the equivalent circuit.
  • the processing circuit 20 determines the degradation state of the battery 6 based on the calculation results of the resistance components by the fitting calculation. In an example, the processing circuit 20 calculates the charge transfer resistance of each of the positive electrode and the negative electrode based on the measurement result for the frequency characteristic of the impedance of the battery 6 . The processing circuit 20 determines the degree of degradation of the positive electrode based on the degree of the change of the charge transfer resistance of the positive electrode from the start of use of the battery 6 , and determines the degree of degradation of the negative electrode based on the degree of the change of the charge transfer resistance of the negative electrode from the start of use of the battery 6 .
  • FIG. 6 is a flowchart schematically showing an example of processing performed by the control circuit 10 of the charger 3 executing the charging program 18 in the embodiment.
  • FIG. 6 shows processing in charging of the battery 6 , and the processing shown in FIG. 6 is performed every time the battery 6 is charged once.
  • the control circuit inputs the charging current to the battery 6 to start charging of the battery 6 (step S 101 ).
  • the control circuit 10 measures the impedance of the battery 6 at the predetermined frequency F 0 .
  • control circuit 10 inputs the above-described superimposed current to the battery 6 at the predetermined frequency F 0 , thereby measuring the first impedance as the impedance of the battery 6 at the predetermined frequency F 0 at the first time point (step S 102 ).
  • the control circuit 10 waits until a predetermined time elapses from the first time point (NO in step S 103 ).
  • the control circuit 10 measures the impedance of the battery 6 at the predetermined frequency F 0 at the second time point after a time point at which the predetermined time is elapsed from the first time point. At this time, the control circuit 10 inputs the above-described superimposed current to the battery 6 at the predetermined frequency F 0 , thereby measuring the second impedance as the impedance of the battery 6 at the predetermined frequency F 0 at the second time point (step S 104 ). The control circuit 10 calculates a parameter representing the increase state of the second impedance to the first impedance as an index (step S 105 ). At this time, for example, the increase ratio ⁇ of the second impedance to the first impedance is calculated
  • the control circuit 10 determines whether the calculated index falls within the reference range from the lower limit value (inclusive) to the upper limit value (inclusive) (step S 106 ). If the index such as the increase ratio ⁇ falls within the reference range (YES in step S 106 ), the control circuit 10 maintains the current value of the charging current at the current value in real time (step S 107 ). On the other hand, if the index falls outside the reference range (NO in step S 106 ), the control circuit determines whether the index is smaller than the lower limit value of the reference range (step S 108 ). If the index is smaller than the lower limit value (YES in step S 108 ), the control circuit 10 increases the current value of the charging current from the current value in real time (step S 109 ). On the other hand, if the index is larger than the upper limit value (NO in step S 108 ), the control circuit 10 decreases the current value of the charging current from the current value in real time (step S 110 ).
  • step S 111 the control circuit 10 continues the charging of the battery 6 with the current value adjusted in one of steps S 107 , S 109 , and S 110 . If the end condition of charging is satisfied (YES in step S 111 ), the control circuit 10 stops input of the charging current to the battery 6 to end the charging.
  • the control circuit 10 measures the impedance of the battery 6 at the predetermined frequency F 0 .
  • the control circuit 10 calculates a parameter representing the increase state to the first impedance at the first time point.
  • the control circuit performs the same processing as in steps S 106 to S 110 of the example shown in FIG. 6 using the calculated parameter as an index, thereby adjusting the current value of the charging current.
  • FIG. 7 is a flowchart schematically showing an example of processing performed by the processing circuit of the diagnosis apparatus 5 executing the diagnosis program 26 in the embodiment.
  • FIG. 7 shows processing in diagnosis of the battery 6 , and the processing shown in FIG. 7 is performed every time the battery 6 is diagnosed.
  • the processing circuit 20 transmits an instruction to the control circuit 10 of the charger 3 to charge the battery 6 with the current value for which the index that is the parameter representing the increase state of the second impedance to the first impedance falls within the reference range (step S 121 ).
  • the processing circuit 20 transmits an instruction to the control circuit 10 of the charger 3 to superimpose the current waveform of an AC current on the charging current at each of a plurality of frequencies (step S 122 ).
  • the superimposed currents at the plurality of frequencies are sequentially input to the battery 6 .
  • the processing circuit 20 inputs the superimposed current to the battery 6 at each of the plurality of frequencies, thereby calculating the impedance of the battery 6 at each of the plurality of frequencies and calculating the frequency characteristic of the impedance of the battery 6 (step S 123 ).
  • the processing circuit 20 sequentially superimposes the current waveform on the charging current at each of the plurality of frequencies, and measures the frequency characteristic of the impedance of the battery 6 .
  • the processing circuit 20 determines the degradation state of the battery 6 in the above-described way based on the measurement result for the frequency characteristic of the impedance (step S 124 ).
  • the superimposed current obtained by superimposing the current waveform that periodically changes at the predetermined frequency F 0 on the charging current is input to the battery 6 .
  • the above-described superimposed current is input to the battery 6 , thereby measuring, concerning the impedance of the battery 6 at the predetermined frequency F 0 , the first impedance at the first time point and the second impedance at the second time point.
  • the current value of the charging current is adjusted.
  • the current value of the charging current when the current value of the charging current is adjusted using the parameter representing the increase state of the second impedance to the first impedance as the index, the current value of the charging current can be adjusted such that the uneven distribution of lithium does not occur in each of the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
  • the current value of the charging current can be adjusted such that the current value becomes as large as possible within such a range that uneven distribution of lithium does not occur in each of the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
  • the current value of the charging current can be adjusted to an appropriate magnitude in a case where the impedance of the battery is measured concurrently with charging of the battery. That is, the magnitude of the charging current can be adjusted to such a magnitude that uneven distribution of lithium does not occur in each of the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and an increase in the charging time is suppressed.
  • the periodically changing current waveform is superimposed on the charging current, thereby measuring the frequency characteristic of the impedance of the battery 6 .
  • the frequency characteristic of the impedance of the battery 6 is measured in a state in which uneven distribution of lithium does not occur or hardly occurs in each of the positive electrode and the negative electrode. That is, the measurement result for the frequency characteristic of the impedance of the battery 6 is affected by the degradation of the battery including the degradation of the electrode active material but is hardly affected by the uneven distribution of lithium in each of the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
  • the degradation state of the battery 6 is diagnosed based on the measurement result for the frequency characteristic of the impedance of the battery 6 , the degradation state of the battery 6 including the degradation state of the electrode active material is more appropriately determined.
  • the current value of the charging current is adjusted based on whether the parameter serving as the index such as the increase ratio ⁇ falls within the reference range. For example, if the index falls within the reference range, the current value of the charging current is maintained. If the index is smaller than the lower limit value of the reference range, the current value of the charging current is increased. If the index is larger than the upper limit value of the reference range, the current value of the charging current is decreased. Since the current value of the charging current is adjusted as described above, the current value of the charging current is appropriately adjusted such that the current value becomes as large as possible within such a range that uneven distribution of lithium does not occur in each of the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
  • the superimposed current is input to the battery 6 , and the impedance of the battery 6 at the predetermined frequency F 0 is measured.
  • the first impedance is measured by defining the start of charging of the battery 6 or a time point immediately after the start as the first time point. It is therefore possible to appropriately determine, based on the parameter representing the increase state of the second impedance to the first impedance, whether uneven distribution of lithium occurs in one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode in charging in real time. Hence, the current value of the charging current is appropriately adjusted such that uneven distribution of lithium does not occur in each of the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
  • the first impedance at the first time point and the second impedance at the second time point after a time point at which a predetermined time is elapsed from the first time point are measured. Then, the current value of the charging current is adjusted using the parameter representing the increase state of the second impedance to the first impedance as the index. It is therefore possible to provide a charging method, a charger, and a charging program of a battery, which are configured to adjust the current value of a charging current to an appropriate magnitude in a case where the impedance of the battery is measured concurrently with charging of the battery.

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  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Medical Informatics (AREA)
  • Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
  • Tests Of Electric Status Of Batteries (AREA)
  • Secondary Cells (AREA)
US18/166,607 2022-07-01 2023-02-09 Charging method, diagnosis method, charger, and diagnosis system of battery, and non-transitory storage medium Pending US20240006905A1 (en)

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