US20210318516A1 - Optical system - Google Patents
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- US20210318516A1 US20210318516A1 US17/167,849 US202117167849A US2021318516A1 US 20210318516 A1 US20210318516 A1 US 20210318516A1 US 202117167849 A US202117167849 A US 202117167849A US 2021318516 A1 US2021318516 A1 US 2021318516A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B9/00—Optical objectives characterised both by the number of the components and their arrangements according to their sign, i.e. + or -
- G02B9/12—Optical objectives characterised both by the number of the components and their arrangements according to their sign, i.e. + or - having three components only
- G02B9/14—Optical objectives characterised both by the number of the components and their arrangements according to their sign, i.e. + or - having three components only arranged + - +
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B1/00—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements
- G02B1/002—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements made of materials engineered to provide properties not available in nature, e.g. metamaterials
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B13/00—Optical objectives specially designed for the purposes specified below
- G02B13/001—Miniaturised objectives for electronic devices, e.g. portable telephones, webcams, PDAs, small digital cameras
- G02B13/0015—Miniaturised objectives for electronic devices, e.g. portable telephones, webcams, PDAs, small digital cameras characterised by the lens design
- G02B13/002—Miniaturised objectives for electronic devices, e.g. portable telephones, webcams, PDAs, small digital cameras characterised by the lens design having at least one aspherical surface
- G02B13/003—Miniaturised objectives for electronic devices, e.g. portable telephones, webcams, PDAs, small digital cameras characterised by the lens design having at least one aspherical surface having two lenses
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B13/00—Optical objectives specially designed for the purposes specified below
- G02B13/001—Miniaturised objectives for electronic devices, e.g. portable telephones, webcams, PDAs, small digital cameras
- G02B13/0015—Miniaturised objectives for electronic devices, e.g. portable telephones, webcams, PDAs, small digital cameras characterised by the lens design
- G02B13/002—Miniaturised objectives for electronic devices, e.g. portable telephones, webcams, PDAs, small digital cameras characterised by the lens design having at least one aspherical surface
- G02B13/0035—Miniaturised objectives for electronic devices, e.g. portable telephones, webcams, PDAs, small digital cameras characterised by the lens design having at least one aspherical surface having three lenses
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B13/00—Optical objectives specially designed for the purposes specified below
- G02B13/001—Miniaturised objectives for electronic devices, e.g. portable telephones, webcams, PDAs, small digital cameras
- G02B13/0055—Miniaturised objectives for electronic devices, e.g. portable telephones, webcams, PDAs, small digital cameras employing a special optical element
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B13/00—Optical objectives specially designed for the purposes specified below
- G02B13/18—Optical objectives specially designed for the purposes specified below with lenses having one or more non-spherical faces, e.g. for reducing geometrical aberration
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
- G02B27/0025—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00 for optical correction, e.g. distorsion, aberration
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B3/00—Simple or compound lenses
- G02B3/02—Simple or compound lenses with non-spherical faces
- G02B3/08—Simple or compound lenses with non-spherical faces with discontinuous faces, e.g. Fresnel lens
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
- G02B5/18—Diffraction gratings
- G02B5/1876—Diffractive Fresnel lenses; Zone plates; Kinoforms
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B9/00—Optical objectives characterised both by the number of the components and their arrangements according to their sign, i.e. + or -
- G02B9/04—Optical objectives characterised both by the number of the components and their arrangements according to their sign, i.e. + or - having two components only
- G02B9/10—Optical objectives characterised both by the number of the components and their arrangements according to their sign, i.e. + or - having two components only one + and one - component
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- G02B9/12—Optical objectives characterised both by the number of the components and their arrangements according to their sign, i.e. + or - having three components only
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
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- Solid State Image Pick-Up Elements (AREA)
- Transforming Light Signals Into Electric Signals (AREA)
Abstract
An optical system and an image sensor including the same are provided. The optical system includes first, second, and third optical devices. At least one of the first, second, and third optical devices is a thin-lens including nanostructures.
Description
- This application is a continuation application of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/923,554, filed Mar. 16, 2018, which is a continuation application of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/134,885, filed Apr. 21, 2016, which claims the benefit of provisional U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/151,108, filed on Apr. 22, 2015, in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and Korean Patent Application No. 10-2016-0003672, filed on Jan. 12, 2016, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein in their entireties by reference.
- This invention was made with government support under Grant No. W911NF-14-1-0345 awarded by the ARO—US Army. The government has certain rights in the invention.
- Apparatuses and systems consistent with exemplary embodiments relate to optical systems and image sensors including the same.
- Optical sensors including semiconductor sensor arrays are frequently used in mobile devices, wearable devices, and the Internet of Things. Although such devices are ideally small, it is difficult to reduce the thicknesses of optical systems included in such sensor arrays.
- Conventional optical systems using optical lenses include many optical lenses in order to remove chromatic aberration and geometric aberration and ensure a desired f-number. Since the optical lenses must have predetermined shapes in order to perform their respective functions, there is a limitation in reducing the thicknesses of such conventional optical systems.
- One or more exemplary embodiments provide optical systems that may be designed to be small and image sensors including such optical systems.
- Additional exemplary aspects and advantages will be set forth in part in the description which follows and, in part, will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the presented embodiments
- According to an aspect of an exemplary embodiment, an optical system includes: a first optical device configured to focus incident light onto different focal points according to incident angles of the incident light; a second optical device configured to focus light transmitted through the first optical device to have different focal lengths according to the position on the second optical device on which the light having been transmitted through the first optical device is incident; and a third optical device configured so that light transmitted through the second optical device forms focal points on an image plane, wherein at least one of the first through third optical devices is a thin-lens comprising a plurality of nanostructures.
- The second optical device may be configured so that light incident on the second optical device farther from principal optical axis of the second optical device is focused by a longer focal length.
- The third optical device may be configured so that light incident on the third optical device farther from principal optical axis of the third optical device is focused by a shorter focal length.
- The first optical device may have positive refractive power, the second optical device may have negative refractive power, and the third optical device may have positive refractive power.
- The third optical device may change a direction of light so that light transmitted by the third optical device is incident on the image plane at an angle normal to the image plane.
- The first optical device may be a refractive optical lens, and the second and third optical devices may be thin-lenses.
- Nanostructures of the second optical device and nanostructures of the third optical device may be configured to offset chromatic aberration of the whole optical system including the first, second and third optical devices.
- The first optical device may be configured to offset at least one of a geometric aberration and a chromatic aberration that occur in the second and third optical devices.
- The first optical device may be a thin-lens, and the second and third optical devices may be refractive optical lenses.
- Nanostructures included in the first optical device may be configured and arranged to offset at least one of a chromatic aberration and a geometric aberration that occur in the second and third optical devices.
- The first optical device may be provided on a surface of the second optical device.
- The thin-lens may include a substrate on which the plurality of nanostructures are arranged.
- The plurality of nanostructures may have a refractive index greater than a refractive index of the substrate.
- The substrate may include at least one of glass (e.g., fused silica or BK7), quartz, polymer (e.g., poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)), and plastic, and the plurality of nanostructures may include at least one of crystalline silicon (c-Si), polycrystalline silicon (p-Si), amorphous silicon (a-Si), III-V compound semiconductors (e.g., GaP, GaN, or GaAs), SiC, TiO2, and SiN.
- The plurality of nanostructures may have at least one of a circular cylindrical shape, an elliptic cylindrical shape, a rectangular parallelepiped and a polygonal prism shape. They may be vertically structured to have multiples of high refractive index and low refractive index layers.
- The first through third optical devices may be configured so that only light of a predetermined wavelength range from among incident light forms a focal point on the image plane.
- The optical system may further include an optical filter configured to block light having wavelengths outside the predetermined wavelength range.
- According to an aspect of another exemplary embodiment, an image sensor includes: at least one optical system including: a first optical device configured to concentrate incident light at different focal points according to incident angles of the incident light; a second optical device configured to focus light transmitted through the first optical device to have different focal lengths according to the position on the second optical device on which the light having been transmitted through the first optical device is incident; and a third optical device configured so that light transmitted through the second optical device forms focal points on an image plane; and at least one light measurer respectively corresponding to the at least one optical system and configured to measure light incident on the image plane of the at least one optical system, wherein at least one of the first through third optical devices is a thin-lens including a plurality of nanostructures.
- A plurality of the optical systems and a plurality of the light measurers may be provided, wherein at least two of the plurality of optical systems are configured so that light of different wavelength ranges form focal points on the image plane.
- These and/or other exemplary aspects and advantages will become apparent and more readily appreciated from the following description of exemplary embodiments, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
-
FIG. 1 is a view of a related art optical system including refractive optical lenses; -
FIG. 2 is a view of an optical system according to an exemplary embodiment; -
FIG. 3 is a view illustrating a state in which incident light passes through a first optical device according to an exemplary embodiment; -
FIG. 4 is a view illustrating a state in which light passes through a second optical device according to an exemplary embodiment; -
FIG. 5 is a view illustrating a state in which light passes through a third optical device according to an exemplary embodiment; -
FIG. 6 is a view illustrating an entire optical path of the optical system ofFIGS. 2 through 5 according to an exemplary embodiment; -
FIG. 7 is a view of an optical system according to an exemplary embodiment; -
FIG. 8 is a view of an optical system according to an exemplary embodiment; -
FIG. 9 is a view of an optical system according to an exemplary embodiment; -
FIG. 10 is a view of a thin-lens according to an exemplary embodiment; -
FIG. 11 is a view illustrating a part of a surface of the first optical device ofFIG. 10 according to an exemplary embodiment; -
FIG. 12 is a view illustrating a surface of the first optical device ofFIG. 10 according to another exemplary embodiment; -
FIG. 13 is a view of the optical system according to an exemplary embodiment; -
FIG. 14 is a view of an image sensor according to an exemplary embodiment; and -
FIG. 15 is a view of the image sensor according to an exemplary embodiment. - The inventive concept will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which exemplary embodiments of the invention are shown. In the drawings, the same reference numerals denote the same elements and sizes of components may be exaggerated for clarity. The inventive concept may have different forms and should not be construed as limited to the exemplary embodiments set forth herein. For example, it will also be understood that when a layer is referred to as being “over” another layer or a substrate, it can be directly on the other layer or the substrate, or intervening layers may also be present therebetween.
- As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. Expressions such as “at least one of,” when preceding a list of elements, modify the entire list of elements and do not modify the individual elements of the list.
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FIG. 1 is a view of a related art optical system includingoptical lenses optical lenses - Each of the
optical lenses optical lenses optical lenses optical lenses - However, since a refractive index of a refractive optical lens is different for different wavelengths of light, chromatic aberration may occur. Also, the light-converging points formed by light transmitted through an optical lens may have geometric aberration in which a focus is distorted. For example, geometric aberration in which a plane on which a focus is formed is not flat but curved, may lead to field curvature.
- In order to control chromatic aberration and geometric aberration, an optical system may be designed by combining lenses having various shapes. However, in this case, since a number of optical lenses having various shapes are included in the optical system, the thickness of the optical system may be increased. Alternately, when the thickness of the optical system is reduced, that is, an f-number of the lenses is reduced, the ratio of a thickness to a diameter of each of the lenses may be increased. The f-number of a lens is a number obtained by dividing a focal length of the lens by a diameter of the lens, and the luminance of an image projected by the lens is dependent, in part, on the f-number. Clearly, if the thickness of each lens in an optical system is increased, there is limit in the degree to which the total thickness of the optical system may be reduced.
- In order to reduce the size of an optical system, the thickness of the optical system has to be reduced and the f-number of each of the lenses included in the optical system has to be reduced to a predetermined value or less. Since there is a limit by using refractive index-based lenses, a new thin-lens may be used to achieve these objectives.
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FIG. 2 is a view of anoptical system 100 according to an exemplary embodiment. - Referring to
FIG. 2 , theoptical system 100 according to an exemplary embodiment may include a firstoptical device 110 configured to focus incident light so that the location of a focal point of the incident light is dependent on the incident angle of the light, a secondoptical device 120 configured to focus light having been transmitted through the firstoptical device 110 so that the light transmitted through the secondoptical device 120 has a focal length that is dependent on the location of the focal point of the light transmitted through the firstoptical device 110, and a thirdoptical device 130 configured so that light transmitted through the secondoptical device 120 is focused onto focal points on the image plane S1. - At least one of the first through third
optical devices - The nanostructures may have a sufficiently greater refractive index than that of a medium outside the nanostructures and may have a transmittance and a transmission phase dependent on a shape and a material of the nanostructures. Light incident on nanostructures is coupled in one or more waveguide modes of the nanostructures and resonates within the nanostructures. Amplitudes and phases of light transmitted through or reflected from the nanostructures may be determined by such resonance characteristics. In order to form a desired optical device (e. g. a thin-lens), nanostructures may be arranged, and the shapes of the nanostructures may be determined in accordance with a transmission phase and amplitude distribution (e.g., a converging or diverging wave front) of the desired optical device.
- Although
nanostructures optical devices FIG. 2 , the present exemplary embodiment is not limited thereto. For example, thenanostructures optical devices nanostructures optical devices - Also, although the first through third
optical devices FIG. 2 are all thin-lenses, the present exemplary embodiment is not limited thereto. For example, one or two of the first through thirdoptical devices - Light reflected from an object (not shown) may be incident on the first
optical device 110.FIG. 3 is a view illustrating a state in which incident light is transmitted through the firstoptical device 110 according to an exemplary embodiment. - Referring to
FIG. 3 , the firstoptical device 110 may focus incident light so that the focal point of the incident light is dependent on the incident angle of the incident light. For example, second incident light L21 is incident in a direction parallel to an arrangement direction in which the first through thirdoptical devices optical devices FIG. 3 ), and the second incident light L21 may therefore be directed to a focal point along a line parallel to the arrangement direction which passes through the center of the secondoptical device 120, as shown inFIG. 3 . In contrast, first incident light L11, which is incident on the firstoptical device 110 in a direction oblique to the arrangement direction may be directed to a focal point spaced away from a line which passes through the center of the secondoptical device 120. The firstoptical device 110 may include the plurality ofnanostructures 112 provided on a surface of a substrate thereof, such that the path of light incident thereon is re-directed. - The
nanostructures 112 may be provided on a surface of a substrate of the firstoptical device 110 facing the image plane S1. However, the present exemplary embodiment is not limited thereto. Alternatively, thenanostructures 112 may be provided on a surface of a substrate on which light is incident. Alternatively, thenanostructures 112 may be provided on both surfaces of a substrate of the firstoptical device 110. - The
nanostructures 112 provided on a surface of a substrate of the firstoptical device 110 may be designed so that the firstoptical device 110 functions as a lens having positive refractive power. By selecting the shapes and heights of and the intervals between thenanostructures 112, the firstoptical device 110 may be made to change a path of light incident thereon in the same way that a lens having positive refractive power changes a path of light incident thereon. Thus, since the firstoptical device 110 has positive refractive power and is arranged substantially parallel to the second and thirdoptical devices optical devices optical device 110, may be directed to a focal point at off a principal axis of the firstoptical device 110. The principal axis of the first optical device is illustrated by the long- and short-dashed line ofFIG. 3 . Also, the second incident light L21, incident in a direction normal to the plane of the firstoptical device 110, may be directed to a focal point along the principal axis of the firstoptical device 110. - Light transmitted through the first
optical device 110 may be incident on the secondoptical device 120. The secondoptical device 120 may focus light incident thereon so that the light transmitted through the secondoptical device 120 has a focal length dependent on the position on the secondoptical device 120 on which the light is incident. -
FIG. 4 is a view illustrating a state in which light passes through the secondoptical device 120 according to an exemplary embodiment. - Referring to
FIG. 4 , the secondoptical device 120 may focus light so that the focal lengths of the light depend on the position on the second optical device on which the light is incident. For example, second light L22 is incident on a center of the secondoptical device 120 and is focused to have a relatively short focal length. In contrast, first light L12 is incident on an edge of the secondoptical device 120 and is focused to have a relatively long focal length. Since the secondoptical device 120 focuses incident light so that light incident on an edge has a longer focal length, an optical path difference according to an incident angle may be compensated for. The secondoptical device 120 may include the plurality ofnanostructures 122 provided on a surface of a substrate thereof in order to refract incident light. - The
nanostructures 122 may be provided on a surface of a substrate the secondoptical device 120 facing the image plane S1. However, the present exemplary embodiment is not limited thereto. Alternatively, thenanostructures 122 may be provided on a surface a substrate of the secondoptical device 120 on which light is incident. Alternatively, thenanostructures 122 may be provided on both surfaces of a substrate of the secondoptical device 120. - The
nanostructures 122 provided on a surface of the substrate of the secondoptical device 120 may be designed so that the secondoptical device 120 functions as a lens having negative refractive power. By selecting the shapes and heights of and the intervals between thenanostructures 122, the secondoptical device 120 may be made to change a path of light incident thereon, like a lens having negative refractive power. Thus, since the secondoptical device 120 has negative refractive power and is arranged substantially parallel to the first and thirdoptical devices optical devices optical device 120, may be focused to have a relatively short focal length. - Light having been transmitted through the second
optical device 120 may be incident on the thirdoptical device 130. The thirdoptical device 130 may change a path of light having passed through the secondoptical device 120 to form a focal point on the image plane S1. In this case, the image plane S1 may be an arbitrary plane spaced apart by a predetermined interval from the thirdoptical device 130. The image plane S1 may be flat. However, the present exemplary embodiment is not limited thereto, and the image plane S1 may be curved. -
FIG. 5 is a view illustrating a state in which light passes through the thirdoptical device 130 according to an exemplary embodiment. - Referring to
FIG. 5 , the thirdoptical device 130 may be configured so that light incident on the thirdoptical device 130 form focal points on the image plane S1. In this case, the thirdoptical device 120 may change paths of light having passed through the thirdoptical device 130 so that the light having passed through the thirdoptical device 130 is incident on the image plane S1 at an angle normal to the image plane. However, the present exemplary embodiment is not limited thereto. Alternatively, light having passed through different positions on the thirdoptical device 130 may be incident at different angles on the image plane S1. - For example, the third
optical device 130 may be configured so that light incident toward an edge of the thirdoptical device 130 has a transmission phase distribution having a short focal length. That is, first light L13 incident on an edge of the thirdoptical device 130 may be focused to have a transmission phase distribution having a relatively short focal length. In contrast, second light L23 incident on a center of the thirdoptical device 130 may be focused to have a transmission phase distribution having a relatively long focal length. Since the thirdoptical device 130 focuses light so that the light has different focal lengths of the third optical device dependent on the position on the thirdoptical device 130 on which the light is incident. The light having passed through the thirdoptical device 130 may form imaging focal points on the image plane S1. The thirdoptical device 130 may include the plurality ofnanostructures 132 provided on a surface of a substrate thereof in order to change a travel direction of incident light. - The
nanostructures 132 may be provided on a surface of a substrate of the thirdoptical device 130 facing the image plane S1. However, the present exemplary embodiment is not limited thereto. Alternatively, thenanostructures 132 may be provided on a surface of a substrate of the thirdoptical device 130 on which light is incident. Alternatively, thenanostructures 132 may be provided on both surfaces of a substrate of the thirdoptical device 130. - The
nanostructures 132 provided on a surface of a substrate of the thirdoptical device 130 may be designed so that the thirdoptical device 120 functions as a lens having positive refractive power. By adjusting the shapes and heights of and the intervals between thenanostructures 132, the thirdoptical device 130 may be made to deflect light at each location, like a lens having positive refractive power. Since the thirdoptical device 130 has a positive refractive power, the first incident light L13 incident in a direction oblique to the arrangement direction of the first through thirdoptical devices optical devices -
FIG. 6 is a view illustrating an entire optical path of theoptical system 100 ofFIGS. 2 through 5 according to an exemplary embodiment. - Referring to
FIG. 6 , irrespective of an incident angle of incident light, as light passes through the first through thirdoptical devices - The first through third
optical devices nanostructures optical devices - The first through third
optical devices nanostructures FIGS. 2 through 6 . However, the present exemplary embodiment is not limited thereto. For example, any two of the first through thirdoptical devices optical devices -
FIG. 7 is a view of theoptical system 100 according to an exemplary embodiment. - Referring to
FIG. 7 , the firstoptical device 110 may be an optical device using a refractive index-based method, and the second and thirdoptical devices nanostructures nanostructures optical devices optical devices nanostructures optical devices - The first
optical device 110 may be designed to correct at least one of chromatic aberration and geometric aberration not corrected by the second and thirdoptical devices optical device 110 may be determined by appropriately selecting a material included in the firstoptical device 110. Also, lens characteristics of the firstoptical device 110 may be adjusted by changing a surface shape and a thickness of the firstoptical device 110. -
FIG. 8 is a view of theoptical system 100 according to an exemplary embodiment. - Referring to
FIG. 8 , the firstoptical device 110 may be a thin-lens including thenanostructures 112, and the second and thirdoptical devices nanostructures 112 of the firstoptical device 110 may be designed to offset at least one of chromatic aberration and geometric aberration that occur in the second and thirdoptical devices nanostructures 112 included in the firstoptical device 110 may be appropriately determined. - The first
optical device 110 is separate from the secondoptical device 120 inFIG. 8 . However, since the firstoptical device 110 is a thin-lens and there is no limitation in a surface shape, the firstoptical device 110 may be integrally formed with the secondoptical device 120. -
FIG. 9 is a view of theoptical system 100 according to an exemplary embodiment. - Referring to
FIG. 9 , the firstoptical device 110 that is a thin-lens may be provided on a surface of the secondoptical device 120. Although the firstoptical device 110 is provided on a surface of the secondoptical device 120 on which light is incident inFIG. 9 , the present exemplary embodiment is not limited thereto. For example, the firstoptical device 110 may be provided on a surface of the secondoptical device 120 facing the image plane S1. - When the first
optical device 110 is provided on a surface of the secondoptical device 120 as shown inFIG. 9 , since there is no interval between the firstoptical device 110 and the secondoptical device 120, a size of theoptical system 100 may be reduced. -
FIG. 10 is a view of a thin-lens described in the above according to an exemplary embodiment. - With reference to
FIG. 10 , exemplary embodiments of the firstoptical device 110 ofFIGS. 2 through 6 will be explained. - Referring to
FIG. 10 , the firstoptical device 110 that is a thin-lens may include the plurality ofnanostructures 112 and asubstrate 114 on which thenanostructures 112 are arranged. Thesubstrate 114 may be a support for forming thenanostructures 112. Also, a material layer (not shown) that surrounds thenanostructures 112 may be added.FIG. 10 is a conceptual view of thenanostructures 112, and actual sizes and numbers of thenanostructures 112 may be different from those shown inFIG. 10 . - Referring to an alternate view of a surface S2 in
FIG. 10 , shapes, materials, and arrangements of thenanostructures 112 may vary according to positions on the firstoptical device 110. Since shapes, materials, and arrangements of thenanostructures 112 vary according to positions on the firstoptical device 110, travel directions of transmitted light may be changed by determining a transmission phase distribution of light according to positions on the firstoptical device 110. -
FIG. 11 is a view illustrating a part of a surface of the firstoptical device 110 ofFIG. 10 according to an exemplary embodiment. - Referring to
FIG. 11 , thenanostructures 112 having circular cylindrical shapes may be arranged on thesubstrate 114. Although thenanostructures 112 have circular cylindrical shapes inFIG. 11 , the present exemplary embodiment is not limited thereto. For example, thenanostructures 112 may have any of various shapes such as polygonal prism shapes, circular cylindrical shapes, or elliptic cylindrical shapes. Alternatively, cross-sections of thenanostructures 112 may have “L”-like prism shapes. - Shapes of the
nanostructures 112 may not be symmetric in a specific direction. For example, cross-sections of thenanostructures 112 may not be symmetric in a horizontal direction, to have, for example, elliptic shapes. Also, since cross-sections of thenanostructures 112 vary according to heights, shapes of thenanostructures 112 may not be symmetric in a vertical direction. - A refractive index of a material included in the
nanostructures 112 may be greater (for example, by 1.5 or more) than a refractive index of materials composing thesubstrate 114, a material layer (not shown), which may surround thenanostructures 112 and a peripheral portion. Accordingly, thesubstrate 114 may include a material with a relatively low refractive index and thenanostructures 112 may include a material with a relatively high refractive index. - For example, the
nanostructures 112 may include at least one of crystalline silicon (c-Si), polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si), amorphous silicon (a-Si), Si3N4, GaP, TiO02, AlSb, AlAs, AlGaAs, AlGaInP, BP, and ZnGeP2. Also, thesubstrate 114 may include any one of a polymer (e.g., poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)), plastic, and SiO2 (e.g., glass or quartz). - The first through third
optical devices optical system 100 may be configured so that only incident light of a predetermined wavelength range forms a focal point on the image plane S1. A wavelength that is allowed by theoptical system 100 to form a focal point on the image plane S1 in a wavelength range of incident light is referred to as an operating wavelength. The operating wavelength may include, for example, a wavelength (about 650 nm) of red light, a wavelength (about 475 nm) of blue light, and a wavelength (about 510 nm) of green light. Also, the operating wavelength may include a wavelength (about 800 nm to 900 nm) of infrared light. The values are exemplary, and the operating wavelength of theoptical system 100 may be set in other ways. For example, a band of wavelengths can be set as an operating wavelength range. - Once the operating wavelength is determined, the first through third
optical devices nanostructures optical devices - Referring back to
FIG. 11 , an interval T between adjacent nanostructures of thenanostructures 112 may be less than the operating wavelength of theoptical system 100. For example, the interval T between thenanostructures 112 may be equal to or less than ¾ or ⅔ of the operating wavelength of theoptical system 100 or may be equal to or less than ½ of the operating wavelength. A height h of each of thenanostructures 112 may be equal to or less than ⅔ of the operating wavelength. The interval T, height h and shape of the nanostructures may vary depending on the location of the nanostructures in the thin-lens. -
FIG. 12 is a view illustrating a surface of the firstoptical device 110 ofFIG. 10 according to another exemplary embodiment. - Referring to
FIG. 12 , thenanostructures 112 having rectangular parallelepiped shapes may be arranged on thesubstrate 114. Although thenanostructures 112 have rectangular parallelepiped shapes inFIG. 12 , the present exemplary embodiment is not limited thereto. For example, thenanostructures 112 may have any of various shapes such as polygonal prism shapes, circular cylindrical shapes, or elliptic cylindrical shapes. Alternatively, cross-sections of thenanostructures 112 may have ‘L’-prism shapes. - Heights and intervals of the
nanostructures 112 may be determined according to an operating wavelength of theoptical system 100. An interval T between adjacent nanostructures of thenanostructures 112 may be less than the operating wavelength of theoptical system 100. For example, the interval T between thenanostructures 112 may be equal to or less than ¾ or ⅔ of the operating wavelength of theoptical system 100, or may be equal to or less than ½ of the operating wavelength. Also, a height h of each of thenanostructures 112 may be less than the operating wavelength. For example, the height h of each of thenanostructures 112 may be equal to or less than ⅔ of the operating wavelength. The interval T, height h and shape of the nanostructures may vary depending on the location of the nanostructures in the thin-lens. - The description of the
substrate 114 and thenanostructures 112 made with reference toFIGS. 11 and 12 may apply to the second and thirdoptical devices optical devices nanostructures 112 made with reference toFIGS. 11 and 12 may apply to thenanostructures optical devices -
FIG. 13 is a view of theoptical system 100 according to an exemplary embodiment. - In
FIG. 13 , a repeated explanation of the same elements or operations as those inFIGS. 1 through 12 will not be given. - Referring to
FIG. 13 , theoptical system 100 according to an exemplary embodiment may further include anoptical filter 140 configured to prevent light having a wavelength other than operating wavelength range from being incident on the image plane S1. Although theoptical filter 140 is provided between the thirdoptical device 130 and the image plane S1 inFIG. 13 , a position of theoptical filter 140 is not limited thereto. Theoptical filter 140 may be provided between the secondoptical device 120 and the thirdoptical device 130 or may be provided between the firstoptical device 110 and the secondoptical device 120. Alternatively, theoptical filter 140 may be provided in front of an incident surface of theoptical filter 110 and may enable only light having the operating wavelength from among incident light to be incident on the firstoptical device 110. - The
optical filter 140 may absorb or reflect light having wavelengths other than the operating wavelength range of theoptical system 100 from among light incident on theoptical filter 140. Theoptical filter 140 may prevent light having wavelengths other than the operating wavelength range from being incident as noise on the image plane S1. -
FIG. 14 is a view of animage sensor 1000 according to an exemplary embodiment. - Referring to
FIG. 14 , theimage sensor 1000 according to an exemplary embodiment may include theoptical system 100 and alight measurer 200 provided to correspond to theoptical system 100. - The description of the
optical system 100 made with reference toFIGS. 2 through 13 may apply to theoptical system 100 ofFIG. 14 . Thelight measurer 200 may be provided on the image plane S1 of theoptical system 100. Thelight measurer 200 may measure light focused by theoptical system 100. Thelight measurer 200 may include a plurality of light sensors. As the number of the light sensors included in thelight measurer 200 increases, a resolution of an image output from thelight measurer 200 may increase. The light sensor may be a pixel array of a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor (CIS) using a charge-coupled device (CCD) or a CMOS. Alternatively, the light sensor may be a photodiode sensor. -
FIG. 15 is a view of theimage sensor 1000 according to an exemplary embodiment. - Referring to
FIG. 15 , theimage sensor 1000 according to an exemplary embodiment may include a plurality of optical systems, for example, first through thirdoptical systems optical systems optical systems optical systems - For example, the first
optical system 100 a may focus red light, the secondoptical system 100 b may focus blue light, and the thirdoptical system 100 c may focus green light. However, the present exemplary embodiment is not limited thereto, and operating wavelengths of theoptical systems optical systems optical systems - The
image sensor 1000 may include a plurality oflight measurers optical systems light measurers optical systems optical systems - The
optical system 100 and theimage sensor 1000 including theoptical system 100 according to the one or more exemplary embodiments have been described with reference toFIGS. 1 through 15 . As described above, since at least one of the first through thirdoptical devices optical system 100 is a thin-lens including nanostructures, a thickness of theoptical system 100 may be reduced. Also, chromatic aberration and geometric aberration of theoptical system 100 may be reduced. - Since the
optical system 100 and theimage sensor 1000 according to the one or more embodiments may be easily made compact, theoptical system 100 and theimage sensor 1000 may be applied to a camera requiring a small pixel and a high resolution. Also, theoptical system 100 and theimage sensor 1000 may be applied to a pixel array of a color image sensor for a light field 3D camera requiring a lot of pixel information. Also, theoptical system 100 and theimage sensor 1000 may be applied to a sensor array for hyperspectral imaging. In addition, theoptical system 100 and theimage sensor 1000 may be included in an optical bio-sensor such as a blood pressure sensor or a heart rate sensor using a spectrometer. - While one or more exemplary embodiments have been described with reference to the figures, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope as defined by the following claims.
Claims (14)
1. An optical system comprising:
a first optical device configured to focus light, such that a focal point of light transmitted through the first optical device is dependent on an angle at which the light is incident on the first optical device;
a second optical device disposed such that light transmitted through the first optical device is incident on the second optical device, and configured such that a focal length of light transmitted through the second optical device is dependent on a position on the second optical device on which the light is incident; and
a third optical device disposed such that the light transmitted through the second optical device is incident on the third optical device and configured such that light transmitted through the third optical device forms at least one focal point on an image plane,
wherein at least one of the second optical device and the third optical device is a thin lens comprising a plurality of nanostructures and the thin lens is configured to correct at least one of a chromatic aberration and a geometric aberration that occurs in the remaining optical devices, and
wherein the thin lens is configured to adjust a phase delay distribution of the transmitted light according to at least one of shapes, cross sectional areas, heights, material compositions, and an interval of the nanostructures.
2. The optical system of claim 1 , wherein the thin lens is integrally formed with an adjacent optical device.
3. The optical system of claim 1 , wherein the nanostructures are provided on a surface of the thin lens on which the light is incident, on a surface of the thin lens on which the light exits, or on both surfaces of the thin lens.
4. The optical system of claim 1 , wherein the first optical device has positive refractive power, the second optical device has negative refractive power, and the third optical device has positive refractive power.
5. The optical system of claim 1 , wherein the optical system operates in an operating wavelength range of a band of wavelength.
6. The optical system of claim 1 , wherein the phase delay distribution comprises a transmission phase and amplitude distribution.
7. The optical system of claim 6 , wherein the transmission phase and amplitude distribution comprises a converging wave front or diverging wave front.
8. The optical system of claim 1 , wherein the thin lens comprises at least one material selected from a group consisting of SiO2, plastic, and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), and each of the plurality of nanostructures comprises at least one material selected from a group consisting of crystalline silicon (c-Si), polycrystalline silicon (p-Si), amorphous silicon (a-Si), III-V compound semiconductors, SiC, TiO2, and SiN.
9. The optical system of claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of nanostructures has at least one of a circular cylindrical shape, an elliptic cylindrical shape, a rectangular parallelepiped and a polygonal prism shape.
10. The optical system of claim 1 , wherein the interval between the nanostructures is equal to or less than ¾ of a wavelength of the light.
11. The optical system of claim 1 , wherein the first optical device is a refractive optical lens, and the second optical device is the thin lens comprising the plurality of nanostructures.
12. The optical system of claim 11 , wherein the plurality of nanostructures of the second optical device are configured to offset a chromatic aberration of the second optical device and the third optical device.
13. The optical system of claim 12 , wherein the first optical device is configured to offset at least one of a geometric aberration and a chromatic aberration of at least one of the second optical device and the third optical device.
14. The optical system of claim 1 , wherein the first optical device is a thin lens.
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US10942333B2 (en) | 2021-03-09 |
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