US20220341516A1 - Swaged pipe fitting systems and methods - Google Patents
Swaged pipe fitting systems and methods Download PDFInfo
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- US20220341516A1 US20220341516A1 US17/857,911 US202217857911A US2022341516A1 US 20220341516 A1 US20220341516 A1 US 20220341516A1 US 202217857911 A US202217857911 A US 202217857911A US 2022341516 A1 US2022341516 A1 US 2022341516A1
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Images
Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L13/00—Non-disconnectible pipe-joints, e.g. soldered, adhesive or caulked joints
- F16L13/14—Non-disconnectible pipe-joints, e.g. soldered, adhesive or caulked joints made by plastically deforming the material of the pipe, e.g. by flanging, rolling
- F16L13/141—Non-disconnectible pipe-joints, e.g. soldered, adhesive or caulked joints made by plastically deforming the material of the pipe, e.g. by flanging, rolling by crimping or rolling from the outside
- F16L13/142—Non-disconnectible pipe-joints, e.g. soldered, adhesive or caulked joints made by plastically deforming the material of the pipe, e.g. by flanging, rolling by crimping or rolling from the outside with a sealing element inserted into the female part before crimping or rolling
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L11/00—Hoses, i.e. flexible pipes
- F16L11/04—Hoses, i.e. flexible pipes made of rubber or flexible plastics
- F16L11/08—Hoses, i.e. flexible pipes made of rubber or flexible plastics with reinforcements embedded in the wall
- F16L11/081—Hoses, i.e. flexible pipes made of rubber or flexible plastics with reinforcements embedded in the wall comprising one or more layers of a helically wound cord or wire
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D39/00—Application of procedures in order to connect objects or parts, e.g. coating with sheet metal otherwise than by plating; Tube expanders
- B21D39/04—Application of procedures in order to connect objects or parts, e.g. coating with sheet metal otherwise than by plating; Tube expanders of tubes with tubes; of tubes with rods
- B21D39/046—Connecting tubes to tube-like fittings
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D39/00—Application of procedures in order to connect objects or parts, e.g. coating with sheet metal otherwise than by plating; Tube expanders
- B21D39/08—Tube expanders
- B21D39/20—Tube expanders with mandrels, e.g. expandable
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L33/00—Arrangements for connecting hoses to rigid members; Rigid hose connectors, i.e. single members engaging both hoses
- F16L33/01—Arrangements for connecting hoses to rigid members; Rigid hose connectors, i.e. single members engaging both hoses adapted for hoses having a multi-layer wall
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L33/00—Arrangements for connecting hoses to rigid members; Rigid hose connectors, i.e. single members engaging both hoses
- F16L33/20—Undivided rings, sleeves or like members contracted on the hose or expanded in the hose by means of tools; Arrangements using such members
- F16L33/207—Undivided rings, sleeves or like members contracted on the hose or expanded in the hose by means of tools; Arrangements using such members only a sleeve being contracted on the hose
- F16L33/2071—Undivided rings, sleeves or like members contracted on the hose or expanded in the hose by means of tools; Arrangements using such members only a sleeve being contracted on the hose the sleeve being a separate connecting member
- F16L33/2078—Undivided rings, sleeves or like members contracted on the hose or expanded in the hose by means of tools; Arrangements using such members only a sleeve being contracted on the hose the sleeve being a separate connecting member connected to the rigid member via an intermediate element
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L33/00—Arrangements for connecting hoses to rigid members; Rigid hose connectors, i.e. single members engaging both hoses
- F16L33/28—Arrangements for connecting hoses to rigid members; Rigid hose connectors, i.e. single members engaging both hoses for hoses with one end terminating in a radial flange or collar
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L39/00—Joints or fittings for double-walled or multi-channel pipes or pipe assemblies
- F16L39/02—Joints or fittings for double-walled or multi-channel pipes or pipe assemblies for hoses
Definitions
- Flexible pipe can be utilized to transport production fluids, such as oil and/or gas and/or water, from one location to another.
- Flexible pipe is generally formed as an assembly of a portion of flexible pipe body and one or more end fittings.
- the end fittings may be used to connect segments of flexible pipe together or to connect them to terminal equipment, such as sub-sea structures or floating facilities. End fittings are important components for terminating and anchoring the pipe layers, sealing and venting gas in these environments.
- a system including pipe segment tubing and a swaged pipe fitting secured to the pipe segment tubing.
- the pipe segment tubing includes a carcass layer, an internal pressure sheath layer disposed around the carcass layer, a reinforcement layer disposed around the internal pressure sheath layer, and an outer sheath layer disposed around the reinforcement layer.
- the swaged pipe fitting includes a fitting body that defines a bore, an internal pressure sheath seal that seals the internal pressure sheath layer of the pipe segment tubing within the swaged pipe fitting, and a fitting jacket secured to the fitting body, in which the fitting jacket is conformally deformed around the pipe segment tubing to anchor the reinforcement layer of the pipe segment tubing in the swaged pipe fitting.
- a method of installing a swaged pipe fitting on a pipe segment includes disposing a fitting jacket of the swaged pipe fitting circumferentially around tubing of the pipe segment, in which the fitting jacket is secured to a fitting body of the swaged pipe fitting that defines a body bore, disposing a support cylinder directly adjacent to a carcass layer of the pipe segment, in which the carcass layer of the pipe segment comprises an interlocked metal layer, and conformally deforming the fitting jacket of the swaged pipe fitting around the tubing of the pipe segment to secure the swaged pipe fitting to the pipe segment and to seal tubing of the pipe segment within the swaged pipe fitting.
- a swaged pipe fitting in another embodiment, includes a fitting body that defines a body bore, a fitting connector secured to the fitting body to enable the swaged pipe fitting to be connected to another pipeline component, a face seal compressed between the fitting body and the fitting connector, an internal pressure sheath seal compressed against an internal pressure sheath layer of a pipe segment to seal the internal pressure sheath layer within the swaged pipe fitting, a carcass isolating ring that electrically isolates a carcass layer of the pipe segment in the swaged pipe fitting, and a fitting jacket secured to the fitting body, in which the fitting jacket is conformally deformed around an outer sheath layer of the pipe segment to secure the swaged pipe fitting to the pipe segment and to seal the outer sheath layer of the pipe segment within the swaged pipe fitting.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an example of a pipeline system including pipe segments and pipe fittings, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 2 is a side view of an example of a pipe segment of FIG. 1 that includes a pipe bore defined by its tubing as well as fluid conduits within an annulus of its tubing, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 3 is an example of a portion of the pipe segment of FIG. 2 with one or more reinforcement layers which may also define one or more helically shaped fluid conduits within the annulus of its tubing, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 4 is an axial cross-section profile of an example of a pipe segment that includes a carcass layer, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 5 is an axial cross-section profile of a portion of a pipeline system that includes an example of a swaged pipe fitting and a pipe segment, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 6 is an axial cross-section profile of a swage machine and a portion of a swaged pipe fitting, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a grab sleeve that may be included in a swaged pipe fitting, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 8 is an axial cross-section profile of a portion of a pipeline system that includes another example of a swaged pipe fitting and a pipe segment, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 9 is an axial cross-section profile of a portion of a pipeline system that includes a further example of a swaged pipe fitting and a pipe segment, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 10 is an axial cross-section profile of a portion of a pipeline system that includes another example of a swaged pipe fitting and a pipe segment, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 11 is an axial cross-section profile of a portion of a pipeline system that includes a further example of a swaged pipe fitting and a pipe segment, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 12 is an axial cross-section profile of a portion of a pipeline system that includes another example of a swaged pipe fitting and a pipe segment, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 13 is an axial cross-section profile of a portion of a pipeline system that includes a further example of a swaged pipe fitting and a pipe segment, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 14 is an axial cross-section profile of a portion of a pipeline system that includes another example of a swaged pipe fitting and a pipe segment, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 15 is an axial cross-section profile of a portion of a pipeline system that includes a further example of a swaged pipe fitting and a pipe segment, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 16 is an axial cross-section profile of a portion of a pipeline system that includes another example of a swaged pipe fitting and a pipe segment, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 17 is a perspective view of an example of a support cylinder tool that may be used to support a pipe segment during swaging, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 18 is an axial cross-section profile of the support cylinder tool of FIG. 17 disposed within a pipe segment, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 19 is a flow diagram of an example of a process for deploying a swaged pipe fitting at a pipe segment, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
- Coupled or “coupled to” may indicate establishing either a direct or indirect connection and, thus, is not limited to either unless expressly referenced as such.
- set may refer to one or more items.
- like or identical reference numerals are used in the figures to identify common or the same features.
- the figures are not necessarily to scale. Certain features and/or certain views of the figures may be shown exaggerated in scale for purposes of clarification. Additionally, all depicted examples are intended to be illustrative and not limiting.
- a pipeline system may include pipe fittings, such as a midline pipe fitting and/or a pipe end fitting, and one or more pipe segments. More specifically, a pipe segment may generally be secured and sealed in one or more pipe fittings to facilitate fluidly coupling the pipe segment to another pipeline component, such as another pipe segment, another pipe fitting, a fluid source, and/or a fluid destination.
- a pipeline system 10 may generally, be coupled between a fluid source 12 and a fluid destination 14 .
- the fluid source 12 may be a production well and the fluid destination 14 may be a fluid storage tank.
- the fluid source 12 may be a first (e.g., lease facility) storage tank and the fluid destination 14 may be a second (e.g., refinery) storage tank.
- the pipeline system 10 may generally convey fluid, such as gas and/or liquid, from the fluid source 12 to the fluid destination 14 .
- the pipeline system 10 may be used in many applications, including without limitation, both onshore and offshore oil and gas applications.
- the pipeline system 10 may be used to transport hydrocarbon, aqueous fluid, and/or another suitable fluid, such as crude oil, petroleum, natural gas, produced water, fresh water, fracturing fluid, flowback fluid, carbon dioxide, or any combination thereof.
- a pipeline system 10 may include one or more pipe fittings 18 and one or more pipe segments 20 .
- the depicted pipeline system 10 includes a first pipe segment 20 A, a second pipe segment 20 B, and an Nth pipe segment 20 N.
- the depicted pipeline system 10 includes a first pipe (e.g., end) fitting 18 A, which couples the fluid source 12 to the first pipe segment 20 A, a second pipe (e.g., midline) fitting 18 B, which couples the first pipe segment 20 A to the second pipe segment 20 B, and an Nth pipe (e.g., end) fitting 18 N, which couples the Nth pipe segment 20 N to the fluid destination 14 .
- a pipeline system 10 may include fewer than three (e.g., two or one) pipe segments 20 or more than three (e.g., four, five, or more) pipe segments 20 . Additionally or alternatively, in other embodiments, a pipeline system 10 may include fewer than four (e.g., three or two) pipe fittings 18 or more than four (e.g., five, six, or more) pipe fittings 18 .
- a pipe segment 20 generally includes tubing that may be used to convey (e.g., transfer and/or transport) water, gas, oil, and/or any other suitable type of fluid.
- the tubing of a pipe segment 20 may be made of any suitable type of material, such as plastic, metal, and/or a composite (e.g., fiber-reinforced composite) material.
- the tubing of a pipe segment 20 may have multiple different tubing layers.
- the tubing of a pipe segment 20 may include a first high-density polyethylene (e.g., fluid containment) layer, one or more reinforcement (e.g., steel strip) layers external to the first high-density polyethylene layer, and a second high-density polyethylene (e.g., external corrosion protection) layer external to the one or more reinforcement layers.
- first high-density polyethylene e.g., fluid containment
- reinforcement e.g., steel strip
- second high-density polyethylene e.g., external corrosion protection
- one or more (e.g., second and/or Nth) pipe segments 20 in a pipeline system 10 may be curved (e.g., large deflection).
- the pipe segment 20 may be flexible, for example, such that the pipe segment 20 is spoolable on a reel and/or in a coil (e.g., during transport and/or before deployment of the pipe segment 20 ).
- one or more pipe segments 20 in the pipeline system 10 may be a flexible pipe, such as a bonded flexible pipe, an unbonded flexible pipe, a flexible composite pipe (FCP), a thermoplastic composite pipe (TCP), or a reinforced thermoplastic pipe (RTP).
- a flexible pipe combines low bending stiffness with high axial tensile stiffness, which is achieved by a multi-layer construction.
- the two basic components are helical reinforcement layers and polymer sealing layers, which allow a much smaller radius of curvature than for a steel pipe with the same pressure capacity.
- an unbonded flexible has a lower bending stiffness than bonded flexible pipe due to the tubing layers not being bonded to one another.
- Bending stiffness may also be reduced in both bonded and unbonded flexible pipe when they have annular gaps between adjacent reinforcement strips in the reinforcement layers.
- increasing flexibility (e.g. reducing bending stiffness) of a pipe segment 20 may facilitate improving deployment efficiency of a pipeline system 10 , for example, by having long coiled or reeled pipe segments transported to installation locations, thereby substantially reducing the number of pipe fittings relative to rigid pipe installations.
- the annular gaps between reinforcement strips are devoid of solid material.
- the free space in the tubing annulus of a pipe segment 20 may span the length of the pipe segment 20 and, thus, define one or more fluid conduits in the annulus of the tubing, which are separate from the pipe bore.
- a pipe segment 20 may enable fluid flow via its pipe bore, fluid flow via a fluid conduit defined within its tubing annulus, or both.
- FIG. 2 an example of a pipe segment 20 , which includes tubing 22 with annular gaps (e.g., fluid conduits and/or free space) 24 defined in its annulus 25 , is shown in FIG. 2 .
- the pipe segment tubing 22 includes multiple tubing layers including an internal pressure sheath (e.g., inner barrier) layer 26 and an outer sheath (e.g., outer barrier) layer 28 .
- the internal pressure sheath layer 26 and/or the outer sheath layer 28 of the pipe segment tubing 22 may be made from composite material and/or plastic, such as high-density polyethylene (HDPE), raised temperature polyethylene (PE-RT), cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE), polyamide 11 (PA-11), polyamide 12 (PA-12), polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), or any combination thereof.
- high-density polyethylene HDPE
- PE-RT raised temperature polyethylene
- XLPE cross-linked polyethylene
- PA-11 polyamide 11
- PA-12 polyamide 12
- PVDF polyvinylidene difluoride
- an inner surface 30 of the internal pressure sheath layer 26 defines (e.g., encloses) a pipe bore 32 through which fluid can flow, for example, to facilitate transporting fluid from a fluid source 12 to a fluid destination 14 .
- the internal pressure sheath layer 26 of a pipe segment 20 may be the innermost layer of the pipe segment 20 .
- a carcass layer may be disposed under the internal pressure sheath layer 26 and, thus, the carcass layer may be the innermost layer of the pipe segment.
- the outer sheath layer 28 of a pipe segment 20 may be the outermost layer of the pipe segment 20 .
- the outer sheath layer 28 may protect the pipe segment 20 against penetration of seawater and other external environmental conditions, corrosion, abrasion, and/or mechanical damage.
- the outer sheath layer 28 of a pipe segment 20 may include a number of sublayers.
- tubing annulus 25 of the pipe segment 20 is between its internal pressure sheath layer 26 and its outer sheath layer 28 .
- the tubing annulus 25 of a pipe segment 20 may include one or more intermediate layers.
- annular gaps 24 running along the length of the pipe segment 20 are defined in the tubing annulus 25 .
- a pipe segment 20 may include fewer than two (e.g., one) or more than two (e.g., three, four, or more) annular gaps 24 defined in its tubing annulus 25 .
- an annular gap 24 defined in the tubing annulus 25 of a pipe segment 20 may run non-parallel to the pipe bore 32 of the pipe segment 20 , for example, such that the annular gap 24 is skewed relative to the longitudinal axis of the pipe bore 32 .
- a portion 36 of a pipe segment 20 which includes an internal pressure sheath layer 26 and an intermediate layer—namely a reinforcement (e.g., tensile and/or armor) layer 34 —included in the annulus 25 of its pipe segment tubing 22 , is shown in FIG. 3 .
- the intermediate layers of pipe segment tubing 22 may include one or more tape layers, one or more insulation layers one or more intermediate sheath layers, one or more anti-wear layers, or any combination thereof.
- the reinforcement layer 34 includes a reinforcement strip 40 .
- a reinforcement strip 40 in the pipe segment tubing 22 may be made at least in part using solid material that has a higher tensile strength and/or a higher linear modulus of elasticity than solid material that is used to make the internal pressure sheath layer 26 and/or the outer sheath layer 28 of the pipe segment tubing 22 .
- the internal pressure sheath layer 26 may be made using plastic, such as high-density polyethylene (HDPE), while the reinforcement strip 40 may be made using metal, such as carbon steel, stainless steel, duplex stainless steel, super duplex stainless steel, or any combination thereof.
- HDPE high-density polyethylene
- a reinforcement strip 40 of the pipe segment tubing 22 may be made from electrically conductive material, which, at least in some instances, may enable communication of electrical (e.g., control and/or sensor) signals via the reinforcement strip 40 .
- one or more reinforcement strips 40 of pipe segment tubing 22 may be made at least in part using a composite material.
- the reinforcement strip 40 is helically disposed (e.g., wound and/or wrapped) on the internal pressure sheath layer 26 such that gaps (e.g., openings) are left between adjacent windings to define an annular gap (e.g., fluid conduit) 24 .
- the reinforcement layer 34 may be made at least in part by winding the reinforcement strip 40 around the internal pressure sheath layer 26 at a non-zero lay angle (e.g., fifty-two degrees) relative to the longitudinal axis of the pipe bore 32 .
- the resulting annular gap 24 runs helically along the pipe segment 20 , for example, such that the annular gap 24 is skewed fifty-two degrees relative to the longitudinal axis of the pipe bore 32 .
- one or more other intermediate layers may be included in the annulus 25 of pipe segment tubing 22 .
- a reinforcement strip 40 of the reinforcement layer 34 may be disposed on another intermediate layer, for example, instead of directly on the internal pressure sheath layer 26 of the pipe segment tubing 22 .
- a reinforcement layer 34 of pipe segment tubing 22 may include multiple reinforcement strips 40 .
- an outer sheath layer 28 may be disposed directly over the depicted reinforcement layer 34 and, thus, cover the depicted annular gap 24 .
- the tubing annulus 25 of pipe segment tubing 22 may include multiple (e.g., two, three, four, or more) reinforcement layers 34 .
- one or more other reinforcement layers 34 may be disposed over the depicted reinforcement layer 34 .
- the reinforcement strips 40 in the one or more other reinforcement layers 34 may also each be helically disposed such that there are annular gaps (e.g., fluid conduits and/or free space) 24 between adjacent windings.
- a first other reinforcement strip 40 of a first other reinforcement layer 34 may be helically disposed on the depicted reinforcement strip 40 using the same non-zero lay angle as the depicted reinforcement strip 40 to cover (e.g., enclose) the depicted annular gap 24 and to define another annular gap 24 in the first other reinforcement layer 34 .
- a second other reinforcement strip 40 of a second other reinforcement layer 34 may be helically disposed on the first other reinforcement strip 40 using another non-zero lay angle, which may be at or near the inverse of the non-zero lay angle of the depicted reinforcement strip 40 , to define another annular gap 24 in the second other reinforcement layer 34 .
- a third other reinforcement strip 40 of a third other reinforcement layer 34 may be helically disposed on the second other reinforcement strip 40 using the same non-zero lay angle as the second other reinforcement strip 40 to cover the other annular gap 24 in the second other reinforcement layer 34 and to define another annular gap 24 in the third other reinforcement layer 34 .
- an outer sheath layer 28 may be disposed over the third other reinforcement layer 34 and, thus, cover (e.g., enclose) the other annular gap 24 in the third other reinforcement layer 34 .
- a pipe segment 20 may be deployed in an elevated pressure environment, for example, underwater in a subsea application.
- a carcass layer may be disposed within (e.g., under) the internal pressure sheath layer 26 of the pipe segment 20 .
- the internal pressure sheath layer 26 may be disposed around (e.g., over) the carcass layer and, thus, the carcass layer may be the innermost layer of the pipe segment tubing 22 .
- the carcass layer 37 may be made from metal, such as carbon steel, stainless steel, duplex stainless steel, super duplex stainless steel, or any combination thereof. Additionally, as depicted, the carcass layer 37 is an interlocked layer in the pipe segment tubing 22 .
- the pipe segment tubing 22 includes an internal pressure sheath layer 26 and an outer sheath layer 28 . Furthermore, as depicted, the pipe segment tubing 22 includes intermediate layers 38 disposed between the internal pressure sheath layer 26 and the outer sheath layer 28 and, thus, in the annulus 25 of the pipe segment tubing 22 . As depicted, the intermediate layers 38 include at least a reinforcement layer 34 with one or more reinforcement strips 40 that define one or more annular gaps (e.g., fluid conduits and/or free space) 24 in the tubing annulus 25 .
- annular gaps e.g., fluid conduits and/or free space
- the intermediate layers 38 of pipe segment tubing 22 may include one or more tape layers, one or more intermediate sheath layers, one or more anti-wear layers, one or more insulation layers, or any combination thereof. Additionally, as described above, in some embodiments, pipe segment tubing 22 may include multiple reinforcement layers 34 , which each include one or more reinforcement strips 40 . In any case, in a pipeline system 10 , the tubing 22 of a pipe segment 20 may be secured and sealed in a pipe fitting 18 .
- a portion 42 A of a pipeline system 10 which includes an example of a pipe fitting 18 —namely a swaged pipe fitting 44 A—and pipe segment tubing 22 A, is shown in FIG. 5 .
- a swaged pipe fitting 44 may include a fitting body 48 , which defines a body (e.g., fitting) bore, a fitting connector (e.g., flange or weldneck) 46 , and a fitting jacket 50 .
- the fitting connector 46 may be secured to the fitting body 48 to enable the swaged pipe fitting 44 to be connected to another pipeline component, such as a fluid source 12 , a fluid destination 14 , or another pipe fitting 18 .
- a fitting jacket 50 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 may be secured (e.g., welded) to its fitting body 48 .
- the fitting jacket 50 A of the swaged pipe fitting 44 A may be compressed radially inward such that an inner surface 52 of the fitting jacket 50 A engages (e.g., grips) an outer surface 54 of the pipe segment tubing 22 A, for example, via a swage machine secured to the swaged pipe fitting 44 A.
- the fitting jacket 50 A is shown in its swaged state in FIG. 5 .
- a fitting jacket 50 Before being swaged, a fitting jacket 50 may be in an unswaged state in which its inner surface diameter is larger than the outer surface diameter of corresponding pipe segment tubing 22 , thereby enabling the pipe segment tubing 22 to be inserted under (e.g., within) the fitting jacket 50 .
- FIG. 6 an example of a swage machine 56 and a portion 58 B of a swaged pipe fitting 44 are shown in FIG. 6 .
- open space 60 is present between the inner surface 52 of the fitting jacket 50 B and the outer surface 54 of the pipe segment tubing 22 B, thereby enabling the pipe segment tubing 22 B to be inserted (e.g., disposed) under (e.g., within) the fitting jacket 50 B.
- the fitting jacket 50 B is shown in its unswaged state in FIG. 6 .
- a swage machine 56 may include a grab plate 62 and a die plate 64 .
- the grab plate 62 may include a grab attachment 66 with an L-shaped axial cross-section profile, which may interlock with an end of the fitting body 48 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 .
- the grab plate 62 of a swage machine 56 may generally facilitate securing the swage machine 56 to a swaged pipe fitting 44 .
- the die plate 64 of a swage machine 56 may have a set of die segments 68 loaded therein.
- the set of die segments 68 may be loaded into the die plate 64 such that the set of die segments 68 open toward the grab plate 62 of the swage machine 56 .
- the die segments 68 When compressed against a fitting jacket 50 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 in an axial direction 70 toward the grab plate 62 , the die segments 68 may compress the fitting jacket 50 inward in a radial direction 72 around the circumference, for example, such that the inner surface 52 of the fitting jacket 50 engages the outer surface 54 of pipe segment tubing 22 disposed thereunder.
- a swaged pipe fitting 44 may include a support cylinder 74 , which is disposed directly adjacent to an innermost (e.g., carcass) layer of the pipe segment tubing 22 .
- the support cylinder 74 B of the swaged pipe fitting 44 is disposed under (e.g., within) the carcass layer 37 of the pipe segment tubing 22 B.
- the support cylinder 74 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may extend beyond both ends of a corresponding fitting jacket 50 .
- one or more intermediate (e.g., reinforcement) layers 38 of pipe segment tubing 22 may be compressed between the fitting jacket 50 and the support cylinder 74 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 , thereby anchoring the one or more intermediate layers 38 in the swaged pipe fitting 44 .
- the fitting jacket 50 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may engage the outer sheath layer 28 of a pipe segment 20 and, thus, block the ingress of external environmental fluids, such as seawater into the tubing annulus 25 of the pipe segment 20 , thereby sealing the outer sheath layer 28 of the pipe segment 20 .
- the support cylinder 74 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may include threading on its outer surface.
- the threading on the outer surface of the support cylinder 74 may threadingly interlock with the inner surface of the carcass layer 37 of a corresponding pipe segment 20 .
- the support cylinder 74 may anchor the carcass layer 37 in the swaged pipe fitting 44 .
- the support cylinder 74 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may not include threading, for example, instead having a smooth, knurled, serrated or other outer surface condition.
- the support cylinder 74 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be integrated with its fitting connector 46 or its fitting body 48 , for example, instead of being a separate component.
- a swaged pipe fitting 44 may not include a support cylinder 74 , for example, when a support cylinder tool is used instead.
- a swage machine 56 may include one or more swaging actuators 76 .
- the swage machine 56 includes a first swaging actuator 76 A and an Nth swaging actuator 76 N.
- one or more swaging actuators 76 in a swage machine 56 may be a fluid actuator, such as a hydraulic actuator or a pneumatic actuator.
- Each swaging actuator 76 of the swage machine 56 includes an actuator cylinder 78 and an actuator piston 80 , which selectively extends out from the actuator cylinder 78 based at least in part on the supply of fluid (e.g., liquid and/or gas) to the actuator cylinder 78 and/or selectively retracts into the actuator cylinder 78 based at least in part on the extraction of fluid from the actuator cylinder 78 .
- fluid e.g., liquid and/or gas
- each swaging actuator 76 is secured to the die plate 64 of the swage machine 56 . Additionally, in the depicted example, the actuator piston 80 of each swaging actuator 76 extends through the die plate 64 and is secured to the grab plate 62 of the swage machine 56 . As such, to perform a swaging operation, one or more swaging actuators 76 in the swage machine 56 may be operated to pull the grab plate 62 toward the die plate 64 via one or more reverse (e.g., retracting) strokes such that the fitting jacket 50 B moves through the set of die segments 68 loaded in the die plate 64 .
- reverse e.g., retracting
- a swage machine 56 may be operated to transition a fitting jacket 50 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 from its unswaged state to its swaged state and, thus, securing the swaged pipe fitting 44 to pipe segment tubing 22 inserted under the fitting jacket 50 .
- a swage machine 56 may include fewer than two (e.g., one) swaging actuators 76 or more than two (e.g., three, four, or more) swaging actuators 76 .
- a swage machine 56 may be operated to push its die plate 64 toward its grab plate 62 via one or more forward (e.g., extending) strokes such that a corresponding fitting jacket 50 moves through the set of die segments 68 loaded in the die plate 64 .
- a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be swaged as a whole.
- a swaged pipe fitting 44 may include a grab sleeve, which may be disposed between the internal pressure sheath layer 26 and an intermediate layer 38 of pipe segment tubing 22 before a fitting jacket 50 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 is swaged around the pipe segment tubing 22 .
- a grab sleeve 82 which may be included in a swaged pipe fitting 44 , is shown in FIG. 7 .
- a grab sleeve 82 may be disposed between the internal pressure sheath layer 26 and an intermediate (e.g., reinforcement) layer 38 of pipe segment tubing 22 .
- the grab sleeve 82 may be made from material that is more rigid than material used to make the internal pressure sheath layer 26 of the pipe segment tubing 22 .
- the grab sleeve 82 may be made from metal, such as carbon steel, stainless steel, duplex stainless steel, super duplex stainless steel, or any combination thereof.
- the grab sleeve 82 includes a slit 84 along its longitudinal axis.
- the grab sleeve 82 may contract radially inward and engage the internal pressure sheath layer 26 of pipe segment tubing 22 . Due to the resulting increased thickness, the grab sleeve 82 may facilitate anchoring an intermediate layer 38 (e.g., reinforcement layer 34 ) of the pipe segment tubing 22 between the grab sleeve 82 and a fitting jacket 50 of a corresponding swaged pipe fitting 44 .
- an intermediate layer 38 e.g., reinforcement layer 34
- a grab sleeve 82 may include a crumple zone 86 .
- the crumple zone 86 may include multiple openings 88 formed through the grab sleeve 82 .
- a grab sleeve 82 may include a first tapered end 90 A and a second tapered end 90 B.
- a grab sleeve 82 may not include a tapered end 90 or include a single tapered end 90 . Additionally, in other embodiments, a grab sleeve 82 may not include a dedicated crumple zone 86 . Alternatively, in other embodiments, a swaged pipe fitting 44 may not include a grab sleeve 82 .
- the fitting connector 46 A may be secured to the fitting body 48 A.
- the fitting connector 46 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be secured to a corresponding fitting body 48 via one or more threaded fasteners 92 , such as a bolt or a screw.
- the fitting connector 46 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be secured to a corresponding fitting body 48 via fewer than two (e.g., one) threaded fasteners 92 or more than two (e.g., three, four, or more) threaded fasteners 92 .
- the fitting connector 46 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be secured to a corresponding fitting body 48 via hot tooling, such as welding or brazing.
- a swaged pipe fitting 44 may include fitting seals.
- the fitting seals of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may include one or more face seals 94 , which may be compressed between components of the swaged pipe fitting 44 .
- a face seal 94 A of the swaged pipe fitting 44 A may be compressed between its fitting connector 46 A and its fitting body 48 A.
- the fitting seals of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may include one or more internal pressure sheath seals 95 , which may be compressed against the internal pressure sheath layer 26 of a pipe segment 20 , thereby sealing the internal pressure sheath layer 26 and, thus, block fluid flow between the pipe bore 32 and the tubing annulus 25 of the pipe segment 20 .
- an internal pressure sheath seal 95 A of the swaged pipe fitting 44 A may be compressed against the internal pressure sheath layer 26 of the pipe segment tubing 22 A due to compression between the fitting body 48 A and the fitting connector 46 A of the swaged pipe fitting 44 A.
- the outer sheath layer 28 and each intermediate layer 38 of the pipe segment tubing 22 may be cut back relative to the internal pressure sheath layer 26 , for example, while the internal pressure sheath layer 26 is cut back relative to the carcass layer 37 of the pipe segment tubing 22 .
- one or more fitting seals in a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be made from metal.
- a fitting seal in the swaged pipe fitting 44 may made from carbon steel, stainless steel, duplex stainless steel, super duplex stainless steel, or any combination thereof.
- one or more fitting seals in a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be made from a non-metallic material.
- a fitting seal in the swaged pipe fitting 44 may made from a polymer, rubber, and/or plastic.
- one or more intermediate layers 38 in a pipe segment 20 may define one or more annular gaps (e.g., fluid conduits and/or free space) 24 in its tubing annulus 25 .
- a swaged pipe fitting 44 may include one or more vent valves 96 .
- a vent valve 96 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be fluidly connected to the annulus 25 of pipe segment tubing 22 via a fluid path 98 formed through the fitting body 48 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 .
- a swaged pipe fitting 44 may not include a vent valve 96 or include more than one (e.g., two, three, or more) vent valve 96 .
- the various examples described in the present disclosure may or may not include a vent valve 96 .
- an internal pressure sheath seal 95 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may have a different geometry, such as a J-shaped axial cross-section profile, and/or disposed under a fitting jacket 50 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 .
- a swaged pipe fitting 44 may include a carcass ring—namely a carcass isolating ring, which electrically isolates the carcass layer 37 of pipe segment tubing 22 , or a carcass anchoring ring, which anchors the carcass layer 37 in the swaged pipe fitting 44 .
- FIG. 8 a portion 42 C of a pipeline system 10 , which includes another example of a swaged pipe fitting 44 C and pipe segment tubing 22 C, is shown in FIG. 8 .
- the swaged pipe fitting 44 C of FIG. 8 generally includes a fitting body 48 C, a fitting connector 46 C, a fitting jacket 50 C, which is shown in its swaged state, a support cylinder 74 C, and fitting seals—namely a face seal 94 C and an internal pressure sheath seal 95 C.
- the swaged pipe fitting 44 C includes a carcass anchoring ring 100 C, which is secured to the outer surface 101 of the carcass layer 37 of the pipe segment tubing 22 C.
- the carcass anchoring ring 100 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be threaded and/or welded onto an outer surface of a corresponding carcass layer 37 , which is an interlocked metal layer.
- the carcass anchoring ring 100 may be made from metal, such as carbon steel, stainless steel, duplex stainless steel, super duplex stainless steel, or any combination thereof.
- the internal pressure sheath layer 26 of the pipe segment tubing 22 may be cut back relative to the carcass layer 37 .
- the fitting connector 46 C of the swaged pipe fitting 44 C accommodates the carcass anchoring ring 100 C.
- the carcass anchoring ring 100 C may be secured to the carcass layer 37 of the pipe segment tubing 22 C before the fitting connector 46 C is secured to the fitting body 48 C.
- the carcass anchoring ring 100 C which is secured to the carcass layer 37 of the pipe segment tubing 22 C, may be trapped between the fitting connector 46 C and the internal pressure sheath layer 26 of the pipe segment tubing 22 C.
- the support cylinder 74 C may have a smooth, knurled, or serrated outer surface, for example, instead of threading. In any case, in this manner, a swaged pipe fitting 44 may separately anchor the carcass layer 37 of corresponding pipe segment tubing 22 in the swaged pipe fitting 44 .
- the swaged pipe fitting 44 C may include one or more vent valves 96 and corresponding fluid paths 98 formed in its fitting body 48 C. Additionally, in other embodiments, the swaged pipe fitting 44 C may not include a support cylinder 74 C, for example, when a support cylinder tool is used instead. Furthermore, in other embodiments, a swaged pipe fitting 44 may include a seal flange, which is secured between its fitting connector 46 and its fitting body 48 , for example, to improve sealing integrity of the swaged pipe fitting 44 . Moreover, in such embodiments, the swaged pipe fitting 44 may trap its carcass anchoring ring 100 between its fitting connector 46 and its seal flange, for example, to improve anchoring strength.
- FIG. 9 a portion 42 D of a pipeline system 10 , which includes a further example of a swaged pipe fitting 44 D and pipe segment tubing 22 D, is shown in FIG. 9 .
- the swaged pipe fitting 44 D of FIG. 9 generally includes a fitting body 48 D, a fitting connector 46 D, a fitting jacket 50 D, which is shown in its swaged state, a support cylinder 74 D, an carcass anchoring ring 100 D, and fitting seals—namely face seals 94 D and an internal pressure sheath seal 95 D.
- the swaged pipe fitting 44 D includes a seal flange 102 , which is secured between its fitting connector 46 D and its fitting body 48 D, for example, via one or more threaded fasteners 92 , such as a bolt or a screw.
- the seal flange 102 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be secured to a corresponding fitting body 48 D such that a face seal 94 is compressed therebetween and secured to a corresponding fitting connector 46 such that another face seal 94 is compressed therebetween.
- seal flange 102 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be secured to a corresponding fitting body 48 such that an internal pressure sheath seal 95 is compressed against the internal pressure sheath layer 26 of pipe segment tubing 22 .
- the fitting connector 46 D accommodates the carcass anchoring ring 100 D.
- the carcass anchoring ring 100 D is trapped between the fitting connector 46 D and the seal flange 102 , for example, instead of between the fitting connector 46 D and the internal pressure sheath layer 26 of the pipe segment tubing 22 D.
- the seal flange 102 is generally made from material, such as metal, that is more rigid than the internal pressure sheath layer 26 of pipe segment tubing 22 , at least in some instances, implementing and/or deploying a swaged pipe fitting 44 in this manner may improve the strength with which the carcass layer 37 of the pipe segment tubing 22 is anchored in the swaged pipe fitting 44 . Additionally, since the carcass layer 37 is anchored by the carcass anchoring ring 100 D, in some embodiments, the support cylinder 74 D may have a smooth, knurled or serrated outer surface, for example, instead of threading.
- the swaged pipe fitting 44 D may include one or more vent valves 96 and corresponding fluid paths 98 formed in its fitting body 48 D. Additionally, in other embodiments, the swaged pipe fitting 44 D may not include a support cylinder 74 C, for example, when a support cylinder tool is used instead. Furthermore, in other embodiments, the seal flange 102 may be secured to the fitting body 48 D via a first one or more threaded fasteners 92 while the fitting connector 46 D is secured to the seal flange 102 via a second one or more threaded fasteners 92 .
- the carcass anchoring ring 100 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be disposed under a fitting jacket 50 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 .
- an internal pressure sheath seal 95 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may have a different geometry, such as a J-shaped axial cross-section profile.
- a portion 42 E of a pipeline system 10 which includes another example of a swaged pipe fitting 44 E and pipe segment tubing 22 E, is shown in FIG. 10 .
- the swaged pipe fitting 44 E of FIG. 10 generally includes a fitting body 48 E, a fitting connector 46 E, a fitting jacket 50 E, which is shown in its unswaged state, a support cylinder 74 E, a carcass anchoring ring 100 E, and fitting seals—namely a face seal 94 E and an internal pressure sheath seal 95 E.
- the carcass anchoring ring 100 E of the swaged pipe fitting 44 E is disposed under its fitting jacket 50 E. Nevertheless, as depicted, the carcass anchoring ring 100 E is secured to the outer surface 101 of the carcass layer 37 of the pipe segment tubing 22 E.
- the carcass anchoring ring 100 E may be secured to the carcass layer 37 of the pipe segment tubing 22 at least in part by welding and/or threading the carcass anchoring ring 100 E to the outer surface 101 of the carcass layer 37 .
- the internal pressure sheath seal 95 E of the swaged pipe fitting 44 E is disposed under the fitting jacket 50 E and has a J-shaped axial cross-section profile, for example, instead of a wedge-shaped axial cross-section profile.
- the internal pressure sheath seal 95 E includes a hook portion 104 and a leg portion 106 .
- the hook portion 104 of the internal pressure sheath seal 95 E matingly interlocks with a retainer lip 108 on the carcass anchoring ring 100 E to secure the internal pressure sheath seal 95 E to the carcass anchoring ring 100 E.
- the leg portion 106 of the internal pressure sheath seal 95 E slants against the pipe segment tubing 22 E.
- the outer sheath layer 28 of the pipe segment tubing 22 may be cut back relative to each intermediate layer 38 of the pipe segment tubing 22 while each intermediate layer 38 may be cut back relative to the internal pressure sheath layer 26 of the pipe segment tubing 22 .
- the internal pressure sheath seal 95 E may be compressed radially inward against the internal pressure sheath layer 26 of the pipe segment tubing 22 E, thereby sealing the internal pressure sheath layer 26 .
- the swaged pipe fitting 44 E may include one or more vent valves 96 and corresponding fluid paths 98 formed in its fitting body 48 E. Additionally, in other embodiments, the swaged pipe fitting 44 E may not include a support cylinder 74 C, for example, when a support cylinder tool is used instead. Furthermore, in other embodiments, the fitting body 48 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be integrated with a corresponding fitting connector 46 , such as a flange.
- an internal pressure sheath seal 95 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may have a different geometry, such as a U-shaped axial cross-section profile, and/or be compressed between the fitting body 48 and the support cylinder 74 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 .
- FIG. 11 a portion 42 F of a pipeline system 10 , which includes a further example of a swaged pipe fitting 44 F and pipe segment tubing 22 F, is shown in FIG. 11 .
- the swaged pipe fitting 44 F of FIG. 11 generally includes a fitting body 48 F, a fitting connector 46 F, a fitting jacket 50 F, which is shown in its swaged state, a support cylinder 74 F, and fitting seals—namely face seals 94 F and an internal pressure sheath seal 95 F.
- the internal pressure sheath seal 95 F of the swaged pipe fitting 44 F has a U-shaped axial cross-section profile, for example, instead of a wedge-shaped axial cross-section profile or a J-shaped axial cross-section profile.
- the support cylinder 74 F of the swaged pipe fitting 44 F includes a flange 110 , which extends radially outward, for example, instead of into the fitting connector 46 F.
- the internal pressure sheath seal 95 F is compressed against the internal pressure sheath layer 26 of the pipe segment tubing 22 F due to compression between the flange 110 of the support cylinder 74 D and the fitting body 48 F of the swaged pipe fitting 44 F, for example, instead of due to compression directly between the fitting body 48 F and the fitting connector 46 F of the swaged pipe fitting 44 F.
- a support cylinder 74 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 may include threading 111 that extends outwardly along its outer surface 113 .
- the threading 111 on the support cylinder 74 may threadingly engage an inner surface 115 of the carcass layer 37 of pipe segment tubing 22 , thereby securing the support cylinder 74 to the carcass layer 37 .
- the support cylinder 74 may be disposed under the carcass layer 37 of the pipe segment tubing 22 at least in part by rotating the support cylinder 74 relative to the carcass layer 37 .
- internal pressure sheath seal 95 F may be activated at least in part by securing the support cylinder 74 F to the carcass layer 37 of the pipe segment tubing 22 F.
- the support cylinder 74 F of the swage pipe fitting 44 F may have a smooth, serrated or knurled outer surface.
- the internal pressure sheath seal 95 F may be activated at least in part by securing the fitting connector 46 F to the fitting body 48 F, for example, due to the flange 110 of the support cylinder 74 F being disposed therebetween.
- a swaged pipe fitting 44 may include teeth (e.g., serrations) 109 that extend radially inward from the inner surface 52 of its fitting jacket 50 .
- teeth e.g., serrations
- a swaged pipe fitting 44 may include another face seal 94 disposed between the fitting body 48 and a fitting jacket 50 .
- the swaged pipe fitting 44 F may include one or more vent valves 96 and corresponding fluid paths 98 formed in its fitting body 48 E. Additionally, in other embodiments, the internal pressure sheath seal 95 F may have a wedge-shaped axial cross-section profile, for example, instead of a U-shaped axial cross-section profile. Furthermore, in other embodiments, the support cylinder 74 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be integrated with the fitting connector 46 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 .
- FIG. 12 a portion 42 G of a pipeline system 10 , which includes another example of a swaged pipe fitting 44 G and pipe segment tubing 22 G, is shown in FIG. 12 .
- the swaged pipe fitting 44 G of FIG. 12 generally includes a fitting body 48 G, a fitting connector 46 G, a fitting jacket 50 G, which is shown in its swaged state, and fitting seals—namely a face seal 94 G and an internal pressure sheath seal 95 G.
- a support cylinder feature 74 G of the swaged pipe fitting 44 G is integrated with its fitting connector 46 G.
- the fitting connector 46 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be inserted into the pipe segment tubing 22 before a fitting jacket 50 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 is swaged (e.g., conformally deformed) around the pipe segment tubing 22 .
- the fitting connector 46 may be secured to the fitting body 48 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 after the fitting jacket 50 is swaged around the pipe segment tubing 22 .
- the swaged pipe fitting 44 G may include one or more vent valves 96 and corresponding fluid paths 98 formed in its fitting body 48 G. Additionally, in other embodiments, the support cylinder 74 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be integrated with the fitting body 48 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 .
- FIG. 13 a portion 42 H of a pipeline system 10 , which includes a further example of a swaged pipe fitting 44 H and pipe segment tubing 22 H, is shown in FIG. 13 .
- the swaged pipe fitting 44 H of FIG. 13 generally includes a fitting body 48 H, a fitting connector 46 H, a fitting jacket 50 H, which is shown in its swaged state, and fitting seals—namely a face seal 94 H and an internal pressure sheath seal 95 H.
- a support cylinder feature 74 H of the swaged pipe fitting 44 H is integrated with the fitting body 48 H.
- the fitting body 48 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be inserted into the pipe segment tubing 22 before a fitting jacket 50 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 is swaged (e.g., conformally deformed) around the pipe segment tubing 22 .
- the support cylinder feature 74 H includes a carcass support section 112 H, which supports the carcass layer 37 of the pipe segment tubing 22 H, and an internal pressure sheath support section 114 H, which supports the internal pressure sheath layer 26 of the pipe segment tubing 22 H.
- the carcass layer 37 of the pipe segment tubing 22 may be cut back relative to the internal pressure sheath layer 26 .
- the swaged pipe fitting 44 H may nevertheless include a discrete internal pressure sheath seal 95 H, which may be compressed between the internal pressure sheath support section 114 H and the internal pressure sheath layer 26 .
- the discrete internal pressure sheath seal 95 H may be an O-ring seal or a belt (e.g., flat) seal.
- the discrete internal pressure sheath seal 95 H may be obviated by the seal provided between the internal pressure sheath support section 114 H and the internal pressure sheath layer 26 and, thus, not be included in the swaged pipe fitting 44 H.
- the carcass support section 112 H may include threading on its outer surface, for example, which threadingly engages an inner surface 115 of the carcass layer 37 of the pipe segment tubing 22 H.
- the internal pressure sheath support section 114 H may include teeth on its inner surface, for example, which engages the inner surface 30 of the internal pressure sheath layer 26 .
- the carcass support section 112 H may have a smooth outer surface
- the internal pressure sheath support section 114 H may have a smooth outer surface, or both.
- the swaged pipe fitting 44 H may include one or more vent valves 96 and corresponding fluid paths 98 formed in its fitting body 48 H. Additionally, to account for thickness difference, in some embodiments, the fitting jacket 50 H may have a stepped geometry such that the portion of the fitting jacket 50 H that overlaps with the carcass support section 112 H may be thinner while the portion of the fitting jacket 50 H that overlaps with the internal pressure sheath support section 114 H may be thicker. Furthermore, in other embodiments, the fitting body 48 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be integrated with a corresponding fitting connector 46 , such as a weldneck. Alternatively, in other embodiments, a swaged pipe fitting 44 may not include a fitting connector 46 . Moreover, in other embodiments, the internal pressure sheath support section 114 and the carcass support section 112 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be separate components.
- FIG. 14 a portion 42 I of a pipeline system 10 , which includes another example of a swaged pipe fitting 44 I and pipe segment tubing 22 I, is shown in FIG. 14 .
- the swaged pipe fitting 44 I of FIG. 14 generally includes a fitting body 48 I, a fitting connector 46 I, a fitting jacket 50 I, which is shown in its swaged state, and fitting seals—namely a face seal 94 I and an internal pressure sheath seal 95 I.
- the carcass support section 112 I of the support cylinder feature 74 I is implemented using a separate carcass support cylinder 116 , for example, instead of being integrated with the internal pressure sheath support section 114 I and the fitting body 48 I of the swaged pipe fitting 44 I.
- the carcass support cylinder 116 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 may be inserted into the pipe segment tubing 22 followed by the fitting body 48 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 before a fitting jacket 50 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 is swaged (e.g., conformally deformed) around the pipe segment tubing 22 .
- a fitting jacket 50 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 is swaged (e.g., conformally deformed) around the pipe segment tubing 22 .
- the swaged pipe fitting 44 I may nevertheless include a discrete internal pressure sheath seal 95 I, which may be compressed between the internal pressure sheath support section 114 I and the internal pressure sheath layer 26 .
- the discrete internal pressure sheath seal 95 I may be an O-ring seal or a belt (e.g., flat) seal.
- the discrete internal pressure sheath seal 95 I may be obviated by the seal provided between the internal pressure sheath support section 114 I and the internal pressure sheath layer 26 and, thus, not be included in the swaged pipe fitting 44 I.
- the carcass support cylinder 116 may include threading on its outer surface, for example, which threadingly engages an inner surface 115 of the carcass layer 37 of the pipe segment tubing 22 I.
- the internal pressure sheath support section 114 I may include teeth on its inner surface, for example, which engages the inner surface 30 of the internal pressure sheath layer 26 .
- the carcass support section 112 I may have a smooth outer surface
- the internal pressure sheath support section 114 I may have a smooth outer surface, or both.
- the swaged pipe fitting 44 I may include one or more vent valves 96 and corresponding fluid paths 98 formed in its fitting body 48 I.
- the fitting jacket 50 I may have a stepped geometry such that the portion of the fitting jacket 50 I that overlaps with the carcass support section 112 I may be thinner while the portion of the fitting jacket 50 H that overlaps with the internal pressure sheath support section 114 I is thicker.
- a swaged pipe fitting 44 may include a support cylinder 74 , which is disposed around (e.g., over) the carcass layer 37 of pipe segment tubing 22 .
- FIG. 15 a portion 42 J of a pipeline system 10 , which includes a further example of a swaged pipe fitting 44 J and pipe segment tubing 22 J, is shown in FIG. 15 .
- the swaged pipe fitting 44 J of FIG. 15 generally includes a fitting body 48 J, a fitting connector 46 J, a fitting jacket 50 J, which is shown in its swaged state, a support cylinder 74 J, and face seals 94 J.
- the support cylinder 74 J of the swaged pipe fitting 44 J is disposed around (e.g., over) the carcass layer 37 of the pipe segment tubing 22 J, for example, instead of under the carcass layer 37 .
- the support cylinder 74 J may be inserted (e.g., disposed) between the carcass layer 37 and the internal pressure sheath layer 26 of the pipe segment tubing 22 J.
- the support cylinder 74 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may include a tapered end 118 .
- inserting the support cylinder 74 J under the internal pressure sheath layer 26 of the pipe segment tubing 22 J may produce a flared section 119 in the internal pressure sheath layer 26 and a flared section 120 in each intermediate layer 38 of the pipe segment tubing 22 J.
- a flared section 121 in the outer sheath layer 28 of the pipe segment tubing 22 J also overlaps with the support cylinder 74 J.
- the flared section 121 in the outer sheath layer 28 may also be produced by insertion of the support cylinder 74 J under the internal pressure sheath layer 26 .
- the flared section 121 in the outer sheath layer 28 of the pipe segment tubing 22 J may be produced using a separate installation sleeve.
- the installation sleeve may be inserted (e.g., disposed) between the outer sheath layer 28 and an intermediate layer 38 of the pipe segment tubing 22 J to produce the flared section 121 in the outer sheath layer 28 .
- the flared section 121 of the outer sheath layer 28 may then be cut off from a remaining portion of the outer sheath layer 28 and the installation sleeve may be removed to enable the internal pressure sheath layer 26 and each intermediate layer 38 of the pipe segment tubing 22 J to expand radially outward to produce flared sections therein when the support cylinder 74 J is inserted under the internal pressure sheath layer 26 .
- the flared section 121 of the outer sheath layer 28 may be reattached (e.g., poly welded) to the remaining portion of the outer sheath layer 28 .
- the fitting jacket 50 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be implemented to extend beyond a flared section 121 in the outer sheath layer 28 of corresponding pipe segment tubing 22 and, thus, beyond the location the flared section 121 of the outer sheath layer 28 is reattached to the remaining portion of the outer sheath layer 28 .
- the fitting jacket 50 J may not extend beyond the flared section 121 in the outer sheath layer 28 .
- the swaged pipe fitting 44 J may include one or more vent valves 96 and corresponding fluid paths 98 formed in its fitting body 48 J. Additionally, in other embodiments, the swaged pipe fitting 44 J may anchor the carcass layer 37 of pipe segment tubing 22 therein via a carcass ring 100 similar to FIG. 8 or FIG. 9 . Furthermore, as mentioned above, in other embodiments, a swaged pipe fitting 44 may not include a support cylinder 74 .
- a portion 42 K of a pipeline system 10 which includes another example of a swaged pipe fitting 44 K and pipe segment tubing 22 K, is shown in FIG. 16 .
- the swaged pipe fitting 44 K generally includes a fitting body 48 K, a fitting connector 46 K, a fitting jacket 50 K, which is shown in its swaged state, a vent valve 96 , and fitting seals—namely a face seal 94 K and an internal pressure sheath seal 95 K.
- the swaged pipe fitting 44 K does not include a permanent support cylinder 74 .
- a support cylinder tool may be used to support pipe segment tubing 22 during swaging.
- the support cylinder tool may be inserted into the pipe segment tubing 22 while in a contracted state and, subsequently, transitioned to an expanded state such that an outer surface of the support cylinder tool expands (e.g., is compressed) against and, thus, directly abuts an inner surface of the pipe segment tubing 22 .
- the support cylinder tool may then be transitioned from its expanded state back to its contracted state and withdrawn from within the pipe segment tubing 22 .
- the support cylinder tool may act as a temporary support cylinder 74 .
- the support cylinder tool used with a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be an inflatable packer.
- the support cylinder tool used with a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be a special-purpose tool.
- the support cylinder tool 122 generally includes a threaded shaft 124 , multiple support cylinder sections 126 disposed circumferentially around the threaded shaft 124 , metallic elastic bands 128 disposed circumferentially around the support cylinder sections 126 , an outer stationary nut 130 disposed around the threaded shaft 124 , and an activation nut 132 disposed around the threaded shaft 124 .
- the support cylinder tool 122 includes an activation collar 134 , which is disposed between the support cylinder sections 126 and the activation nut 132 , as well as a stationary collar, which is disposed between the outer stationary nut 130 and the support cylinder sections 126 .
- FIG. 18 an example of a support cylinder tool 122 disposed within pipe segment tubing 22 L is shown in FIG. 18 .
- open space 136 is present between an inner surface 138 of the pipe segment tubing 22 L and an outer surface 140 of the support cylinder sections 126 of the support cylinder tool 122 .
- the support cylinder tool 122 is shown in a contracted state, which enables the support cylinder tool 122 to be relatively freely inserted into and/or withdrawn from the pipe segment tubing 22 L.
- the activation collar 134 of the support cylinder tool 122 has a wedge-shaped axial cross-section profile and, thus, a conical outer surface 142 while the stationary collar 144 also has a wedge-shaped axial cross-section profile and, thus, a conical outer surface 146 .
- a first end 148 of the support cylinder sections 126 has a conical inner surface (e.g., female taper) 150 , which can slide along the conical outer surface (e.g., male taper) 146 of the stationary collar 144 , while the conical outer surface (e.g., male taper) 142 of the activation collar 134 can slide along a conical inner surface (e.g., female taper) 152 at a second (e.g., opposite) end 154 of the support cylinder sections 126 .
- the stationary collar 144 is trapped between and, thus, held in place on the threaded shaft 124 of the support cylinder tool 122 via an outer stationary nut 130 and an inner stationary nut 156 .
- the activation nut 132 may be rotated on the threaded shaft 124 to push more of the activation collar 134 under the support cylinder sections 126 , thereby pushing the support cylinder sections 126 radially outward.
- the activation collar 134 may continue to be pushed under the support cylinder sections 126 until the outer surface 140 of the support cylinder sections 126 expands against the inner surface 138 of the pipe segment tubing 22 L.
- the activation nut 132 may be rotated on the threaded shaft in an opposite direction to enable the pipe segment tubing 22 L to push more of the activation collar 134 out from under the support cylinder sections 126 while contracting radially inward against the support cylinder sections 126 .
- a support cylinder tool 122 used with a swaged pipe fitting 44 may include fewer than two (e.g., one) or more than two (e.g., three, four, or more) metallic elastic bands 128 disposed around its support cylinder sections 126 .
- a support cylinder tool 122 used with a swaged pipe fitting 44 may include fewer than three (e.g., two) support cylinder sections 126 or more than three (e.g., four, five, or more) support cylinder sections 126 .
- a support cylinder tool 122 may be implemented and/or operated to support pipe segment tubing 22 during a swaging operation used to secure a swaged pipe fitting 44 to the pipe segment tubing 22 .
- a swaged pipe fitting 44 may include a carcass isolating ring 100 , which electrically isolates the carcass layer 37 of corresponding pipe segment tubing 22 from the remainder of the swaged pipe fitting 44 .
- the carcass isolating ring 100 K of the swaged pipe fitting 44 K may be made from an electrical insulative material, such as a polymer and/or plastic.
- a swaged pipe fitting 44 may include a spacer ring 182 .
- the spacer ring 182 may directly abut the internal pressure sheath layer 26 of pipe segment tubing 22 and, thus, supports the internal pressure sheath layer 26 , for example, to reduce the likelihood of a blow through in the internal pressure sheath layer 26 occurring within the swaged pipe fitting 44 .
- the spacer ring 182 may bridge the structural support provided to the internal pressure sheath layer 26 by the one or more intermediate (e.g., reinforcement) layers 38 of the pipe segment tubing 22 and the structural support provided by the fitting body 48 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 .
- the spacer ring 182 in a swaged pipe fitting 44 may directly abut an intermediate (e.g., reinforcement) layer 38 in the annulus 25 of pipe segment tubing 22 , for example, to enable the swaged pipe fitting 44 to provide electrical continuity and, thus, cathodic protection to the intermediate layer 38 .
- the spacer ring 182 may be made from the same type of metal as the intermediate layer 38 of the pipe segment tubing 22 K.
- the spacer ring 182 and the intermediate layer 38 may both be made of carbon steel while the fitting body 48 K is made of stainless steel.
- an electrical terminal 184 may be connected to the spacer ring 182 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 through its fitting body 48 , for example, to enable an anode to be electrically connected to the intermediate layer 38 of corresponding pipe segment tubing 22 .
- the spacer ring 182 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may include an extension 186 , which is disposed under the intermediate layer 38 .
- the extension 186 on the spacer ring 182 may be inserted (e.g., disposed) between the intermediate layer 38 and the internal pressure sheath layer 26 of the pipe segment tubing 22 .
- a fluid path 188 may be formed through the spacer ring 182 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 such that the fluid path 188 can be fluidly connected to another fluid path 98 that is formed in the fitting body 48 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 and fluidly connected to a vent valve 96 .
- the swaged pipe fitting 44 K may not include a vent valve 96 or include more than one (e.g., two, three, or more) vent valves 96 . Additionally, in other embodiments, the swaged pipe fitting 44 K may not include a spacer ring 182 or an electrical terminal 184 . Alternatively, in other embodiments, the spacer ring 182 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 K may not include an extension 186 . Furthermore, in other embodiments, the swaged pipe fitting 44 K may not include a carcass isolating ring 100 K. In any case, in this manner, a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be implemented and/or deployed (e.g., installed) at pipe segment tubing 22 .
- the process 190 includes cutting back a tubing layer of a pipe segment (process block 192 ), disposing a support cylinder directly adjacent to an innermost layer of the pipe segment (process block 194 ), and disposing a fitting jacket circumferentially around an outer sheath layer of the pipe segment (process block 196 ). Additionally, the process 190 generally includes conformally deforming the fitting jacket around the pipe segment (process block 198 ) and securing a fitting connector to a fitting body that is secured to the fitting jacket (process block 202 ).
- a process 190 for installing a swaged pipe fitting 44 at a pipe segment 20 may include one or more additional blocks and/or omit one or more of the depicted blocks.
- some embodiments of the process 190 may include reattaching a cut back portion of an outer sheath layer of the pipe segment to a remaining portion of the outer sheath layer (process block 204 ) while other embodiments of the process 190 do not.
- some embodiments of the process 190 may include disposing a grab sleeve between an internal pressure sheath layer and an intermediate layer of the pipe segment (process block 206 ) while other embodiments of the process 190 do not.
- some embodiments of the process 190 may include disposing a spacer ring directly adjacent to the intermediate layer of the pipe segment (process block 208 ) while other embodiments of the process do not.
- some embodiments of the process 190 may include disposing an internal pressure sheath seal around the internal pressure sheath layer of the pipe segment (process block 209 ) while other embodiments of the process 190 do not.
- some embodiments of the process 190 may include securing a seal flange to the fitting body (process block 210 ) while other embodiments of the process 190 do not.
- some embodiments of the process 190 may include securing a carcass ring to a carcass layer of the pipe segment (process block 212 ) while other embodiments of the process 190 do not.
- some embodiments of the process 190 may include removing a support cylinder tool from the pipe segment (process block 214 ) while other embodiments of the process 190 do not.
- one or more of the depicted blocks may be performed in a different order, for example, such that the fitting jacket is disposed around the outer sheath layer of the pipe segment before the support cylinder is disposed directly adjacent to the innermost layer of the pipe segment.
- one or more tubing layers of a pipe segment 20 at which a swaged pipe fitting 44 is to be deployed may be cut back.
- deploying a swaged pipe fitting 44 at a pipe segment 20 may generally include cutting back one or more tubing layers of the pipe segment 20 (process block 192 ).
- the outer sheath layer 28 and each intermediate layer 38 of the pipe segment 20 may be cut back relative to the internal pressure sheath layer 26 of the pipe segment 20 , for example, to enable an internal pressure sheath seal 95 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 to be compressed against the outer surface 97 of the internal pressure sheath layer 26 (process block 216 ).
- a swaged pipe fitting 44 may include a carcass ring 100 , which is secured to the carcass layer 37 of a pipe segment 20 to anchor the carcass layer 37 in the swaged pipe fitting 44 .
- the carcass ring 100 may be secured (e.g., welded and/or threaded) to the outer surface 101 of the carcass layer 37 .
- the internal pressure sheath layer 26 of the pipe segment 20 may be cut back relative to the carcass layer 37 (process block 218 ).
- the outer sheath layer 28 of the pipe segment 20 may be cut back relative to an intermediate layer 38 of the pipe segment 20 (process block 220 ).
- the outer sheath layer 28 may be cut back relative to the intermediate layer 38 to enable the leg portion 106 of an internal pressure sheath seal 95 , which has a J-shaped axial cross-section profile, to slant against the tubing 22 of the pipe segment 20 .
- FIG. 10 the outer sheath layer 28 of the pipe segment 20 may be cut back relative to an intermediate layer 38 of the pipe segment 20 (process block 220 ).
- the outer sheath layer 28 may be cut back relative to the intermediate layer 38 to enable the leg portion 106 of an internal pressure sheath seal 95 , which has a J-shaped axial cross-section profile, to slant against the tubing 22 of the pipe segment 20 .
- the cutoff portion of the outer sheath layer 28 may be a flared section 121 , for example, which may be produced by inserting a temporary installation sleeve under the outer sheath layer 28 .
- the carcass layer 37 of the pipe segment 20 may be cut back relative to the internal pressure sheath layer 26 of the pipe segment 20 , for example, to enable an internal pressure sheath seal 95 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 to be compressed against the inner surface 30 of the internal pressure sheath layer 26 and/or the swaged pipe fitting 44 to support the internal pressure sheath layer 26 during a swaging operation (process block 222 ).
- a support cylinder 74 may be disposed directly adjacent to the innermost (e.g., carcass or internal pressure sheath) layer of the pipe segment 20 .
- deploying a swaged pipe fitting 44 at a pipe segment 20 may generally include disposing a support cylinder 74 directly adjacent to (e.g., under or over) the innermost layer of the pipe segment 20 (process block 194 ).
- the support cylinder 74 may be a component (e.g., feature) of the swaged pipe fitting 44 .
- the support cylinder 74 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be disposed under (e.g., within) the carcass layer 37 of a corresponding pipe segment 20 (process block 224 ).
- a support cylinder feature of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be integrated with its fitting connector 46 and, thus, disposing the support cylinder 74 under the carcass layer 37 may include inserting the fitting connector 46 under the carcass layer 37 of the pipe segment 20 .
- a support cylinder feature of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be integrated with its fitting body 48 and, thus, disposing the support cylinder 74 under the carcass layer 37 may include inserting the fitting body 48 under the carcass layer 37 of the pipe segment 20 .
- the support cylinder 74 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be inserted between the carcass layer 37 and the internal pressure sheath layer 26 of a corresponding pipe segment 20 (process block 226 ).
- the support cylinder 74 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 may be disposed under (e.g., within) the internal pressure sheath layer 26 and each intermediate layer 38 of the pipe segment 20 to produce a flared section 119 along the internal pressure sheath layer 26 and flared sections 120 along each intermediate layer 38 .
- the cut back portion (e.g., flared section 121 ) of the outer sheath layer 28 may then be reattached (e.g., poly welded) back to the remaining portion of the outer sheath layer 28 to cover the flared section 120 in each intermediate layer 38 and the flared section 119 in the internal pressure sheath layer 26 (process block 204 ).
- a swaged pipe fitting 44 may not include a support cylinder 74 .
- a support cylinder tool 122 may be used to temporarily support the tubing 22 of a pipe segment 20 while the swaged pipe fitting 44 is being swaged thereto.
- the support cylinder tool 122 may be inserted into the pipe bore 32 of the pipe segment 20 while in its contracted state and, subsequently, transitioned from its contracted state to its expanded state such that the outer surface 140 of its support cylinder sections 126 of the support cylinder tool 122 expands against the inner surface of an innermost layer of the pipe segment 20 (process block 228 ).
- the support cylinder tool 122 may be operated to transition from its contracted state to its expanded state at least in part by rotating an activation nut 132 to push more of a corresponding activation collar 134 under the support cylinder sections 126 of the support cylinder tool 122 .
- a fitting jacket 50 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 may be disposed circumferentially around the outer sheath layer 28 of the pipe segment 20 (process block 196 ).
- a fitting jacket 50 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be secured (e.g., welded) to the fitting body 48 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 .
- disposing the fitting jacket 50 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 circumferentially around the outer sheath layer 28 of a pipe segment 20 may include disposing the fitting body 48 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 adjacent to the pipe segment 20 (process block 236 ).
- the fitting body 48 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be made from a different type of metal as compared to an intermediate layer 38 of a corresponding pipe segment 20 .
- the fitting body 48 may be made of stainless steel while solid material in the intermediate layer 38 is made of carbon steel.
- a swaged pipe fitting 44 may include a spacer ring 182 , which is made from the same type of metal as the intermediate layer 38 of the pipe segment 20 and can be disposed directly adjacent to the intermediate layer 38 of the pipe segment 20 .
- deploying the swaged pipe fitting 44 at a pipe segment 20 may include disposing a spacer ring 182 directly adjacent to an intermediate layer 38 of the pipe segment 20 , for example, at least in part by inserting an extension 186 on the spacer ring 182 under the intermediate layer 38 (process block 208 ).
- the spacer ring 182 may be disposed directly adjacent to the internal pressure sheath layer 26 , for example, at least in part by inserting an extension 186 on the spacer ring 182 between the internal pressure sheath layer 26 and the one or more reinforcement layers 34 (process block 208 ).
- the fitting jacket 50 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 may then be conformally deformed (e.g., swaged) around the tubing 22 of the pipe segment 20 such that the inner surface 52 of the fitting jacket 50 engages the outer surface 54 of the pipe segment tubing 22 and, thus, facilitates securing the swaged pipe fitting 44 to the pipe segment 20 as well as sealing the pipe segment tubing 22 within the swaged pipe fitting 44 (process block 198 ).
- a fitting jacket 50 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be swaged using a swage machine 56 .
- a swage machine 56 may generally include a grab plate 62 , which may facilitate securing the swage machine 56 to the fitting body 48 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 , for example, via a grab attachment 66 that has an L-shaped axial cross-section profile.
- a swage machine 56 may generally include a die plate 64 , which may enable a set of die segments 68 to be loaded in the swage machine 56 such that the set of die segments 68 compress a fitting jacket 50 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 inwardly in a radial direction 72 when moved over the fitting jacket 50 in an axial direction 70 .
- conformally deforming the fitting jacket 50 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 around a pipe segment 20 may include securing a grab plate 62 of a swage machine 56 to the fitting body 48 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 (process block 238 ) and moving a die plate 64 of the swage machine 56 over the fitting jacket 50 (process block 240 ).
- a swaged pipe fitting 44 may include a grab sleeve 82 , which may be disposed between the internal pressure sheath layer 26 and the intermediate layer 38 of the pipe segment 20 .
- deploying the swaged pipe fitting 44 at a pipe segment 20 may include disposing a grab sleeve 82 between the internal pressure sheath layer 26 and an intermediate layer 38 of the pipe segment 20 before a fitting jacket 50 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 is disposed around the outer sheath layer 28 of the pipe segment 20 (process block 206 ).
- the grab sleeve 82 may include a slit 84 that enables the grab sleeve 82 to grab onto the internal pressure sheath layer 26 when the fitting jacket 50 is swaged such that the intermediate layer 38 of the pipe segment 20 is compressed between the grab sleeve 82 and the fitting jacket 50 and, thus, anchored in the swaged pipe fitting 44 .
- swaging a fitting jacket 50 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may compress one or more intermediate (e.g., reinforcement) layers 38 of a corresponding pipe segment 20 between the fitting jacket 50 and a support cylinder 74 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 , thereby anchoring the one or more intermediate layers 38 in the swaged pipe fitting 44 .
- a support cylinder tool 122 may be temporarily used to support the tubing 22 of a pipe segment 20 during a swaging operation.
- the support cylinder tool 122 may be removed from within the pipe segment 20 (process block 214 ).
- the support cylinder tool 122 may be operated to transition from its expanded state to its contracted state and withdrawn from within the pipe segment 20 while in its contracted state (process block 250 ).
- the support cylinder tool 122 may be operated to transition from its expanded state to its contracted state at least in part by rotating an activation nut 132 to enable the pipe segment 20 to push more of a corresponding activation collar 134 out from under the support cylinder sections 126 while contracting radially inward against the support cylinder sections 126 .
- an internal pressure sheath seal 95 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be disposed under a fitting jacket 50 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 .
- the internal pressure sheath seal 95 may have a J-shaped axial cross-section profile that includes a hook portion 104 , which interlocks with a carcass ring 100 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 , and a leg portion 106 , which may slant against the tubing 22 of a pipe segment 20 .
- the internal pressure sheath seal 95 may be compressed against the pipe segment tubing 22 , thereby activating the internal pressure sheath seal 95 (process block 242 ).
- an internal pressure sheath seal 95 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be compressed against the fitting body 48 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 .
- installing the swaged pipe fitting 44 to a pipe segment 20 may include disposing an internal pressure sheath seal 95 around the internal pressure sheath layer 26 of the pipe segment 20 after (e.g., behind) the fitting body 48 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 (process block 209 ).
- the internal pressure sheath seal 95 may be compressed between the fitting body 48 and a seal flange 102 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 .
- installing the swaged pipe fitting 44 to a pipe segment 20 may include securing a seal flange 102 to the fitting body 48 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 (process block 210 ), for example, such that a corresponding internal pressure sheath seal 95 is compressed against the internal pressure sheath layer 26 of the pipe segment 20 due to compression between the fitting body 48 and the seal flange 102 and, thus, activated (process block 244 ).
- a seal flange 102 may be secured to a corresponding fitting body 48 via one or more threaded fasteners 92 , such as a bolt or a screw.
- a seal flange 102 may be secured to a corresponding fitting body 48 via hot tooling, such as welding and/or brazing.
- the fitting connector 46 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 may then be secured to its fitting body 48 (process block 202 ).
- the fitting connector 46 may be secured to a seal flange 102 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 , which is secured to the fitting body 48 .
- a fitting connector 46 may be secured to a corresponding seal flange 102 and a corresponding fitting body 48 via one or more threaded fasteners 92 , such as a bolt or a screw.
- a fitting connector 46 may be secured to a corresponding seal flange 102 via hot tooling, such as welding and/or brazing.
- the fitting connector 46 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be secured directly to a corresponding fitting body 48 , for example, via one or more threaded fasteners 92 , such as a bolt or a screw, and/or hot tooling, such as welding and/or brazing.
- an internal pressure sheath seal 95 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be compressed between its fitting body 48 and its fitting connector 46 .
- securing the fitting connector 46 to the fitting body 48 may compress the internal pressure sheath seal 95 therebetween such that the internal pressure sheath seal 95 is compressed against the internal pressure sheath layer 26 of a pipe segment 20 and, thus, activated (process block 246 ).
- a swaged pipe fitting 44 may include a carcass anchoring ring 100 , which may be secured to the carcass layer 37 , and the fitting connector 46 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 may accommodate the carcass ring 100 .
- installing the swaged pipe fitting 44 to a pipe segment 20 may include securing a carcass ring 100 to the carcass layer 37 of the pipe segment 20 , for example, at least in part by welding and/or threading the carcass ring 100 onto the outer surface 101 of the carcass layer 37 (process block 212 ).
- securing the fitting connector 46 to the fitting body 48 may include disposing the fitting connector 46 over a carcass ring 100 , which is secured to the carcass layer 37 of a pipe segment 20 , for example, such that the carcass ring 100 is trapped between the fitting connector 46 and the internal pressure sheath layer 26 of the pipe segment 20 or between the fitting connector 46 and a seal flange 102 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 (process block 248 ).
- the present disclosure provides techniques for implementing and/or deploying a swaged pipe fitting.
Abstract
Techniques for implementing and/or installing a system including pipe segment tubing and a swaged pipe fitting secured to the pipe segment tubing. The pipe segment tubing includes a carcass layer, an internal pressure sheath layer disposed around the carcass layer, a reinforcement layer disposed around the internal pressure sheath layer, and an outer sheath layer disposed around the reinforcement layer. The swaged pipe fitting includes a fitting body that defines a bore, an internal pressure sheath seal that seals the internal pressure sheath layer of the pipe segment tubing within the swaged pipe fitting, and a fitting jacket secured to the fitting body, in which the fitting jacket is conformally deformed around the pipe segment tubing to anchor the reinforcement layer of the pipe segment tubing in the swaged pipe fitting.
Description
- The present disclosure claims priority to and benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/939,375, entitled “SWAGED END FITTINGS FOR FLEXIBLE PIPE AND METHODS OF INSTALLING SAME” and filed Nov. 22, 2019 and U.S. Non-provisional patent application Ser. No. 16/953,595 entitled “SWAGED PIPE FITTING SYSTEMS AND METHODS” filed Nov. 20, 2020, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
- Flexible pipe can be utilized to transport production fluids, such as oil and/or gas and/or water, from one location to another. Flexible pipe is generally formed as an assembly of a portion of flexible pipe body and one or more end fittings. The end fittings may be used to connect segments of flexible pipe together or to connect them to terminal equipment, such as sub-sea structures or floating facilities. End fittings are important components for terminating and anchoring the pipe layers, sealing and venting gas in these environments.
- Existing end fittings have certain deficiencies and disadvantages. For example, current end fittings used with offshore flexible pipe as described in API RP 17B (“17B Recommended Practice for Unbonded Flexible Pipe”) with carcass are costly and have a long installation time. Improvements in this field of technology are therefore desired.
- This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts that are further described below in the detailed description. This summary is not intended to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in limiting the scope of the claimed subject matter.
- In one embodiment, a system including pipe segment tubing and a swaged pipe fitting secured to the pipe segment tubing. The pipe segment tubing includes a carcass layer, an internal pressure sheath layer disposed around the carcass layer, a reinforcement layer disposed around the internal pressure sheath layer, and an outer sheath layer disposed around the reinforcement layer. The swaged pipe fitting includes a fitting body that defines a bore, an internal pressure sheath seal that seals the internal pressure sheath layer of the pipe segment tubing within the swaged pipe fitting, and a fitting jacket secured to the fitting body, in which the fitting jacket is conformally deformed around the pipe segment tubing to anchor the reinforcement layer of the pipe segment tubing in the swaged pipe fitting.
- In another embodiment, a method of installing a swaged pipe fitting on a pipe segment includes disposing a fitting jacket of the swaged pipe fitting circumferentially around tubing of the pipe segment, in which the fitting jacket is secured to a fitting body of the swaged pipe fitting that defines a body bore, disposing a support cylinder directly adjacent to a carcass layer of the pipe segment, in which the carcass layer of the pipe segment comprises an interlocked metal layer, and conformally deforming the fitting jacket of the swaged pipe fitting around the tubing of the pipe segment to secure the swaged pipe fitting to the pipe segment and to seal tubing of the pipe segment within the swaged pipe fitting.
- In another embodiment, a swaged pipe fitting includes a fitting body that defines a body bore, a fitting connector secured to the fitting body to enable the swaged pipe fitting to be connected to another pipeline component, a face seal compressed between the fitting body and the fitting connector, an internal pressure sheath seal compressed against an internal pressure sheath layer of a pipe segment to seal the internal pressure sheath layer within the swaged pipe fitting, a carcass isolating ring that electrically isolates a carcass layer of the pipe segment in the swaged pipe fitting, and a fitting jacket secured to the fitting body, in which the fitting jacket is conformally deformed around an outer sheath layer of the pipe segment to secure the swaged pipe fitting to the pipe segment and to seal the outer sheath layer of the pipe segment within the swaged pipe fitting.
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FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an example of a pipeline system including pipe segments and pipe fittings, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. -
FIG. 2 is a side view of an example of a pipe segment ofFIG. 1 that includes a pipe bore defined by its tubing as well as fluid conduits within an annulus of its tubing, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. -
FIG. 3 is an example of a portion of the pipe segment ofFIG. 2 with one or more reinforcement layers which may also define one or more helically shaped fluid conduits within the annulus of its tubing, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. -
FIG. 4 is an axial cross-section profile of an example of a pipe segment that includes a carcass layer, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. -
FIG. 5 is an axial cross-section profile of a portion of a pipeline system that includes an example of a swaged pipe fitting and a pipe segment, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. -
FIG. 6 is an axial cross-section profile of a swage machine and a portion of a swaged pipe fitting, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. -
FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a grab sleeve that may be included in a swaged pipe fitting, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. -
FIG. 8 is an axial cross-section profile of a portion of a pipeline system that includes another example of a swaged pipe fitting and a pipe segment, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. -
FIG. 9 is an axial cross-section profile of a portion of a pipeline system that includes a further example of a swaged pipe fitting and a pipe segment, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. -
FIG. 10 is an axial cross-section profile of a portion of a pipeline system that includes another example of a swaged pipe fitting and a pipe segment, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. -
FIG. 11 is an axial cross-section profile of a portion of a pipeline system that includes a further example of a swaged pipe fitting and a pipe segment, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. -
FIG. 12 is an axial cross-section profile of a portion of a pipeline system that includes another example of a swaged pipe fitting and a pipe segment, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. -
FIG. 13 is an axial cross-section profile of a portion of a pipeline system that includes a further example of a swaged pipe fitting and a pipe segment, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. -
FIG. 14 is an axial cross-section profile of a portion of a pipeline system that includes another example of a swaged pipe fitting and a pipe segment, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. -
FIG. 15 is an axial cross-section profile of a portion of a pipeline system that includes a further example of a swaged pipe fitting and a pipe segment, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. -
FIG. 16 is an axial cross-section profile of a portion of a pipeline system that includes another example of a swaged pipe fitting and a pipe segment, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. -
FIG. 17 is a perspective view of an example of a support cylinder tool that may be used to support a pipe segment during swaging, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. -
FIG. 18 is an axial cross-section profile of the support cylinder tool ofFIG. 17 disposed within a pipe segment, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. -
FIG. 19 is a flow diagram of an example of a process for deploying a swaged pipe fitting at a pipe segment, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. - One or more specific embodiments of the present disclosure will be described below with reference to the figures. As used herein, the term “coupled” or “coupled to” may indicate establishing either a direct or indirect connection and, thus, is not limited to either unless expressly referenced as such. The term “set” may refer to one or more items. Wherever possible, like or identical reference numerals are used in the figures to identify common or the same features. The figures are not necessarily to scale. Certain features and/or certain views of the figures may be shown exaggerated in scale for purposes of clarification. Additionally, all depicted examples are intended to be illustrative and not limiting.
- The present disclosure generally relates to pipeline systems that may be implemented and/or operated to transport (e.g., convey) fluid, such as liquid and/or gas, from a fluid source to a fluid destination. Generally, a pipeline system may include pipe fittings, such as a midline pipe fitting and/or a pipe end fitting, and one or more pipe segments. More specifically, a pipe segment may generally be secured and sealed in one or more pipe fittings to facilitate fluidly coupling the pipe segment to another pipeline component, such as another pipe segment, another pipe fitting, a fluid source, and/or a fluid destination.
- An example of a
pipeline system 10 is shown inFIG. 1 . Apipeline system 10 may generally, be coupled between afluid source 12 and afluid destination 14. For example, in some instances, thefluid source 12 may be a production well and thefluid destination 14 may be a fluid storage tank. In other instances, thefluid source 12 may be a first (e.g., lease facility) storage tank and thefluid destination 14 may be a second (e.g., refinery) storage tank. - In any case, the
pipeline system 10 may generally convey fluid, such as gas and/or liquid, from thefluid source 12 to thefluid destination 14. Thepipeline system 10 may be used in many applications, including without limitation, both onshore and offshore oil and gas applications. For example, thepipeline system 10 may be used to transport hydrocarbon, aqueous fluid, and/or another suitable fluid, such as crude oil, petroleum, natural gas, produced water, fresh water, fracturing fluid, flowback fluid, carbon dioxide, or any combination thereof. - To convey fluid from the
fluid source 12 to thefluid destination 14, apipeline system 10 may include one ormore pipe fittings 18 and one ormore pipe segments 20. For example, the depictedpipeline system 10 includes afirst pipe segment 20A, asecond pipe segment 20B, and anNth pipe segment 20N. Additionally, the depictedpipeline system 10 includes a first pipe (e.g., end) fitting 18A, which couples thefluid source 12 to thefirst pipe segment 20A, a second pipe (e.g., midline) fitting 18B, which couples thefirst pipe segment 20A to thesecond pipe segment 20B, and an Nth pipe (e.g., end) fitting 18N, which couples theNth pipe segment 20N to thefluid destination 14. - In other embodiments, a
pipeline system 10 may include fewer than three (e.g., two or one)pipe segments 20 or more than three (e.g., four, five, or more)pipe segments 20. Additionally or alternatively, in other embodiments, apipeline system 10 may include fewer than four (e.g., three or two)pipe fittings 18 or more than four (e.g., five, six, or more)pipe fittings 18. - In any case, a
pipe segment 20 generally includes tubing that may be used to convey (e.g., transfer and/or transport) water, gas, oil, and/or any other suitable type of fluid. The tubing of apipe segment 20 may be made of any suitable type of material, such as plastic, metal, and/or a composite (e.g., fiber-reinforced composite) material. In fact, as will be described in more detail below, in some embodiments, the tubing of apipe segment 20 may have multiple different tubing layers. For example, the tubing of apipe segment 20 may include a first high-density polyethylene (e.g., fluid containment) layer, one or more reinforcement (e.g., steel strip) layers external to the first high-density polyethylene layer, and a second high-density polyethylene (e.g., external corrosion protection) layer external to the one or more reinforcement layers. - Additionally, as in the depicted example, one or more (e.g., second and/or Nth)
pipe segments 20 in apipeline system 10 may be curved (e.g., large deflection). To facilitate producing a curve in apipe segment 20, in some embodiments, thepipe segment 20 may be flexible, for example, such that thepipe segment 20 is spoolable on a reel and/or in a coil (e.g., during transport and/or before deployment of the pipe segment 20). In other words, in some embodiments, one ormore pipe segments 20 in thepipeline system 10 may be a flexible pipe, such as a bonded flexible pipe, an unbonded flexible pipe, a flexible composite pipe (FCP), a thermoplastic composite pipe (TCP), or a reinforced thermoplastic pipe (RTP). Generally, as described in API RP 17B, a flexible pipe combines low bending stiffness with high axial tensile stiffness, which is achieved by a multi-layer construction. The two basic components are helical reinforcement layers and polymer sealing layers, which allow a much smaller radius of curvature than for a steel pipe with the same pressure capacity. In general, an unbonded flexible has a lower bending stiffness than bonded flexible pipe due to the tubing layers not being bonded to one another. Bending stiffness may also be reduced in both bonded and unbonded flexible pipe when they have annular gaps between adjacent reinforcement strips in the reinforcement layers. In fact, at least in some instances, increasing flexibility (e.g. reducing bending stiffness) of apipe segment 20 may facilitate improving deployment efficiency of apipeline system 10, for example, by having long coiled or reeled pipe segments transported to installation locations, thereby substantially reducing the number of pipe fittings relative to rigid pipe installations. - In some embodiments, the annular gaps between reinforcement strips are devoid of solid material. In fact, in some embodiments, the free space in the tubing annulus of a
pipe segment 20 may span the length of thepipe segment 20 and, thus, define one or more fluid conduits in the annulus of the tubing, which are separate from the pipe bore. In other words, in such embodiments, apipe segment 20 may enable fluid flow via its pipe bore, fluid flow via a fluid conduit defined within its tubing annulus, or both. - To help illustrate, an example of a
pipe segment 20, which includestubing 22 with annular gaps (e.g., fluid conduits and/or free space) 24 defined in itsannulus 25, is shown inFIG. 2 . As depicted, thepipe segment tubing 22 includes multiple tubing layers including an internal pressure sheath (e.g., inner barrier)layer 26 and an outer sheath (e.g., outer barrier)layer 28. In some embodiments, the internalpressure sheath layer 26 and/or theouter sheath layer 28 of thepipe segment tubing 22 may be made from composite material and/or plastic, such as high-density polyethylene (HDPE), raised temperature polyethylene (PE-RT), cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE), polyamide 11 (PA-11), polyamide 12 (PA-12), polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), or any combination thereof. Although a number of particular layers are depicted, it should be understood that the techniques described in the present disclosure may be broadly applicable to composite pipe body structures including two or more layers, for example, as distinguished from a rubber or plastic single-layer hose subject to vulcanization. - In any case, as depicted, an
inner surface 30 of the internalpressure sheath layer 26 defines (e.g., encloses) a pipe bore 32 through which fluid can flow, for example, to facilitate transporting fluid from afluid source 12 to afluid destination 14. In some embodiments, the internalpressure sheath layer 26 of apipe segment 20 may be the innermost layer of thepipe segment 20. However, as will be described in more detail below, in other embodiments, a carcass layer may be disposed under the internalpressure sheath layer 26 and, thus, the carcass layer may be the innermost layer of the pipe segment. - Additionally, in some embodiments, the
outer sheath layer 28 of apipe segment 20 may be the outermost layer of thepipe segment 20. In particular, as described in API RP 17B, theouter sheath layer 28 may protect thepipe segment 20 against penetration of seawater and other external environmental conditions, corrosion, abrasion, and/or mechanical damage. In any case, in some embodiments, theouter sheath layer 28 of apipe segment 20 may include a number of sublayers. - Furthermore, as depicted, the
tubing annulus 25 of thepipe segment 20 is between its internalpressure sheath layer 26 and itsouter sheath layer 28. As will be described in more detail below, thetubing annulus 25 of apipe segment 20 may include one or more intermediate layers. Additionally, as depicted,annular gaps 24 running along the length of thepipe segment 20 are defined in thetubing annulus 25. - However, in other embodiments, a
pipe segment 20 may include fewer than two (e.g., one) or more than two (e.g., three, four, or more)annular gaps 24 defined in itstubing annulus 25. Additionally, in other embodiments, anannular gap 24 defined in thetubing annulus 25 of apipe segment 20 may run non-parallel to the pipe bore 32 of thepipe segment 20, for example, such that theannular gap 24 is skewed relative to the longitudinal axis of the pipe bore 32. - To help illustrate, an example of a
portion 36 of apipe segment 20, which includes an internalpressure sheath layer 26 and an intermediate layer—namely a reinforcement (e.g., tensile and/or armor)layer 34—included in theannulus 25 of itspipe segment tubing 22, is shown inFIG. 3 . However, it should be appreciated that, in other embodiments, the intermediate layers ofpipe segment tubing 22 may include one or more tape layers, one or more insulation layers one or more intermediate sheath layers, one or more anti-wear layers, or any combination thereof. - As depicted, the
reinforcement layer 34 includes areinforcement strip 40. To improve tensile strength and/or hoop strength ofpipe segment tubing 22, in some embodiments, areinforcement strip 40 in thepipe segment tubing 22 may be made at least in part using solid material that has a higher tensile strength and/or a higher linear modulus of elasticity than solid material that is used to make the internalpressure sheath layer 26 and/or theouter sheath layer 28 of thepipe segment tubing 22. For example, the internalpressure sheath layer 26 may be made using plastic, such as high-density polyethylene (HDPE), while thereinforcement strip 40 may be made using metal, such as carbon steel, stainless steel, duplex stainless steel, super duplex stainless steel, or any combination thereof. In other words, at least in some such embodiments, areinforcement strip 40 of thepipe segment tubing 22 may be made from electrically conductive material, which, at least in some instances, may enable communication of electrical (e.g., control and/or sensor) signals via thereinforcement strip 40. However, in other embodiments, one or more reinforcement strips 40 ofpipe segment tubing 22 may be made at least in part using a composite material. - Additionally, the
reinforcement strip 40 is helically disposed (e.g., wound and/or wrapped) on the internalpressure sheath layer 26 such that gaps (e.g., openings) are left between adjacent windings to define an annular gap (e.g., fluid conduit) 24. In other words, in some embodiments, thereinforcement layer 34 may be made at least in part by winding thereinforcement strip 40 around the internalpressure sheath layer 26 at a non-zero lay angle (e.g., fifty-two degrees) relative to the longitudinal axis of the pipe bore 32. In any case, as depicted, the resultingannular gap 24 runs helically along thepipe segment 20, for example, such that theannular gap 24 is skewed fifty-two degrees relative to the longitudinal axis of the pipe bore 32. - Nevertheless, in some embodiments, one or more other intermediate layers, such as an anti-wear layer, may be included in the
annulus 25 ofpipe segment tubing 22. In other words, in such embodiments, areinforcement strip 40 of thereinforcement layer 34 may be disposed on another intermediate layer, for example, instead of directly on the internalpressure sheath layer 26 of thepipe segment tubing 22. Moreover, in other embodiments, areinforcement layer 34 ofpipe segment tubing 22 may include multiple reinforcement strips 40. - In any case, in some embodiments, an
outer sheath layer 28 may be disposed directly over the depictedreinforcement layer 34 and, thus, cover the depictedannular gap 24. However, in other embodiments, thetubing annulus 25 ofpipe segment tubing 22 may include multiple (e.g., two, three, four, or more) reinforcement layers 34. In other words, in such embodiments, one or more other reinforcement layers 34 may be disposed over the depictedreinforcement layer 34. In fact, in some such embodiments, the reinforcement strips 40 in the one or more other reinforcement layers 34 may also each be helically disposed such that there are annular gaps (e.g., fluid conduits and/or free space) 24 between adjacent windings. - For example, a first
other reinforcement strip 40 of a firstother reinforcement layer 34 may be helically disposed on the depictedreinforcement strip 40 using the same non-zero lay angle as the depictedreinforcement strip 40 to cover (e.g., enclose) the depictedannular gap 24 and to define anotherannular gap 24 in the firstother reinforcement layer 34. Additionally, a secondother reinforcement strip 40 of a secondother reinforcement layer 34 may be helically disposed on the firstother reinforcement strip 40 using another non-zero lay angle, which may be at or near the inverse of the non-zero lay angle of the depictedreinforcement strip 40, to define anotherannular gap 24 in the secondother reinforcement layer 34. Furthermore, a thirdother reinforcement strip 40 of a thirdother reinforcement layer 34 may be helically disposed on the secondother reinforcement strip 40 using the same non-zero lay angle as the secondother reinforcement strip 40 to cover the otherannular gap 24 in the secondother reinforcement layer 34 and to define anotherannular gap 24 in the thirdother reinforcement layer 34. In some embodiments, anouter sheath layer 28 may be disposed over the thirdother reinforcement layer 34 and, thus, cover (e.g., enclose) the otherannular gap 24 in the thirdother reinforcement layer 34. - In any case, in some instances, a
pipe segment 20 may be deployed in an elevated pressure environment, for example, underwater in a subsea application. To improve the collapse and/or crush resistance of itstubing 22, a carcass layer may be disposed within (e.g., under) the internalpressure sheath layer 26 of thepipe segment 20. In other words, in such instances, the internalpressure sheath layer 26 may be disposed around (e.g., over) the carcass layer and, thus, the carcass layer may be the innermost layer of thepipe segment tubing 22. - To help illustrate, an example of
pipe segment tubing 22 that includes acarcass layer 37 is shown inFIG. 4 . To improve collapse and/or crush resistance, in some embodiments, thecarcass layer 37 may be made from metal, such as carbon steel, stainless steel, duplex stainless steel, super duplex stainless steel, or any combination thereof. Additionally, as depicted, thecarcass layer 37 is an interlocked layer in thepipe segment tubing 22. - In addition to the
carcass layer 37, as depicted, thepipe segment tubing 22 includes an internalpressure sheath layer 26 and anouter sheath layer 28. Furthermore, as depicted, thepipe segment tubing 22 includesintermediate layers 38 disposed between the internalpressure sheath layer 26 and theouter sheath layer 28 and, thus, in theannulus 25 of thepipe segment tubing 22. As depicted, theintermediate layers 38 include at least areinforcement layer 34 with one or more reinforcement strips 40 that define one or more annular gaps (e.g., fluid conduits and/or free space) 24 in thetubing annulus 25. - In some embodiments, the
intermediate layers 38 ofpipe segment tubing 22 may include one or more tape layers, one or more intermediate sheath layers, one or more anti-wear layers, one or more insulation layers, or any combination thereof. Additionally, as described above, in some embodiments,pipe segment tubing 22 may include multiple reinforcement layers 34, which each include one or more reinforcement strips 40. In any case, in apipeline system 10, thetubing 22 of apipe segment 20 may be secured and sealed in apipe fitting 18. - To help illustrate, a
portion 42A of apipeline system 10, which includes an example of a pipe fitting 18—namely a swaged pipe fitting 44A—andpipe segment tubing 22A, is shown inFIG. 5 . As in the depicted example, a swaged pipe fitting 44 may include a fitting body 48, which defines a body (e.g., fitting) bore, a fitting connector (e.g., flange or weldneck) 46, and a fitting jacket 50. The fitting connector 46 may be secured to the fitting body 48 to enable the swaged pipe fitting 44 to be connected to another pipeline component, such as afluid source 12, afluid destination 14, or another pipe fitting 18. - Additionally, to facilitate securing a swaged pipe fitting 44 to
pipe segment tubing 22, a fitting jacket 50 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 may be secured (e.g., welded) to its fitting body 48. To facilitate securing the swaged pipe fitting 44A to thepipe segment tubing 22A, thefitting jacket 50A of the swaged pipe fitting 44A may be compressed radially inward such that aninner surface 52 of thefitting jacket 50A engages (e.g., grips) anouter surface 54 of thepipe segment tubing 22A, for example, via a swage machine secured to the swaged pipe fitting 44A. In other words, thefitting jacket 50A is shown in its swaged state inFIG. 5 . Before being swaged, a fitting jacket 50 may be in an unswaged state in which its inner surface diameter is larger than the outer surface diameter of correspondingpipe segment tubing 22, thereby enabling thepipe segment tubing 22 to be inserted under (e.g., within) the fitting jacket 50. - To help further illustrate, an example of a
swage machine 56 and aportion 58B of a swaged pipe fitting 44 are shown inFIG. 6 . As depicted,open space 60 is present between theinner surface 52 of thefitting jacket 50B and theouter surface 54 of thepipe segment tubing 22B, thereby enabling thepipe segment tubing 22B to be inserted (e.g., disposed) under (e.g., within) thefitting jacket 50B. In other words, thefitting jacket 50B is shown in its unswaged state inFIG. 6 . - To transition a fitting jacket 50 from its unswaged state to its swaged state, a
swage machine 56 may include agrab plate 62 and adie plate 64. Thegrab plate 62 may include agrab attachment 66 with an L-shaped axial cross-section profile, which may interlock with an end of the fitting body 48 of a swaged pipe fitting 44. In other words, thegrab plate 62 of aswage machine 56 may generally facilitate securing theswage machine 56 to a swaged pipe fitting 44. - Additionally, as depicted, the
die plate 64 of aswage machine 56 may have a set ofdie segments 68 loaded therein. In particular, the set ofdie segments 68 may be loaded into thedie plate 64 such that the set ofdie segments 68 open toward thegrab plate 62 of theswage machine 56. When compressed against a fitting jacket 50 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 in anaxial direction 70 toward thegrab plate 62, thedie segments 68 may compress the fitting jacket 50 inward in aradial direction 72 around the circumference, for example, such that theinner surface 52 of the fitting jacket 50 engages theouter surface 54 ofpipe segment tubing 22 disposed thereunder. - To facilitate preserving the pipe bore 32 defined by
pipe segment tubing 22 during a swaging operation, as in the depicted example, in some embodiments, a swaged pipe fitting 44 may include a support cylinder 74, which is disposed directly adjacent to an innermost (e.g., carcass) layer of thepipe segment tubing 22. In the depicted example, thesupport cylinder 74B of the swaged pipe fitting 44 is disposed under (e.g., within) thecarcass layer 37 of thepipe segment tubing 22B. To facilitate supportingpipe segment tubing 22 during a swaging operation, the support cylinder 74 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may extend beyond both ends of a corresponding fitting jacket 50. Additionally, due to a fitting jacket 50 being swaged, one or more intermediate (e.g., reinforcement) layers 38 ofpipe segment tubing 22 may be compressed between the fitting jacket 50 and the support cylinder 74 of a swaged pipe fitting 44, thereby anchoring the one or moreintermediate layers 38 in the swaged pipe fitting 44. Furthermore, due to swaging, the fitting jacket 50 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may engage theouter sheath layer 28 of apipe segment 20 and, thus, block the ingress of external environmental fluids, such as seawater into thetubing annulus 25 of thepipe segment 20, thereby sealing theouter sheath layer 28 of thepipe segment 20. - Moreover, as will be described in more detail below, in some embodiments, the support cylinder 74 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may include threading on its outer surface. In particular, in such embodiments, the threading on the outer surface of the support cylinder 74 may threadingly interlock with the inner surface of the
carcass layer 37 of acorresponding pipe segment 20. Thus, in such embodiments, the support cylinder 74 may anchor thecarcass layer 37 in the swaged pipe fitting 44. However, in other embodiments, the support cylinder 74 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may not include threading, for example, instead having a smooth, knurled, serrated or other outer surface condition. - In any case, as will be described in more detail below, in other embodiments, the support cylinder 74 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be integrated with its fitting connector 46 or its fitting body 48, for example, instead of being a separate component. Alternatively, as will be described in more detail below, in other embodiments, a swaged pipe fitting 44 may not include a support cylinder 74, for example, when a support cylinder tool is used instead.
- To compress a set of
die segments 68 against a fitting jacket 50 in anaxial direction 70, as depicted, aswage machine 56 may include one or more swaging actuators 76. In the depicted example, theswage machine 56 includes afirst swaging actuator 76A and anNth swaging actuator 76N. In some embodiments, one or more swaging actuators 76 in aswage machine 56 may be a fluid actuator, such as a hydraulic actuator or a pneumatic actuator. Each swaging actuator 76 of theswage machine 56 includes anactuator cylinder 78 and anactuator piston 80, which selectively extends out from theactuator cylinder 78 based at least in part on the supply of fluid (e.g., liquid and/or gas) to theactuator cylinder 78 and/or selectively retracts into theactuator cylinder 78 based at least in part on the extraction of fluid from theactuator cylinder 78. - In the depicted example, the
actuator cylinder 78 of each swaging actuator 76 is secured to thedie plate 64 of theswage machine 56. Additionally, in the depicted example, theactuator piston 80 of each swaging actuator 76 extends through thedie plate 64 and is secured to thegrab plate 62 of theswage machine 56. As such, to perform a swaging operation, one or more swaging actuators 76 in theswage machine 56 may be operated to pull thegrab plate 62 toward thedie plate 64 via one or more reverse (e.g., retracting) strokes such that thefitting jacket 50B moves through the set ofdie segments 68 loaded in thedie plate 64. In this manner, aswage machine 56 may be operated to transition a fitting jacket 50 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 from its unswaged state to its swaged state and, thus, securing the swaged pipe fitting 44 topipe segment tubing 22 inserted under the fitting jacket 50. - However, it should be noted that the techniques described in the present disclosure are not limited to a specific configuration of a
swage machine 56. For example, in other embodiments, aswage machine 56 may include fewer than two (e.g., one) swaging actuators 76 or more than two (e.g., three, four, or more) swaging actuators 76. Additionally, in other embodiments, aswage machine 56 may be operated to push itsdie plate 64 toward itsgrab plate 62 via one or more forward (e.g., extending) strokes such that a corresponding fitting jacket 50 moves through the set ofdie segments 68 loaded in thedie plate 64. Furthermore, in other embodiments, a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be swaged as a whole. Moreover, to improve securement strength, in some embodiments, a swaged pipe fitting 44 may include a grab sleeve, which may be disposed between the internalpressure sheath layer 26 and anintermediate layer 38 ofpipe segment tubing 22 before a fitting jacket 50 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 is swaged around thepipe segment tubing 22. - To help illustrate, an example of a
grab sleeve 82, which may be included in a swaged pipe fitting 44, is shown inFIG. 7 . As mentioned above, agrab sleeve 82 may be disposed between the internalpressure sheath layer 26 and an intermediate (e.g., reinforcement)layer 38 ofpipe segment tubing 22. In some embodiments, thegrab sleeve 82 may be made from material that is more rigid than material used to make the internalpressure sheath layer 26 of thepipe segment tubing 22. For example thegrab sleeve 82 may be made from metal, such as carbon steel, stainless steel, duplex stainless steel, super duplex stainless steel, or any combination thereof. - Additionally, as depicted, the
grab sleeve 82 includes aslit 84 along its longitudinal axis. Thus, during swaging, thegrab sleeve 82 may contract radially inward and engage the internalpressure sheath layer 26 ofpipe segment tubing 22. Due to the resulting increased thickness, thegrab sleeve 82 may facilitate anchoring an intermediate layer 38 (e.g., reinforcement layer 34) of thepipe segment tubing 22 between thegrab sleeve 82 and a fitting jacket 50 of a corresponding swaged pipe fitting 44. - To facilitate contraction around the internal
pressure sheath layer 26 ofpipe segment tubing 22, in some embodiments, agrab sleeve 82 may include acrumple zone 86. Thecrumple zone 86 may includemultiple openings 88 formed through thegrab sleeve 82. To facilitate insertion between the internalpressure sheath layer 26 and anintermediate layer 38 ofpipe segment tubing 22, in some embodiments, agrab sleeve 82 may include a firsttapered end 90A and a secondtapered end 90B. - However, in other embodiments, a
grab sleeve 82 may not include a tapered end 90 or include a single tapered end 90. Additionally, in other embodiments, agrab sleeve 82 may not include adedicated crumple zone 86. Alternatively, in other embodiments, a swaged pipe fitting 44 may not include agrab sleeve 82. - In any case, returning to the swaged pipe fitting 44A of
FIG. 5 , after the support cylinder 74A is inserted and thefitting jacket 50A is swaged, thefitting connector 46A may be secured to thefitting body 48A. As in the depicted example, in some embodiments, the fitting connector 46 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be secured to a corresponding fitting body 48 via one or more threadedfasteners 92, such as a bolt or a screw. - However, in other embodiments, the fitting connector 46 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be secured to a corresponding fitting body 48 via fewer than two (e.g., one) threaded
fasteners 92 or more than two (e.g., three, four, or more) threadedfasteners 92. Alternatively, in other embodiments, the fitting connector 46 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be secured to a corresponding fitting body 48 via hot tooling, such as welding or brazing. - In any case, to facilitate sealing
pipe segment tubing 22 therein, a swaged pipe fitting 44 may include fitting seals. The fitting seals of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may include one or more face seals 94, which may be compressed between components of the swaged pipe fitting 44. For example, aface seal 94A of the swaged pipe fitting 44A may be compressed between itsfitting connector 46A and itsfitting body 48A. - In addition to a face seal 94, in some embodiments, the fitting seals of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may include one or more internal pressure sheath seals 95, which may be compressed against the internal
pressure sheath layer 26 of apipe segment 20, thereby sealing the internalpressure sheath layer 26 and, thus, block fluid flow between the pipe bore 32 and thetubing annulus 25 of thepipe segment 20. For example, an internalpressure sheath seal 95A of the swaged pipe fitting 44A may be compressed against the internalpressure sheath layer 26 of thepipe segment tubing 22A due to compression between thefitting body 48A and thefitting connector 46A of the swaged pipe fitting 44A. To enable an internal pressure sheath seal 95 to be compressed against anouter surface 97 of the internalpressure sheath layer 26 ofpipe segment tubing 22, as in the depicted example, theouter sheath layer 28 and eachintermediate layer 38 of thepipe segment tubing 22 may be cut back relative to the internalpressure sheath layer 26, for example, while the internalpressure sheath layer 26 is cut back relative to thecarcass layer 37 of thepipe segment tubing 22. - Furthermore, in some embodiments, one or more fitting seals in a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be made from metal. For example, a fitting seal in the swaged pipe fitting 44 may made from carbon steel, stainless steel, duplex stainless steel, super duplex stainless steel, or any combination thereof. However, in other embodiments, one or more fitting seals in a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be made from a non-metallic material. For example, in such embodiments, a fitting seal in the swaged pipe fitting 44 may made from a polymer, rubber, and/or plastic.
- In any case, as described above, one or more
intermediate layers 38 in apipe segment 20 may define one or more annular gaps (e.g., fluid conduits and/or free space) 24 in itstubing annulus 25. To facilitate venting theannulus 25 ofpipe segment tubing 22, as in the depicted example, in some embodiments, a swaged pipe fitting 44 may include one ormore vent valves 96. As in the depicted example, avent valve 96 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be fluidly connected to theannulus 25 ofpipe segment tubing 22 via afluid path 98 formed through the fitting body 48 of the swaged pipe fitting 44. - However, in other embodiments, a swaged pipe fitting 44 may not include a
vent valve 96 or include more than one (e.g., two, three, or more) ventvalve 96. In other words, it should be appreciated that the various examples described in the present disclosure may or may not include avent valve 96. Additionally, as will be described in more detail below, in other embodiments, an internal pressure sheath seal 95 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may have a different geometry, such as a J-shaped axial cross-section profile, and/or disposed under a fitting jacket 50 of the swaged pipe fitting 44. Furthermore, in other embodiments, a swaged pipe fitting 44 may include a carcass ring—namely a carcass isolating ring, which electrically isolates thecarcass layer 37 ofpipe segment tubing 22, or a carcass anchoring ring, which anchors thecarcass layer 37 in the swaged pipe fitting 44. - To help illustrate, a
portion 42C of apipeline system 10, which includes another example of a swaged pipe fitting 44C andpipe segment tubing 22C, is shown inFIG. 8 . Similar toFIG. 5 , as depicted, the swaged pipe fitting 44C ofFIG. 8 generally includes afitting body 48C, afitting connector 46C, afitting jacket 50C, which is shown in its swaged state, asupport cylinder 74C, and fitting seals—namely aface seal 94C and an internalpressure sheath seal 95C. - However, as depicted in
FIG. 8 , the swaged pipe fitting 44C includes acarcass anchoring ring 100C, which is secured to theouter surface 101 of thecarcass layer 37 of thepipe segment tubing 22C. In some embodiments, the carcass anchoring ring 100 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be threaded and/or welded onto an outer surface of acorresponding carcass layer 37, which is an interlocked metal layer. Thus, to anchor thecarcass layer 37 in some embodiments, the carcass anchoring ring 100 may be made from metal, such as carbon steel, stainless steel, duplex stainless steel, super duplex stainless steel, or any combination thereof. Additionally, to enable a carcass anchoring ring 100 to be secured to theouter surface 101 of thecarcass layer 37 ofpipe segment tubing 22, as in the depicted example, the internalpressure sheath layer 26 of thepipe segment tubing 22 may be cut back relative to thecarcass layer 37. - As depicted in
FIG. 8 , thefitting connector 46C of the swaged pipe fitting 44C accommodates thecarcass anchoring ring 100C. Thus, thecarcass anchoring ring 100C may be secured to thecarcass layer 37 of thepipe segment tubing 22C before thefitting connector 46C is secured to thefitting body 48C. After thefitting connector 46C is secured to thefitting body 48C, thecarcass anchoring ring 100C, which is secured to thecarcass layer 37 of thepipe segment tubing 22C, may be trapped between thefitting connector 46C and the internalpressure sheath layer 26 of thepipe segment tubing 22C. Since thecarcass layer 37 is anchored by thecarcass anchoring ring 100C, in some embodiments, thesupport cylinder 74C may have a smooth, knurled, or serrated outer surface, for example, instead of threading. In any case, in this manner, a swaged pipe fitting 44 may separately anchor thecarcass layer 37 of correspondingpipe segment tubing 22 in the swaged pipe fitting 44. - Nevertheless, in some embodiments, the swaged pipe fitting 44C may include one or
more vent valves 96 and correspondingfluid paths 98 formed in itsfitting body 48C. Additionally, in other embodiments, the swaged pipe fitting 44C may not include asupport cylinder 74C, for example, when a support cylinder tool is used instead. Furthermore, in other embodiments, a swaged pipe fitting 44 may include a seal flange, which is secured between its fitting connector 46 and its fitting body 48, for example, to improve sealing integrity of the swaged pipe fitting 44. Moreover, in such embodiments, the swaged pipe fitting 44 may trap its carcass anchoring ring 100 between its fitting connector 46 and its seal flange, for example, to improve anchoring strength. - To help illustrate, a
portion 42D of apipeline system 10, which includes a further example of a swaged pipe fitting 44D andpipe segment tubing 22D, is shown inFIG. 9 . Similar toFIG. 8 , as depicted, the swaged pipe fitting 44D ofFIG. 9 generally includes afitting body 48D, afitting connector 46D, afitting jacket 50D, which is shown in its swaged state, asupport cylinder 74D, ancarcass anchoring ring 100D, and fitting seals—namely faceseals 94D and an internalpressure sheath seal 95D. - However, as depicted in
FIG. 9 , the swaged pipe fitting 44D includes aseal flange 102, which is secured between itsfitting connector 46D and itsfitting body 48D, for example, via one or more threadedfasteners 92, such as a bolt or a screw. As in the depicted example, theseal flange 102 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be secured to a correspondingfitting body 48D such that a face seal 94 is compressed therebetween and secured to a corresponding fitting connector 46 such that another face seal 94 is compressed therebetween. Additionally, as in the depicted example, theseal flange 102 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be secured to a corresponding fitting body 48 such that an internal pressure sheath seal 95 is compressed against the internalpressure sheath layer 26 ofpipe segment tubing 22. - Nevertheless, similar to
FIG. 8 , as depicted inFIG. 9 , thefitting connector 46D accommodates thecarcass anchoring ring 100D. However, as depicted inFIG. 9 , after thefitting connector 46D is secured to theseal flange 102, thecarcass anchoring ring 100D is trapped between thefitting connector 46D and theseal flange 102, for example, instead of between thefitting connector 46D and the internalpressure sheath layer 26 of thepipe segment tubing 22D. Since theseal flange 102 is generally made from material, such as metal, that is more rigid than the internalpressure sheath layer 26 ofpipe segment tubing 22, at least in some instances, implementing and/or deploying a swaged pipe fitting 44 in this manner may improve the strength with which thecarcass layer 37 of thepipe segment tubing 22 is anchored in the swaged pipe fitting 44. Additionally, since thecarcass layer 37 is anchored by thecarcass anchoring ring 100D, in some embodiments, thesupport cylinder 74D may have a smooth, knurled or serrated outer surface, for example, instead of threading. - In any case, is some embodiments, the swaged pipe fitting 44D may include one or
more vent valves 96 and correspondingfluid paths 98 formed in itsfitting body 48D. Additionally, in other embodiments, the swaged pipe fitting 44D may not include asupport cylinder 74C, for example, when a support cylinder tool is used instead. Furthermore, in other embodiments, theseal flange 102 may be secured to thefitting body 48D via a first one or more threadedfasteners 92 while thefitting connector 46D is secured to theseal flange 102 via a second one or more threadedfasteners 92. Moreover, in other embodiments, the carcass anchoring ring 100 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be disposed under a fitting jacket 50 of the swaged pipe fitting 44. Additionally, as mentioned above, in other embodiments, an internal pressure sheath seal 95 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may have a different geometry, such as a J-shaped axial cross-section profile. - To help illustrate, a
portion 42E of apipeline system 10, which includes another example of a swaged pipe fitting 44E andpipe segment tubing 22E, is shown inFIG. 10 . Similar toFIG. 8 , as depicted, the swaged pipe fitting 44E ofFIG. 10 generally includes afitting body 48E, afitting connector 46E, afitting jacket 50E, which is shown in its unswaged state, asupport cylinder 74E, acarcass anchoring ring 100E, and fitting seals—namely aface seal 94E and an internalpressure sheath seal 95E. - However, as depicted in
FIG. 10 , thecarcass anchoring ring 100E of the swaged pipe fitting 44E is disposed under itsfitting jacket 50E. Nevertheless, as depicted, thecarcass anchoring ring 100E is secured to theouter surface 101 of thecarcass layer 37 of thepipe segment tubing 22E. For example, thecarcass anchoring ring 100E may be secured to thecarcass layer 37 of thepipe segment tubing 22 at least in part by welding and/or threading thecarcass anchoring ring 100E to theouter surface 101 of thecarcass layer 37. - Moreover, as depicted in
FIG. 10 , the internalpressure sheath seal 95E of the swaged pipe fitting 44E is disposed under thefitting jacket 50E and has a J-shaped axial cross-section profile, for example, instead of a wedge-shaped axial cross-section profile. In other words, as depicted, the internalpressure sheath seal 95E includes ahook portion 104 and aleg portion 106. Thehook portion 104 of the internalpressure sheath seal 95E matingly interlocks with aretainer lip 108 on thecarcass anchoring ring 100E to secure the internalpressure sheath seal 95E to thecarcass anchoring ring 100E. - Additionally, as depicted, the
leg portion 106 of the internalpressure sheath seal 95E slants against thepipe segment tubing 22E. To enable an internal pressure sheath seal 95 to slant againstpipe segment tubing 22, as in the depicted example, theouter sheath layer 28 of thepipe segment tubing 22 may be cut back relative to eachintermediate layer 38 of thepipe segment tubing 22 while eachintermediate layer 38 may be cut back relative to the internalpressure sheath layer 26 of thepipe segment tubing 22. Since disposed under thefitting jacket 50E, when thefitting jacket 50E is swaged, the internalpressure sheath seal 95E may be compressed radially inward against the internalpressure sheath layer 26 of thepipe segment tubing 22E, thereby sealing the internalpressure sheath layer 26. - In other embodiments, the swaged pipe fitting 44E may include one or
more vent valves 96 and correspondingfluid paths 98 formed in itsfitting body 48E. Additionally, in other embodiments, the swaged pipe fitting 44E may not include asupport cylinder 74C, for example, when a support cylinder tool is used instead. Furthermore, in other embodiments, the fitting body 48 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be integrated with a corresponding fitting connector 46, such as a flange. Furthermore, in other embodiments, an internal pressure sheath seal 95 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may have a different geometry, such as a U-shaped axial cross-section profile, and/or be compressed between the fitting body 48 and the support cylinder 74 of the swaged pipe fitting 44. - To help illustrate, a
portion 42F of apipeline system 10, which includes a further example of a swaged pipe fitting 44F andpipe segment tubing 22F, is shown inFIG. 11 . Similar toFIG. 5 , as depicted, the swaged pipe fitting 44F ofFIG. 11 generally includes afitting body 48F, afitting connector 46F, afitting jacket 50F, which is shown in its swaged state, asupport cylinder 74F, and fitting seals—namely faceseals 94F and an internalpressure sheath seal 95F. - However, as depicted in
FIG. 11 , the internalpressure sheath seal 95F of the swaged pipe fitting 44F has a U-shaped axial cross-section profile, for example, instead of a wedge-shaped axial cross-section profile or a J-shaped axial cross-section profile. Additionally, as depicted, thesupport cylinder 74F of the swaged pipe fitting 44F includes a flange 110, which extends radially outward, for example, instead of into thefitting connector 46F. As depicted, the internalpressure sheath seal 95F is compressed against the internalpressure sheath layer 26 of thepipe segment tubing 22F due to compression between the flange 110 of thesupport cylinder 74D and thefitting body 48F of the swaged pipe fitting 44F, for example, instead of due to compression directly between thefitting body 48F and thefitting connector 46F of the swaged pipe fitting 44F. - Additionally, as in the depicted example, to anchor the
carcass layer 37 ofpipe segment tubing 22 in a swaged pipe fitting 44, in some embodiments, a support cylinder 74 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 may include threading 111 that extends outwardly along itsouter surface 113. As in the depicted example, the threading 111 on the support cylinder 74 may threadingly engage aninner surface 115 of thecarcass layer 37 ofpipe segment tubing 22, thereby securing the support cylinder 74 to thecarcass layer 37. In other words, in such embodiments, the support cylinder 74 may be disposed under thecarcass layer 37 of thepipe segment tubing 22 at least in part by rotating the support cylinder 74 relative to thecarcass layer 37. In fact, due to the threading engagement, internalpressure sheath seal 95F may be activated at least in part by securing thesupport cylinder 74F to thecarcass layer 37 of thepipe segment tubing 22F. - However, in other embodiments, the
support cylinder 74F of the swage pipe fitting 44F may have a smooth, serrated or knurled outer surface. Thus, in such embodiments, the internalpressure sheath seal 95F may be activated at least in part by securing thefitting connector 46F to thefitting body 48F, for example, due to the flange 110 of thesupport cylinder 74F being disposed therebetween. - In any case, as in the depicted example, to improve securement strength, in some embodiments, a swaged pipe fitting 44 may include teeth (e.g., serrations) 109 that extend radially inward from the
inner surface 52 of its fitting jacket 50. Additionally, as in the depicted example, in addition to a face seal 94 compressed between its fitting connector 46 and its fitting body 48, in some embodiments, a swaged pipe fitting 44 may include another face seal 94 disposed between the fitting body 48 and a fitting jacket 50. - In other embodiments, the swaged pipe fitting 44F may include one or
more vent valves 96 and correspondingfluid paths 98 formed in itsfitting body 48E. Additionally, in other embodiments, the internalpressure sheath seal 95F may have a wedge-shaped axial cross-section profile, for example, instead of a U-shaped axial cross-section profile. Furthermore, in other embodiments, the support cylinder 74 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be integrated with the fitting connector 46 of the swaged pipe fitting 44. - To help illustrate, a
portion 42G of apipeline system 10, which includes another example of a swaged pipe fitting 44G andpipe segment tubing 22G, is shown inFIG. 12 . Similar toFIG. 5 , as depicted, the swaged pipe fitting 44G ofFIG. 12 generally includes a fitting body 48G, afitting connector 46G, afitting jacket 50G, which is shown in its swaged state, and fitting seals—namely a face seal 94G and an internalpressure sheath seal 95G. - However, as depicted in
FIG. 12 , asupport cylinder feature 74G of the swaged pipe fitting 44G is integrated with itsfitting connector 46G. In other words, to supportpipe segment tubing 22 during swaging, in such embodiments, the fitting connector 46 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be inserted into thepipe segment tubing 22 before a fitting jacket 50 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 is swaged (e.g., conformally deformed) around thepipe segment tubing 22. Nevertheless, in some such embodiments, the fitting connector 46 may be secured to the fitting body 48 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 after the fitting jacket 50 is swaged around thepipe segment tubing 22. - In other embodiments, the swaged pipe fitting 44G may include one or
more vent valves 96 and correspondingfluid paths 98 formed in its fitting body 48G. Additionally, in other embodiments, the support cylinder 74 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be integrated with the fitting body 48 of the swaged pipe fitting 44. - To help illustrate, a
portion 42H of apipeline system 10, which includes a further example of a swaged pipe fitting 44H andpipe segment tubing 22H, is shown inFIG. 13 . Similar toFIG. 5 , as depicted, the swaged pipe fitting 44H ofFIG. 13 generally includes afitting body 48H, afitting connector 46H, afitting jacket 50H, which is shown in its swaged state, and fitting seals—namely aface seal 94H and an internalpressure sheath seal 95H. - However, as depicted in
FIG. 13 , asupport cylinder feature 74H of the swaged pipe fitting 44H is integrated with thefitting body 48H. In other words, to supportpipe segment tubing 22 during swaging, in such embodiments, the fitting body 48 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be inserted into thepipe segment tubing 22 before a fitting jacket 50 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 is swaged (e.g., conformally deformed) around thepipe segment tubing 22. Additionally, as depicted, thesupport cylinder feature 74H includes acarcass support section 112H, which supports thecarcass layer 37 of thepipe segment tubing 22H, and an internal pressuresheath support section 114H, which supports the internalpressure sheath layer 26 of thepipe segment tubing 22H. To enable the internal pressure sheath support section 114 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 to support the internalpressure sheath layer 26 ofpipe segment tubing 22, as in the depicted example, thecarcass layer 37 of thepipe segment tubing 22 may be cut back relative to the internalpressure sheath layer 26. - In fact, since internal pressure
sheath support section 114H is disposed directly under the internalpressure sheath layer 26, swaging thefitting jacket 50H around thepipe segment tubing 22H may compress the internalpressure sheath layer 26 against the internal pressuresheath support section 114H, thereby sealing the internalpressure sheath layer 26. To improve sealing integrity, in some embodiments, the swaged pipe fitting 44H may nevertheless include a discrete internalpressure sheath seal 95H, which may be compressed between the internal pressuresheath support section 114H and the internalpressure sheath layer 26. In some such embodiments, the discrete internalpressure sheath seal 95H may be an O-ring seal or a belt (e.g., flat) seal. However, in other embodiments, the discrete internalpressure sheath seal 95H may be obviated by the seal provided between the internal pressuresheath support section 114H and the internalpressure sheath layer 26 and, thus, not be included in the swaged pipe fitting 44H. - To anchor the
carcass layer 37 in the swaged pipe fitting 44H, in some embodiments, thecarcass support section 112H may include threading on its outer surface, for example, which threadingly engages aninner surface 115 of thecarcass layer 37 of thepipe segment tubing 22H. Additionally, to anchor thepipe segment tubing 22H in the swaged pipe fitting 44H, in some embodiments, the internal pressuresheath support section 114H may include teeth on its inner surface, for example, which engages theinner surface 30 of the internalpressure sheath layer 26. However, in other embodiments, thecarcass support section 112H may have a smooth outer surface, the internal pressuresheath support section 114H may have a smooth outer surface, or both. - In any case, in other embodiments, the swaged pipe fitting 44H may include one or
more vent valves 96 and correspondingfluid paths 98 formed in itsfitting body 48H. Additionally, to account for thickness difference, in some embodiments, thefitting jacket 50H may have a stepped geometry such that the portion of thefitting jacket 50H that overlaps with thecarcass support section 112H may be thinner while the portion of thefitting jacket 50H that overlaps with the internal pressuresheath support section 114H may be thicker. Furthermore, in other embodiments, the fitting body 48 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be integrated with a corresponding fitting connector 46, such as a weldneck. Alternatively, in other embodiments, a swaged pipe fitting 44 may not include a fitting connector 46. Moreover, in other embodiments, the internal pressure sheath support section 114 and the carcass support section 112 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be separate components. - To help illustrate, a portion 42I of a
pipeline system 10, which includes another example of a swaged pipe fitting 44I and pipe segment tubing 22I, is shown inFIG. 14 . Similar toFIG. 13 , as depicted, the swaged pipe fitting 44I ofFIG. 14 generally includes a fitting body 48I, a fitting connector 46I, a fitting jacket 50I, which is shown in its swaged state, and fitting seals—namely a face seal 94I and an internal pressure sheath seal 95I. - However, as depicted in
FIG. 14 , the carcass support section 112I of the support cylinder feature 74I is implemented using a separatecarcass support cylinder 116, for example, instead of being integrated with the internal pressure sheath support section 114I and the fitting body 48I of the swaged pipe fitting 44I. In other words, to supportpipe segment tubing 22 during swaging, in such embodiments, thecarcass support cylinder 116 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 may be inserted into thepipe segment tubing 22 followed by the fitting body 48 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 before a fitting jacket 50 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 is swaged (e.g., conformally deformed) around thepipe segment tubing 22. Nevertheless, similar toFIG. 13 , to enable the internal pressure sheath support section 114I of the swaged pipe fitting 44I to support the internalpressure sheath layer 26 of thepipe segment tubing 22E, as depicted inFIG. 14 , thecarcass layer 37 of thepipe segment tubing 22E is cut back relative to the internalpressure sheath layer 26. - To improve sealing integrity, in some embodiments, the swaged pipe fitting 44I may nevertheless include a discrete internal pressure sheath seal 95I, which may be compressed between the internal pressure sheath support section 114I and the internal
pressure sheath layer 26. In some such embodiments, the discrete internal pressure sheath seal 95I may be an O-ring seal or a belt (e.g., flat) seal. However, in other embodiments, the discrete internal pressure sheath seal 95I may be obviated by the seal provided between the internal pressure sheath support section 114I and the internalpressure sheath layer 26 and, thus, not be included in the swaged pipe fitting 44I. - In any case, to anchor the
carcass layer 37 in the swaged pipe fitting 44I, in some embodiments, thecarcass support cylinder 116 may include threading on its outer surface, for example, which threadingly engages aninner surface 115 of thecarcass layer 37 of the pipe segment tubing 22I. Additionally, to anchoring the pipe segment tubing 22I in the swaged pipe fitting 44I, in some embodiments, the internal pressure sheath support section 114I may include teeth on its inner surface, for example, which engages theinner surface 30 of the internalpressure sheath layer 26. However, in other embodiments, the carcass support section 112I may have a smooth outer surface, the internal pressure sheath support section 114I may have a smooth outer surface, or both. - Additionally, in other embodiments, the swaged pipe fitting 44I may include one or
more vent valves 96 and correspondingfluid paths 98 formed in its fitting body 48I. Furthermore, to account for thickness difference, in some embodiments, the fitting jacket 50I may have a stepped geometry such that the portion of the fitting jacket 50I that overlaps with the carcass support section 112I may be thinner while the portion of thefitting jacket 50H that overlaps with the internal pressure sheath support section 114I is thicker. Moreover, although support cylinders 74 disposed under thecarcass layer 37 ofpipe segment tubing 22 are described above, in other embodiments, a swaged pipe fitting 44 may include a support cylinder 74, which is disposed around (e.g., over) thecarcass layer 37 ofpipe segment tubing 22. - To help illustrate, a
portion 42J of apipeline system 10, which includes a further example of a swaged pipe fitting 44J andpipe segment tubing 22J, is shown inFIG. 15 . Similar toFIG. 5 , as depicted, the swaged pipe fitting 44J ofFIG. 15 generally includes afitting body 48J, afitting connector 46J, afitting jacket 50J, which is shown in its swaged state, asupport cylinder 74J, andface seals 94J. - However, as depicted in
FIG. 15 , thesupport cylinder 74J of the swaged pipe fitting 44J is disposed around (e.g., over) thecarcass layer 37 of thepipe segment tubing 22J, for example, instead of under thecarcass layer 37. In other words, thesupport cylinder 74J may be inserted (e.g., disposed) between thecarcass layer 37 and the internalpressure sheath layer 26 of thepipe segment tubing 22J. To facilitate insertion, as in the depicted example, in some embodiments, the support cylinder 74 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may include atapered end 118. - Additionally, as depicted, inserting the
support cylinder 74J under the internalpressure sheath layer 26 of thepipe segment tubing 22J may produce a flaredsection 119 in the internalpressure sheath layer 26 and a flaredsection 120 in eachintermediate layer 38 of thepipe segment tubing 22J. As depicted, a flaredsection 121 in theouter sheath layer 28 of thepipe segment tubing 22J also overlaps with thesupport cylinder 74J. In some embodiments, the flaredsection 121 in theouter sheath layer 28 may also be produced by insertion of thesupport cylinder 74J under the internalpressure sheath layer 26. - However, in other embodiments, the flared
section 121 in theouter sheath layer 28 of thepipe segment tubing 22J may be produced using a separate installation sleeve. In such embodiment, before thesupport cylinder 74J is inserted, the installation sleeve may be inserted (e.g., disposed) between theouter sheath layer 28 and anintermediate layer 38 of thepipe segment tubing 22J to produce the flaredsection 121 in theouter sheath layer 28. The flaredsection 121 of theouter sheath layer 28 may then be cut off from a remaining portion of theouter sheath layer 28 and the installation sleeve may be removed to enable the internalpressure sheath layer 26 and eachintermediate layer 38 of thepipe segment tubing 22J to expand radially outward to produce flared sections therein when thesupport cylinder 74J is inserted under the internalpressure sheath layer 26. Before thefitting jacket 50J is disposed around thepipe segment tubing 22J, in such embodiments, the flaredsection 121 of theouter sheath layer 28 may be reattached (e.g., poly welded) to the remaining portion of theouter sheath layer 28. In fact, to improve fitting integrity, as in the depicted example, the fitting jacket 50 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be implemented to extend beyond a flaredsection 121 in theouter sheath layer 28 of correspondingpipe segment tubing 22 and, thus, beyond the location the flaredsection 121 of theouter sheath layer 28 is reattached to the remaining portion of theouter sheath layer 28. However, in other embodiments, thefitting jacket 50J may not extend beyond the flaredsection 121 in theouter sheath layer 28. - However, in other embodiments, the swaged pipe fitting 44J may include one or
more vent valves 96 and correspondingfluid paths 98 formed in itsfitting body 48J. Additionally, in other embodiments, the swaged pipe fitting 44J may anchor thecarcass layer 37 ofpipe segment tubing 22 therein via a carcass ring 100 similar toFIG. 8 orFIG. 9 . Furthermore, as mentioned above, in other embodiments, a swaged pipe fitting 44 may not include a support cylinder 74. - To help illustrate, a
portion 42K of apipeline system 10, which includes another example of a swaged pipe fitting 44K andpipe segment tubing 22K, is shown inFIG. 16 . Similar toFIG. 5 , as depicted inFIG. 16 , the swaged pipe fitting 44K generally includes afitting body 48K, afitting connector 46K, afitting jacket 50K, which is shown in its swaged state, avent valve 96, and fitting seals—namely aface seal 94K and an internalpressure sheath seal 95K. - However, as depicted in
FIG. 16 , the swaged pipe fitting 44K does not include a permanent support cylinder 74. Instead, in such embodiments, a support cylinder tool may be used to supportpipe segment tubing 22 during swaging. In such embodiments, the support cylinder tool may be inserted into thepipe segment tubing 22 while in a contracted state and, subsequently, transitioned to an expanded state such that an outer surface of the support cylinder tool expands (e.g., is compressed) against and, thus, directly abuts an inner surface of thepipe segment tubing 22. After swaging, the support cylinder tool may then be transitioned from its expanded state back to its contracted state and withdrawn from within thepipe segment tubing 22. In other words, in such embodiments, the support cylinder tool may act as a temporary support cylinder 74. For example, in some such embodiments, the support cylinder tool used with a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be an inflatable packer. However, in other such embodiments, the support cylinder tool used with a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be a special-purpose tool. - To help illustrate, an example of a special-purpose
support cylinder tool 122 is shown inFIG. 17 . As depicted, thesupport cylinder tool 122 generally includes a threadedshaft 124, multiplesupport cylinder sections 126 disposed circumferentially around the threadedshaft 124, metallicelastic bands 128 disposed circumferentially around thesupport cylinder sections 126, an outerstationary nut 130 disposed around the threadedshaft 124, and anactivation nut 132 disposed around the threadedshaft 124. Although partially obfuscated from view, thesupport cylinder tool 122 includes anactivation collar 134, which is disposed between thesupport cylinder sections 126 and theactivation nut 132, as well as a stationary collar, which is disposed between the outerstationary nut 130 and thesupport cylinder sections 126. - To more clearly illustrate, an example of a
support cylinder tool 122 disposed withinpipe segment tubing 22L is shown inFIG. 18 . As depicted,open space 136 is present between aninner surface 138 of thepipe segment tubing 22L and anouter surface 140 of thesupport cylinder sections 126 of thesupport cylinder tool 122. In other words, inFIG. 18 , thesupport cylinder tool 122 is shown in a contracted state, which enables thesupport cylinder tool 122 to be relatively freely inserted into and/or withdrawn from thepipe segment tubing 22L. - To facilitate transitioning a
support cylinder tool 122 between its contracted state and its expanded state and, thus, controlling its activation state, as depicted, theactivation collar 134 of thesupport cylinder tool 122 has a wedge-shaped axial cross-section profile and, thus, a conicalouter surface 142 while thestationary collar 144 also has a wedge-shaped axial cross-section profile and, thus, a conicalouter surface 146. Additionally, as depicted, afirst end 148 of thesupport cylinder sections 126 has a conical inner surface (e.g., female taper) 150, which can slide along the conical outer surface (e.g., male taper) 146 of thestationary collar 144, while the conical outer surface (e.g., male taper) 142 of theactivation collar 134 can slide along a conical inner surface (e.g., female taper) 152 at a second (e.g., opposite) end 154 of thesupport cylinder sections 126. Furthermore, as depicted, thestationary collar 144 is trapped between and, thus, held in place on the threadedshaft 124 of thesupport cylinder tool 122 via an outerstationary nut 130 and an innerstationary nut 156. - Thus, to transition the
support cylinder tool 122 from its contacted state toward its expanded state, theactivation nut 132 may be rotated on the threadedshaft 124 to push more of theactivation collar 134 under thesupport cylinder sections 126, thereby pushing thesupport cylinder sections 126 radially outward. To support thepipe segment tubing 22L during swaging, theactivation collar 134 may continue to be pushed under thesupport cylinder sections 126 until theouter surface 140 of thesupport cylinder sections 126 expands against theinner surface 138 of thepipe segment tubing 22L. On the other hand, to transition thesupport cylinder tool 122 from its expanded state toward its contracted state, theactivation nut 132 may be rotated on the threaded shaft in an opposite direction to enable thepipe segment tubing 22L to push more of theactivation collar 134 out from under thesupport cylinder sections 126 while contracting radially inward against thesupport cylinder sections 126. - In other embodiments, a
support cylinder tool 122 used with a swaged pipe fitting 44 may include fewer than two (e.g., one) or more than two (e.g., three, four, or more) metallicelastic bands 128 disposed around itssupport cylinder sections 126. Furthermore, in other embodiments, asupport cylinder tool 122 used with a swaged pipe fitting 44 may include fewer than three (e.g., two)support cylinder sections 126 or more than three (e.g., four, five, or more)support cylinder sections 126. In any case, in this manner, asupport cylinder tool 122 may be implemented and/or operated to supportpipe segment tubing 22 during a swaging operation used to secure a swaged pipe fitting 44 to thepipe segment tubing 22. - Returning to the swaged pipe fitting 44K of
FIG. 16 , similar toFIG. 5 , after thefitting jacket 50K is swaged around thepipe segment tubing 22K, thefitting connector 46K may be secured to thefitting body 48K, for example, after asupport cylinder tool 122 is removed from within thepipe segment tubing 22K. As in the depicted example, in some embodiments, a swaged pipe fitting 44 may include a carcass isolating ring 100, which electrically isolates thecarcass layer 37 of correspondingpipe segment tubing 22 from the remainder of the swaged pipe fitting 44. To facilitate electrically isolating thecarcass layer 37, thecarcass isolating ring 100K of the swaged pipe fitting 44K may be made from an electrical insulative material, such as a polymer and/or plastic. - Furthermore, as in the depicted example, in some embodiments, a swaged pipe fitting 44 may include a
spacer ring 182. As depicted in the depicted example, thespacer ring 182 may directly abut the internalpressure sheath layer 26 ofpipe segment tubing 22 and, thus, supports the internalpressure sheath layer 26, for example, to reduce the likelihood of a blow through in the internalpressure sheath layer 26 occurring within the swaged pipe fitting 44. In other words, thespacer ring 182 may bridge the structural support provided to the internalpressure sheath layer 26 by the one or more intermediate (e.g., reinforcement) layers 38 of thepipe segment tubing 22 and the structural support provided by the fitting body 48 of the swaged pipe fitting 44. - Additionally, as in the depicted example, the
spacer ring 182 in a swaged pipe fitting 44 may directly abut an intermediate (e.g., reinforcement)layer 38 in theannulus 25 ofpipe segment tubing 22, for example, to enable the swaged pipe fitting 44 to provide electrical continuity and, thus, cathodic protection to theintermediate layer 38. To provide electrical continuity, thespacer ring 182 may be made from the same type of metal as theintermediate layer 38 of thepipe segment tubing 22K. For example, thespacer ring 182 and theintermediate layer 38 may both be made of carbon steel while thefitting body 48K is made of stainless steel. Moreover, to facilitate providing cathodic protection in a swaged pipe fitting 44, as in the depicted example, anelectrical terminal 184 may be connected to thespacer ring 182 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 through its fitting body 48, for example, to enable an anode to be electrically connected to theintermediate layer 38 of correspondingpipe segment tubing 22. - In fact, as in the depicted example, to facilitate improving electrical connection with and/or structural support of corresponding
pipe segment tubing 22, in some embodiments, thespacer ring 182 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may include anextension 186, which is disposed under theintermediate layer 38. In other words, as in the depicted example, theextension 186 on thespacer ring 182 may be inserted (e.g., disposed) between theintermediate layer 38 and the internalpressure sheath layer 26 of thepipe segment tubing 22. Furthermore, as in the depicted example, to enable theannulus 25 ofpipe segment tubing 22 to be vented, in some embodiments, afluid path 188 may be formed through thespacer ring 182 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 such that thefluid path 188 can be fluidly connected to anotherfluid path 98 that is formed in the fitting body 48 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 and fluidly connected to avent valve 96. - However, in other embodiments, the swaged pipe fitting 44K may not include a
vent valve 96 or include more than one (e.g., two, three, or more) ventvalves 96. Additionally, in other embodiments, the swaged pipe fitting 44K may not include aspacer ring 182 or anelectrical terminal 184. Alternatively, in other embodiments, thespacer ring 182 of the swaged pipe fitting 44K may not include anextension 186. Furthermore, in other embodiments, the swaged pipe fitting 44K may not include acarcass isolating ring 100K. In any case, in this manner, a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be implemented and/or deployed (e.g., installed) atpipe segment tubing 22. - To help further illustrate, an example of a
process 190 for installing a swaged pipe fitting 44 at apipe segment 20 is described inFIG. 19 . Generally, theprocess 190 includes cutting back a tubing layer of a pipe segment (process block 192), disposing a support cylinder directly adjacent to an innermost layer of the pipe segment (process block 194), and disposing a fitting jacket circumferentially around an outer sheath layer of the pipe segment (process block 196). Additionally, theprocess 190 generally includes conformally deforming the fitting jacket around the pipe segment (process block 198) and securing a fitting connector to a fitting body that is secured to the fitting jacket (process block 202). - In other embodiments, a
process 190 for installing a swaged pipe fitting 44 at apipe segment 20 may include one or more additional blocks and/or omit one or more of the depicted blocks. For example, some embodiments of theprocess 190 may include reattaching a cut back portion of an outer sheath layer of the pipe segment to a remaining portion of the outer sheath layer (process block 204) while other embodiments of theprocess 190 do not. As another example, some embodiments of theprocess 190 may include disposing a grab sleeve between an internal pressure sheath layer and an intermediate layer of the pipe segment (process block 206) while other embodiments of theprocess 190 do not. As a further example, some embodiments of theprocess 190 may include disposing a spacer ring directly adjacent to the intermediate layer of the pipe segment (process block 208) while other embodiments of the process do not. - As another example, some embodiments of the
process 190 may include disposing an internal pressure sheath seal around the internal pressure sheath layer of the pipe segment (process block 209) while other embodiments of theprocess 190 do not. As a further example, some embodiments of theprocess 190 may include securing a seal flange to the fitting body (process block 210) while other embodiments of theprocess 190 do not. As another example, some embodiments of theprocess 190 may include securing a carcass ring to a carcass layer of the pipe segment (process block 212) while other embodiments of theprocess 190 do not. As a further example, some embodiments of theprocess 190 may include removing a support cylinder tool from the pipe segment (process block 214) while other embodiments of theprocess 190 do not. Moreover, in other embodiments, one or more of the depicted blocks may be performed in a different order, for example, such that the fitting jacket is disposed around the outer sheath layer of the pipe segment before the support cylinder is disposed directly adjacent to the innermost layer of the pipe segment. - In any case, as described above, one or more tubing layers of a
pipe segment 20 at which a swaged pipe fitting 44 is to be deployed may be cut back. As such, deploying a swaged pipe fitting 44 at apipe segment 20 may generally include cutting back one or more tubing layers of the pipe segment 20 (process block 192). As described with regard toFIGS. 5 and 8-12 , in some embodiments, theouter sheath layer 28 and eachintermediate layer 38 of thepipe segment 20 may be cut back relative to the internalpressure sheath layer 26 of thepipe segment 20, for example, to enable an internal pressure sheath seal 95 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 to be compressed against theouter surface 97 of the internal pressure sheath layer 26 (process block 216). - Additionally, as described above, in some embodiments, a swaged pipe fitting 44 may include a carcass ring 100, which is secured to the
carcass layer 37 of apipe segment 20 to anchor thecarcass layer 37 in the swaged pipe fitting 44. In particular, as described above with regard toFIGS. 8-10 , the carcass ring 100 may be secured (e.g., welded and/or threaded) to theouter surface 101 of thecarcass layer 37. As described above, to enable the carcass ring 100 to be secured to theouter surface 101 of thecarcass layer 37, in such embodiments, the internalpressure sheath layer 26 of thepipe segment 20 may be cut back relative to the carcass layer 37 (process block 218). - Furthermore, as described with regard to
FIGS. 10 and 15 , in some embodiments, theouter sheath layer 28 of thepipe segment 20 may be cut back relative to anintermediate layer 38 of the pipe segment 20 (process block 220). In particular, as described with regard toFIG. 10 , in some such embodiments, theouter sheath layer 28 may be cut back relative to theintermediate layer 38 to enable theleg portion 106 of an internal pressure sheath seal 95, which has a J-shaped axial cross-section profile, to slant against thetubing 22 of thepipe segment 20. Alternatively, as described with regard toFIG. 15 , in some such embodiments, the cutoff portion of theouter sheath layer 28 may be a flaredsection 121, for example, which may be produced by inserting a temporary installation sleeve under theouter sheath layer 28. Moreover, as described with regard toFIGS. 13 and 14 , in some embodiments, thecarcass layer 37 of thepipe segment 20 may be cut back relative to the internalpressure sheath layer 26 of thepipe segment 20, for example, to enable an internal pressure sheath seal 95 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 to be compressed against theinner surface 30 of the internalpressure sheath layer 26 and/or the swaged pipe fitting 44 to support the internalpressure sheath layer 26 during a swaging operation (process block 222). - In any case, as described above, to support
tubing 22 of apipe segment 20 while a swaged pipe fitting 44 is being swaged thereto, a support cylinder 74 may be disposed directly adjacent to the innermost (e.g., carcass or internal pressure sheath) layer of thepipe segment 20. As such, deploying a swaged pipe fitting 44 at apipe segment 20 may generally include disposing a support cylinder 74 directly adjacent to (e.g., under or over) the innermost layer of the pipe segment 20 (process block 194). As described above, in some embodiments, the support cylinder 74 may be a component (e.g., feature) of the swaged pipe fitting 44. - More specifically, as described above with regard to
FIGS. 5 and 8-14 , the support cylinder 74 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be disposed under (e.g., within) thecarcass layer 37 of a corresponding pipe segment 20 (process block 224). As described with regard toFIG. 12 , in some such embodiments, a support cylinder feature of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be integrated with its fitting connector 46 and, thus, disposing the support cylinder 74 under thecarcass layer 37 may include inserting the fitting connector 46 under thecarcass layer 37 of thepipe segment 20. Alternatively, as described above with regard toFIGS. 13 and 14 , a support cylinder feature of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be integrated with its fitting body 48 and, thus, disposing the support cylinder 74 under thecarcass layer 37 may include inserting the fitting body 48 under thecarcass layer 37 of thepipe segment 20. - However, as described above with regard to
FIG. 15 , the support cylinder 74 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be inserted between thecarcass layer 37 and the internalpressure sheath layer 26 of a corresponding pipe segment 20 (process block 226). In other words, in such embodiments, the support cylinder 74 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 may be disposed under (e.g., within) the internalpressure sheath layer 26 and eachintermediate layer 38 of thepipe segment 20 to produce a flaredsection 119 along the internalpressure sheath layer 26 and flaredsections 120 along eachintermediate layer 38. In such embodiments, the cut back portion (e.g., flared section 121) of theouter sheath layer 28 may then be reattached (e.g., poly welded) back to the remaining portion of theouter sheath layer 28 to cover the flaredsection 120 in eachintermediate layer 38 and the flaredsection 119 in the internal pressure sheath layer 26 (process block 204). - However, as described above, in other embodiments, a swaged pipe fitting 44 may not include a support cylinder 74. Instead, in such embodiments, a
support cylinder tool 122 may be used to temporarily support thetubing 22 of apipe segment 20 while the swaged pipe fitting 44 is being swaged thereto. In particular, thesupport cylinder tool 122 may be inserted into the pipe bore 32 of thepipe segment 20 while in its contracted state and, subsequently, transitioned from its contracted state to its expanded state such that theouter surface 140 of itssupport cylinder sections 126 of thesupport cylinder tool 122 expands against the inner surface of an innermost layer of the pipe segment 20 (process block 228). For example, thesupport cylinder tool 122 may be operated to transition from its contracted state to its expanded state at least in part by rotating anactivation nut 132 to push more of acorresponding activation collar 134 under thesupport cylinder sections 126 of thesupport cylinder tool 122. - To facilitate securing a swaged pipe fitting 44 to a
pipe segment 20, a fitting jacket 50 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 may be disposed circumferentially around theouter sheath layer 28 of the pipe segment 20 (process block 196). As described above, a fitting jacket 50 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be secured (e.g., welded) to the fitting body 48 of the swaged pipe fitting 44. As such, disposing the fitting jacket 50 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 circumferentially around theouter sheath layer 28 of apipe segment 20 may include disposing the fitting body 48 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 adjacent to the pipe segment 20 (process block 236). - However, in some embodiments, the fitting body 48 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be made from a different type of metal as compared to an
intermediate layer 38 of acorresponding pipe segment 20. For example, the fitting body 48 may be made of stainless steel while solid material in theintermediate layer 38 is made of carbon steel. To facilitate providing electrical continuity (e.g., to provide cathodic protection) to theintermediate layer 38, in some such embodiments, a swaged pipe fitting 44 may include aspacer ring 182, which is made from the same type of metal as theintermediate layer 38 of thepipe segment 20 and can be disposed directly adjacent to theintermediate layer 38 of thepipe segment 20. Thus, in such embodiments, deploying the swaged pipe fitting 44 at apipe segment 20 may include disposing aspacer ring 182 directly adjacent to anintermediate layer 38 of thepipe segment 20, for example, at least in part by inserting anextension 186 on thespacer ring 182 under the intermediate layer 38 (process block 208). To bridge the gap between structural support provided to the internalpressure sheath layer 26 of thepipe segment 20 by the fitting body 48 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 and the structural support provided by one or more reinforcement layers 34 of thepipe segment 20, thespacer ring 182 may be disposed directly adjacent to the internalpressure sheath layer 26, for example, at least in part by inserting anextension 186 on thespacer ring 182 between the internalpressure sheath layer 26 and the one or more reinforcement layers 34 (process block 208). - The fitting jacket 50 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 may then be conformally deformed (e.g., swaged) around the
tubing 22 of thepipe segment 20 such that theinner surface 52 of the fitting jacket 50 engages theouter surface 54 of thepipe segment tubing 22 and, thus, facilitates securing the swaged pipe fitting 44 to thepipe segment 20 as well as sealing thepipe segment tubing 22 within the swaged pipe fitting 44 (process block 198). In some embodiments, a fitting jacket 50 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be swaged using aswage machine 56. As described above, aswage machine 56 may generally include agrab plate 62, which may facilitate securing theswage machine 56 to the fitting body 48 of a swaged pipe fitting 44, for example, via agrab attachment 66 that has an L-shaped axial cross-section profile. Furthermore, as described above, aswage machine 56 may generally include adie plate 64, which may enable a set ofdie segments 68 to be loaded in theswage machine 56 such that the set ofdie segments 68 compress a fitting jacket 50 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 inwardly in aradial direction 72 when moved over the fitting jacket 50 in anaxial direction 70. Thus, in such embodiments, conformally deforming the fitting jacket 50 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 around apipe segment 20 may include securing agrab plate 62 of aswage machine 56 to the fitting body 48 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 (process block 238) and moving adie plate 64 of theswage machine 56 over the fitting jacket 50 (process block 240). - To improve securement (e.g., anchoring) of an
intermediate layer 38 of apipe segment 20 therein, as described above, in some embodiments, a swaged pipe fitting 44 may include agrab sleeve 82, which may be disposed between the internalpressure sheath layer 26 and theintermediate layer 38 of thepipe segment 20. In such embodiments, deploying the swaged pipe fitting 44 at apipe segment 20 may include disposing agrab sleeve 82 between the internalpressure sheath layer 26 and anintermediate layer 38 of thepipe segment 20 before a fitting jacket 50 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 is disposed around theouter sheath layer 28 of the pipe segment 20 (process block 206). Thegrab sleeve 82 may include aslit 84 that enables thegrab sleeve 82 to grab onto the internalpressure sheath layer 26 when the fitting jacket 50 is swaged such that theintermediate layer 38 of thepipe segment 20 is compressed between thegrab sleeve 82 and the fitting jacket 50 and, thus, anchored in the swaged pipe fitting 44. Additionally or alternatively, swaging a fitting jacket 50 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may compress one or more intermediate (e.g., reinforcement) layers 38 of acorresponding pipe segment 20 between the fitting jacket 50 and a support cylinder 74 of the swaged pipe fitting 44, thereby anchoring the one or moreintermediate layers 38 in the swaged pipe fitting 44. - In any case, as described above, in some embodiments, a
support cylinder tool 122 may be temporarily used to support thetubing 22 of apipe segment 20 during a swaging operation. Thus, in such embodiments, after conformally deforming the fitting jacket 50 of the swaged pipe fitting 44, thesupport cylinder tool 122 may be removed from within the pipe segment 20 (process block 214). As described above, in such embodiments, thesupport cylinder tool 122 may be operated to transition from its expanded state to its contracted state and withdrawn from within thepipe segment 20 while in its contracted state (process block 250). Thesupport cylinder tool 122 may be operated to transition from its expanded state to its contracted state at least in part by rotating anactivation nut 132 to enable thepipe segment 20 to push more of acorresponding activation collar 134 out from under thesupport cylinder sections 126 while contracting radially inward against thesupport cylinder sections 126. - Furthermore, as described, in some embodiments, an internal pressure sheath seal 95 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be disposed under a fitting jacket 50 of the swaged pipe fitting 44. In such embodiments, the internal pressure sheath seal 95 may have a J-shaped axial cross-section profile that includes a
hook portion 104, which interlocks with a carcass ring 100 of the swaged pipe fitting 44, and aleg portion 106, which may slant against thetubing 22 of apipe segment 20. Thus, when the fitting jacket 50 is conformally deformed around thepipe segment tubing 22, in such embodiments, the internal pressure sheath seal 95 may be compressed against thepipe segment tubing 22, thereby activating the internal pressure sheath seal 95 (process block 242). - However, as described above, in other embodiments, an internal pressure sheath seal 95 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be compressed against the fitting body 48 of the swaged pipe fitting 44. Thus, in such embodiments, installing the swaged pipe fitting 44 to a
pipe segment 20 may include disposing an internal pressure sheath seal 95 around the internalpressure sheath layer 26 of thepipe segment 20 after (e.g., behind) the fitting body 48 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 (process block 209). In some such embodiments, the internal pressure sheath seal 95 may be compressed between the fitting body 48 and aseal flange 102 of the swaged pipe fitting 44. - In other words, in such embodiments, installing the swaged pipe fitting 44 to a
pipe segment 20 may include securing aseal flange 102 to the fitting body 48 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 (process block 210), for example, such that a corresponding internal pressure sheath seal 95 is compressed against the internalpressure sheath layer 26 of thepipe segment 20 due to compression between the fitting body 48 and theseal flange 102 and, thus, activated (process block 244). In some such embodiments, aseal flange 102 may be secured to a corresponding fitting body 48 via one or more threadedfasteners 92, such as a bolt or a screw. However, in other embodiments, aseal flange 102 may be secured to a corresponding fitting body 48 via hot tooling, such as welding and/or brazing. - In any case, as described above, the fitting connector 46 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 may then be secured to its fitting body 48 (process block 202). In some embodiments, the fitting connector 46 may be secured to a
seal flange 102 of the swaged pipe fitting 44, which is secured to the fitting body 48. More specifically, in some such embodiments, a fitting connector 46 may be secured to acorresponding seal flange 102 and a corresponding fitting body 48 via one or more threadedfasteners 92, such as a bolt or a screw. However, in other embodiments, a fitting connector 46 may be secured to acorresponding seal flange 102 via hot tooling, such as welding and/or brazing. - In other embodiments, the fitting connector 46 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be secured directly to a corresponding fitting body 48, for example, via one or more threaded
fasteners 92, such as a bolt or a screw, and/or hot tooling, such as welding and/or brazing. In fact, in some such embodiments, an internal pressure sheath seal 95 of a swaged pipe fitting 44 may be compressed between its fitting body 48 and its fitting connector 46. Accordingly, in such embodiments, securing the fitting connector 46 to the fitting body 48 may compress the internal pressure sheath seal 95 therebetween such that the internal pressure sheath seal 95 is compressed against the internalpressure sheath layer 26 of apipe segment 20 and, thus, activated (process block 246). - To facilitate anchoring the
carcass layer 37 of apipe segment 20 therein, in some embodiments, a swaged pipe fitting 44 may include a carcass anchoring ring 100, which may be secured to thecarcass layer 37, and the fitting connector 46 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 may accommodate the carcass ring 100. In such embodiments, installing the swaged pipe fitting 44 to apipe segment 20 may include securing a carcass ring 100 to thecarcass layer 37 of thepipe segment 20, for example, at least in part by welding and/or threading the carcass ring 100 onto theouter surface 101 of the carcass layer 37 (process block 212). Additionally, in such embodiments, securing the fitting connector 46 to the fitting body 48 may include disposing the fitting connector 46 over a carcass ring 100, which is secured to thecarcass layer 37 of apipe segment 20, for example, such that the carcass ring 100 is trapped between the fitting connector 46 and the internalpressure sheath layer 26 of thepipe segment 20 or between the fitting connector 46 and aseal flange 102 of the swaged pipe fitting 44 (process block 248). In this manner, the present disclosure provides techniques for implementing and/or deploying a swaged pipe fitting. - While the present disclosure has been described with respect to a limited number of embodiments, those skilled in the art, having benefit of this disclosure, will appreciate that other embodiments may be devised which do not depart from the scope of the disclosure as described herein. Accordingly, the scope of the disclosure should be limited only by the attached claims.
Claims (21)
1.-20. (canceled)
21. A pipeline system comprising:
a pipe segment, wherein tubing of the pipe segment comprises:
an internal pressure sheath layer that defines a pipe bore;
an intermediate layer formed around the internal pressure sheath layer; and
an outer sheath layer formed around the intermediate layer; and
a swaged pipe fitting configured to be secured to the pipe segment, wherein the swaged pipe fitting comprises:
a fitting body configured to be disposed circumferentially around the internal pressure sheath layer of the pipe segment;
a fitting jacket secured to the fitting body, wherein the fitting jacket is configured to be conformally deformed around the tubing of the pipe segment such that the fitting jacket directly and circumferentially engages the outer sheath layer of the pipe segment;
a support cylinder configured to be axially inserted into the pipe bore of the pipe segment under the internal pressure sheath layer to facilitate supporting the tubing of the pipe segment while the fitting jacket is being conformally deformed therearound; and
an internal pressure sheath seal configured to be radially compressed against the internal pressure sheath layer of the pipe segment.
22. The pipeline system of claim 21 , wherein:
the pipe segment comprises a carcass layer formed under the internal pressure sheath layer; and
the swaged pipe fitting comprises a carcass isolating ring configured to facilitate electrically isolating the carcass layer of the pipe segment from a remainder of the swaged pipe fitting.
23. The pipeline system of claim 21 , wherein the swaged pipe fitting comprises:
a fitting connector configured to be secured to the fitting body to enable the swaged pipe fitting to be connected to another pipeline component; and
a face seal configured to be compressed between the fitting body and the fitting connector.
24. The pipeline system of claim 23 , wherein the internal pressure sheath seal of the swaged pipe fitting is configured to be radially compressed against the internal pressure sheath layer of the pipe segment due to being axially compressed between the fitting connector and the fitting body.
25. The pipeline system of claim 24 , wherein:
the intermediate layer of the pipe segment defines a fluid conduit within a tubing annulus of the pipe segment; and
the swaged pipe fitting comprises:
a fluid path defined in the fitting body such that the fluid path is configured to be fluidly connected to the fluid conduit in the tubing annulus of the pipe segment; and
a vent valve fluidly configured to be fluidly connected to the fluid path defined in the fitting body.
26. A system comprising a swaged pipe fitting configured to be secured to a pipe segment, wherein the swaged pipe fitting comprises:
a fitting body configured to be disposed circumferentially around a carcass layer of the pipe segment and an internal pressure sheath layer of the pipe segment that is formed around the carcass layer to define a pipe bore;
an internal pressure sheath seal configured to be compressed against the internal pressure sheath layer of the pipe segment to facilitate sealing the internal pressure sheath layer within the swaged pipe fitting;
a carcass isolating ring configured to facilitate electrically isolating the carcass layer of the pipe segment in the swaged pipe fitting; and
a fitting jacket secured to the fitting body, wherein the fitting jacket is configured to be conformally deformed directly and circumferentially against an outer sheath layer of the pipe segment to facilitate securing a reinforcement layer of the pipe segment that is formed between the internal pressure sheath layer and the outer sheath layer of the pipe segment within the swage pipe fitting and sealing the outer sheath layer of the pipe segment within the swaged pipe fitting.
27. The system of claim 26 , wherein the swaged pipe fitting comprises:
a fitting connector configured to be secured to the fitting body to enable the swaged pipe fitting to be connected to another pipeline component, wherein the internal pressure sheath seal is configured to be radially compressed against the internal pressure sheath layer of the pipe segment due to being axially compressed between the fitting connector and the fitting body; and
a face seal configured to be compressed between the fitting body and the fitting connector.
28. The system of claim 26 , wherein the swaged pipe fitting comprises:
a fluid path defined in the fitting body such that the fluid path is configured to be fluidly connected to a fluid conduit defined by the reinforcement layer in a tubing annulus of the pipe segment; and
a vent valve fluidly configured to be fluidly connected to the fluid path defined in the fitting body.
29. The system of claim 26 , wherein the swaged pipe fitting comprises a support cylinder configured to be axially inserted into the pipe bore of the pipe segment under the internal pressure sheath layer to facilitate supporting tubing of the pipe segment at least while the fitting jacket is being conformally deformed therearound.
30. The system of claim 26 , comprising a support cylinder tool configured to be:
axially inserted into the pipe bore of the pipe segment while in a contracted state;
transitioned from the contracted state to an expanded state such that the support cylinder tool is radially expanded against tubing of the pipe segment to facilitate supporting the tubing of the pipe segment while the fitting jacket is being conformally deformed therearound;
transitioned from the expanded state back to the contracted state such that the support cylinder tool radially contracts to facilitate disengaging the support cylinder tool from the tubing of the pipe segment; and
withdrawn from the pipe bore of the pipe segment while in the contracted state.
31. The system of claim 30 , wherein the support cylinder tool comprises:
a threaded shaft;
a stationary collar disposed around the threaded shaft, wherein the stationary collar comprises a first conical outer surface;
an outer stationary nut and an inner stationary nut disposed around the threaded shaft on either side of the stationary collar to hold the stationary collar in place on the threaded shaft;
a plurality of support cylinder sections secured around the threaded shaft, wherein the plurality of support cylinder sections comprises a first conical inner surface configured to slide along the first conical outer surface of the stationary collar and a second conical inner surface;
an activation collar disposed around the threaded shaft, wherein the activation collar comprises a second conical outer surface configured to slide along the second conical inner surface of the plurality of support cylinder sections; and
an activation nut secured around the threaded shaft.
32. The system of claim 30 , wherein the swaged pipe fitting does not include a permanent cylinder disposed within the pipe bore of the pipe segment.
33. A system comprising a swaged pipe fitting configured to be secured to a pipe segment, wherein the swaged pipe fitting comprises:
a fitting body configured to be disposed circumferentially around a carcass layer of the pipe segment and an internal pressure sheath layer of the pipe segment that is formed around the carcass layer to define a pipe bore;
a fitting connector configured to be secured to the fitting body to enable the swaged pipe fitting to be connected to another pipeline component;
a face seal configured to be compressed between the fitting body and the fitting connector;
an internal pressure sheath seal configured to be compressed against the internal pressure sheath layer of the pipe segment to facilitate sealing the internal pressure sheath layer within the swaged pipe fitting; and
a fitting jacket secured to the fitting body, wherein the fitting jacket is configured to be conformally deformed directly and circumferentially against an outer sheath layer of the pipe segment to facilitate securing a reinforcement layer of the pipe segment that is formed between the internal pressure sheath layer and the outer sheath layer of the pipe segment within the swage pipe fitting and sealing the outer sheath layer of the pipe segment within the swaged pipe fitting.
34. The system of claim 33 , wherein the swaged pipe fitting comprises a carcass isolating ring configured to facilitate electrically isolating the carcass layer of the pipe segment in the swaged pipe fitting
35. The system of claim 33 , wherein the swaged pipe fitting comprise:
a fluid path defined in the fitting body such that the fluid path is configured to be fluidly connected to a fluid conduit defined by the reinforcement layer in a tubing annulus of the pipe segment; and
a vent valve configured to be fluidly connected to the fluid path defined in the fitting body.
36. The system of claim 33 , wherein the internal pressure sheath seal of the swaged pipe fitting is configured to be radially compressed against the internal pressure sheath layer of the pipe segment due to being axially compressed between fitting connector and the fitting body.
37. The system of claim 33 , wherein the swaged pipe fitting comprises a support cylinder configured to be axially inserted into the pipe bore of the pipe segment under the internal pressure sheath layer to facilitate supporting tubing of the pipe segment at least while the fitting jacket is being conformally deformed therearound.
38. The system of claim 33 , comprising a support cylinder tool configured to be:
axially inserted into the pipe bore of the pipe segment while in a contracted state;
transitioned from the contracted state to an expanded state such that the support cylinder tool is radially expanded against tubing of the pipe segment to facilitate supporting the tubing of the pipe segment while the fitting jacket is being conformally deformed therearound;
transitioned from the expanded state back to the contracted state such that the support cylinder tool radially contracts to facilitate disengaging the support cylinder tool from the tubing of the pipe segment; and
withdrawn from the pipe bore of the pipe segment while in the contracted state.
39. The system of claim 38 , wherein the support cylinder tool comprises:
a threaded shaft;
a stationary collar disposed around the threaded shaft, wherein the stationary collar comprises a first conical outer surface;
an outer stationary nut and an inner stationary nut disposed around the threaded shaft on either side of the stationary collar to hold the stationary collar in place on the threaded shaft;
a plurality of support cylinder sections secured around the threaded shaft, wherein the plurality of support cylinder sections comprises a first conical inner surface configured to slide along the first conical outer surface of the stationary collar and a second conical inner surface;
an activation collar disposed around the threaded shaft, wherein the activation collar comprises a second conical outer surface configured to slide along the second conical inner surface of the plurality of support cylinder sections; and
an activation nut secured around the threaded shaft.
40. The system of claim 33 , wherein the swaged pipe fitting does not include a permanent cylinder disposed within the pipe bore of the pipe segment.
Priority Applications (1)
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US17/857,911 US20220341516A1 (en) | 2019-11-22 | 2022-07-16 | Swaged pipe fitting systems and methods |
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US16/953,595 US11378207B2 (en) | 2019-11-22 | 2020-11-20 | Swaged pipe fitting systems and methods |
US17/857,911 US20220341516A1 (en) | 2019-11-22 | 2022-07-16 | Swaged pipe fitting systems and methods |
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US20230194028A1 (en) * | 2021-12-20 | 2023-06-22 | Parker-Hannifin Corporation | Fitting assembly for collapse-resistant hose |
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-
2020
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- 2020-11-20 BR BR112022010009A patent/BR112022010009A2/en unknown
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AR120545A1 (en) | 2022-02-23 |
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