US20230159638A1 - Ex vivo gamma delta t cell populations - Google Patents

Ex vivo gamma delta t cell populations Download PDF

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US20230159638A1
US20230159638A1 US17/904,890 US202117904890A US2023159638A1 US 20230159638 A1 US20230159638 A1 US 20230159638A1 US 202117904890 A US202117904890 A US 202117904890A US 2023159638 A1 US2023159638 A1 US 2023159638A1
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Oliver NUSSBAUMER
Oxana POLYAKOVA
Adrian Hayday
Pierre VANTOUROUT
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GammaDelta Therapeutics Ltd
Adaptate Biotherapeutics Ltd
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Definitions

  • the invention relates to populations of gamma delta T cells contacted with anti-TCR gamma variable 4 (anti-V ⁇ 4) antibodies.
  • T cell immunotherapy for cancer has focused on the evident capacity of subsets of CD8+ and CD4+ alpha beta ( ⁇ ) T cells to recognize cancer cells and to mediate host-protective functional potentials, particularly when de-repressed by clinically mediated antagonism of inhibitory pathways exerted by PD-1, CTLA-4, and other receptors.
  • ⁇ T cells are MHC-restricted which can lead to graft versus host disease.
  • Gamma delta T cells represent a subset of T cells that express on their surface a distinct, defining ⁇ T-cell receptor (TCR).
  • This TCR is made up of one gamma ( ⁇ ) and one delta ( ⁇ ) chain, each of which undergoes chain rearrangement but have a limited number of V genes as compared to ⁇ T cells.
  • the main TRVG gene segments encoding V ⁇ are TRGV2, TRGV3, TRGV4, TRGV5, TRGV8, TRGV9 and non-functional genes TRGV10, TRGV11, TRGVA and TRGVB.
  • Human ⁇ T cells can be broadly classified based on their TCR chains, as certain ⁇ and ⁇ types are found on cells more prevalently, though not exclusively, in one or more tissue types. For example, most blood-resident ⁇ T cells express a V ⁇ 2 TCR, commonly V ⁇ 9V ⁇ 2, whereas this is less common among tissue-resident ⁇ T cells such as those in the skin, which more frequently use the V ⁇ 1 TCR paired with gamma chains, for example often paired with V ⁇ 4 in the gut.
  • V ⁇ 4 TCR due to high homology between V ⁇ 4 TCR and other TRGV family members such as the V ⁇ 2 TCR, modalities capable of targeting only the V ⁇ 4 TCR have not been possible. Therefore there is an unmet need for antibodies specific for V ⁇ 4, including such specific antibodies that specifically bind or modulate the V ⁇ 4 TCR.
  • an ex vivo method of modulating gamma variable 4 (V ⁇ 4) T cells comprising administering an antibody or fragment thereof, which specifically binds to a V ⁇ 4 chain of a ⁇ T cell receptor (TCR) and not to a gamma variable 2 (V ⁇ 2) chain of a ⁇ TCR, to a cell population comprising V ⁇ 4 T cells.
  • V ⁇ 4 gamma variable 4
  • TCR ⁇ T cell receptor
  • V ⁇ 2 gamma variable 2
  • the species is Homo sapiens (human) and therefore the invention also provides an ex vivo method of modulating gamma variable 4 (V ⁇ 4) T cells comprising administering an antibody or fragment thereof, which specifically binds to a human gamma variable 4 (V ⁇ 4) chain of a ⁇ T cell receptor (TCR) and not to a human gamma variable 2 (V ⁇ 2) chain of a ⁇ TCR.
  • V ⁇ 4 chain may have a sequence according to amino acids 1-99 of SEQ ID NO. 1 and/or the human V ⁇ 2 chain may have a sequence according to SEQ ID NO. 335.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof specifically binds to the species-specific ortholog of the human gamma variable 4 (V ⁇ 4) chain of a ⁇ T cell receptor (TCR) and not to the species-specific ortholog of the human gamma variable 2 (V ⁇ 2) chain of a ⁇ TCR.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof may specifically bind to a human gamma variable 4 (V ⁇ 4) chain of a ⁇ T cell receptor (TCR) having a sequence corresponding to amino acids 1-99 of SEQ ID NO. 1 or non-human ortholog thereof and not to a human gamma variable 2 (V ⁇ 2) chain of a ⁇ TCR having a sequence corresponding to SEQ ID NO. 335 or non-human ortholog thereof.
  • Ortholog in this context may mean a gamma chain sequence with the highest sequence similarity to the reference sequence, or preferably one which possesses the same function (e.g. interaction with orthologous cognate ligands in vivo).
  • the protein designated under the Heilig & Tonegave nomenclature as V ⁇ 7 is functionally most closely related to human V ⁇ 4 (Barros et al. (2016) Cell, 167:203-218.e17).
  • V ⁇ 4 chain and V ⁇ 2 chain are highly homologous (sequence identity of 91%), differing in respect of only 9 amino acids.
  • Three of these nine changes map across CDR1 and CDR2, whilst four of these nine changes map to a sub-region of framework region 3 (FR3) – amino acids 67-82 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • FR3 framework region 3
  • the present inventors have been able to develop such antibodies using the methods described in more detail herein.
  • the invention provides ex vivo methods of using antibodies and fragments thereof which are able to specifically modulate V ⁇ 4-containing ⁇ TCRs.
  • the antibodies or fragments thereof described herein may bind to an epitope of the human V ⁇ 4 chain of the ⁇ TCR comprising one or more amino acid residues within amino acid region 67-82 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • an ex vivo method of modulating gamma variable 4 (V ⁇ 4) T cells comprising administering an anti-V ⁇ 4 antibody or fragment thereof, which comprises one or more of:
  • the anti-V ⁇ 4 antibody or fragment thereof may comprise one or more of:
  • the anti-V ⁇ 4 antibody or fragment thereof may comprise one or more of:
  • the anti-V ⁇ 4 antibody or fragment thereof comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 117-162.
  • the anti-V ⁇ 4 antibody or fragment thereof may comprise a heavy chain variable (VH) amino acid sequence having at least 80% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 117-139, preferably with SEQ ID NO: 125.
  • the anti-V ⁇ 4 antibody or fragment thereof may comprise a light chain variable (VL) amino acid sequence having at least 80% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 140-162, preferably with SEQ ID NO: 148.
  • the anti-V ⁇ 4 antibody or fragment thereof comprises one or more of:
  • the anti-V ⁇ 4 antibody or fragment thereof comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 163-185.
  • the anti-V ⁇ 4 antibody comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 233-255.
  • the anti-V ⁇ 4 antibody comprises or consists of a heavy chain amino acid sequence having at least 80% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 284-306 and/or a light chain amino acid sequence having at least 80% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 307-329.
  • the anti-V ⁇ 4 antibody or fragment thereof specifically binds to a V ⁇ 4 chain of a ⁇ T cell receptor (TCR) and competes with binding to the V ⁇ 4 chain of a ⁇ T cell receptor (TCR) with an antibody or fragment thereof as defined herein.
  • TCR ⁇ T cell receptor
  • V ⁇ 4 T cell population obtained by the ex vivo method as defined herein.
  • composition comprising the V ⁇ 4 T cell population as defined herein.
  • composition comprising the V ⁇ 4 T cell population as defined herein, optionally together with a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier.
  • the pharmaceutical composition of the invention for use as a medicament.
  • a method of treating a disease or disorder e.g. cancer, an infectious disease or an inflammatory disease
  • administering comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the V ⁇ 4 T cell population of the invention or the pharmaceutical composition of the invention as defined herein.
  • FIG. 1 Complementarity Determining Region (CDR) sequences of exemplary anti-V ⁇ 4 antibodies. Shown are the CDR sequences for exemplary anti-V ⁇ 4 antibodies described herein. The corresponding SEQ ID NO. is shown to the right of each sequence.
  • CDR Complementarity Determining Region
  • FIG. 2 Antibody specificity against heterodimeric TCR antigens via DELFIA Elisa Assay.
  • A Presented are the results for all antibodies that passed QC assessment (Analytical SEC-HPLC) and which also exhibited specificity for human V ⁇ 4 chain. These antibodies (X-axis) were tested for binding against four different recombinant heterodimeric human TCRs respectively (DV1-GV4; DV2-GV4; DV1-GV2; DV1-GV8). Controls include the isotype controlled anti-chicken lysozyme D1.3 antibody (in-house, far left) plus anti-V ⁇ 1 antibodies REA173 (Miltenyi) and TS8.2 (Fisher) - far right.
  • B Quantification of the data shown in (A) and further showing the fold-change increase in binding of each example clone to the human V ⁇ 4 chain versus the human V ⁇ 2 chain.
  • FIG. 3 A comparison of antibody binding to V ⁇ 4V ⁇ 1 TCRs presented as either recombinant antigens or as recombinant cell surface receptors.
  • A Normalized and log transformed X/Y plot of antibody binding to either the DV1-GV4 antigen via Delfia ELISA (Y-axis) or to JRT3-hu17 cells (X-axis). Vertical grey dotted line indicates the cut-off for mAbs considered negative (left) and positive (right) for JRT3-hu17 binding in this study.
  • X-axis gMFI signal was normalized to CD3 to account for the variation in TCR expression between each construct.
  • B Flow data plot to further illustrate the negative/positive cut-off.
  • Antibody G4_26 exhibits the highest normalized gMFI value among the negative group and exhibits a similar plot to the negative isotype control (D1.3; far left panel).
  • G4_15 (middle panel) has the lowest normalized gMFI value among the positive group and exhibits a clear, albeit weak, staining enhancement when compared to the D1.3 isotype control. Examples of intermediate (G4_16; mid-right) and strong (G4_18; far right) signals are also provided for reference.
  • FIG. 4 Antibody binding to a panel of recombinantly expressed ⁇ 4 TCRs containing differing CDR3 sequences and/or paired with differing delta chains.
  • A Histogram representation of antibody binding signals generated against recombinant TCRs expressed on Jurkat cells. Sequential analysis presented as follows: Antibody binding signal against V ⁇ 4V ⁇ 1-hu17 (black bars); antibody binding signal against V ⁇ 4V ⁇ 1-hu20 (horizontal striped bars); antibody binding signal against V ⁇ 4V ⁇ 2 hu20 ⁇ -PB ⁇ (diagonal striped bars); antibody binding signal against V ⁇ 4V ⁇ 5-LES (white bars). All binding signals normalized to CD3 to account for the variation in TCR expression between differing TCR constructs in JRT3 cells.
  • FIG. 5 Antibody binding and epitope mapping against chimeric hu17 TCRs expressed on JRT3 cells.
  • A Alignment of the germline-encoded variable gamma regions of the indicated chimeric hu17 constructs is presented. Note that due to space limitations, the first 10 amino acids of the mature V ⁇ 2/3/4 sequences (amino acids 1-10 of SEQ ID NO: 256 [SSNLEGRTKS]) are omitted but are identical across all constructs. Amino acids that are different from the reference hu17 sequence (wild-type V ⁇ 4 TCR) are indicated.
  • B Summary table of the reactivity of each antibody to the indicated chimeric TCR constructs. Results highlight the relative binding specificity of each indicated antibody to the individual TCRs expressed on JRT3 cells.
  • C Example flow data of epitope mapping to illustrate the differential binding signals observed in this study.
  • FIG. 6 Example antibody binding and conferred function on V ⁇ 4 TCR (hu17) expressing cells.
  • A Titrated binding of antibodies to JRT3-hu17 showing all example antibodies bound to JRT3-hu17 cells. Non-transduced JRT3 cells (no TCR) employed as a negative control demonstrating that expression of hu17 was essential for antibody binding.
  • B Conferred TCR downregulation by titrated antibodies versus downregulation conferred by positive control antibodies: anti-CD3 ⁇ (UCHT-1, Biolegend) or anti-pan-TCR ⁇ (B1, Biolegend).
  • C Conferred CD69 upregulation by titrated antibodies versus upregulation observed by comparator antibodies: anti-CD3 ⁇ (UCHT-1, Biolegend) or anti-pan-TCR ⁇ (B1, Biolegend).
  • FIG. 7 Example antibody targeting and modulation of primary V ⁇ 4-positive cells.
  • A Titrated binding of anti-V ⁇ 4 antibodies to primary V ⁇ 4+ T cells expanded from the skin of two individual donors, showing that all example antibodies could bind to primary skin-derived V ⁇ 4+ T cells in a dose-dependent manner. Isotype control was employed as a negative control demonstrating the specificity for V ⁇ 4 of the example antibodies.
  • B Binding of anti-V ⁇ 4 antibodies to V ⁇ 4+ T cells derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), showing that substantially all of the example antibodies could bind to primary blood-derived V ⁇ 4+ T cells.
  • PBMCs peripheral blood mononuclear cells
  • C Binding of the anti-V ⁇ 4 antibodies G4_3, G4_12 and G4_18 to gut-derived intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) from colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, showing binding of all three example antibodies to this cell population.
  • Cells were gated as single, live, ⁇ + , IgG1 + (V ⁇ 4) + .
  • D Phenotyping of V ⁇ 4+ ⁇ T cells in the gut digest before stimulation with anti-V ⁇ 4 antibodies, showing that example antibody, G4_18, could be used to identify V ⁇ 4+ cells. 1.4% of live, single cells were V ⁇ 1+. Of these, 44.2% were paired with V ⁇ 4, and these displayed markers of tissue residency (CD69+ CD103+).
  • E Conferred TCR downregulation by example antibodies, G4_12 and G4_18, respectively versus downregulation conferred by isotype negative control, accompanied by representative FACS plots.
  • FIG. 8 Use of V ⁇ 4-specific antibodies to increase the number of primary human V ⁇ 4 T cells.
  • A Example flow data to illustrate the increase in V ⁇ 4 T cells (as determined by staining with clone G4_18) following a 14 day culture of PBMC with plate-bound anti-V ⁇ 4 clone G4_12 compared to isotype control, in the presence of IL-2 or IL-2 + IL-15.
  • Gamma delta ( ⁇ ) T cells represent a small subset of T cells that express on their surface a distinct, defining T Cell Receptor (TCR).
  • TCR T Cell Receptor
  • This TCR is made up of one gamma ( ⁇ ) and one delta ( ⁇ ) chain.
  • Each chain contains a variable (V) region, a constant (C) region, a transmembrane region and a cytoplasmic tail.
  • the V region contains an antigen binding site.
  • V ⁇ 4 T cells refer to ⁇ T cells with a V ⁇ 4 chain, i.e. V ⁇ 4+ cells.
  • references to “gamma variable 4” may also be referred to as V ⁇ 4 or Vg4.
  • a gamma variable 4 polypeptide, or a nucleotide encoding a TCR chain containing this region, or the TCR protein complex comprising this region, may be referred to as “TRGV4”.
  • Antibodies or fragments thereof which interact with the V ⁇ 4 chain of a ⁇ TCR are all effectively antibodies or fragments thereof which bind to V ⁇ 4 and may referred to as “anti-TCR gamma variable 4 antibodies or fragments thereof” or “anti-V ⁇ 4 antibodies or fragments thereof”.
  • Reference to a human V ⁇ 4 polypeptide may mean a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence corresponding to amino acids 1-99 of SEQ ID NO. 1.
  • This 99 amino-acid sequence also corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 334. Therefore, it should be understood that reference herein to amino acids 1-99 of SEQ ID NO. 1 may be used interchangeably with reference to SEQ ID NO: 334, according to all aspects and embodiments of the invention. For instance, reference herein to amino acid region 67-82 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is equivalent with amino acid region 67-82 of SEQ ID NO: 334 and may be used interchangeably herein.
  • delta variable 1 may also be referred to as V ⁇ 1 or Vd1.
  • a delta variable 1 polypeptide, or a nucleotide encoding a TCR chain containing this region, , or the TCR protein complex comprising this region, may be referred to as “TRDV1”.
  • Antibodies or fragments thereof which interact with the V ⁇ 1 chain of a ⁇ TCR are all effectively antibodies or fragments thereof which bind to V ⁇ 1 and may referred to as “anti-TCR delta variable 1 antibodies or fragments thereof” or “anti-V ⁇ 1 antibodies or fragments thereof”.
  • Reference to a human V ⁇ 1 polypeptide may mean a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence corresponding to SEQ ID NO. 337.
  • references to “gamma variable 2” may also be referred to as V ⁇ 2 or Vg2.
  • a gamma variable 2 polypeptide, or a nucleotide encoding a TCR chain containing this region, , or the TCR protein complex comprising this region, may be referred to as “TRGV2”.
  • Antibodies or fragments thereof which interact with the V ⁇ 2 chain of a ⁇ TCR are all effectively antibodies or fragments thereof which bind to V ⁇ 2 and may referred to as “anti-TCR gamma variable 2 antibodies or fragments thereof” or “anti-V ⁇ 2 antibodies or fragments thereof”.
  • Reference to a human V ⁇ 2 polypeptide may mean a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence corresponding to SEQ ID NO. 335.
  • references to “gamma variable 8” may also be referred to as V ⁇ 8 or Vg8.
  • a gamma variable 8 polypeptide, or a nucleotide encoding a TCR chain containing this region, , or the TCR protein complex comprising this region, may be referred to as “TRGV8”.
  • Antibodies or fragments thereof which interact with the V ⁇ 8 chain of a ⁇ TCR are all effectively antibodies or fragments thereof which bind to V ⁇ 8 and may referred to as “anti-TCR gamma variable 8 antibodies or fragments thereof” or “anti-V ⁇ 8 antibodies or fragments thereof”.
  • Reference to a human V ⁇ 8 polypeptide may mean a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence corresponding to SEQ ID NO. 336.
  • antibody includes any antibody protein construct comprising at least one antibody variable domain comprising at least one antigen binding site (ABS).
  • Antibodies include, but are not limited to, immunoglobulins of types IgA, IgG, IgE, IgD, IgM (as well as subtypes thereof).
  • immunoglobulins of types IgA, IgG, IgE, IgD, IgM (as well as subtypes thereof).
  • the overall structure of Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies assembled from two identical heavy (H)-chain and two identical light (L)-chain polypeptides is well established and highly conserved in mammals (Padlan (1994) Mol. Immunol . 31:169-217).
  • a conventional antibody or immunoglobulin (Ig) is a protein comprising four polypeptide chains: two heavy (H) chains and two light (L) chains. Each chain is divided into a constant region and a variable domain.
  • the heavy (H) chain variable domains are abbreviated herein as VH, and the light (L) chain variable domains are abbreviated herein as VL.
  • VH heavy chain variable domain
  • VL light chain variable domains
  • VH and VL domains can be further subdivided into regions, termed “complementarity determining regions” (“CDRs”), interspersed with regions that are more conserved, termed “framework regions” (“FRs”).
  • CDRs complementarity determining regions
  • FRs framework regions
  • the framework and complementarity determining regions have been precisely defined (Kabat et al. Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, Fifth Edition U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , (1991) NIH Publication Number 91-3242). There are also alternative numbering conventions for CDR sequences, for example those set out in Chothia et al. (1989) Nature 342: 877-883.
  • each VH and VL is composed of three CDRs and four FRs, arranged from amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus in the following order: FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4.
  • the conventional antibody tetramer of two heavy immunoglobulin chains and two light immunoglobulin chains is formed with the heavy and the light immunoglobulin chains interconnected by e.g. disulphide bonds, and the heavy chains similarly connected.
  • the heavy chain constant region includes three domains, CH1, CH2 and CH3.
  • the light chain constant region is comprised of one domain, CL.
  • the variable domain of the heavy chains and the variable domain of the light chains are binding domains that interact with an antigen.
  • the constant regions of the antibodies typically mediate the binding of the antibody to host tissues or factors, including various cells of the immune system (e.g. effector cells) and the first component (C1q) of the classical complement system.
  • a fragment of the antibody refers to a portion of an antibody (or constructs that contain said portion) that specifically binds to the target, the gamma variable 4 (V ⁇ 4) chain of a ⁇ T cell receptor (e.g. a molecule in which one or more immunoglobulin chains is not full length, but which specifically binds to the target).
  • V ⁇ 4 gamma variable 4
  • Examples of binding fragments encompassed within the term antibody fragment include:
  • Human antibody refers to antibodies having variable and constant regions derived from human germline immunoglobulin sequences. Human subjects administered with said human antibodies do not generate cross-species antibody responses (for example termed HAMA responses -human-anti-mouse antibody) to the primary amino acids contained within said antibodies. Said human antibodies may include amino acid residues not encoded by human germline immunoglobulin sequences (e.g. mutations introduced by random or site-specific mutagenesis or by somatic mutation), for example in the CDRs and in particular CDR3. However, the term is not intended to include antibodies in which CDR sequences derived from the germline of another mammalian species, such as a mouse, have been grafted onto human framework sequences.
  • Human antibodies that are prepared, expressed, created or isolated by recombinant means such as antibodies expressed using a recombinant expression vector transfected into a host cell, antibodies isolated from a recombinant, combinatorial human antibody library, antibodies isolated from an animal (e.g., a mouse) that is transgenic for human immunoglobulin genes or antibodies prepared, expressed, created or isolated by any other means that involves splicing of human immunoglobulin gene sequences to other DNA sequences, may also be referred to as “recombinant human antibodies”.
  • Humanisation Substituting at least one amino acid residue in the framework region of a non-human immunoglobulin variable domain with the corresponding residue from a human variable domain is referred to as “humanisation”. Humanisation of a variable domain may reduce immunogenicity in humans.
  • Specificity refers to the number of different types of antigens or antigenic determinants to which a particular antibody or fragment thereof can bind.
  • the specificity of an antibody is the ability of the antibody to recognise a particular antigen as a unique molecular entity and distinguish it from another.
  • An antibody that “specifically binds” to an antigen or an epitope is a term well understood in the art.
  • a molecule is said to exhibit “specific binding” if it reacts more frequently, more rapidly, with greater duration and/or with greater affinity with a particular target antigen or epitope, than it does with alternative targets.
  • An antibody “specifically binds” to a target antigen or epitope if it binds with greater affinity, avidity, more readily, and/or with greater duration than it binds to other substances.
  • An antibody (or fragment thereof) may be considered to specifically bind to a target if the binding is statistically significant compared to a non-relevant binder.
  • affinity represented by the equilibrium constant for the dissociation of an antigen with an antigen-binding polypeptide (KD), is a measure of the binding strength between an antigenic determinant and an antigen-binding site on the antibody (or fragment thereof): the lesser the value of the KD, the stronger the binding strength between an antigenic determinant and the antigen-binding polypeptide.
  • the affinity can also be expressed as the affinity constant (KA), which is 1/KD. Affinity can be determined by known methods, depending on the specific antigen of interest. For example. KD may be determined by surface plasmon resonance.
  • Any KD value less than 10 -6 is considered to indicate binding.
  • Specific binding of an antibody, or fragment thereof, to an antigen or antigenic determinant can be determined in any suitable known manner, including, for example, Scatchard analysis and/or competitive binding assays, such as radioimmunoassays (RIA), enzyme immunoassays (EIA) and sandwich competition assays, equilibrium dialysis, equilibrium binding, gel filtration, ELISA, surface plasmon resonance, or spectroscopy (e.g. using a fluorescence assay) and the different variants thereof known in the art.
  • RIA radioimmunoassays
  • EIA enzyme immunoassays
  • sandwich competition assays such as enzyme immunoassays (EIA) and sandwich competition assays, equilibrium dialysis, equilibrium binding, gel filtration, ELISA, surface plasmon resonance, or spectroscopy (e.g. using a fluorescence assay) and the different variants thereof known in the art.
  • “Avidity” is the measure of the strength of binding between an antibody, or fragment thereof, and the pertinent antigen. Avidity is related to both the affinity between an antigenic determinant and its antigen binding site on the antibody and the number of pertinent binding sites present on the antibody.
  • Human tissue V ⁇ 4+ cells and “haemopoietic and blood V ⁇ 4+ cells” and “tumour infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) V ⁇ 4+ cells,” are defined as V ⁇ 4+ cells contained in or derived from either human tissue or the haemopoietic blood system or human tumours respectively. All said cell types can be identified by their (i) location or from where they are derived and (ii) their expression of the V ⁇ 4+ TCR.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof i.e. polypeptide
  • an “isolated” polypeptide is one that is removed from its original environment.
  • isolated may be used to refer to an antibody that is substantially free of other antibodies having different antigenic specificities (e.g. an isolated antibody that specifically binds V ⁇ 4, or a fragment thereof, is substantially free of antibodies that specifically bind antigens other than V ⁇ 4).
  • isolated may also be used to refer to preparations where the isolated antibody is sufficiently pure to be administered therapeutically when formulated as an active ingredient of a pharmaceutical composition, or at least 70-80% (w/w) pure, more preferably, at least 80-90% (w/w) pure, even more preferably, 90-95% pure; and, most preferably, at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% (w/w) pure.
  • the polynucleotides used in the present invention are isolated.
  • An “isolated” polynucleotide is one that is removed from its original environment.
  • a naturally-occurring polynucleotide is isolated if it is separated from some or all of the coexisting materials in the natural system.
  • a polynucleotide is considered to be isolated if, for example, it is cloned into a vector that is not a part of its natural environment or if it is comprised within cDNA.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof may be a “functionally active variant” which also includes naturally occurring allelic variants, as well as mutants or any other non-naturally occurring variants.
  • an allelic variant is an alternate form of a (poly)peptide that is characterized as having a substitution, deletion, or addition of one or more amino acids that essentially does not alter the biological function of the polypeptide.
  • said functionally active variants may still function when the frameworks containing the CDRs are modified, when the CDRs themselves are modified, when said CDRs are grafted to alternate frameworks, or when N- or C-terminal extensions are incorporated.
  • CDR-containing binding domains may be paired with differing partner chains such as those shared with another antibody. Upon sharing with so called ‘common’ light or ‘common’ heavy chains, said binding domains may still function. Further, said binding domains may function when multimerized. Further, ‘antibodies or fragments thereof’ may also comprise functional variants wherein the VH or VL or constant domains have been modified away or towards a different canonical sequence (for example as listed at IMGT.org) and which still function.
  • the “% sequence identity” between a first polypeptide sequence and a second polypeptide sequence may be calculated using NCBI BLAST v2.0, using standard settings for polypeptide sequences (BLASTP).
  • the “% sequence identity” between a first nucleotide sequence and a second nucleotide sequence may be calculated using NCBI BLAST v2.0, using standard settings for nucleotide sequences (BLASTN).
  • Polypeptide or polynucleotide sequences are said to be the same as or “identical” to other polypeptide or polynucleotide sequences, if they share 100% sequence identity over their entire length. Residues in sequences are numbered from left to right, i.e. from N- to C- terminus for polypeptides; from 5′ to 3′ terminus for polynucleotides.
  • any specified % sequence identity of a sequence is calculated without the sequences of all 6 CDRs of the antibody.
  • the anti-V ⁇ 4 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof may comprise a variable heavy chain region sequence having at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% to a specified variable heavy chain region sequence and/or a variable light chain region sequence having at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identity to a specified variable light chain region sequence, wherein any amino acid variations occur only in the framework regions of the variable heavy and light chain region sequences.
  • the anti-V ⁇ 4 antibody or fragment thereof having certain sequence identities retain the complete heavy and light chain CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 sequences of the corresponding anti-V ⁇ 4 antibody or fragment thereof.
  • a “difference” between sequences refers to an insertion, deletion or substitution of a single amino acid residue in a position of the second sequence, compared to the first sequence.
  • Two polypeptide sequences can contain one, two or more such amino acid differences. Insertions, deletions or substitutions in a second sequence which is otherwise identical (100% sequence identity) to a first sequence result in reduced % sequence identity. For example, if the identical sequences are 9 amino acid residues long, one substitution in the second sequence results in a sequence identity of 88.9%. If first and second polypeptide sequences are 9 amino acid residues long and share 6 identical residues, the first and second polypeptide sequences share greater than 66% identity (the first and second polypeptide sequences share 66.7% identity).
  • the number of additions, substitutions and/or deletions made to the first sequence to produce the second sequence may be ascertained.
  • An “addition” is the addition of one amino acid residue into the sequence of the first polypeptide (including addition at either terminus of the first polypeptide).
  • a “substitution” is the substitution of one amino acid residue in the sequence of the first polypeptide with one different amino acid residue. Said substitution may be conservative or non-conservative.
  • a “deletion” is the deletion of one amino acid residue from the sequence of the first polypeptide (including deletion at either terminus of the first polypeptide).
  • the naturally occurring amino acids may be referred to as follows: glycine (G or Gly), alanine (A or Ala), valine (V or Val), leucine (L or Leu), isoleucine (I or Ile), proline (P or Pro), phenylalanine (F or Phe), tyrosine (Y or Tyr), tryptophan (W or Trp), lysine (K or Lys), arginine (R or Arg), histidine (H or His), aspartic acid (D or Asp), glutamic acid (E or Glu), asparagine (N or Asn), glutamine (Q or Gln), cysteine (C or Cys), methionine (M or Met), serine (S or Ser) and Threonine (T or Thr).
  • a residue may be aspartic acid or asparagine
  • the symbols Asx or B may be used.
  • a residue may be glutamic acid or glutamine
  • the symbols Glx or Z may be used.
  • References to aspartic acid include aspartate, and glutamic acid include glutamate, unless the context specifies otherwise.
  • a “conservative” amino acid substitution is an amino acid substitution in which an amino acid residue is replaced with another amino acid residue of similar chemical structure and which is expected to have little influence on the function, activity or other biological properties of the polypeptide.
  • conservative substitutions suitably are substitutions in which one amino acid within the following groups is substituted by another amino acid residue from within the same group:
  • a hydrophobic amino acid residue is a non-polar amino acid. More suitably, a hydrophobic amino acid residue is selected from V, I, L, M, F, W or C. In some embodiments, a hydrophobic amino acid residue is selected from glycine, alanine, valine, methionine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan.
  • a “corresponding” amino acid residue between a first and second polypeptide sequence is an amino acid residue in a first sequence which shares the same position according to the Kabat system with an amino acid residue in a second sequence, whilst the amino acid residue in the second sequence may differ in identity from the first.
  • corresponding residues will share the same number (and letter) if the framework and CDRs are the same length according to Kabat definition. Alignment can be achieved manually or by using, for example, a known computer algorithm for sequence alignment such as NCBI BLAST v2.0 (BLASTP or BLASTN) using standard settings.
  • references herein to an “epitope” refer to the portion of the target which is specifically bound by the antibody or fragment thereof. Epitopes may also be referred to as “antigenic determinants”.
  • An antibody binds “essentially the same epitope” as another antibody when they both recognize identical or sterically overlapping epitopes. Commonly used methods to determine whether two antibodies bind to identical or overlapping epitopes are competition assays, which can be configured in a number of different formats (e.g. well plates using radioactive or enzyme labels, or flow cytometry on antigen-expressing cells) using either labelled antigen or labelled antibody.
  • An antibody binds “the same epitope” as another antibody when they both recognize identical epitopes (i.e.
  • an antibody may bind the same epitope as another antibody when all contact points across a specified region of an antigen are identified as the same with the aid of a characterization method such as antibody/antigen cross-linking-coupled MS , HDX, X-ray crystallography, cryo-EM, or mutagenesis.
  • a characterization method such as antibody/antigen cross-linking-coupled MS , HDX, X-ray crystallography, cryo-EM, or mutagenesis.
  • Linear epitopes are formed by a continuous sequence of amino acids in a protein antigen.
  • Conformational epitopes are formed of amino acids that are discontinuous in the protein sequence, but which are brought together upon folding of the protein into its three-dimensional structure.
  • vector is intended to refer to a nucleic acid molecule capable of transporting another nucleic acid to which it has been linked.
  • plasmid refers to a circular double stranded DNA loop into which additional DNA segments may be ligated.
  • viral vector Another type of vector is a viral vector, wherein additional DNA segments may be ligated into the viral genome.
  • Certain vectors are capable of autonomous replication in a host cell into which they are introduced (e.g., bacterial vectors having a bacterial origin of replication and episomal mammalian and yeast vectors). Other vectors (e.g.
  • non-episomal mammalian vectors can be integrated into the genome of a host cell upon introduction into the host cell, and thereby are replicated along with the host genome.
  • certain vectors are capable of directing the expression of genes to which they are operatively linked.
  • Such vectors are referred to herein as “recombinant expression vectors” (or simply, “expression vectors”).
  • expression vectors of utility in recombinant DNA techniques are often in the form of plasmids.
  • plasmid and “vector” may be used interchangeably as the plasmid is the most commonly used form of vector.
  • other forms of expression vectors are also included, such as viral vectors (e.g.
  • recombinant host cell (or simply “host cell”), as used herein, is intended to refer to a cell into which a recombinant expression vector has been introduced. Such terms are intended to refer not only to the particular subject cell but to the progeny of such a cell, for example, when said progeny are employed to make a cell line or cell bank which is then optionally stored, provided, sold, transferred, or employed to manufacture an antibody or fragment thereof as described herein.
  • references to “subject”, “patient” or “individual” refer to a subject, in particular a mammalian subject, to be treated.
  • Mammalian subjects include humans, non-human primates, farm animals (such as cows), sports animals, or pet animals, such as dogs, cats, guinea pigs, rabbits, rats or mice.
  • the subject is a human.
  • the subject is a non-human mammal, such as a mouse.
  • the term “sufficient amount” means an amount sufficient to produce a desired effect.
  • the term “therapeutically effective amount” is an amount that is effective to ameliorate a symptom of a disease or disorder.
  • a therapeutically effective amount can be a “prophylactically effective amount” as prophylaxis can be considered therapy.
  • a disease or disorder is “ameliorated” if the severity of a sign or symptom of the disease or disorder, the frequency with which such a sign or symptom is experienced by a subject, or both, is reduced.
  • treating a disease or disorder means reducing the frequency and/or severity of at least one sign or symptom of the disease or disorder experienced by a subject.
  • Cancer refers to the abnormal growth or division of cells. Generally, the growth and/or life span of a cancer cell exceeds, and is not coordinated with, that of the normal cells and tissues around it. Cancers may be benign, pre-malignant or malignant. Cancer occurs in a variety of cells and tissues.
  • Inflammation refers to a chronic or acute triggering of the immune system resulting in an inflamed cell, cell type, tissue, or organ.
  • the term “about” includes up to and including 10% greater and up to and including 10% lower than the value specified, suitably up to and including 5% greater and up to and including 5% lower than the value specified, especially the value specified.
  • the term “between”, includes the values of the specified boundaries.
  • an ex vivo method of modulating gamma variable 4 chain (V ⁇ 4) T cells comprising administering an anti-V ⁇ 4 antibody or fragment thereof as defined herein to a cell population comprising V ⁇ 4 T cells. It will be understood that “administering” the antibody or fragment thereof includes “contacting” the V ⁇ 4 T cells.
  • Modulation of V ⁇ 4 T cells may include:
  • V ⁇ 4 T cells may include, for example, V ⁇ 4 T cell activation or V ⁇ 4 T cell inhibition.
  • the V ⁇ 4 T cells are activated by administering an anti-V ⁇ 4 antibody or fragment thereof as defined herein.
  • the V ⁇ 4 T cells are inhibited by administering an anti-V ⁇ 4 antibody or fragment thereof as defined herein.
  • the V ⁇ 4 T cells are not inhibited upon administration of an anti-V ⁇ 4 antibody or fragment thereof as defined herein.
  • the modulation of V ⁇ 4 T cells comprises administering an anti-TCR gamma 4 variable antibody or fragment thereof to V ⁇ 4 T cells in a culture (i.e. in vitro or ex vivo).
  • the V ⁇ 4 T cells may be present in a mixed cell population, e.g. in a cell population comprising other lymphocyte cell types (e.g. ⁇ T cells or NK cells).
  • the cell population comprising V ⁇ 4 T cells is isolated (i.e. from a sample as described herein) prior to administration of the anti-V ⁇ 4 antibody or fragment thereof.
  • the cell population is enriched for T cells prior to administration of the anti-V ⁇ 4 antibody or fragment thereof.
  • the cell population is enriched for ⁇ T cells prior to administration of the anti-V ⁇ 4 antibody or fragment thereof.
  • the method may also be performed on a cell population comprising a purified fraction of ⁇ ⁇ T cells.
  • the cell population is depleted of cells types other than ⁇ T cells present in the sample, such as ⁇ T cells and/or NK cells, prior to administration of the anti-V ⁇ 4 antibody or fragment thereof.
  • the cell population may additionally, or alternatively, be enriched of cells types which may contain V ⁇ 4, such as T cells and/or ⁇ cells, prior to administration of the anti-V ⁇ 4 antibody or fragment thereof.
  • the sample prior to culturing the sample, the sample may be enriched for T cells, or enriched for ⁇ T cells, or depleted of ⁇ T cells or depleted of non- ⁇ T cells.
  • the sample is first depleted of ⁇ T cells and then enriched for CD3+ cells. Enrichment or depletion may be achieved using techniques known in the art, such as using magnetic beads coated with antibodies that bind to molecules on the cell surface relevant to the phenotype to be enriched/depleted.
  • the presence of cell types other than lymphocytes in cell culture may inhibit V ⁇ 4 cell expansion.
  • Such cells e.g. stromal, epithelial, tumour and/or feeder cells, may be removed prior to culture.
  • the cell population is not in direct contact with stromal cells during culture.
  • stromal cells include fibroblasts, pericytes, mesenchymal cells, keratinocytes, endothelial cells and non-haematological tumour cells.
  • the lymphocytes are not in direct contact with fibroblasts during culture.
  • the cell population is not in direct contact with epithelial cells during culture.
  • the cell population is not in direct contact with tumour cells and/or feeder cells during culture.
  • the method comprises culturing the V ⁇ 4 T cells in the absence of substantial stromal cell contact. In a further embodiment, the method comprises culturing the V ⁇ 4 T cells in the absence of substantial fibroblast cell contact.
  • the method comprises culturing the V ⁇ 4 T cells in media which is substantially free of serum (e.g. serum-free media or media containing a serum-replacement (SR)).
  • serum-free media e.g. serum-free media or media containing a serum-replacement (SR)
  • the method comprises culturing in serum-free media.
  • serum free medium may also include serum replacement medium, where the serum replacement is based on chemically defined components to avoid the use of human or animal derived serum.
  • the method comprises culturing in media which contains serum (e.g. human AB serum or fetal bovine serum (FBS)).
  • the media contains serum-replacement.
  • the media contains no animal-derived products.
  • a sample cultured in serum-free media has the advantage of avoiding issues with filtration, precipitation, contamination and supply of serum. Furthermore, animal derived products are not favoured for use in clinical grade manufacturing of human therapeutics.
  • the anti-V ⁇ 4 antibody or fragment thereof is in a soluble or immobilized form.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof may be administered to the V ⁇ 4 T cells in a soluble form.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof may be administered to the V ⁇ 4 T cells when the antibody or fragment thereof is bound or covalently linked to a surface, such as a bead or plate (i.e. in an immobilized form).
  • the antibody is immobilized on a surface, such as Fc-coated wells.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof is bound to the surface of a cell (e.g. immobilized on the surface of an antigen presenting cell (APC)).
  • the antibody is not immobilized on a surface when the cell population is contacted with the antibody.
  • the sample is a non-haematopoietic tissue sample.
  • References herein to “non-haematopoietic tissues” or “non-haematopoietic tissue sample” include skin (e.g. human skin) and gut (e.g. human gut).
  • Non-haematopoietic tissue is a tissue other than blood, bone marrow, lymphoid tissue, lymph node tissue, or thymus tissue.
  • the non-haematopoietic tissue sample is skin (e.g. human skin).
  • the cell population (e.g. ⁇ T cells) is not obtained from particular types of samples of biological fluids, such as blood or synovial fluid.
  • the cell population (e.g. ⁇ T cells) is obtained from skin (e.g. human skin), which can be obtained by methods known in the art.
  • the cell population may be obtained from the non-haematopoietic tissue sample by culturing the non-haematopoietic tissue sample on a synthetic scaffold configured to facilitate cell egress from the non-haematopoietic tissue sample.
  • the methods can be applied to a cell population (e.g. ⁇ T cells) obtained from the gastrointestinal tract (e.g. colon or gut), mammary gland, lung, prostate, liver, spleen, pancreas, uterus, vagina and other cutaneous, mucosal or serous membranes.
  • the sample is a haematopoietic sample or fraction thereof (i.e. the cell population is obtained from a haematopoietic sample or a fraction thereof).
  • haematopoietic sample or “haematopoietic tissue sample” include blood (such as peripheral blood or umbilical cord blood), bone marrow, lymphoid tissue, lymph node tissue, thymus tissue, and fractions or enriched portions thereof.
  • the sample is preferably blood including peripheral blood or umbilical cord blood or fractions thereof, including buffy coat cells, leukapheresis products, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and lowdensity mononuclear cells (LDMCs).
  • PBMCs peripheral blood mononuclear cells
  • LDMCs lowdensity mononuclear cells
  • the sample is human blood or a fraction thereof.
  • the cells may be obtained from a sample of blood using techniques known in the art such as density gradient centrifugation. For example, whole blood may be layered onto an equal volume of FICOLL-HYPAQUE followed by centrifugation at 400xg for 15-30 minutes at room temperature.
  • the interface material will contain low density mononuclear cells which can be collected and washed in culture medium and centrifuged at 200xg for 10 minutes at room temperature.
  • the cell population may be obtained from a cancer tissue sample (i.e. the ⁇ T cells may also be resident in cancer tissue samples), e.g. tumours of the gut, breast or prostate.
  • the cell population may be from human cancer tissue samples (e.g. solid tumour tissues).
  • the cell population may be from a sample other than human cancer tissue (e.g. a tissue without a substantial number of tumour cells).
  • the cell population may be from a region of skin (e.g. healthy skin) separate from a nearby or adjacent cancer tissue.
  • the cell population is not obtained from cancer tissue (e.g. human cancer tissue).
  • the cell population may be obtained from human or non-human animal tissue. Therefore, the method may additionally comprise a step of obtaining a cell population from human or non-human animal tissue. In one embodiment the sample has been obtained from a human. In an alternative embodiment, the sample has been obtained from a non-human animal subject.
  • the modulation comprises activation of the V ⁇ 4 T cells, in particular expansion of the V ⁇ 4 T cells. Therefore, according to an aspect of the invention, there is provided an ex vivo method of expanding V ⁇ 4 T cells comprising administering an anti-V ⁇ 4 antibody or fragment thereof as defined herein to a cell population comprising V ⁇ 4 T cells. Such expansion of V ⁇ 4 T cells may be achieved through the selective increase in number of V ⁇ 4 T cells and/or through the promotion of survival of V ⁇ 4 T cells.
  • the expansion of V ⁇ 4 T cells comprises administering an anti-TCR gamma 4 variable antibody or fragment thereof to V ⁇ 4 T cells in a culture (i.e. in vitro or ex vivo).
  • the V ⁇ 4 T cells may be present in a mixed cell population, e.g. in a cell population comprising other lymphocyte cell types (e.g. ⁇ T cells or NK cells).
  • the invention therefore provides ex vivo methods for producing an enriched ⁇ T cell (e.g. V ⁇ 4 T cell) population.
  • the enriched population can be produced from an isolated mixed cell populations (e.g. obtained from samples taken from patients/donors) by a method comprising contacting the mixed cell population, or a purified fraction thereof, with the antibody or fragment thereof. Said antibody (or fragment thereof) selectively expands V ⁇ 4 T cells by binding to an epitope specific to a V ⁇ 4 chain of a ⁇ TCR.
  • an expanded V ⁇ 4 T cell population obtained according to the method as defined herein. According to this aspect of the invention, it will be appreciated that such an expanded population of V ⁇ 4 T cells may be obtained and/or expanded in vitro or ex vivo. In one aspect, there is provided an expanded V ⁇ 4 population obtained according to the method as defined herein, wherein the V ⁇ 4 population is isolated and expanded in vitro or ex vivo.
  • Antibodies or fragments thereof as described herein may be used in methods of expanding ⁇ T cells (e.g. V ⁇ 4 T cells). These methods may be carried out in vitro. If the expansion methods are carried out in vitro, the antibodies (or fragments thereof) may be applied to isolated ⁇ T cells (e.g. V ⁇ 4 T cells) obtained as described above.
  • the ⁇ T cells are expanded from a cell population that has been isolated from a non-haematopoietic tissue sample.
  • the ⁇ T cells are expanded from a cell population that has been isolated from a haematopoietic tissue sample, such as a blood sample.
  • Expansion of ⁇ T cells may comprise culturing the sample in the presence of the antibody or fragment thereof as described herein, and a cytokine.
  • Cytokines may include interleukins, lymphokines, interferons, colony stimulating factors and chemokines.
  • the cytokine is selected from the group consisting of interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-7 (IL-7), interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-9 (IL-9), interleukin-12 (IL-12), interleukin-18 (IL-18), interleukin-21 (IL-21), interleukin-33 (IL-33), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), interleukin-1 ⁇ (IL-1 ⁇ ), interferon-y (IFN- ⁇ ) and stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1).
  • IL-2 interleukin-2
  • IL-4 interleukin-4
  • IL-6 interleukin-6
  • IL-7 interleukin-7
  • IL-8 interleukin-8
  • interleukin-9 interleukin-9
  • IL-12 interleukin-12
  • IL-18 interleukin-18
  • interleukin-21 IL-21
  • IL-33 interleukin
  • references to the cytokines as described herein may include any compound that has the same activity as said cytokine with respect to its ability to promote similar physiological effects on V ⁇ 4 T cells in culture and includes, but is not limited to, mimetics, or any functional equivalent thereof.
  • said cytokine is a common cytokine receptor gamma-chain (yc) family of cytokines.
  • the yc-cytokine is selected from: IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-12, IL-15, IL-21 or mixtures thereof.
  • the cytokine (e.g. an interleukin) used may be of human or animal origin, preferably of human origin. It may be a wild-type protein or any biologically active fragment or variant, that is, to say, capable of binding its receptor. Such binding may induce activation of ⁇ T cells in the conditions of a method according to the invention. More preferably, the cytokines may be in soluble form, fused or complexed with another molecule, such as for example a peptide, polypeptide or biologically active protein. Preferably, a human recombinant cytokine is used. More preferably, the range of interleukin concentration could vary between 1-10000 U/ml, even more preferably between 100-1000 U/ml.
  • the cytokine is a chemokine. It will be further appreciated that the chemokine will vary and be selected depending on the sample used to obtain the ⁇ T cells.
  • the method comprises culturing the cell population in the presence of IL-2, IL-9 and/or IL-15. In a further embodiment, the method comprises culturing the cell population in the presence of IL-2. In a further embodiment, the method comprises culturing the cell population in the presence of IL-2 and/or IL-15 (i.e. IL 2, IL-15 or a combination thereof). In an alternative embodiment, the method comprises culturing the cell population in the presence of IL-9 and/or IL-15 (i.e. IL 9, IL-15 or a combination thereof). In one embodiment, the method comprises the cell population in the presence of IL-2, IL-9 and/or IL-15, and an additional growth factor (for example, IL-21).
  • an additional growth factor for example, IL-21
  • the method comprises culturing a cell population in a medium devoid of growth factors other than IL-2 and/or IL-15. In alternative embodiments, the method comprises culturing a cell population in a medium devoid of growth factors other than IL-9 and/or IL-15. In a further embodiment, the method comprises culturing a cell population in a medium which consists of a basal medium supplemented with IL-2, IL-9 and/or IL-15. In a further embodiment, the method comprises culturing a cell population in a medium which consists of a basal medium supplemented with IL-2 and/or IL-15.
  • the method comprises culturing the cell population in the presence of IL-15 and a factor selected from the group consisting of IL-2, IL-4, IL-21, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-12, IL-18, IL-33, IGF-1, IL-1 ⁇ , IFN- ⁇ , human platelet lysate (HPL), and stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1).
  • a factor selected from the group consisting of IL-2, IL-4, IL-21, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-12, IL-18, IL-33, IGF-1, IL-1 ⁇ , IFN- ⁇ , human platelet lysate (HPL), and stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1).
  • Expansion of ⁇ T cells may comprise culturing the sample in the presence of at least one further T cell mitogen.
  • a T cell mitogen (which may also be referred to as “a ⁇ TCR agonist”) means any agent that can stimulate T cells through TCR signalling including, but not limited to, plant lectins such as phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (ConA) and lectins of non-plant origin.
  • the T cell mitogen is an anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (mAb).
  • Other mitogens include phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate (TPA) and its related compounds, such as mezerein, or bacterial compounds (e.g. Staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) and Streptococcal protein A).
  • T cell mitogen may be soluble or immobilized and more than one T cell mitogen may be used in the method of expansion.
  • references to “expanded” or “expanded population of ⁇ T cells” includes populations of cells which are larger or contain a larger number of cells than a non-expanded population. Such populations may be large in number, small in number or a mixed population with the expansion of a proportion or particular cell type within the population. It will be appreciated that the term “expansion method” refers to processes which result in expansion or an expanded population. Thus, expansion or an expanded population may be larger in number or contain a larger number of cells compared to a population which has not had an expansion step performed or prior to any expansion step. It will be further appreciated that any numbers indicated herein to indicate expansion (e.g. fold-increase or fold-expansion) are illustrative of an increase in the number or size of a population of cells or the number of cells and are indicative of the amount of expansion.
  • the method comprises culturing the cell population for at least 5 days (e.g. at least 6 days, at least 7 days, at least 8 days, at least 9 days, at least 10 days, at least 11 days, at least 12 days, at least 13 days, at least 14 days, at least 18 days, at least 21 days, at least 28 days, or longer, e.g. from 5 days to 40 days, from 7 days to 35 days, from 14 days to 28 days, from 14 days to 21 days or about 14 days).
  • the method comprises culturing the cell population for at least 7 days, such as at least 11 days or at least 14 days.
  • method comprises culturing the cell population for a duration (e.g. at least 5 days, at least 6 days, at least 7 days, at least 8 days, at least 9 days, at least 10 days, at least 11 days, at least 12 days, at least 13 days, at least 14 days, at least 18 days, at least 21 days, at least 28 days, or longer, e.g. from 5 days to 40 days, from 7 days to 35 days, from 14 days to 28 days, from 14 days to 21 days or about 14 days) in an amount effective to produce an expanded population of ⁇ T cells.
  • a duration e.g. at least 5 days, at least 6 days, at least 7 days, at least 8 days, at least 9 days, at least 10 days, at least 11 days, at least 12 days, at least 13 days, at least 14 days, at least 18 days, at least 21 days, at least 28 days, or longer, e.g. from 5 days to 40 days, from 7 days to 35 days, from 14 days to 28 days, from 14 days to 21 days or about 14 days
  • the cell population is cultured for a period of 5 to 60 days, such as at least 7 to 45 days, 7 to 21 days, from 7 days to 18 days or 7 to 14 days. If the method includes an isolation culture period (e.g. of 1 to 40 days, such as 14 to 21 days), the isolation and expansion steps, in some embodiments, can last between 21 and 39 days.
  • an isolation culture period e.g. of 1 to 40 days, such as 14 to 21 days
  • the isolation and expansion steps in some embodiments, can last between 21 and 39 days.
  • the method may comprise regular addition of the anti-V ⁇ 4 antibody or fragment thereof and/or growth factor during culturing.
  • the anti-V ⁇ 4 antibody or fragment thereof and/or growth factor could be added every 2 to 5 days, more preferably every 3 to 4 days.
  • the anti-V ⁇ 4 antibody or fragment thereof and/or growth factor is added after 7 days of culture and every 2 to 3 days thereafter.
  • Methods of expansion provide an expanded population of ⁇ T cells that is greater in number than a reference population.
  • the expanded population of ⁇ T cells e.g. V ⁇ 4 T cells
  • the isolated population of ⁇ T cells prior to the expansion step e.g.
  • the expanded population of ⁇ T cells is greater in numberthan a population cultured for the same length of time without the presence of the antibody or fragment thereof. In one embodiment, the expanded population of ⁇ T cells (e.g. V ⁇ 4 T cells) is greater in number than a population cultured for the same length of time in the presence of an isotype control, such as human IgG1.
  • Methods of expansion provide an expanded population of V ⁇ 4 T cells that has a higher percentage of V ⁇ 4 T cells than a reference population.
  • the expanded population of V ⁇ 4 T cells contains greater than about 50% V ⁇ 4 T cells, such as greater than about 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 87%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94% or 95% V ⁇ 4 T cells.
  • the expanded population of V ⁇ 4 T cells contains greater than about 60% V ⁇ 4 T cells, such as greater than about 70% V ⁇ 4 T cells.
  • basal culture media suitable for use in the proliferation of ⁇ T cells are available, in particular medium, such as AIM-V, Iscoves medium and RPMI-1640 (Life Technologies), EXVIVO-10, EXVIVO-15 or EXVIVO-20 (Lonza), in the presence of serum or plasma.
  • the medium may be supplemented with other media factors as defined herein, such as serum, serum proteins and selective agents, such as antibiotics.
  • RPMI-1640 medium containing 2 mM glutamine, 10% FBS, 10 mM HEPES, pH 7.2, 1% penicillin-streptomycin, sodium pyruvate (1 mM; Life Technologies), non-essential amino acids (e.g.
  • the media comprises RPMI-1640 supplemented with 5% human AB serum, Sodium Pyruvate (1 mM; Life Technologies) and penicillin/streptomycin.
  • AIM-V medium may be supplemented with CTS Immune serum replacement and amphotericin B.
  • the media may be further supplemented with IL-2, IL-4, IL-9 and/or IL 15 as described herein.
  • cells are cultured at 37° C. in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO 2 in a suitable culture medium during isolation and/or expansion.
  • expansion culture of ⁇ T cells may also be used.
  • factors are used in the expansion which selectively promote the expansion of ⁇ T cells.
  • expansion may additionally comprise addition of exogenous cytokines to the expansion culture, such as interleukins.
  • Such expansion may comprise culturing the ⁇ T cells in the presence of IL-2 and IL-15.
  • expansion may comprise culturing the ⁇ T cells in the presence of IL-9 and IL-15. It will be appreciated that any expansion step is performed for a duration of time effective to produce an expanded population of ⁇ T cells.
  • Methods of expanding ⁇ T cells may comprise a population doubling time of less than 5 days (e.g. less than 4.5 days, less than 4.0 days, less than 3.9 days, less than 3.8 days, less than 3.7 days, less than 3.6 days, less than 3.5 days, less than 3.4 days, less than 3.3 days, less than 3.2 days, less than 3.1 days, less than 3.0 days, less than 2.9 days, less than 2.8 days, less than 2.7 days, less than 2.6 days, less than 2.5 days, less than 2.4 days, less than 2.3 days, less than 2.2 days, less than 2.1 days, less than 2.0 days, less than 46 hours, less than 42 hours, less than 38 hours, less than 35 hours, less than 32 hours).
  • 5 days e.g. less than 4.5 days, less than 4.0 days, less than 3.9 days, less than 3.8 days, less than 3.7 days, less than 3.6 days, less than 3.5 days, less than 3.4 days, less than 3.3 days, less than 3.2 days, less than 3.1
  • antibodies may be applied to ⁇ T cells in culture, i.e. ⁇ T cells, which have been obtained from a sample.
  • the cell population is isolated from a sample prior to administering the anti-V ⁇ 4 antibody or fragment thereof. Therefore, there is provided a method of modulating (in particular, expanding) V ⁇ 4 T cells comprising administering an anti-V ⁇ 4 antibody or fragment thereof as defined herein to a population of ⁇ T cells (e.g. a cell population comprising V ⁇ 4 T cells) isolated from a sample.
  • Isolation of ⁇ T cells includes the isolation or separation of cells from an intact non-haematopoietic tissue sample or from the stromal cells of the non-haematopoietic tissue (e.g. fibroblasts or epithelial cells). Such isolation may alternatively or additionally comprise the isolation or separation of ⁇ T cells from other haematopoietic cells (e.g.
  • Isolation may be for a defined period of time, for example starting from the time the tissue explant or biopsy is placed in the isolation culture and ending when the cells are collected from culture, such as by centrifugation or other means for transferring the isolated cell population to expansion culture or used for other purposes, or the original tissue explant or biopsy is removed from the culture.
  • the isolation step may be for at least about 3 days to about 45 days. In one embodiment, the isolation step is for at least about 10 days to at least 28 days. In a further embodiment, the isolation step is for at least 14 days to at least 21 days.
  • the isolation step may therefore be for at least 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days, 8 days, 9 days, 10 days, 11 days, 12 days, 13 days, 14 days, 15 days, 16 days, 17 days, 18 days, 19 days, 20 days, 21 days, 22 days, 23 days, 24 days, 25 days, 26 days, 27 days, 28 days, 29 days, 30 days, 31 days, 32 days, about 35 days, about 40 days, or about 45 days. It can be appreciated that although cell proliferation may not be substantial during this isolation step, it is not necessarily absent. Indeed for someone skilled in the art it is recognized that isolated cells may also start to divide to generate a plurality of such cells within the isolation vessel containing the sample.
  • references herein to “isolated ⁇ T cells”, “isolated ⁇ T cell population” or “isolated population of ⁇ T cells” will be appreciated to refer to ⁇ cells that have been isolated, separated, removed, purified or enriched from the sample, such as a non-haematopoietic tissue sample of origin, such that the cells are out of substantial contact with cells contained within the intact (non-haematopoietic tissue) sample.
  • V ⁇ 4 T cells isolated V ⁇ 4 T cell population
  • isolated population of V ⁇ 4 T cells isolated population of V ⁇ 4 T cells
  • synthetic V ⁇ 4 T cells isolated V ⁇ 4 T cell population
  • synthetic population of V ⁇ 4 T cells isolated population of V ⁇ 4 T cells
  • synthetic V ⁇ 4 T cell population or “separated population of V ⁇ 4 T cells” will be appreciated to refer to V ⁇ 4 T cells that have been isolated, separated, removed, purified or enriched from the sample, such as a non-haematopoietic tissue sample of origin, such that the cells are out of substantial contact with cells contained within the intact (non-haematopoietic tissue) sample.
  • Non-haematopoietic tissue resident lymphocytes can be harvested and separated from stromal cells, such as dermal fibroblasts, e.g. by firm pipetting. The lymphocyte harvest may further be washed through a 40 ⁇ m nylon mesh in order to retain fibroblast aggregates that may have become loose during the process. Lymphocytes may also be isolated using fluorescent or magnetic associated cell sorting using, for example, CD45 antibodies.
  • Isolation of ⁇ T cells may comprise culturing the sample in the presence of at least one cytokine.
  • the method may comprise culturing the sample in the presence of at least agent, such as a chemokine.
  • agent such as a chemokine.
  • chemokines will be selected depending on the ⁇ T cells being isolated.
  • the chemokines will vary and be selected depending on the sample used for isolation of the ⁇ T cells.
  • Isolation of ⁇ T cells may comprise further culturing the sample in the presence of at least one cytokine.
  • Said cytokine may be different to the cytokine used in the initial culture.
  • Isolation methods may comprise culturing the sample.
  • References herein to “culturing” include the addition of the sample, including isolated, separated, removed, purified or enriched cells from the sample, to media comprising growth factors and/or essential nutrients required and/or preferred by the cells and/or sample. It will be appreciated that such culture conditions may be adapted according to the cells or cell population to be isolated from the sample or may be adapted according to the cells or cell population to be isolated and expanded from the sample.
  • culturing of the sample is for a duration of time sufficient for the isolation of ⁇ T cells from the sample.
  • the duration of culture is at least 14 days.
  • the duration of culture is less than 45 days, such as less than 30 days, such as less than 25 days.
  • the duration of culture is between 14 days and 35 days, such as between 14 days and 21 days. In a yet further embodiment, the duration of culture is about 21 days.
  • the ⁇ T are collected from the culture after culturing of the sample.
  • Collection of the ⁇ T cells may include the physical collection of ⁇ T cells from the culture, isolation of the ⁇ T cells from other lymphocytes (e.g. ⁇ T cells and/or NK cells) or isolation and/or separation of the ⁇ T cells from other cells present in the sample, e.g. stromal cells such as fibroblasts.
  • ⁇ T cells are collected by mechanical means (e.g. pipetting).
  • ⁇ T cells are collected by means of magnetic separation and/or labelling.
  • the ⁇ T cells are collected by flow cytometric techniques such as FACS.
  • the ⁇ T cells are collected by means of specific labelling the ⁇ T cells. It will be appreciated that such collection of ⁇ T cells may include the physical removal from the culture of the sample, transfer to a separate culture vessel or to separate or different culture conditions.
  • the ⁇ T cells are collected after at least one week, at least 10 days, at least 11 days, at least 12 days, at least 13 days or at least 14 days of culturing of the sample.
  • the ⁇ T cells are collected after 40 days or less, such as 38 days or less, 36 days or less, 34 days or less, 32 days or less, 30 days or less, 28 days or less, 26 days or less or 24 days or less.
  • the ⁇ T cells are collected after at least 14 days of culturing of the sample.
  • the ⁇ T cells are collected after 14 to 21 days of culturing of the sample.
  • the sample is cultured in media which is substantially free of serum (e.g. serum-free media or media containing a serum-replacement (SR)).
  • serum-free media e.g. serum-free media or media containing a serum-replacement (SR)
  • serum-free media e.g. serum-free media or media containing a serum-replacement (SR)
  • serum-free media may also include serum replacement medium, where the serum replacement is based on chemically defined components to avoid the use of human or animal derived serum.
  • the media contains no animal-derived products.
  • the sample is cultured in media which contains serum (e.g. human AB serum or fetal bovine serum (FBS)).
  • serum e.g. human AB serum or fetal bovine serum (FBS)
  • Culture media may additionally include other ingredients that can assist in the growth and expansion of the ⁇ T cells.
  • other ingredients that may be added include, but are not limited to, plasma or serum, purified proteins such as albumin, a lipid source such as low density lipoprotein (LDL), vitamins, amino acids, steroids and any other supplements supporting or promoting cell growth and/or survival.
  • plasma or serum purified proteins such as albumin, a lipid source such as low density lipoprotein (LDL), vitamins, amino acids, steroids and any other supplements supporting or promoting cell growth and/or survival.
  • purified proteins such as albumin
  • a lipid source such as low density lipoprotein (LDL)
  • vitamins amino acids
  • steroids any other supplements supporting or promoting cell growth and/or survival.
  • antibodies or fragments thereof which specifically bind to a variable gamma 4 (V ⁇ 4) chain of a ⁇ T cell receptor (TCR).
  • the antibody or fragment thereof does not bind to (or cross react with) a variable gamma 2 (V ⁇ 2) chain of a ⁇ TCR.
  • V ⁇ 4 chain and a V ⁇ 2 from the same species.
  • the species is Homo sapiens (human) and therefore the antibody or fragment thereof, may specifically bind to a human gamma variable 4 (V ⁇ 4) chain of a ⁇ T cell receptor (TCR) and not to a human gamma variable 2 (V ⁇ 2) chain of a ⁇ TCR.
  • the human V ⁇ 4 chain may have a sequence according to amino acids 1-99 of SEQ ID NO. 1 and/or the human V ⁇ 2 chain may have a sequence according to SEQ ID NO. 335.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof specifically binds to the species-specific ortholog of the human gamma variable 4 (V ⁇ 4) chain of a ⁇ T cell receptor (TCR) and not to the species-specific ortholog of the human gamma variable 2 (V ⁇ 2) chain of a ⁇ TCR.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof may specifically bind to a human gamma variable 4 (V ⁇ 4) chain of a ⁇ T cell receptor (TCR) having a sequence corresponding to amino acids 1-99 of SEQ ID NO.
  • V ⁇ 2 human gamma variable 2 chain of a ⁇ TCR having a sequence corresponding to SEQ ID NO. 335 or non-human ortholog thereof.
  • Ortholog in this context may mean a gamma chain sequence with the highest sequence similarity to the reference sequence, or preferably one which possesses the same function (e.g. interaction with orthologous cognate ligands in vivo).
  • the protein designated under the Heilig & Tonegave nomenclature as V ⁇ 7 is functionally most closely related to human V ⁇ 4 (Barros et al. (2016) Cell, 167:203-218.e17).
  • V ⁇ 4 and V ⁇ 2 chains share 91% sequence identity (they only differ by nine amino acids). Therefore this has made it difficult to obtain antibodies which bind to (human) V ⁇ 4 and not to (human) V ⁇ 2 and it was not expected in the art to be possible to produce such antibodies.
  • binding of the antibody or fragment thereof to the V ⁇ 4 chain is statistically significantly increased relative to a negative control antibody and/or a negative control antigen (e.g. as measured via binding in an ELISA assay, optionally a DELFIA ELISA assay, or SPR).
  • the level detected in respect of the negative control antibody and/or negative control antigen may be considered the background level for the assay used, representing “noise” in the assay system as would be well-understood by the skilled person.
  • signal levels above a pre-determined threshold relative to the background level may be considered to represent detection of binding (e.g.
  • a signal level 5-fold or more above the background level may be considered to indicate binding of the antibody to the antigen.
  • the skilled person is well able to determine a suitable threshold based on the assay system being used.
  • this generally means that binding of the antibody or fragment thereof to the V ⁇ 2 chain is not statistically significantly increased relative to a negative control antibody and/or a negative control antigen (e.g.
  • this property may also be expressed as the fold-change difference in detected binding levels (e.g. as measured via binding in an ELISA assay, optionally a DELFIA ELISA assay, or SPR) between the antibody or fragment thereof and the V ⁇ 4 chain versus the antibody or fragment thereof and the V ⁇ 2 chain.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof may show an at least about 50-fold, 60-fold, 70-fold, 80-fold, 90-fold, 100-fold, 150-fold, 200-fold, 300-fold, 400-fold, 500-fold, 600-fold, 700-fold, 800-fold, 900-fold, 1000-fold, 2000-fold, 3000-fold, 4000-fold, 5000-fold, 6000-fold, 7000-fold, 8000-fold, 9000-fold, 10000-fold, 15000-fold, 25000-fold, 50000-fold, 75000-fold, 95000-fold or more increase in binding to the V ⁇ 4 chain as compared against binding to the V ⁇ 2 chain. This is demonstrated, for example, in FIG. 2 B and discussed in Example 4.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof is an scFv, Fab, Fab′, F(ab′)2, Fv, variable domain (e.g. VH or VL), diabody, minibody or monoclonal antibody.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof is an scFv.
  • the antibody is a monoclonal antibody.
  • Antibodies described herein can be of any class, e.g. IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD, or isotypes thereof, and can comprise a kappa or lambda light chain.
  • the antibody is an IgG antibody, for example, at least one of isotypes, IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 or IgG4.
  • the antibody is an IgG1.
  • the antibody may be in a format, such as an IgG format, that has been modified to confer desired properties, such as having the Fc mutated to reduce effector function, extend half life, alter ADCC, or improve hinge stability. Such modifications are well known in the art and exemplary embodiments are described herein.
  • an antibody or fragment thereof may comprise an IgG1 constant domain comprising an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 332 or 333.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof is human.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof may be derived from a human immunoglobulin (Ig) sequence.
  • the CDR, framework and/or constant region of the antibody (or fragment thereof) may be derived from a human Ig sequence, in particular a human IgG sequence.
  • the CDR, framework and/or constant region may be substantially identical for a human Ig sequence, in particular a human IgG sequence.
  • An antibody or fragment thereof can also be chimeric, for example a mouse-human antibody chimera.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof is derived from a non-human species, such as a mouse.
  • a non-human species such as a mouse.
  • Such non-human antibodies can be modified to increase their similarity to antibody variants produced naturally in humans, thus the antibody or fragment thereof can be partially or fully humanised. Therefore, in one embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof is humanised.
  • antibodies which bind to an epitope of the V ⁇ 4 chain of a ⁇ TCR. Binding of the epitope on the V ⁇ 4 chain may optionally have an effect on ⁇ TCR activity, such as activation or inhibition.
  • the antibodies (or fragments thereof) may have a blocking effect by prevention of the binding or interaction of another antibody or molecule.
  • the antibodies are specific for the V ⁇ 4 chain of a ⁇ TCR, and do not bind epitopes of other antigens, such as the V ⁇ 2 chain of a ⁇ TCR or the V ⁇ 8 chain of a ⁇ TCR, as defined herein.
  • the epitope may be an activating epitope of a ⁇ T cell.
  • An “activating” epitope can include, for example, modulation of a TCR-associated function, such as TCR downregulation, degranulation of the cell, cytoxicity, proliferation, mobilisation, increased survival or resistance to exhaustion, intracellular signaling, cytokine or growth factor secretion, phenotypic change, or a change in gene expression.
  • the binding of the activating epitope may stimulate expansion (i.e. proliferation) of the ⁇ T cell population, preferably the V ⁇ 4+ T cell population. Accordingly, these antibodies can be used to modulate ⁇ T cell activation, and, thereby, to modulate the immune response.
  • binding of the activating epitope downregulates the ⁇ TCR.
  • binding of the activating epitope activates degranulation of the ⁇ T cell.
  • binding of the activating epitope activates the ⁇ T cell to kill target cells (e.g. cancer cells).
  • the antibodies or fragments thereof block V ⁇ 4 and prevent TCR binding (e.g. through steric hinderance).
  • V ⁇ 4 the antibody may prevent TCR activation and/or signalling.
  • the epitope may therefore be an inhibitory epitope of a ⁇ T cell.
  • An “inhibitory” epitope can include, for example, blocking TCR function, thereby inhibiting TCR activation.
  • the epitope is preferably comprised of at least one extracellular, soluble, hydrophilic, external or cytoplasmic portion of the V ⁇ 4 chain of a ⁇ TCR.
  • the epitope does not comprise an epitope found in a non-germline encoded region of the V ⁇ 4 chain of the ⁇ TCR, in particular CDR3 of the V ⁇ 4 chain.
  • the epitope is within a framework region of the V ⁇ 4 chain of the ⁇ TCR, which may be the hypervariable 4 region of framework region 3. It will be appreciated that such binding allows for the unique recognition of the V ⁇ 4 chain in general without the restriction to the sequences of the TCR which are highly variable between V ⁇ 4 chains (in particular CDR3). As such, it will be appreciated that any V ⁇ 4 chain-comprising ⁇ TCR may be recognised using the antibodies or fragments thereof as defined herein, irrespective of the specificity of the ⁇ TCR.
  • the ⁇ receptor can bind a variety of modulating ligands independently and via spatially distinct domains. Consistent with such multi-modal ligand binding, recent studies by Melandri et al. (2016) Nat. Immunol. 19: 1352-1365 have shown that human TCR binding to the endogenous BTNL3 ligand is via a discrete domain located N-terminal of CDR3 on the y4 chain. The authors highlight that because BTNL3 binding is mediated via this specific germline region of the TCR, the more C-terminal, somatically recombined CDR3 loop remains free to bind other ligands independently.
  • FR3 framework region 3
  • HV4 hypervariable region 4
  • An antibody which binds within the HV4 region may allow the CDR3 region of the y4 chain to still bind, with the added advantage of providing a binder which is specific to y4 over y2. Furthermore, as the HV4 is germline-encoded, some antibodies targeting this region may recognise all V ⁇ 4 chains, while other antibodies that recognise V ⁇ 4 may be specific for certain V ⁇ 4 chains.
  • the disclosure now provides antibodies and fragments thereof which may specifically bind to the HV4 region of the V ⁇ 4 chain. Therefore, in one embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof binds to an epitope of the HV4 region of the V ⁇ 4 chain.
  • the HV4 region comprises amino acids 67 to 82 of SEQ ID NO: 1. Therefore, in one embodiment, the epitope comprises one or more amino acid residues within amino acid region 67-82 of SEQ ID NO: 1, e.g. the portion of the V ⁇ 4 chain which is not part of the CDR1, CDR2 and/or CDR3 sequences. In so doing, the antibody or fragment thereof may modulate the interaction between the V ⁇ 4+ TCR and BTNL3/8.
  • the epitope does not comprise amino acid residues within amino acid region 96-106 (CDR3) of SEQ ID NO: 1. In one embodiment, the epitope does not comprise amino acid residues within amino acid region 50-57 (CDR2) of SEQ ID NO: 1. In one embodiment, the epitope does not comprise amino acid residues within amino acid region 27-32 (CDR1) of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof may, upon binding to one or more of amino acids 67 to 82 of SEQ ID NO: 1, activate the V ⁇ 4+ TCR
  • ⁇ T cells utilize a distinct set of somatically rearranged variable (V), diversity (D) (for ⁇ and ⁇ only), joining (J), and constant (C) genes, although ⁇ T cells contain fewer V, D, and J segments than ⁇ T cells.
  • the epitope bound by the antibodies (or fragments thereof) does not comprise an epitope found in the J region of the V ⁇ 4 chain. The antibody or fragment may therefore only bind in the V region of the V ⁇ 4 chain.
  • the epitope consists of an epitope in the V region of the ⁇ TCR (e.g. amino acid residues 1-99 of SEQ ID NO: 1).
  • SEQ ID NO: 1 represents a soluble TCR comprising a V region (also referred to as the variable domain) and a J region.
  • the V region comprises amino acid residues 1-99
  • the J region comprises amino acid residues 102-116
  • the constant region from TCR ⁇ comprises amino acid residues 117-256.
  • CDR1 is defined as amino acid residues 27 to 32 of SEQ ID NO: 1
  • CDR2 is defined as amino acid residues 50 to 57 of SEQ ID NO: 1
  • CDR3 is defined as amino acid residues 96 to 106 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • the epitope may comprise, or consist of, K76 and/or M80 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • the epitope comprises one or more amino acid residues within amino acid region 71-79 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • the epitope comprises one or more, such as two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten or more amino acid residues within the described region.
  • the epitope comprises one or more (such as 5 or more, such as 10 or more) amino acid residues within amino acid region 67-82 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In a further embodiment the epitope comprises one or more (such as 3 or more, such as 5 or more) amino acid residues within amino acid region 71-79 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • an antibody which binds to an epitope comprising amino acid residues within amino acid region 67-82 of SEQ ID NO: 1 may only bind with one or more of the amino acid residues in said range, e.g. the amino acid residues at each end of the range (i.e. amino acids 67 and 82), optionally including amino acids within the range (i.e. amino acids 71, 73, 75, 76 and 79).
  • amino acid residues 71, 73, 75, 76 and 79 of SEQ ID NO: 1 may form the epitope to which the anti-V ⁇ 4 antibody or fragment thereof binds (Example 8).
  • the epitope comprises at least one of amino acid residues 71, 73, 75, 76 and 79 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • the epitope comprises one, two, three, four or five (in particular four or five) amino acids selected from amino acid residues 71, 73, 75, 76 and 79 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • the epitope consists of one or more amino acid residues within amino acid regions: 67-82 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In a further embodiment, the epitope consists of one or more amino acid residues within amino acid regions: 71-79 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • the epitope comprises amino acid residues: 71-79 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or suitably consists of amino acid residues: 71-79 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • the epitope comprises amino acid residues: 71, 73, 75, 76 and 79 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or suitably consists of amino acid residues: 71, 73, 75, 76 and 79 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • exemplary techniques include, for example, routine cross-blocking assays, alanine scanning mutational analysis, peptide blot analysis, peptide cleavage analysis crystallographic studies and NMR analysis.
  • methods such as epitope excision, epitope extraction and chemical modification of antigens can be employed.
  • Another method that can be used to identify the amino acids within a polypeptide with which an antibody interacts is hydrogen/deuterium exchange detected by mass spectrometry (as described in Example 8).
  • the hydrogen/deuterium exchange method involves deuterium-labelling the protein of interest, followed by binding the antibody to the deuterium-labelled protein.
  • the protein/antibody complex is transferred to water and exchangeable protons within amino acids that are protected by the antibody complex undergo deuterium-to-hydrogen back-exchange at a slower rate than exchangeable protons within amino acids that are not part of the interface.
  • amino acids that form part of the protein/antibody interface may retain deuterium and therefore exhibit relatively higher mass compared to amino acids not included in the interface.
  • the target protein is subjected to protease cleavage and mass spectrometry analysis, thereby revealing the deuterium-labelled residues which correspond to the specific amino acids with which the antibody interacts.
  • antigen chimerization & mutagenesis studies can be used to identify the amino acids within a polypeptide with which an antibody interacts (as described in Example 6).
  • this method involves creating a series of one or more chimeric antigens wherein the amino acid sequence of a first reference antigen may be systematically altered based on the amino acid sequence of a second reference antigen in order to substitute one or more of the amino acids in the first reference antigen with respective amino acids from the second reference antigen.
  • “Respective amino acids” in this context means amino acids in equivalent positions within the sequence of the first reference antigen and second reference antigen upon sequence alignment thereof.
  • Binding of the test antibody to each of the first reference antigen, second reference antigen and/or series of one or more chimeric antigens is then measured. Loss/gain of binding to each antigen can then be attributed to specific amino acid changes made relative to the first reference sequence and/or second reference sequence. It may be already known whether or not the antibody is capable of binding or not to the first reference antigen and/or the second reference antigen.
  • the first reference antigen may be a human V ⁇ 4 chain and the second reference antigen may be a human V ⁇ 2 chain, with the series of chimeric antigens made by replacing one or more of the amino acids in the V ⁇ 4 chain sequence with the respective one or more amino acids in the V ⁇ 2 chain sequence.
  • anti-V ⁇ 4 antibodies or fragments thereof, may be described with reference to their CDR sequences.
  • the anti-V ⁇ 4 antibody or fragment thereof which comprises one or more of:
  • the anti-V ⁇ 4 antibody or fragment thereof comprises a CDR3 comprising a sequence having at least 80% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-47.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a CDR2 comprising a sequence having at least 80% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 48-70 and SEQUENCES: A1-A23 (of FIG. 1 ).
  • the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a CDR1 comprising a sequence having at least 80% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 71-116.
  • the anti-V ⁇ 4 antibody or fragment thereof may comprise one or more of:
  • the anti-V ⁇ 4 antibody or fragment thereof may comprise one or more of:
  • the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a CDR3 comprising a sequence having at least 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-47.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a CDR2 comprising a sequence having at least 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 48-70 and SEQUENCES: A1-A23 (of FIG. 1 ).
  • the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a CDR1 comprising a sequence having at least 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 71-116.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a CDR3 consisting of a sequence having at least 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-47.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a CDR2 consisting of a sequence having at least 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 48-70 and SEQUENCES: A1-A23 (of FIG. 1 ).
  • the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a CDR1 consisting of a sequence having at least 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 71-116.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VH region comprising a CDR3 comprising a sequence having at least 80% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-24 and/or a VL region comprising a CDR3 comprising a sequence having at least 80% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 25-47.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VH region comprising a CDR3 consisting of a sequence having at least 80% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-24 and/or a VL region comprising a CDR3 consisting of a sequence having at least 80% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 25-47.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VH region comprising a CDR3 comprising a sequence having at least 90% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-24 and/or a VL region comprising a CDR3 comprising a sequence having at least 90% sequence identity with anyone of SEQ ID NOs: 25-47.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VH region comprising a CDR3 consisting of a sequence having at least 90% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-24 and/or a VL region comprising a CDR3 consisting of a sequence having at least 90% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 25-47.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VH region comprising a CDR3 comprising a sequence having at least 95% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-24 and/or a VL region comprising a CDR3 comprising a sequence having at least 95% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 25-47. In one embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VH region comprising a CDR3 consisting of a sequence having at least 95% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-24 and/or a VL region comprising a CDR3 consisting of a sequence having at least 95% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 25-47.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VH region comprising a CDR3 comprising a sequence having at least 80% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-24 and a VL region comprising a CDR3 comprising a sequence having at least 80% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 25-47.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VH region comprising a CDR3 consisting of a sequence having at least 80% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-24 and a VL region comprising a CDR3 consisting of a sequence having at least 80% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 25-47.
  • Embodiments which refer herein to “at least 80%” or “80% or greater”, will be understood to include all values equal to or greater than 80%, such as 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% sequence identity.
  • the antibody or fragment comprises at least 85%, such as at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity to the specified sequence.
  • the embodiments may also be defined with one or more amino acid changes, for examples one or more additions, substitutions and/or deletions.
  • the sequence may comprise up to five amino acid changes, such as up to three amino acid changes, in particular up to two amino acid changes.
  • the sequence may comprise up to five amino acid substitutions, such as up to three amino acid substitutions, in particular up to one or two amino acid substitutions.
  • CDR3 of the antibody or fragment thereof may comprise or more suitably consist of a sequence having no more than 2, more suitably no more than 1 substitution(s) compared to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-47.
  • any residues of CDR1, CDR2 or CDR3 differing from their corresponding residues in SEQ ID NO: 2-116 and SEQUENCES: A1-A23 are conservative substitutions with respect to their corresponding residues.
  • any residues of CDR3 differing from their corresponding residues in SEQ ID NOs: 2-47 are conservative substitutions with respect to their corresponding residues.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof comprises:
  • the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain with:
  • the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a light chain with:
  • the antibody or fragment thereof comprises (or consists of) a VH region comprising a CDR3 comprising a sequence having at least 80% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-24, such as SEQ ID NOs: 10, 4, 14, 15, 17, 19 or 23.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof comprises (or consists of) a VH region comprising a CDR2 comprising a sequence having at least 80% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 48-70, such as SEQ ID NOs: 56, 50, 60, 61, 63, 65 or 69.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof comprises (or consists of) a VH region comprising a CDR1 comprising a sequence having at least 80% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 71-93, such as SEQ ID NOs: 79, 73, 83, 84, 86, 88 or 92.
  • the VH region comprises a CDR3 comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10, a CDR2 comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 56, and a CDR1 comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 79.
  • the CDR3 consists of a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10
  • the CDR2 consists of a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 56
  • the CDR1 consists of a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 79.
  • the VH region comprises a CDR3 comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, a CDR2 comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 50, and a CDR1 comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 73.
  • the CDR3 consists of a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4
  • the CDR2 consists of a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 50
  • the CDR1 consists of a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 73.
  • the VH region comprises a CDR3 comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14, a CDR2 comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 60, and a CDR1 comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 83.
  • the CDR3 consists of a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14
  • the CDR2 consists of a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 60
  • the CDR1 consists of a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 83.
  • the VH region comprises a CDR3 comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15, a CDR2 comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 61, and a CDR1 comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 84.
  • the CDR3 consists of a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15, the CDR2 consists of a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 61, and the CDR1 consists of a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 84.
  • the VH region comprises a CDR3 comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17, a CDR2 comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63, and a CDR1 comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 86.
  • the CDR3 consists of a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17, the CDR2 consists of a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63, and the CDR1 consists of a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 86.
  • the VH region comprises a CDR3 comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19, a CDR2 comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 65, and a CDR1 comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 88.
  • the CDR3 consists of a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19
  • the CDR2 consists of a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 65
  • the CDR1 consists of a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 88.
  • the VH region comprises a CDR3 comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23, a CDR2 comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 69, and a CDR1 comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 92.
  • the CDR3 consists of a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23
  • the CDR2 consists of a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 69
  • the CDR1 consists of a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 92.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof comprises (or consists of) a VL region comprising a CDR3 comprising a sequence having at least 80% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 25-47, such as SEQ ID NOs: 33, 27, 37, 38, 40, 42 or 46.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof comprises (or consists of) a VL region comprising a CDR2 comprising a sequence having at least 80% sequence identity with any one of SEQUENCES: A1-A23 (of FIG. 1 ), such as SEQUENCES: A9, A3, A13, A14, A16, A18 or A22.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof comprises (or consists of) a VL region comprising a CDR1 comprising a sequence having at least 80% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 94-116, such as SEQ ID NOs: 102, 96, 106, 107, 109, 111 or 115.
  • the VL region comprises a CDR3 comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 33, a CDR2 comprising a sequence of SEQUENCE: A9, and a CDR1 comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 102.
  • the CDR3 consists of a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 33
  • the CDR2 consists of a sequence of SEQUENCE: A9
  • the CDR1 consists of a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 102.
  • the VL region comprises a CDR3 comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27, a CDR2 comprising a sequence of SEQUENCE: A3, and a CDR1 comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 96.
  • the CDR3 consists of a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27, the CDR2 consists of a sequence of SEQUENCE: A3, and the CDR1 consists of a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 96.
  • the VL region comprises a CDR3 comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 37, a CDR2 comprising a sequence of SEQUENCE: A13, and a CDR1 comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 106.
  • the CDR3 consists of a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 37
  • the CDR2 consists of a sequence of SEQUENCE: A13
  • the CDR1 consists of a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 106.
  • the VL region comprises a CDR3 comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 38, a CDR2 comprising a sequence of SEQUENCE: A14, and a CDR1 comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 107.
  • the CDR3 consists of a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 38
  • the CDR2 consists of a sequence of SEQUENCE: A14
  • the CDR1 consists of a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 107.
  • the VL region comprises a CDR3 comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 40, a CDR2 comprising a sequence of SEQUENCE: A16, and a CDR1 comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 109.
  • the CDR3 consists of a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 40
  • the CDR2 consists of a sequence of SEQUENCE: A16
  • the CDR1 consists of a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 109.
  • the VL region comprises a CDR3 comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 42, a CDR2 comprising a sequence of SEQUENCE: A18, and a CDR1 comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 111.
  • the CDR3 consists of a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 42
  • the CDR2 consists of a sequence of SEQUENCE: A18
  • the CDR1 consists of a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 111.
  • the VL region comprises a CDR3 comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 46, a CDR2 comprising a sequence of SEQUENCE: A22, and a CDR1 comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 115.
  • the CDR3 consists of a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 46
  • the CDR2 consists of a sequence of SEQUENCE: A22
  • the CDR1 consists of a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 115.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof comprises one or more CDR sequences as described in FIG. 1 .
  • the antibody or fragment thereof comprises one or more (such as all) CDR sequences of clone 1140_P01_G08 [G4_12] or clone 1139_P01_A04 [G4_03] as described in FIG. 1 .
  • the anti-V ⁇ 4 antibody or fragment thereof may comprise one or more of:
  • the VH and VL regions recited above each comprise four framework regions (FR1-FR4).
  • the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a framework region (e.g. FR1, FR2, FR3 and/or FR4) comprising a sequence having at least 80% sequence identity with the framework region in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 117-162.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a framework region (e.g. FR1, FR2, FR3 and/or FR4) comprising a sequence having at least 90%, such as at least 95%, 97% or 99% sequence identity with the framework region in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 117-162.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a framework region (e.g.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a framework region (e.g. FR1, FR2, FR3 and/or FR4) consisting of a sequence in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 117-162.
  • the antibodies described herein may be defined by their full light chain and/or heavy chain variable sequences. Therefore, in one embodiment, the anti-V ⁇ 4 antibody or fragment thereof comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 117-162. In one embodiment, the anti-V ⁇ 4 antibody or fragment thereof consists of an amino acid sequence having at least 80% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 117-162.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VH region comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 117-139. In one embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VH region consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 117-139. In a further embodiment, the VH region comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 125, 119, 129, 130, 132, 134 or 138. In a further embodiment, the VH region consists of an amino acid sequence having at least 80% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 125, 119, 129, 130, 132, 134 or 138.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VL region comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 140-162. In one embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VL region consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 140-162. In a further embodiment, the VL region comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 148, 142, 152, 153, 155, 157 or 161. In a further embodiment, the VL region consists of an amino acid sequence having at least 80% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 148, 142, 152, 153, 155, 157 or 161.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VH region comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 117-139 and a VL region comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 140-162.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VH region consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 117-139 and a VL region consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 140-162.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VH region comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 125 (1140_P01_G08) [G4_12]. In one embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VH region consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 125. In one embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VL region comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 148 (1140_P01_G08) [G4_12]. In one embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VL region consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 148.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VH region comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 125 and a VL region comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 148. In one embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VH region consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 125 and a VL region consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 148.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VH region comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 119 (1139_P01_A04) [G4_3]. In one embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VH region consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 119. In one embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VL region comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 142 (1139_P01_A04) [G4_3]. In one embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VL region consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 142.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VH region comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 119 and a VL region comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 142. In one embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VH region consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 119 and a VL region consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 142.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VH region comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 129 (1248_P02_D10) [G4_16]. In one embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VH region consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 129. In one embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VL region comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 152 (1248_P02_D10) [G4_16]. In one embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VL region consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 152.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VH region comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 129 and a VL region comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 152. In one embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VH region consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 129 and a VL region consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 152.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VH region comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 130 (1254_P01_H04) [G4_18]. In one embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VH region consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 130. In one embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VL region comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 153 (1254_P01_H04) [G4_18]. In one embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VL region consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 153.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VH region comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 130 and a VL region comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 153. In one embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VH region consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 130 and a VL region consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 153.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VH region comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 132 (1254_P02_G02) [G4_20]. In one embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VH region consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 132. In one embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VL region comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 155 (1254_P02_G02) [G4_20]. In one embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VL region consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 155.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VH region comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 132 and a VL region comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 155. In one embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VH region consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 132 and a VL region consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 155.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VH region comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 134 (1253_P03_H05) [G4_23]. In one embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VH region consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 134. In one embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VL region comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 157 (1253_P03_H05) [G4_23]. In one embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VL region consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 157.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VH region comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 134 and a VL region comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 157. In one embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VH region consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 134 and a VL region consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 157.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VH region comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 138 (1248_P02_C10) [G4_27]. In one embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VH region consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 138. In one embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VL region comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 161 (1248_P02_C10) [G4_27]. In one embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VL region consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 161.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VH region comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 138 and a VL region comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 161. In one embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VH region consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 138 and a VL region consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 161.
  • the antibody fragment described herein may comprise an scFv, i.e. a fragment comprising a VH region and a VL region joined by a linker.
  • the VH and VL region are joined by a (e.g. synthetic) polypeptide linker.
  • the linker comprises SEQ ID NO: 186.
  • the linker consists of SEQ ID NO: 186.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 163-185. In a further embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof comprises an amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 163-185. In a yet further embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 171, 165, 175, 176, 178, 180 or 184.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof consists of an amino acid sequence having at least 80% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 163-185. In a further embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof consists of an amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 163-185. In a yet further embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof consists of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 171, 165, 175, 176, 178, 180 or 184.
  • the antibodies may be in any format.
  • the antibody is in an IgG1 format. Therefore, in one embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 233-255. In a further embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof comprises an amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 233-255. In a yet further embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 235, 241, 245, 246 or 254.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof consists of an amino acid sequence having at least 80% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 233-255. In a further embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof consists of an amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 233-255. In a yet further embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof consists of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 235, 241, 245, 246 or 254.
  • an antibody or fragment thereof which comprises or consists of a heavy chain amino acid sequence having at least 80% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 284-306 and/or a light chain amino acid sequence having at least 80% sequence identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 307-329.
  • an antibody or fragment thereof which comprises or consists of a heavy chain amino acid sequence according to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 284-306 and/or a light chain amino acid sequence according to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 307-329.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof comprises or consists of a heavy chain amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 292 and a light chain amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 315 (clone G4_12).
  • the antibody or fragment thereof comprises or consists of a heavy chain amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 286 and a light chain amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 309 (clone G4_3).
  • the antibody or fragment thereof comprises or consists of a heavy chain amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 296 and a light chain amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 319 (clone G4_16).
  • the antibody or fragment thereof comprises or consists of a heavy chain amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 297 and a light chain amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 320 (clone G4_18). In a further embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof comprises or consists of a heavy chain amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 299 and a light chain amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 322 (clone G4_20). In a further embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof comprises or consists of a heavy chain amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 301 and a light chain amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 324 (clone G4_23).
  • the antibody or fragment thereof comprises or consists of a heavy chain amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 305 and a light chain amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 328 (clone G4_27). In other embodiments, the antibody or fragment thereof comprises or consists of:
  • the antibody or fragment thereof which specifically binds to a V ⁇ 4 chain of a ⁇ TCR and not to a V ⁇ 2 chain of a ⁇ TCR binds to the same, or essentially the same, epitope as, or competes with, an antibody or fragment thereof as defined or exemplified herein.
  • One can easily determine whether an antibody binds to the same epitope as, or competes for binding with, a reference anti-V ⁇ 4 antibody by using routine methods known in the art. For example, to determine if a test antibody binds to the same epitope as a reference anti-V ⁇ 4 antibody described herein, the reference antibody is allowed to bind to a V ⁇ 4 protein or peptide under saturating conditions.
  • test antibody the ability of a test antibody to bind to the V ⁇ 4 chain is assessed. If the test antibody is able to bind to V ⁇ 4 following saturation binding with the reference anti-V ⁇ 4 antibody, it can be concluded that the test antibody binds to a different epitope than the reference anti-V ⁇ 4 antibody. On the other hand, if the test antibody is not able to bind to the V ⁇ 4 chain following saturation binding with the reference anti-V ⁇ 4 antibody, then the test antibody may bind to the same epitope as the epitope bound by the reference anti-V ⁇ 4 antibody.
  • the present disclosure also includes anti-V ⁇ 4 antibodies or fragments thereof that compete for binding to V ⁇ 4 with an antibody or fragment thereof as defined herein, or an antibody having the CDR sequences of any of the exemplary antibodies described herein.
  • competitive assays can be performed with the antibodies described herein in order to determine what proteins, antibodies, and other antagonists compete for binding to the V ⁇ 4 chain with the antibody and/or share the epitope.
  • assays are readily known to those of skill in the art; they evaluate competition between antagonists or ligands for a limited number of binding sites on a protein, e.g., V ⁇ 4.
  • the antibody (or fragment thereof) is immobilized or insolubilized before or after the competition and the sample bound to the V ⁇ 4 chain is separated from the unbound sample, for example, by decanting (where the antibody was pre-insolubilized) or by centrifuging (where the antibody was precipitated after the competitive reaction).
  • the competitive binding may be determined by whether the function is altered by the binding or lack of binding of the antibody to the protein, e.g., whether the antibody molecule inhibits or potentiates the enzymatic activity of, for example, a label.
  • ELISA and other functional assays may be used, as known in the art and described herein.
  • Two antibodies bind to the same or overlapping epitope if each competitively inhibits (blocks) binding of the other to the target antigen. That is, a 1-, 5-, 10-, 20- or 100-fold or more excess of one antibody inhibits binding of the other by at least 50% but preferably 75%, 90% or even 99% as measured in a competitive binding assay.
  • two antibodies have the same epitope if essentially all amino acid mutations in the target antigen that reduce or eliminate binding of one antibody also reduce or eliminate binding of the other.
  • Additional routine experimentation e.g., peptide mutation and binding analyses
  • peptide mutation and binding analyses can then be carried out to confirm whether the observed lack of binding of the test antibody is in fact due to binding to the same epitope as the reference antibody or if steric blocking (or another phenomenon) is responsible for the lack of observed binding.
  • steric blocking or another phenomenon
  • this sort can be performed using ELISA, RIA, surface plasmon resonance, flow cytometry or any other quantitative or qualitative antibody-binding assay available in the art.
  • the antibodies and fragments thereof may be modified using known methods. Sequence modifications to antibody molecules described herein can be readily incorporate by those skilled in the art. The following examples are non-limiting.
  • variable domains may be re-formatted into full length IgG by sub-cloning.
  • variable domains are often transferred using restriction enzymes. These restriction sites may introduce additional/alternate amino acids and away from the canonical sequence (such canonical sequences may be found, for example, in the international ImMunoGeneTics [IMGT] information system, see http://www.imgt.org). These may be introduced as kappa or lambda light chain sequence modifications.
  • IMGT international ImMunoGeneTics
  • the kappa light chain variable sequences may be cloned using restriction sites (e.g. Nhe1-Not1) during re-formatting into full length IgG. More specifically, at the kappa light chain N-terminus, an additional Ala-Ser sequence was introduced to support cloning. Preferably, this additional AS sequence is then removed during further development such to generate the canonical N-terminal sequence.
  • kappa light chain containing antibodies described herein do not contain an AS sequence at their N-termini, i.e. SEQ ID NOs: 140-147 and 156-158 do not comprise the initial AS sequence. It will be understood that this embodiment also applies to other sequences included herein which contain this sequence.
  • kappa light-chain variable-domain/constant domain border a valine-to-alanine change was introduced to support cloning when preparing full-length sequences.
  • this sequence can be modified during further development to generate the canonical kappa light-chain constant regions which start with RTVAAPS.
  • Such modifications do not change the functional properties of the antibodies.
  • kappa light chain containing antibodies described herein contain a constant domain starting with the sequence RTV.
  • sequence RTAAAPS of SEQ ID NOs: 233-240, 249-251, 307-314 and 323-325 is replaced with sequence RTVAAPS.
  • the kappa light chain constant domain has an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 330 and may be combined with any light chain variable domain disclosed herein.
  • the lambda light chain variable domains may also be cloned by introducing restriction sites (e.g. Nhe1-Not1) during re-formatting into full length IgG. More specifically, at the lambda light chain N-terminus, an additional Ala-Ser sequence may be introduced to support cloning. Preferably, this additional AS sequence is then removed during further development such to generate the canonical N-terminal sequence.
  • lambda light chain containing antibodies described herein do not contain an AS sequence at their N-termini i.e. SEQ ID NOs: 148-155 and 159-162 do not comprise the initial AS sequence. It will be understood that this embodiment also applies to other sequences included herein which contain this sequence.
  • lambda light-chain variable-domain/constant domain border a lysine-to-alanine sequence change was introduced to support cloning when preparing full-length sequences.
  • this sequence can be modified during further development such to generate the canonical lambda light constant region which starts GQPKAAPS.
  • Such modifications do not change the functional properties of the antibodies.
  • lambda light chain containing antibodies described herein contain a constant domain starting with the sequence GQPK.
  • sequence GQPAAAPS of SEQ ID NOs: 241-248, 252-255, 315-322 and 326-329 is replaced with sequence GQPKAAPS.
  • the lambda light chain constant domain has an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 331 and may be combined with any light chain variable domain disclosed herein.
  • the anti-V ⁇ 4 antibody or fragment may comprise a light chain variable (VL) amino acid sequence according to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 261-283, which correspond to SEQ ID NOs: 140-162 lacking the N-terminal AS residues. Therefore, any reference in this specification to a VL amino acid sequence according to one or more of SEQ ID NOs: 140-162 may be substituted with a VL amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NOs: 261-283 respectively, and all such embodiments are hereby disclosed.
  • reference herein to a light chain variable domain according to SEQ ID NO: 148 (derived from clone G4_12) may be substituted with reference to SEQ ID NO: 269.
  • variable heavy chain sequences start with either the basic glutamine (Q) or acidic glutamate (E). However both such sequences are then known to convert to the acidic amino acid residue, pyro-glutamate (pE).
  • Q basic glutamine
  • E acidic glutamate
  • pE pyro-glutamate
  • the Q to pE conversion results in a charge change to the antibody, whilst a E to pE conversion does not change the charge of the antibody.
  • one option is to modify a starting heavy chain sequence from Q to E in the first instance.
  • the heavy chain of antibody described herein having a Q residue at the N-terminus of the heavy chain may contain a Q to E modification at the N-terminus.
  • the initial residue of any of SEQ ID NOs: 118, 120, 124, 126, 132, 133, 135, 137, 138 and/or 139 may be modified from Q to E. It will be understood that this embodiment also applies to other sequences included herein which contain this sequence (i.e. any embodiment incorporating these sequences, for example into full-length antibodies or fragments thereof).
  • the E residue at the N-terminus of any one SEQ ID NOs: 117, 119, 121-123, 125, 127-131, 134 and/or 136 may be substituted with a Q residue.
  • the C-terminus of the IgG1 constant domain ends with PGK.
  • the terminal basic lysine (K) is then often cleaved during expression (e.g. in CHO cells). This in turn results in a charge change to the antibody through varied loss of the C-terminal lysine residue. Therefore, one option is to remove the lysine in the first instance resulting in a uniform and consistent heavy chain C-terminus sequence ending in PG.
  • the heavy chain of an antibody described herein has the terminal K removed from its C-terminus.
  • the antibody may comprise any one of SEQ ID NOs: 233-255 or 284-306 where the terminal lysine residue has been removed.
  • Km1, Km1,2 and Km3 which define three Km alleles (using allotype numbering): Km1 correlates with valine153 (IMGT V45.1) and leucine 191 (IMGT L101); Km1,2 correlates with alanine 153 (IMGT A45.1) and leucine 191 (IMGT L101); and Km3 correlates with alanine 153 (IMGT A45.1) and valine 191 (IMGT V101).
  • a L191V (IMGT L101V) change will convert a Km1,2 allotype to a Km3 allotype.
  • IMGT L101V L191V
  • an antibody described herein contains amino acid substitutions derived from another human allotype of the same gene.
  • the antibody contains a L191V (IMGT L101V) substitution to the kappa chain to convert the c-domain from a km1,2 to a km3 allotype.
  • the kappa light chain constant domain has an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 330 and may be combined with any light chain variable domain disclosed herein.
  • the lambda light chain constant domain has an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 331 and may be combined with any light chain variable domain disclosed herein.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof may bind to the V ⁇ 4 chain of a ⁇ TCR with a binding affinity (KD) as measured by surface plasmon resonance of less than 3.0 ⁇ 10 -7 M (i.e. 300 nM) or less than 1.5 ⁇ 10 -7 M (i.e. 150 nM).
  • the KD is 1.3 ⁇ 10 -7 M (i.e. 130 nM) or less, such as 1.0 ⁇ 10 -7 M (i.e. 100 nM) or less.
  • the KD is less than 6.0 ⁇ 10 -8 M (i.e. 60 nM), such as less than 5.0 ⁇ 10 -8 M (i.e.
  • the KD may be 1.0 ⁇ 10 -8 M (i.e. 10 nM) or less, such as 5.0 ⁇ 10 -9 M (i.e. 5 nM) or less, 4.0 ⁇ 10 -9 M (i.e. 4 nM) or less, 3.0 ⁇ 10 -9 M (i.e. 3 nM) or less, 2.0 ⁇ 10 -9 M (i.e.
  • the (e.g. human) anti-V ⁇ 4 antibody binds to the V ⁇ 4 chain of a ⁇ TCR with a binding affinity (KD) as measured by surface plasmon resonance of less than 1.5 ⁇ 10 -7 M (i.e. 150 nM).
  • KD binding affinity
  • KD binding affinity
  • the binding affinity of the antibody or fragment thereof is established by coating the antibody or fragment thereof directly or indirectly (e.g. by capture with an anti-human IgG Fc) onto the surface of a sensor (e.g. an amine high capacity chip or equivalent), wherein the target bound by the antibody or fragment thereof (i.e. the V ⁇ 4 chain of a ⁇ TCR) is flowed over the chip to detect binding.
  • a sensor e.g. an amine high capacity chip or equivalent
  • the target bound by the antibody or fragment thereof i.e. the V ⁇ 4 chain of a ⁇ TCR
  • the antigen may be directly or indirectly coated onto the surface of the sensor, over which test antibody or a fragment thereof is then flowed.
  • a MASS-2 instrument which may also be referred to as Sierra SPR-32
  • Sierra SPR-32 may be used at 25° C.
  • a Reichert 4SPR instrument may be used at room temperature (e.g. 25° C.) in PBS + 0.05 % Tween 20 with a flowrate of 25 ⁇ l/min.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof described herein may be assessed by ⁇ TCR engagement, e.g. measuring downregulation of the ⁇ TCR upon antibody binding and/or upregulation of CD69 surface expression upon antibody binding.
  • Surface expression of the ⁇ TCR or CD69 following application of the antibody or fragment thereof (optionally presented on the surface of a cell) can be measured, e.g. by flow cytometry.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof described herein may also be assessed by measuring ⁇ T cell degranulation.
  • expression of CD107a a marker for cell degranulation
  • the antibody or fragment thereof described herein may also be assessed by measuring ⁇ T cell-mediated killing activity (to test if the antibody has an effect on the killing activity of the ⁇ T cell i.e. the ability of the antibody to induce the ⁇ T cell to directly or indirectly kill target cells).
  • target cells may be incubated with ⁇ T cells in the presence of the antibody or fragment thereof (optionally presented on the surface of a cell). Following incubation, the culture may be stained with a cell viability dye to distinguish between live and dead target cells. The proportion of dead cells can then be measured, e.g. by flow cytometry.
  • the antibodies or fragments thereof used in the assays may be presented on a surface, for example the surface of a cell, such as a cell comprising an Fc receptor.
  • a cell such as a cell comprising an Fc receptor.
  • the antibodies or fragments thereof may be presented on the surface of THP-1 cells, such as TIB-202TM cells (available from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC)).
  • ATCC American Type Culture Collection
  • the antibodies or fragments thereof may be used directly in the assays.
  • output may be measured by calculating the half maximal concentration, also referred to as “EC50” or “effective concentration at 50 percent”.
  • EC50 half maximal concentration
  • IC50 refers to the inhibitory concentration. Both EC50 and IC50 may be measured using methods known in the art, such as flow cytometry methods.
  • flow cytometry methods For the avoidance of doubt, the values of EC50 in the present application are provided using IgG1 formatted antibody. Such values can be easily converted based on the molecular weight of the antibody format for equivalent values as follows:
  • Millilitres may be denoted as “ml” or “mL” herein and used interchangeably.
  • the EC50 for downregulation of the ⁇ TCR upon antibody (or fragment) binding may be less than 0.5 ⁇ g/ml, such as less than 0.4 ⁇ g/ml, 0.3 ⁇ g/ml, 0.2 ⁇ g/ml, 0.15 ⁇ g/ml, 0.1 ⁇ g/ml or 0.05 ⁇ g/ml.
  • said EC50 values are when the antibody is measured in an IgG1 format.
  • the EC50 ⁇ TCR downregulation value can be measured using flow cytometry.
  • the EC50 for ⁇ T cell degranulation upon antibody (or fragment) binding may be less than 0.05 ⁇ g/ml, such as less than 0.04 ⁇ g/ml, 0.03 ⁇ g/ml, 0.02 ⁇ g/ml, 0.015 ⁇ g/ml, 0.01 ⁇ g/ml or 0.008 ⁇ g/ml.
  • said EC50 values are when the antibody is measured in an IgG1 format.
  • the ⁇ T cell degranulation EC50 value can be measured by detecting CD107a expression (i.e. a marker of cell degranulation) using flow cytometry.
  • CD107a expression is measured using an anti-CD107a antibody, such as anti-human CD107a BV421 (clone H4A3) (BD Biosciences).
  • the EC50 for ⁇ T cell-mediated killing upon the antibody (or fragment) binding may be less than 0.5 ⁇ g/ml, such as less than 0.4 ⁇ g/ml, 0.3 ⁇ g/ml, 0.2 ⁇ g/ml, 0.15 ⁇ g/ml, 0.1 ⁇ g/ml or 0.07 ⁇ g/ml.
  • said EC50 values are when the antibody is measured in an IgG1 format.
  • the EC50 ⁇ T cell-mediated killing value can be measured by detecting proportion of dead cells (i.e. using a cell viability dye) using flow cytometry following incubation of the antibody, ⁇ T cell and target cells.
  • death of the target cell is measured using a cell viability dye is Viability Dye eFluorTM 520 (ThermoFisher).
  • the antibody or fragment thereof may be presented on the surface of a cell, such as a THP-1 cell, for example TIB-202TM (ATCC).
  • a cell such as a THP-1 cell, for example TIB-202TM (ATCC).
  • the THP-1 cells are optionally labelled with a dye, such as CellTrackerTM Orange CMTMR (ThermoFisher).
  • the anti-V ⁇ 4 antibody or fragment thereof is encoded by a polynucleotide which comprises or consists of a sequence having at least 70%, such as at least 80%, such as at least 90%, such as at least 95%, such as at least 99% sequence identity with SEQ ID NOs: 187-232.
  • the anti-V ⁇ 4 antibody or fragment thereof is encoded by an expression vector which comprises the VH region of SEQ ID NOs: 187-209.
  • the anti-V ⁇ 4 antibody or fragment thereof is encoded by an expression vector comprises the VL region of SEQ ID NOs: 210-232.
  • the anti-V ⁇ 4 antibody or fragment thereof is encoded by a polynucleotide which comprises or consists of SEQ ID NOs: 187-232.
  • a cDNA comprising said polynucleotide.
  • the polynucleotide comprises or consists of a sequence having at least 70%, such as at least 80%, such as at least 90%, such as at least 95%, such as at least 99% sequence identity with SEQ ID NOs: 195, 189, 199, 200, 202, 204, 208, 218, 212, 222, 223, 225, 227 or 231.
  • the expression vector comprises the VH region of SEQ ID NOs: 195, 189, 199, 200, 202, 204, or 208.
  • the expression vector comprises the VL region of SEQ ID NOs: 218, 212, 222, 223, 225, 227 or 231.
  • polynucleotide comprises or consists of SEQ ID NOs: 195, 189, 199, 200, 202, 204, 208, 218, 212, 222, 223, 225, 227 or 231, in particular SEQ ID NO: 195 and/or 218; or SEQ ID NO: 189 and/or 212.
  • a cDNA comprising said polynucleotide.
  • the polynucleotide comprises or consists of a sequence having at least 70%, such as at least 80%, such as at least 90%, such as at least 95%, such as at least 99% sequence identity with any one of the portions of SEQ ID NOs: 187-232 which encodes CDR1, CDR2 and/or CDR3 of the encoded immunoglobulin chain variable domain.
  • the polynucleotide comprises or consists of a sequence having at least 70%, such as at least 80%, such as at least 90%, such as at least 95%, such as at least 99% sequence identity with any one of the portions of SEQ ID NOs: 195, 189, 199, 200, 202, 204, 208, 218, 212, 222, 223, 225, 227 or 231 which encodes CDR1, CDR2 and/or CDR3 of the encoded immunoglobulin chain variable domain.
  • the polynucleotide comprises or consists of a sequence having at least 70%, such as at least 80%, such as at least 90%, such as at least 95%, such as at least 99% sequence identity with any one of the portions of SEQ ID NOs: 187-232 which encodes FR1, FR2, FR3 and/or FR4 of the encoded immunoglobulin chain variable domain.
  • the polynucleotide comprises or consists of a sequence having at least 70%, such as at least 80%, such as at least 90%, such as at least 95%, such as at least 99% sequence identity with any one of the portions of SEQ ID NOs: 195, 189, 199, 200, 202, 204, 208, 218, 212, 222, 223, 225, 227 or 231 which encodes FR1, FR2, FR3 and/or FR4 of the encoded immunoglobulin chain variable domain.
  • polynucleotides encoding partial or full-length light and heavy chains, as described herein are inserted into expression vectors such that the genes are operatively linked to transcriptional and translational control sequences (which may be termed an ‘expression cassette’ as well understood in the art). Therefore, also described is an expression vector comprising a polynucleotide sequence as defined herein.
  • the expression vector comprises the VH sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 187-209, such as any one of SEQ ID NOs: 195, 189, 199, 200, 202, 204 or 208.
  • the expression vector comprises the VL region of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 210-232, such as any one of SEQ ID NOs: 218, 212, 222, 223, 225, 227 or 231.
  • Such expression vectors or cassettes may be used in pairs, suitably pairing the heavy and light chain variable sequences according to the pairing of various amino acid sequences providing the antibodies disclosed herein.
  • the expression vectors comprise a sequence having at least 70%, such as at least 80%, such as at least 90%, such as at least 95%, such as at least 99% sequence identity or 100% identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 187-209 (encoding a variable heavy region) and further comprises a sequence having at least 70%, such as at least 80%, such as at least 90%, such as at least 95%, such as at least 99% sequence identity or 100% identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 210-232 (encoding a variable light region).
  • the sequences may be provided in specific pairs as described herein to encode the antibodies disclosed herein.
  • polynucleotides and expression vectors may also be described in reference to the amino acid sequence encoded. Therefore, in one embodiment, the polynucleotide comprises or consists of a sequence encoding the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 186, 233-260.
  • Mutations can be made to the DNA or cDNA that encode polypeptides which are silent as to the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide, but which provide preferred codons for translation in a particular host.
  • the preferred codons for translation of a nucleic acid in, e.g., E . coli and S . cerevisiae , as well as mammalian, specifically human, are known.
  • Mutation of polypeptides can be achieved for example by substitutions, additions or deletions to a nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide.
  • the substitutions, additions or deletions to a nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide can be introduced by many methods, including for example error-prone PCR, shuffling, oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis, assembly PCR, PCR mutagenesis, in vivo mutagenesis, cassette mutagenesis, recursive ensemble mutagenesis, exponential ensemble mutagenesis, site-specific mutagenesis, gene reassembly, artificial gene synthesis, Gene Site Saturation Mutagenesis (GSSM), synthetic ligation reassembly (SLR) or a combination of these methods.
  • GSSM Gene Site Saturation Mutagenesis
  • SLR synthetic ligation reassembly
  • the modifications, additions or deletions to a nucleic acid can also be introduced by a method comprising recombination, recursive sequence recombination, phosphothioate-modified DNA mutagenesis, uracil-containing template mutagenesis, gapped duplex mutagenesis, point mismatch repair mutagenesis, repair-deficient host strain mutagenesis, chemical mutagenesis, radiogenic mutagenesis, deletion mutagenesis, restriction-selection mutagenesis, restriction-purification mutagenesis, ensemble mutagenesis, chimeric nucleic acid multimer creation, or a combination thereof.
  • a gene encoding a polypeptide can be synthetically produced by, for example, solid-phase DNA synthesis. Entire genes may be synthesized de novo, without the need for precursor template DNA.
  • the building blocks are sequentially coupled to the growing oligonucleotide chain in the order required by the sequence of the product. Upon the completion of the chain assembly, the product is released from the solid phase to solution, deprotected, and collected. Products can be isolated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to obtain the desired oligonucleotides in high purity.
  • HPLC high-performance liquid chromatography
  • Expression vectors include, for example, plasmids, retroviruses, cosmids, yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) derived episomes.
  • the polynucleotide is ligated into a vector such that transcriptional and translational control sequences within the vector serve their intended function of regulating the transcription and translation of the polynucleotide.
  • Expression and/or control sequences can include promoters, enhancers, transcription terminators, a start codon (i.e. ATG) 5′ to the coding sequence, splicing signals for introns and stop codons.
  • the expression vector and expression control sequences are chosen to be compatible with the expression host cell used.
  • nucleotide sequence encoding single chain variable fragments according to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 163-185, comprising a VH region and a VL region joined by a synthetic linker (encoding SEQ ID NO: 186).
  • polynucleotides or expression vectors described herein may comprise the VH region, the VL region or both (optionally including the linker). Therefore, polynucleotides encoding the VH and VL regions can be inserted into separate vectors, alternatively sequences encoding both regions are inserted into the same expression vector.
  • the polynucleotide(s) are inserted into the expression vector by standard methods (e.g., ligation of complementary restriction sites on the polynucleotide and vector, or blunt end ligation if no restriction sites are present).
  • a convenient vector is one that encodes a functionally complete human CH or CL immunoglobulin sequence, with appropriate restriction sites engineered so that any VH or VL sequence can be easily inserted and expressed, as described herein.
  • the expression vector can also encode a signal peptide that facilitates secretion of the antibody (or fragment thereof) from a host cell.
  • the polynucleotide may be cloned into the vector such that the signal peptide is linked in-frame to the amino terminus of the antibody.
  • the signal peptide can be an immunoglobulin signal peptide or a heterologous signal peptide (i.e., a signal peptide from a non-immunoglobulin protein).
  • a host cell may comprise a first vector encoding the light chain of the antibody or fragment thereof, and a second vector encoding the heavy chain of the antibody or fragment thereof.
  • the heavy and light chains may both be encoded on the same expression vector introduced into the host cell.
  • the polynucleotide or expression vector encodes a membrane anchor or transmembrane domain fused to the antibody or fragment thereof, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof is presented on an extracellular surface of the host cell.
  • Transformation can be by any known method for introducing polynucleotides into a host cell.
  • Methods for introduction of heterologous polynucleotides into mammalian cells are well known in the art and include dextran-mediated transfection, calcium phosphate precipitation, polybrene-mediated transfection, protoplast fusion, electroporation, transduction, encapsulation of the polynucleotide(s) in liposomes, biolistic injection and direct microinjection of the DNA into nuclei.
  • nucleic acid molecules may be introduced into mammalian cells by viral vectors.
  • Mammalian cell lines available as hosts for expression are well known in the art and include many immortalized cell lines available from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). These include, inter alia, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, NSO, SP2 cells, HeLa cells, baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells, monkey kidney cells (COS), human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (e.g., Hep G2), A549 cells, 3T3 cells, and a number of other cell lines.
  • Mammalian host cells include human, mouse, rat, dog, monkey, pig, goat, bovine, horse and hamster cells. Cell lines of particular preference are selected through determining which cell lines have high expression levels.
  • insect cell lines such as Sf9 cells, amphibian cells, bacterial cells, plant cells and fungal cells.
  • Antigen-binding fragments of antibodies such as the scFv and Fv fragments can be isolated and expressed in E . coli using methods known in the art.
  • the antibodies are produced by culturing the host cells for a period of time sufficient to allow for expression of the antibody in the host cells or, more preferably, secretion of the antibody into the culture medium in which the host cells are grown.
  • Antibodies can be recovered from the culture medium using standard protein purification methods.
  • Antibodies (or fragments) described herein can be obtained and manipulated using the techniques disclosed for example in Green and Sambrook, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (2012) 4th Edition Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory Press.
  • Monoclonal antibodies can be produced using hybridoma technology, by fusing a specific antibody-producing B cell with a myeloma (B cell cancer) cell that is selected for its ability to grow in tissue culture and for an absence of antibody chain synthesis.
  • B cell cancer myeloma
  • a monoclonal antibody directed against a determined antigen can, for example, be obtained by:
  • Antibodies capable of binding to the target antigens as described herein may be isolated from a suitable antibody library via routine practice, for example, using the phage display, yeast display, ribosomal display, or mammalian display technology known in the art. Accordingly, monoclonal antibodies can be obtained, for example, by a process comprising the steps of:
  • compositions comprising the V ⁇ 4 T cell population obtained by a method as defined herein.
  • the V ⁇ 4 T cell population is the expanded V ⁇ 4 T cell population.
  • the composition may comprise the cells, optionally in combination with other excipients.
  • compositions comprising one or more additional active agents (e.g. active agents suitable for treating the diseases mentioned herein).
  • compositions may include V ⁇ 4 T cells, in particular expanded V ⁇ 4 T cells, as described herein in combination with one or more pharmaceutically or physiologically acceptable carrier, diluents, or excipients.
  • Such compositions may include buffers such as neutral buffered saline, phosphate buffered saline and the like; carbohydrates such as glucose, mannose, sucrose or dextrans, mannitol; proteins; polypeptides or amino acids such as glycine; antioxidants; chelating agents such as EDTA or glutathione; adjuvants (e.g., aluminium hydroxide); and preservatives.
  • Cryopreservation solutions which may be used in the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention include, for example, DMSO.
  • Compositions can be formulated, e.g., for intravenous administration.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is substantially free of, e.g., there are no detectable levels of a contaminant, e.g., of endotoxin or mycoplasma.
  • the preferred mode of administration is parenteral (e.g., intravenous, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intrathecal).
  • parenteral e.g., intravenous, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intrathecal
  • the composition is administered by intravenous infusion or injection.
  • the composition is administered by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection.
  • composition of the invention in therapeutic methods for the treatment of diseases as described herein as an adjunct to, or in conjunction with, other established therapies normally used in the treatment of such diseases.
  • the cell population, composition or pharmaceutical composition is administered sequentially, simultaneously or separately with at least one active agent.
  • a cell population obtained by a method as defined herein for use as a medicament obtained by a method as defined herein for use as a medicament.
  • the expanded cell population as defined herein for use as a medicament there is provided.
  • References herein to a cell population “for use” as a medicament or in therapy are limited to administration of the cell population to a subject. Such uses do not include administration of the antibody or fragment thereof direct to a patient i.e. wherein said antibody is used as the therapeutic.
  • the cell population is for use in the treatment of cancer, an infectious disease or an inflammatory disease. In a further embodiment, the cell population is for use in the treatment of cancer.
  • the cell population for use as a medicament comprises more than 50% V ⁇ 4 T cells, such as more than 60%, more than 70%, more than 80%, more than 90%, more than 95% or more than 99% V ⁇ 4 T cells.
  • the cell population for use as a medicament consists of V ⁇ 4 T cells.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprising the cell population as defined herein for use as a medicament.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprising the cell population is for use in therapy, particularly for use in the treatment of cancer, an infectious disease or an inflammatory disease.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprising the cell population is for use in the treatment of cancer.
  • a method of modulating an immune response in a subject in need thereof comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the cell population as defined herein.
  • a method of treating a cancer, an infectious disease or an inflammatory disease in a subject in need thereof comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the cell population as defined herein.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition comprising the cell population is administered.
  • the use of the cell population as defined herein for the manufacture of a medicament for example in the treatment of cancer, an infectious disease or an inflammatory disease.
  • Gamma delta T cells obtained by the expansion methods of the invention may be used as a medicament, for example for adoptive T cell therapy.
  • the therapy may be autologous, i.e. the ⁇ T cells may be transferred back into the same patient from which they were obtained, or the therapy may be allogeneic, i.e. the ⁇ T cells from one person may be transferred into a different patient.
  • the ⁇ T cells may be substantially free of ⁇ T cells.
  • ⁇ T cells may be depleted from the ⁇ T cell population, e.g., after expansion, using any suitable means known in the art (e.g., by negative selection, e.g., using magnetic beads).
  • a method of treatment may include: providing a sample (e.g. a non-haematopoietic tissue sample) obtained from a donor individual; culturing ⁇ T cells obtained from the sample as described herein, e.g. to produce an expanded population; and administering the population of ⁇ T cells to a recipient individual.
  • a sample e.g. a non-haematopoietic tissue sample
  • the patient or subject to be treated is preferably a human cancer patient (e.g., a human cancer patient being treated for a solid tumour) or a virus-infected patient (e.g., a CMV-infected or HIV infected patient).
  • the patient has and/or is being treated for a solid tumour. Because they are normally resident in non-haematopoietic tissues, tissue-resident V ⁇ 4 T cells are also more likely to home to and be retained within tumour masses than their systemic blood-resident counterparts and adoptive transfer of these cells is likely to be more effective at targeting solid tumours and potentially other non-haematopoietic tissue-associated immunopathologies.
  • ⁇ T cells are non-MHC restricted, they do not recognize a host into which they are transferred as foreign, which means that they are less likely to cause graft-versus-host disease. This means that they can be used “off the shelf” and transferred into any recipient, e.g., for allogeneic adoptive T cell therapy.
  • ⁇ T cells obtained by methods described herein may express NKG2D and respond to a NKG2D ligand (e.g. MICA), which is strongly associated with malignancy. They may also express a cytotoxic profile in the absence of any activation and are therefore likely to be effective at killing tumour cells.
  • the ⁇ T cells obtained as described herein may express one or more, preferably all of IFN- ⁇ , TNF- ⁇ , GM-CSF, CCL4, IL-13, Granulysin, Granzyme A and B, and Perforin in the absence of any activation. IL-17A may not be expressed.
  • a method of treatment of an individual with a tumour may include; providing a sample of said tumour obtained from a donor individual, culturing the ⁇ T cells obtained from the sample as described above, and; administering the population of ⁇ T cells to the individual with the tumour.
  • a method of treatment of an individual with a tumour in a non-haematopoietic tissue may include; providing a sample of said non-haematopoietic tissue obtained from a donor individual, culturing the ⁇ T cells obtained from the sample as described above, and; administering the population of ⁇ T cells to the individual with the tumour.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of ⁇ T cells obtained by the any of the methods described above can be administered in a therapeutically effective amount to a subject (e.g., for treatment of cancer, e.g. for treatment of a solid tumour).
  • the therapeutically effective amount of ⁇ T cells is less than 10 ⁇ 10 12 cells per dose (e.g., less than 9 ⁇ 10 12 cells per dose, less than 8 ⁇ 10 12 cells per dose, less than 7 ⁇ 10 12 cells per dose, less than 6 ⁇ 10 12 cells per dose, less than 5 ⁇ 10 12 cells per dose, less than 4 ⁇ 10 12 cells per dose, less than 3 ⁇ 10 12 cells per dose, less than 2 ⁇ 10 12 cells per dose, less than 1 ⁇ 10 12 cells per dose, less than 9 ⁇ 10 11 cells per dose, less than 8 ⁇ 10 11 cells per dose, less than 7 ⁇ 10 11 cells per dose, less than 6 ⁇ 10 11 cells per dose, less than 5 ⁇ 10 11
  • the therapeutically effective amount of ⁇ T cells is less than 10 ⁇ 10 12 cells over the course of treatment (e.g., less than 9 ⁇ 10 12 cells, less than 8 ⁇ 10 12 cells, less than 7 ⁇ 10 12 cells, less than 6 ⁇ 10 12 cells, less than 5 ⁇ 10 12 cells, less than 4 ⁇ 10 12 cells, less than 3 ⁇ 10 12 cells, less than 2 ⁇ 10 12 cells, less than 1 ⁇ 10 12 cells, less than 9 ⁇ 10 11 cells, less than 8 ⁇ 10 11 cells, less than 7 ⁇ 10 11 cells, less than 6 ⁇ 10 11 cells, less than 5 ⁇ 10 11 cells, less than 4 ⁇ 10 11 cells, less than 3 ⁇ 10 11 cells, less than 2 ⁇ 10 11 cells, less than 1 ⁇ 10 11 cells, less than 9 ⁇ 10 10 cells, less than 7.5 ⁇ 10 10 cells, less than 5 ⁇ 10 10 cells, less than 2.5 ⁇ 10 10 cells, less than 1 ⁇ 10 10 cells, less than 1 ⁇ 10 10 cells, less than 10 cells, less than
  • a dose of ⁇ T cells comprises about 1 ⁇ 10 6 , 1.1 ⁇ 10 6 , 2 ⁇ 10 6 , 3.6 ⁇ 10 6 , 5 ⁇ 10 6 , 1 ⁇ 10 7 , 1.8 ⁇ 10 7 , 2 ⁇ 10 7 , 5 ⁇ 10 7 , 1 ⁇ 10 8 , 2 ⁇ 10 8 , or 5 ⁇ 10 8 cells/kg.
  • a dose of ⁇ T cells comprises up to about 1 ⁇ 10 6 , 1.1 ⁇ 10 6 , 2 ⁇ 10 6 , 3.6 ⁇ 10 6 , 5 ⁇ 10 6 , 1 ⁇ 10 7 , 1.8 ⁇ 10 7 , 2 ⁇ 10 7 , 5 ⁇ 10 7 , 1 ⁇ 10 8 , 2 ⁇ 10 8 , or 5 ⁇ 10 8 cells/kg.
  • a dose of y ⁇ T cells (e.g., V ⁇ 4 T cells) comprises about 1.1 ⁇ 10 6 - 1.8 ⁇ 10 7 cells/kg.
  • a dose of y ⁇ T cells comprises about 1 ⁇ 10 7 , 2 ⁇ 10 7 , 5 ⁇ 10 7 , 1 ⁇ 10 8 , 2 ⁇ 10 8 , 5 ⁇ 10 8 , 1 ⁇ 10 9 , 2 ⁇ 10 9 , or 5 ⁇ 10 9 cells.
  • a dose of y ⁇ T cells comprises at least about 1 ⁇ 10 7 , 2 ⁇ 10 7 , 5 ⁇ 10 7 , 1 ⁇ 10 8 , 2 ⁇ 10 8 , 5 ⁇ 10 8 , 1 ⁇ 10 9 , 2 ⁇ 10 9 , or 5 ⁇ 10 9 cells.
  • a dose of ⁇ T cells comprises up to about 1 ⁇ 10 7 , 2 ⁇ 10 7 , 5 ⁇ 10 7 , 1 ⁇ 10 8 , 2 ⁇ 10 8 , 5 ⁇ 10 8 , 1 ⁇ 10 9 , 2 ⁇ 10 9 , or 5 ⁇ 10 9 cells.
  • the subject is administered 10 4 to 10 6 y ⁇ T cells (e.g., V ⁇ 4 T cells) per kg body weight of the subject.
  • the subject receives an initial administration of a population of ⁇ T cells (e.g., an initial administration of 10 4 to 10 6 ⁇ T cells per kg body weight of the subject, e.g., 10 4 to 10 5 ⁇ T cells per kg body weight of the subject), and one or more (e.g., 2, 3, 4, or 5) subsequent administrations of ⁇ T cells (e.g., one or more subsequent administration of 10 4 to 10 6 ⁇ T cells per kg body weight of the subject, e.g., 10 4 to 10 5 ⁇ T cells per kg body weight of the subject).
  • ⁇ T cells e.g., an initial administration of 10 4 to 10 6 ⁇ T cells per kg body weight of the subject, e.g., 10 4 to 10 5 ⁇ T cells per kg body weight of the subject.
  • the one or more subsequent administrations are administered less than 15 days, e.g., 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, or 2 days after the previous administration, e.g., less than 4, 3, or 2 days after the previous administration.
  • the subject receives a total of about 10 6 ⁇ T cells per kg body weight of the subject over the course of at least three administrations of a population of ⁇ T cells, e.g., the subject receives an initial dose of 1 ⁇ 10 5 ⁇ T cells, a second administration of 3 ⁇ 10 5 ⁇ T cells, and a third administration of 6 ⁇ 10 5 ⁇ T cells, and, e.g., each administration is administered less than 4, 3, or 2 days after the previous administration.
  • one or more additional therapeutic agents can be administered to the subject.
  • the additional therapeutic agent may be selected from the group consisting of an immunotherapeutic agent, a cytotoxic agent, a growth inhibitory agent, a radiation therapy agent, an anti-angiogenic agent, or a combination of two or more agents thereof.
  • the additional therapeutic agent may be administered concurrently with, prior to, or after administration of the ⁇ T cells.
  • the additional therapeutic agent may be an immunotherapeutic agent, which may act on a targetwithin the subject’s body (e.g., the subject’s own immune system) and/or on the transferred ⁇ T cells.
  • compositions described herein may be administered to a patient transarterially, subcutaneously, intradermally, intratumorally, intranodally, intramedullary, intramuscularly, by intravenous injection, or intraperitoneally, e.g., by intradermal or subcutaneous injection.
  • the compositions of ⁇ T cells may be injected directly into a tumour, lymph node, or site of infection.
  • the ⁇ T cells obtained by the method of the invention may also be gene engineered for enhanced therapeutic properties, such as for Chimeric Antigen Receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy.
  • CAR-T Chimeric Antigen Receptor T cell
  • TCRs T cell receptors
  • the engineered TCR may make the T cells specific for malignant cells and therefore useful for cancer immunotherapy.
  • the T cells may recognize cancer cells expressing a tumour antigen, such as a tumour associated antigen that is not expressed by normal somatic cells from the subject tissue.
  • the CAR-modified T cells may be used for adoptive T cell therapy of, for example, cancer patients.
  • an anti-V ⁇ 4 antibody or fragment thereof as described herein to study antigen recognition, activation, signal transduction or function of ⁇ T cells (in particular V ⁇ 4 T cells).
  • the antibodies have been shown to be active in assays which can be used to investigate ⁇ T cell function.
  • Such antibodies may also be useful for inducing the proliferation of ⁇ T cells, therefore may be used in methods of expanding ⁇ T cells (such as V ⁇ 4 T cells).
  • Antibodies which bind to the V ⁇ 4 chain can be used to detect y ⁇ T cells.
  • the antibody may be labelled with a detectable label or reporter molecule or used as a capture ligand to selectively detect and/or isolate V ⁇ 4 T cells in a sample.
  • Labelled antibodies find use in many methods known in the art, for example immunohistochemistry and ELISA.
  • the detectable label or reporter molecule can be a radioisotope, such as 3 H, 14 C, 32 P, 35 S, or 125 I; a fluorescent or chemiluminescent moiety such as fluorescein isothiocyanate, or rhodamine; or an enzyme such as alkaline phosphatase, ⁇ -galactosidase, horseradish peroxidase, or luciferase. Fluorescent labels applied to antibodies of the invention may then be used in fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) methods.
  • FACS fluorescence-activated cell sorting
  • V ⁇ or V ⁇ domains were fused in-frame to a TCRa or TCR ⁇ constant region lacking the transmembrane domain, followed by a leucine zipper sequence or an Fc sequence, and a histidine tag/linker.
  • the expression construct was transiently transfected in mammalian EXPI HEK293 suspension cells (either as single or co-transfections for heterodimer). Secreted recombinant proteins were recovered and purified from culture supernatant by affinity chromatography. To ensure good recovery of monomer antigen, samples were further purified using preparative size exclusion chromatography (SEC). Purified antigens were analysed for purity by SDS-PAGE and aggregation state by analytical SEC.
  • scFvs were subcloned into lgG1 frameworks using commercially available plasmids. expi293F suspension cells were transfected with said plasmids for antibody expression.
  • the antibodies characterised in these Examples referto IgG1 formatted antibodies selected from phage display as scFv. However, the antibodies may be in any antibody format as previously discussed.
  • IgG antibodies were batch purified from supernatants using protein A chromatography. Quality of purified IgG was analysed using ELISA, SDS-PAGE and SEC-HPLC.
  • Phage display selection outputs were subcloned into the scFv expression vector pSANG10 (Martin et al. (2006) BMC Biotechnol . 6: 46). Soluble scFv were expressed and screened for binding in dissociation-enhanced lanthanide fluorescence immunoassay (DELFIA) on directly immobilised targets. Hits were defined as a DELFIA signal above 3000 fluorescence units.
  • DELFIA dissociation-enhanced lanthanide fluorescence immunoassay
  • a DELFIA ELISA binding method was also employed to assess binding of antibody supernatants or further protein-A purified antibody.
  • MaxiSorp plates were coated with 3 ⁇ g/ml of antigen BSA or L1 (DV1-GV4), L2 (DV1-GV2), L3 (DV1-GV8), or L4 (DV2-GV4) recombinant TCR antigen. Plates were then washed with PBS, blocked with PBS/skimmed milk and then test article added and incubated for 1 hour at room temperature.
  • hlgG1 (described in England et al. (1999) J. Immunol . 162: 2129-2136) was used as a negative control and REA173 (Miltenyi) and TS8.2 (ThermoFisher, No. TCR1730) were used as comparator antibodies.
  • JRT3-TCR cells employed in the antibody binding, the TCR downregulation, and the CD69 upregulation studies are described previously (see Melandri et al. (2016) Nature Immunology 19(12): 1352-1365, and Willcox et al. (2019) Immunity 51(5): 813-825.e4).
  • 96 flat well plates were first pre-coated by adding to each well 20 ⁇ g/ml secondary antibodies, specifically either anti-human IgG-Fc (for the human D1.3 and V ⁇ 4 antibodies) or anti-mouse IgG (for murine anti-CD3e or anti-Pan TCRgd) and then incubated for 2 h at 37° C.
  • Test antibodies as indicated were first diluted to 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 ⁇ g/ml final concentrations. 50 ⁇ l of each concentration was then added to a well of the pre-coated plate prior to overnight incubation at 4° C.
  • PBMC Primary Cells
  • PBMC resuspended at 10 6 cells per ml in complete media (RPMI supplemented with 5% heat-inactivated human AB serum [PAA laboratories], Sodium Pyruvate [1 mM] and Penicillin/Streptomycin [ThermoFisher]) were then added to each well. Cells were then incubated at 37° C., 5% CO 2 . IL-2 or IL-2 + IL-15 (100 U/ml and 10 ng/ml final concentrations, respectively) were added after 24 hours and fresh complete media supplemented with IL-2 or IL-2 + IL-15 was added every 2-3 days. On days 7 and 14 of the culture, cells were transferred to a 96 well round-bottom plate for staining.
  • the binding of antibodies to ⁇ T cells may be tested by incubating a fixed concentration of purified antibodies with 250000 ⁇ T cells. This incubation may be performed under blocking conditions, such as by the addition of huFc fragments or Ig to prevent unspecific binding of antibodies via the Fc receptor. Detection may be performed by addition of a secondary, fluorescent dye-conjugated antibody against human lgG1.
  • cells may be prepared with a) an isotype antibody only (recombinant human IgG), b) the fluorescent dye-conjugated anti-human IgG antibody only and c) a combination of a) and b). A control well of completely unstained cells may be also prepared and analysed.
  • a purified murine monoclonal lgG2 anti-human CD3 antibody may be used in two different concentrations and stained with a fluorescent dye-conjugated goat anti-mouse secondary antibody.
  • the assay may be accepted if the lower concentration positive controls’ mean fluorescence intensity in the FITC channel was at least tenfold as high as the highest negative control.
  • a MASS-2 instrument with an amine high capacity chip (both from Sierra Sensors, Germany) may be used to perform SPR analysis.
  • 15 nM IgG may be captured via protein G to an amine high capacity chip (100 nM forTS8.2).
  • L1 (DV1-GV4) antigen may be flown over the cell at a 1:2 dilution series from 2000 nM to 15.625 nM with the following parameters: 180 s association, 600 s dissociation, flowrate 30 ⁇ L/min, running buffer PBS + 0.02 % Tween 20. All experiments were performed at room temperature on MASS-2 instrument. Steady state fitting may be determined according to Langmuir 1:1 binding using software Sierra Analyzer 3.2.
  • THP-1 (TIB-202TM, ATCC) target cells loaded or not with test antibodies may be labelled with CellTrackerTM Orange CMTMR (ThermoFisher, C2927) and incubated with ⁇ T cells at 2:1 ratio in the presence of CD107a antibody (Anti-human CD107a BV421 (clone H4A3) BD Biosciences 562623). After 2 hours of incubation, the surface expression of ⁇ TCR (to measure TCR downregulation) and expression of CD107a (to measure degranulation) on ⁇ T cells may be evaluated using flow cytometry.
  • Gamma delta T cell-mediated killing activity and effect of test antibodies on the killing activity of ⁇ T cells may be accessed by flow cytometry. After 4 hours of in vitro co-culture at 20:1 ratio of ⁇ T cells and CellTrackerTM Orange CMTMR (ThermoFisher, C2927) labelled THP-1 cells (loaded or not with the antibody) may be stained with Viability Dye eFluorTM 520 (ThermoFisher, 520 65-0867-14) to distinguish between live and dead target THP-1 cells. During sample acquisition, target cells may be gated on the CellTrackerTM Orange CMTMR positivity and examined for cell death based on the uptake of Viability Dye. CMTMR and eFluorTM 520 double positive cells may be recognized as the dead target cells. The killing activity of ⁇ T cells may be presented as a % of the dead target cells.
  • Gamma delta ( ⁇ ) T cells are polyclonal with CDR3 polyclonality.
  • the antigen design involved maintaining a consistent CDR3 in different formats. This design aimed to generate antibodies recognising a sequence within the variable domain, which is germline encoded and therefore the same in all clones, thus providing antibodies which recognise a wider subset of ⁇ T cells.
  • the ⁇ TCR is a complex protein involving a heterodimer with inter-chain and intra-chain disulphide bonds.
  • a leucine zipper (LZ) format and Fc format were used to generate soluble TCR antigens to be used in the phage display selections. Both the LZ and Fc formats expressed well and successfully displayed the TCR (particularly heterodimeric TCRs, e.g. V ⁇ 1V ⁇ 4).
  • Antigens containing the gamma variable 4 chain were expressed in LZ formats as a heterodimer (i.e. in combination with different delta variable chains – e.g. DV1-GV4, a heterodimer composed of a delta variable 1 chain and a gamma variable 4 chain, [ termed “L1”] and DV2-GV4, a heterodimer composed of a delta variable 2 chain and a gamma variable 4 chain, [ termed “L4”]) and in Fc format either as a heterodimer or as a homodimer (i.e.
  • gamma variable 4 chain – GV4-GV4 a homodimer composed of two gamma variable 4 chains, [termed “Fc4/4”]).
  • All gamma variable 4 chains of the antigens contained the 4MNH CDR3.
  • Another series of ⁇ TCR antigens using similar formats were designed containing different gamma variable chains (such as gamma variable 2 and gamma variable 8) and used to deselect antibodies with non-specific or off target binding (e.g.
  • DV1-GV2 a heterodimer composed of a delta variable 1 chain and a gamma variable 2 chain, [termed “L2”] or DV1-GV8, a heterodimer composed of a delta variable 1 chain and a gamma variable 8 chain, [termed “L3”]).
  • L2 a delta variable 1 chain and a gamma variable 2 chain
  • DV1-GV8 a heterodimer composed of a delta variable 1 chain and a gamma variable 8 chain
  • Phage display selections were performed against libraries of human scFvs using either heterodimeric LZ TCR format in round 1 and 2, with deselections on heterodimeric LZ TCR in both rounds.
  • round 1 was performed using homodimeric Fc fusion TCR with deselection on human IgG1 Fc followed by round 2 on heterodimeric LZ TCR with deselection on heterodimeric LZ TCR (see Table 1).
  • Example 3 Hits obtained in Example 3 were sequenced (using standard methods known in the art). 130 unique clones were identified, which showed a unique combination of VH and VL CDR3. Of these 130 unique clones, 129 showed a unique VH CDR3 and 116 showed a unique VL CDR3.
  • Affinity ranking of the selected binders was included to aid the choice of clones going forward.
  • a large number of binders showed affinities in the nanomolar range, reacting with 25 to 100 nM biotinylated antigen (L1).
  • a handful of binders showed a strong reaction with 5 nM antigen, indicating possible single digit nanomolar affinities.
  • Some binders showed no reaction with 100 nM antigen, indicating affinities in the micromolar range.
  • Fold-change increases in binding to the human V ⁇ 4 chain versus the human V ⁇ 2 chain ranged from an 80-fold (clone G4_26) to a 98387-fold increase (clone G4_18).
  • Antibody binding studies were also conducted using recombinant Jurkat (JRT3-hu17) cells. Comparison of the results from the ELISA data and flow cytometry data are shown in FIG. 3 A . Antibody clones which were identified as binding to both DV1-GV4 antigen via Delfia ELISA (Y-axis) and to JRT3-hu17 cells (X-axis) were chosen for further investigation.
  • Example 4 The capacity of the antibodies chosen in Example 4 to stain V ⁇ 4 TCRs bearing different CDR3 sequences (hu17 vs. hu20, both V ⁇ 4V ⁇ 1) or delta chains (hu20 ⁇ /huPB ⁇ , V ⁇ 4V ⁇ 2; LES, V ⁇ 4V ⁇ 5) was investigated. Results are shown in FIG. 4 A and indicate that all tested antibodies show significantly increased binding to one or more of the V ⁇ 4 TCRs used in the study relative to the D1.3 isotype control.
  • exemplary antibodies (G4_3, G4_12, G4_16, G4_18 and G4_27) bind all V ⁇ 4 TCRs expressed in this study and regardless of CDR3 sequence or partner delta chain, exhibiting markedly enhanced binding signals over and above D1.3 isotype control.
  • example flow data for two of the antibodies in this study are shown in FIG. 4 B and illustrate the difference between G4_3 binding (stains positive for all V ⁇ 4 TCRs) compared to G4_4 binding (stains positively for both hu17 and LES, whereas staining against both hu20 [different CDR3 sequences compared to hu17] and hu20g/huPBd [V ⁇ 4V ⁇ 2] is reduced).
  • hu17 is a V ⁇ 4/V ⁇ 1 TCR for which the paired CDR3 sequences were cloned from a BTNL3+8-reactive human colon intraepithelial lymphocyte by single-cell PCR (as described in Melandri et al. (2016) Nat. Immunol. 19: 1352-1365).
  • Different chimeric hu17 TCR constructs were prepared as summarised in FIG. 5 A . These constructs were derived from hu17 and were all described in Melandri et al. (2016) Nat. Immunol. 19: 1352-1365 and Willcox et al. (2019) Immunity 51: 813-825 (both of which are incorporated herein by reference).
  • Antibody binding was then investigated by flow cytometry against the chimeric hu17 TCRs expressed on JRT3 cells.
  • a summary table of the reactivity of each antibody to the indicated chimeric TCR constructs is shown in FIG. 5 B .
  • the results highlight individual antibody relative binding specificity to the individual TCRs expressed on JRT3 cells.
  • Antibodies G4_3, G4_12, G4_16, G4_18 and G4_27 were all indicated to specifically bind in or around the HV4 region because no staining or reduced staining was observed when hu17 TCR constructs containing the V ⁇ 2 sequences in the HV4 region were used.
  • Example flow data of epitope mapping to illustrate the differential binding signals observed in this study is shown in FIG. 5 C .
  • G4_12 binding to the various recombinant chimeric TCRs is shown.
  • G4_12 exhibits strong binding to starting hu17 TCR (far left panel). Strong binding is also observed against hu17 when the CDR1+2 sequences are exchanged in-frame for V ⁇ 2 equivalent CDRs (centre left panel) or when the hu17 is HV4 modified to V ⁇ 2 sequence DG>YA (centre right panel).
  • Results from titration of investigated antibodies for staining and analysis by flow cytometry to JRT3-hu17 cells are shown in FIG. 6 A .
  • Results show all antibodies were capable of binding to JRT3 cells expressing V ⁇ 4 TCRs.
  • the protein complexes were incubated with deuterated cross-linkers and subjected to multi-enzymatic cleavage. After enrichment of the cross-linked peptides, the samples were analysed by high resolution mass spectrometry (nLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS) and the data generated were analysed using XQuest (version 2.0) and Stavrox (version 3.6) software.
  • anti-V ⁇ 4 antibodies were tested for binding to primary V ⁇ 4 + T cells expanded from the skin of two individual donors. Skin samples were prepared by removing subcutaneous fat and a 3 mm biopsy punch used to make multiple punches. Punches were placed on carbon matrix grids and placed in the well of a G-REX6 (Wilson Wolf). Each well was filled with complete isolation medium containing AIM-V media (Gibco, Life Technologies), CTS Immune Serum Replacement (Life Technologies), IL-2 and IL-15. For the first 7 days of culture, complete isolation medium containing Amphotericin B (Life Technologies) was used (“+AMP”).
  • ⁇ T cells were first stained with viability dye in the presence of Fc block for 20 minutes at 4° C.
  • ⁇ T cells were then incubated with fixed concentrations of exemplary anti-V ⁇ 4 antibodies (0.046 - 100 ⁇ g/ml) or isotype control (lgG1 anti-respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) antibody) for 30 minutes at 4° C.
  • Detection was performed by addition of a secondary, fluorescent dye-conjugated antibody against human lgG1 (IS11-12E4.23.20).
  • Cells were then fixed and acquired on the MACSQuant16 flow cytometer. Cells were gated as single, live, lgG1 (V ⁇ 4) + . Data shown are the median fluorescent intensity (MFI) of secondary detection antibody detected bound to V ⁇ 4 + cells.
  • MFI median fluorescent intensity
  • PBMCs Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells
  • human PBMCs (Lonza, product code CC-2702) were first stained with viability dye in the presence of Fc block for 20 minutes at 4° C. Cells were then incubated with 10 ⁇ g/ml anti-V ⁇ 4 antibodies or isotype control (RSV) for 30 minutes at 4° C., before being washed and stained extracellularly with anti-V ⁇ 1 (REA173), anti-V ⁇ 2 (REA771), anti- ⁇ (REA591) and anti-human lgG1 (IS11-12E4.23.20) for 20 minutes at 4° C. Cells were then fixed and acquired on the MACSQuant16 flow cytometer. Cells were gated as single, live, ⁇ + V ⁇ 2 - lgG1 (V ⁇ 4) + .
  • FIG. 7 B Data shown are % V ⁇ 4 + cells of ⁇ + V ⁇ 2 - cells detected using each individual antibody bound by the conjugated secondary anti-human lgG1 antibody. These data highlight the ability of substantially all of the anti-V ⁇ 4 antibodies to bind primary blood-derived V ⁇ 4 + T cells. The strongest signals were detected using antibody G4_23, G4_3, G4_12, G4_18 or G4_20.
  • tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes TILs
  • Kupper and Clarke Clarke et al., 2006, J. Invest. Dermatol . 126, 1059-1070.
  • up to four 2 mm 2 biopsies were placed on 9 mm ⁇ 9 mm ⁇ 1.5 mm Cellfoam matrices, and one matrix was placed per well on a 24-well plate.
  • Biopsies were then cultured in 2 ml Iscove’s Modified Dulbecco’s Medium (IMDM) supplemented with 4% human plasma, ⁇ -mercaptoethanol (50 ⁇ M), penicillin (100 U/ml), streptomycin (100 ⁇ g/ml), gentamicin (20 ⁇ g/ml), metronidazole (1 ⁇ g/ml), amphotericin B (2.5 ⁇ g/ml), HEPES (10 mM), Na Pyruvate (1 mM), MEM Non-Essential Amino Acids Solution (1X) and IL-15 (20 ng/ml, Miltenyi Biotech).
  • IMDM Modified Dulbecco’s Medium
  • ⁇ -mercaptoethanol 50 ⁇ M
  • penicillin 100 U/ml
  • streptomycin 100 ⁇ g/ml
  • gentamicin 20 ⁇ g/ml
  • metronidazole 1 ⁇ g/ml
  • TILs 1 ml of medium was aspirated every 3 days and replaced with 1 ml complete medium containing 2 ⁇ concentrated IL-15. TILs were harvested 10 days later, passed through a 70 ⁇ M nylon cell strainer, centrifuged at 300 ⁇ g for 5 minutes and resuspended in complete medium for phenotyping. TILs were first stained with live/dead viability dye in the presence of Fc block for 20 minutes at 4° C.
  • FIG. 7 C Data shown are FACS plots illustrating binding of anti-V ⁇ 4 antibodies, G4_3, G4_12 and G4_18, to primary gut-derived V ⁇ 4 + cells detected via the conjugated secondary anti-human IgG1 antibody.
  • the data demonstrates the ability of the antibodies of the invention to bind to V ⁇ 4 + cells obtained from CRC tumour tissue.
  • NAT normal adjacent tissue
  • Program 37C_h_TDK_1 for the dissociation of soft tumours was selected. After 1 hour the digest was filtered through a 70 ⁇ M filter and complete IMDM containing 4% human plasma was added to quench enzymatic activity. Cells were then washed twice and resuspended in complete IMDM for counting. At this point, cells were plated for stimulation with anti-V ⁇ 4 antibodies, or were used for phenotyping.
  • V ⁇ 4 + ⁇ T cells in the gut digest before stimulation with anti-V ⁇ 4 antibodies was determined.
  • cells were stained with live/dead viability dye in the presence of Fc block for 20 minutes at 4° C.
  • Cells were then incubated with 10 ⁇ g/ml G4_18 clone for 30 minutes at 4° C., before being washed and stained extracellularly with anti-V ⁇ 1 (REA173), anti- ⁇ (REA591), anti-CD69 (REA824), anti-CD103 (Ber-Act8) and anti-human lgG1 (IS11-12E4.23.20) for 20 minutes at 4° C.
  • Cells were then fixed and acquired on the MACSQuant16 flow cytometer.
  • a next series of experiments measured the impact of stimulating the cells with an anti-V ⁇ 4 antibody.
  • 2 ⁇ 10 6 cells were plated per well in a 48-well plate and were stimulated with G4_12, G4_18 or RSV lgG1 isotype control antibodies in the presence of IL-15 at a concentration of 2 ng/ml.
  • Intraepithelial lymphocytes (lELs) isolated by enzymatic digestion were analysed by flow cytometry 24 hours post mAb stimulation. Following 24 hour stimulation, cells were stained with viability dye in the presence of Fc block for 20 minutes at 4° C. Cells were then stained extracellularly for ⁇ TCR (REA591), fixed, and acquired on a MACSQuant16 flow cytometer.
  • FIG. 7 E shows conferred ⁇ TCR downregulation following 24 hours stimulation with G4_12 or G4_18 clones, compared with RSV isotype control, accompanied by representative FACS plots. Both anti-V ⁇ 4 antibodies, G4_12 and G4_18, induced ⁇ TCR downregulation relative to the RSV isotype control, with the greatest downregulation observed with G4_12.
  • Example 4 In addition, to the SPR binding studies described in Example 4 (method described in Example 1) in respect of scFv binders, additional studies were undertaken to measure the binding affinity of select example clones to the human V ⁇ 4 chain when clones were expressed as full lgG1 monoclonal antibodies.
  • the binding affinity of the antibodies to target was established by SPR analysis using a Reichert 4SPR instrument (Reichert Technologies).
  • Antigen L1 (DV1-GV4)
  • L1 DV1-GV4
  • Carboxymethyl Dextran Chip Reichert Technologies
  • Antibody was flown over the cell at a 1:2 dilution series from 500 nM to 31.25 nM with the following parameters: 180 s association, 300 s dissociation, flowrate 25 ⁇ L/min, running buffer PBS + 0.05 % Tween 20. All experiments were performed at room temperature, with the samples kept at 4° C. before flowing over the chip. Steady state fitting was determined according to Langmuir 1:1 binding using software TraceDrawer (Reichert Technologies).
  • binding affinities were determined, as expected, thus enabling a particular antibody to be selected for a particular circumstance depending on the binding affinity required.
  • binding affinities ranged from approximately 260 nM - 2.8 nM, as shown. This was consistent with the scFv studies described in Example 4.
  • the antibody displaying the highest stimulatory activity on JRT3-hu17 cells (Clone G4_12, FIGS. 5 B,C ) was further tested for its capacity to stimulate primary V ⁇ 4+ T cells.
  • the increase in the percentage of V ⁇ 4 T cells in PBMC cultures following plate-bound stimulation with G4_12 compared to isotype control was analysed by flow cytometry using a panel of antibodies including A647-conjugated anti-V ⁇ 4 clone G4_18 and is shown in FIG. 8 .
  • the proportion of Vg4 positive cells in the presence of G4_12 antibody was greater than in cultures where the isotype control was present.
  • FIG. 1 25-47 CDR3 light sequences See FIG. 1 48-70 CDR2 heavy sequences See FIG. 1 A1-A23 CDR2 light sequences See FIG. 1 71-93 CDR1 heavy sequences See FIG. 1 94-116 CDR1 light sequences See FIG.
  • TRGV4 full heavy variable sequence G4_1 EVQLLESGGGVVQPGRPLRLSCAASGFTFSSYSMNWVRQAPGKGLEWVSSISSSSSYIYYADSVKGRFTISRDNSKNTLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCAKGHWYFDLWGRGTLVTVSS 118 TRGV4 full heavy variable sequence G4_2 QMQLVQSGAEVKKPGATVKISCKVSGYPFTDYYIHWVQQAPGKGLEWMGLVDPEDGQSRSAERFQGRVTITADTSTDTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCATFPVAGFYGMDVWGQGTLVTVSS 119 TRGV4 full heavy variable sequence G4_3 EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFTFSSYSMNWVRQAPGKGLEWVSSISSSSSYIYYADSVKGRFTISRDNSKNTLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCARGGWLYDYWGQGTLVTVSS 120 TRGV4 full heavy variable sequence

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