US20210267932A1 - Compounds, compositions, methods of using, and methods for preparing compounds - Google Patents

Compounds, compositions, methods of using, and methods for preparing compounds Download PDF

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US20210267932A1
US20210267932A1 US17/053,811 US201917053811A US2021267932A1 US 20210267932 A1 US20210267932 A1 US 20210267932A1 US 201917053811 A US201917053811 A US 201917053811A US 2021267932 A1 US2021267932 A1 US 2021267932A1
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cells
disease
urolithin
compound
cancer
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Venkatakrishna Rao JALA
Haribabu Bodduluri
Rajbir SINGH
Praveen Kumar Vemula
Sandeep CHANDRASHEKHARAPPA
Ankita Arun HIWALE
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Institute For Stem Cell Biology And Regenerative Medicine (instem)
University of Louisville Research Foundation ULRF
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Institute For Stem Cell Biology And Regenerative Medicine (instem)
University of Louisville Research Foundation ULRF
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Priority to US17/053,811 priority Critical patent/US20210267932A1/en
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    • C07D311/78—Ring systems having three or more relevant rings
    • C07D311/80—Dibenzopyrans; Hydrogenated dibenzopyrans
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    • A61K31/352—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having six-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. methantheline 
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    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
    • A61K31/513—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim having oxo groups directly attached to the heterocyclic ring, e.g. cytosine
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    • C07C39/17—Compounds having at least one hydroxy or O-metal group bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring polycyclic with no unsaturation outside the aromatic rings containing other rings in addition to the six-membered aromatic rings, e.g. cyclohexylphenol
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Definitions

  • Numerous diseases e.g., inflammatory bowel diseases, alcoholic liver disease, cancer and many other diseases
  • controlling or reducing inflammation can assist in the treatment of these diseases.
  • Several compounds are known to treat certain diseases (e.g., by reducing inflammation), but do so inadequately.
  • inventive compounds inventive compounds e.g., Formula (I), (IA), (II), and (III), and urolithin derivatives
  • inventive compounds inventive compounds e.g., Formula (I), (IA), (II), and (III), and urolithin derivatives
  • compositions e.g., pharmaceutical compositions
  • Still other embodiments of the invention include compositions (e.g., pharmaceutical compositions) for treating, for example, certain diseases using the inventive compounds.
  • Some embodiments include methods of using the inventive compound (e.g., in compositions or in pharmaceutical compositions) for administering and treating (e.g., diseases). Further embodiments include methods for making the inventive compounds. Additional embodiments of the invention are also discussed herein.
  • the bond between X 1 and X 2 is a single bond or a double bond. In other embodiments, the bond between X 7 and X 8 is a single bond or a double bond.
  • X 1 , X 2 , X 7 , and X 8 are the same or different and each can be independently selected from CH, CH 2 , O, S, C—NH 2 , C—N ⁇ CH 2 , C(H)(NH 2 ), C ⁇ O, C ⁇ N—NH 2 , C ⁇ NH, C ⁇ N-cycloalkyl, C ⁇ N—S(O)H, C ⁇ NC(EtOH) 3 , C ⁇ NCH(EtOH) 2 , C ⁇ NEtOH, C(CH 3 )(OH), N, NH, C-halogen, C(H)(halogen), C-(halogen) 2 , C-cycloalkyl, C-heterocyclyl, C-aryl, C-heteroaryl, C(H)(cycloalkyl), C(H)(heterocyclyl), C(H)(aryl), or C(H)(heteroaryl), which CH, CH 2 , C—NH 2
  • X 1 and X 2 are optionally further cyclized to form a 5 or 6 membered cycloalkyl, 5 or 6 membered heterocyclyl, 5 or 6 membered aryl, or 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl, which 5 or 6 membered cycloalkyl, 5 or 6 membered heterocyclyl, 5 or 6 membered aryl, or 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more of halogen, hydroxy (—OH), methanoyl (—COH), —COCH 3 , carboxy (—CO 2 H), ethynyl (—CCH), cyano (—CN), sulfo (—SO 3 H), methyl, ethyl, perfluorinated methyl, or perfluorinated ethyl.
  • X 7 and X 8 are optionally further cyclized to form a 5 or 6 membered cycloalkyl, 5 or 6 membered heterocyclyl, 5 or 6 membered aryl, or 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl, which 5 or 6 membered cycloalkyl, 5 or 6 membered heterocyclyl, 5 or 6 membered aryl, or 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more of halogen, hydroxy (—OH), methanoyl (—COH), —COCH 3 , carboxy (—CO 2 H), ethynyl (—CCH), cyano (—CN), sulfo (—SO 3 H), methyl, ethyl, perfluorinated methyl, or perfluorinated ethyl.
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 are the same or different and each is independently selected from H, OH, halogen, methanoyl (—COH), —OCF 3 , —COCH 3 , carbonyl, carboxy (—CO 2 H), ethynyl (—CCH), cyano (—CN), amine, —NO 2 , sulfo (—SO 3 H), C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, C 2 -C 4 alkynyl, C 1 -C 3 alkoxy, methyl, ethyl, perfluorinated methyl, perfluorinated ethyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl, which H, OH, methanoyl (—COH), —COCH 3 , carbonyl, carboxy (—CO 2 H), ethynyl (—CCH), sulfo
  • X 3 , X 4 , X 5 , and X 6 are the same or different and each is independently selected from CH or N, which CH is optionally substituted with one or more of halogen, hydroxy (—OH), methanoyl (—COH), —COCH 3 , carboxy (—CO 2 H), ethynyl (—CCH), cyano (—CN), sulfo (—SO 3 H), methyl, ethyl, perfluorinated methyl, or perfluorinated ethyl.
  • CH is optionally substituted with one or more of halogen, hydroxy (—OH), methanoyl (—COH), —COCH 3 , carboxy (—CO 2 H), ethynyl (—CCH), cyano (—CN), sulfo (—SO 3 H), methyl, ethyl, perfluorinated methyl, or perfluorinated ethyl.
  • X 1 , X 2 , X 7 , and X 8 are the same or different and each can be independently selected from CH 2 , O, C(H)(NH 2 ), C ⁇ O, C ⁇ N—NH 2 , C ⁇ NH, C ⁇ N-cycloalkyl, C ⁇ N-adamantane, C ⁇ NC(EtOH) 3 , C ⁇ NCH(EtOH) 2 , C ⁇ NEtOH, C(CH 3 )(OH), or C(H)(cycloalkyl).
  • X 1 and X 2 are the same, X 7 and X 8 is the same, X 1 and X 7 is the same, X 2 and X 8 is the same, or a combination thereof.
  • X 3 , X 4 , X 5 , and X 6 are the same or different and each is independently selected from CH or N.
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 are the same or different and each is independently selected from H, OH, halogen, methanoyl (—COH), —OCF 3 , —COCH 3 , carbonyl, carboxy (—CO 2 H), cyano (—CN), amine, —NO 2 , methoxy, ethoxy, methyl, ethyl, perfluorinated methyl, perfluorinated ethyl, cycloalkyl, bicycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, or imidazolyl.
  • the compound is selected from Formula (IA)
  • X 1 and X 2 are the same or different and each is independently selected from CH 2 , O, C(H)(NH 2 ), C ⁇ O, C ⁇ N—NH 2 , C ⁇ NH, C ⁇ N-cycloalkyl, C ⁇ NC(EtOH) 3 , C ⁇ NCH(EtOH) 2 , C ⁇ NEtOH, C(CH 3 )(OH), or C(H)(cycloalkyl), which CH 2 , C(H)(NH 2 ), C ⁇ N—NH 2 , C ⁇ NH, C ⁇ N-cycloalkyl, C ⁇ NC(EtOH) 3 , C ⁇ NCH(EtOH) 2 , C ⁇ NEtOH, C(CH 3 )(OH), or C(H)(cycloalkyl), are optionally substituted with one or more of halogen, hydroxy (—OH), methanoyl (—COH),
  • X 1 and X 2 are the same or different and each is independently selected from CH 2 , O, C ⁇ O, C ⁇ NH, C ⁇ N-cycloalkyl, C ⁇ NC(EtOH) 3 , C ⁇ NCH(EtOH) 2 , C ⁇ NEtOH, C(CH 3 )(OH), or C(H)(cycloalkyl).
  • R 1 and R 2 are the same or different and each is independently selected from H, OH, halogen, methanoyl (—COH), —OCF 3 , —COCH 3 , carbonyl, carboxy (—CO 2 H), ethynyl (—CCH), cyano (—CN), amine, —NO 2 , sulfo (—SO 3 H), C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, C 2 -C 4 alkynyl, C 1 -C 3 alkoxy, methyl, ethyl, perfluorinated methyl, perfluorinated ethyl, which H, OH, methanoyl (—COH), —COCH 3 , carbonyl, carboxy (—CO 2 H), ethynyl (—CCH), sulfo (—SO 3 H), C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, carbonyl,
  • R 1 and R 2 are the same or different and each is independently selected from H, OH, halogen, methanoyl (—COH), —OCF 3 , —COCH 3 , carbonyl, carboxy (—CO 2 H), cyano (—CN), amine, —NO 2 , methoxy, ethoxy, methyl, ethyl, perfluorinated methyl, or perfluorinated ethyl.
  • the compound (a) is not I-1, I-2, I-3, I-5, I-7, I-20, I-26, I-27, I-28, I-33, I-53, I-54, I-55, I-56, I-57, I-59, I-94, I-98, II-99, II-100, II-101, II-102, II-103, II-118, II-119, II-120, II-121, and II-122, (b) is a compound selected from Table 1, or (c) both.
  • the compound (a) is not I-1, I-3, I-5, I-7, I-20, I-26, I-27, I-28, I-33, I-53, I-54, I-55, I-56, I-57, I-59, I-94, I-98, II-99, II-100, II-101, II-102, II-103, II-118, II-119, II-120, II-121, and II-122, (b) is a compound selected from Table 1, or (c) both.
  • Some embodiments of the invention include a urolithin derivative having a chemical group substitution of the urolithin cyclic ester resulting in improved potency of the derivative as compared to urolithin A, or improved stability of the derivative at acidic pH and/or in presence of esterase and/or protease as compared to urolithin A.
  • the urolithin cyclic ester is replaced with a cyclic ether.
  • the urolithin cyclic ether comprises one or more substituents.
  • the cyclic ether substituents are independently selected from halo, amine, substituted amine, hydroxyl, and a C5 or C6 heterocycle having one or two heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, or S.
  • the urolithin cyclic ester is replaced with a carbocycle having adjacent carbonyl groups.
  • the urolithin cyclic ester is replaced with a cyclic alkenyl group, which is optionally aromatic, and optionally substituted.
  • the cyclic alkenyl group has one or more substituents.
  • the cyclic alkenyl group substituents are independently selected from ketone, optionally substituted imine, optionally substituted amine, halo, and hydroxyl.
  • the urolithin cyclic ester is replaced with a cyclic amide.
  • the urolithin cyclic ester is replaced with a non-cyclic bridge.
  • the urolithin aromatic groups have one or more substituents. In other embodiments, the aromatic groups are phenyl groups which are optionally substituted.
  • the one or more aromatic substituents are independently selected from hydroxyl, alkoxy, halo, amine, a 5 or 6 membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, nitro, nitrile, alkyl, alkyl ether, and haloalkyl.
  • one or more urolithin aromatic rings are heterocyclic.
  • the heteroatoms of the heterocyclic ring are independently selected from N, O, and S.
  • substituents of each aromatic ring together form a second bridging ring.
  • the second bridging ring is identical in structure to a first bridging ring.
  • the second bridging ring is different in structure to the first bridging ring.
  • compositions comprising a compound of any compound disclosed herein (e.g., Formula (I), (II), (III), (IA), I-1, or I-2, or a urolithin derivative).
  • the amount of the compound in the composition is from about 0.0001% (by weight total composition) to about 99%.
  • the composition further comprises a formulary ingredient, an adjuvant, or a carrier.
  • the composition further comprises 5-florouracil.
  • Some embodiments of the invention include a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of any compound disclosed herein (e.g., Formula (I), (II), (III), (IA), I-1, or I-2, or a urolithin derivative).
  • the amount of the compound in the pharmaceutical composition is from about 0.0001% (by weight total composition) to about 50%.
  • the pharmaceutical composition further comprises a formulary ingredient, an adjuvant, or a carrier.
  • the pharmaceutical composition further comprises 5-florouracil.
  • Some embodiments of the invention include methods for providing an animal with a compound comprising one or more administrations of one or more compositions comprising any compound disclosed herein (e.g., Formula (I), (II), (III), (IA), 1-1, or I-2, a urolithin derivative), wherein the compositions may be the same or different if there is more than one administration.
  • at least one of the one or more compositions further comprises a formulary ingredient.
  • at least one of the one or more compositions comprises any composition as disclosed herein or any pharmaceutical as disclosed herein.
  • At least one of the one or more administrations comprises parenteral administration, a mucosal administration, intravenous administration, subcutaneous administration, topical administration, intradermal administration, oral administration, sublingual administration, intranasal administration, or intramuscular administration.
  • at least one composition used for at least one administration is different from the composition of at least one other administration.
  • the compound of at least one of the one or more compositions is administered to the animal in an amount of from about 0.01 mg/kg animal body weight to about 50 mg/kg animal body weight.
  • the animal is a human, a rodent, or a primate.
  • Some embodiments of the invention include a method for treating an animal for a disease, comprising one or more administrations of one or more compositions comprising any compound disclosed herein (e.g., Formula (I), (II), (III), (IA), I-1, or I-2, a urolithin derivative), wherein the compositions may be the same or different if there is more than one administration.
  • at least one of the one or more compositions further comprises a formulary ingredient.
  • at least one of the one or more of any of the compositions disclosed herein or the pharmaceutical composition any of the compositions disclosed herein.
  • At least one of the one or more administrations comprises parenteral administration, a mucosal administration, intravenous administration, subcutaneous administration, topical administration, intradermal administration, oral administration, sublingual administration, intranasal administration, or intramuscular administration.
  • at least one composition used for at least one administration is different from the composition of at least one other administration.
  • the compound of at least one of the one or more compositions is administered to the animal in an amount of from about 0.005 mg/kg animal body weight to about 50 mg/kg animal body weight.
  • the animal is a human, a rodent, or a primate.
  • the animal is in need of the treatment.
  • the method is for treating alcoholic liver disease (ALD), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), intestinal permeability, leaky gut, metal induced gut leakiness, stress induced gut leakiness, radiation induced gut permeability, colitis, local inflammation, inflammation in the brain, inflammation in the mouth, inflammation in the esophagus, inflammation in the stomach, inflammation in the small intestine, systemic inflammation, inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, infection-induced inflammatory disease, sepsis, sepsis-induced kidney injury, sepsis-induced lung injury, scleroderma, vasculitis, drug-induced vasculitis, neuroinflammatory disorders, Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, anxiety, depression, metabolic stress, cardiovascular disease, sarcopenia, muscle degenerative disease, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, drug-induced liver injury, alpha-antitrypsin deficiency, ischemia/reperfusion injury, obesity,
  • ALD
  • the method is for treating alcoholic liver disease (ALD), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), colitis, intestinal permeability, leaky gut, metal induced gut leakiness, stress induced gut leakiness, radiation induced gut permeability, local inflammation, systemic inflammation, inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, infection-induced inflammatory disease, sepsis, sepsis-induced kidney injury, sepsis-induced lung injury, scleroderma, vasculitis, drug-induced vasculitis, neuroinflammatory disorders, Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, cancer, cancerous tumors, breast cancer, colon cancer, or fibrosis.
  • ALD alcoholic liver disease
  • NASH non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
  • colitis intestinal permeability
  • leaky gut leaky gut
  • metal induced gut leakiness stress induced gut leakiness
  • radiation induced gut permeability local inflammation
  • systemic inflammation inflammatory bowel disease
  • ulcerative colitis Crohn's disease
  • the method is for treating alcoholic liver disease (ALD), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), intestinal permeability, leaky gut, metal induced gut leakiness, stress induced gut leakiness, radiation induced gut permeability, local inflammation, systemic inflammation, inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, sepsis, Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, cancer, cancerous tumors, breast cancer colon cancer, or fibrosis.
  • ALD alcoholic liver disease
  • NASH non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
  • intestinal permeability leaky gut
  • metal induced gut leakiness metal induced gut leakiness
  • stress induced gut leakiness stress induced gut leakiness
  • radiation induced gut permeability local inflammation
  • systemic inflammation inflammatory bowel disease
  • ulcerative colitis Crohn's disease
  • sepsis Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease
  • cancer cancerous tumors
  • breast cancer colon cancer or fibrosis.
  • the method is for treating vasculitis, drug-induced vasculitis, scleroderma, internal vascular bleeding, drug-induced internal bleeding, atopic dermatitis, perfusion-related injury, perfusion related inflammation, diabetic retinopathy, celiac disease, Non-Alcoholic SteatoHepatitis (NASH), Alcoholic SteatoHepatitis (ASH), metabolic stress, cardiovascular disease, sarcopenia, muscle degenerative disease, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, alcoholic liver disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, drug-induced liver injury, chronic kidney disease, alpha-antitrypsin deficiency, ischemia/reperfusion injury, inflammation, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, obesity, metabolic syndrome, type II diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, osteoarthritis, neurodegenerative disease, neuroinflammatory disorder, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, myotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), pulmonary fibrosis, chronic o
  • the method is for treating cancer and the cancer is pancreatic cancer, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, lung cancer, liver cancer, colorectal cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer, melanoma, cutaneous malignant melanoma, melanoma tumorigenesis, bladder cancer, prostate cancer, malignant nerve sheath tumors, multiple myeloma, breast cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, lymphoma, leukemia, bone marrow cancer, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, glioblastoma multiforme, endometrial cancer, kidney cancer, basal cell carcinoma, thyroid cancer, neuroblastoma, ovarian cancer, renal cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), acute lymphoblastic leukemia, rhabdomyosarcoma, meningioma, gastric cancer, G
  • CLL
  • Some embodiments of the invention include a method of inducing the expression of tight junction proteins in a tissue, comprising administering an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a urolithin structural analogue to a subject in need.
  • a method of inducing the expression of tight junction proteins in a tissue comprising administering an effective amount of the composition of any compound disclosed herein (e.g., Formula (I), (II), (III), (IA), I-1, or I-2, a urolithin derivative) to a subject in need.
  • the subject exhibits symptoms of gastrointestinal permeability or inflammation, and the composition is administered to the small and/or large intestine.
  • the subject has an inflammatory bowel disease.
  • the inflammatory bowel disease is Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis.
  • the subject has celiac disease.
  • the inflammatory bowel disease comprises colonic inflammation.
  • the composition is administered systemically in an amount effect to improve endothelial or vascular barrier integrity in organs.
  • the organs are one or more selected from liver, kidneys, pancreas, heart, lungs, skin, muscle, fat, brain, eyes, bone, and intestine.
  • the subject has a condition selected from vasculitis, drug-induced vasculitis, scleroderma, internal vascular bleeding, drug-induced internal bleeding, atopic dermatitis, perfusion-related injury, perfusion related inflammation, and diabetic retinopathy.
  • Some embodiments of the invention include a method of treating systemic inflammation comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a composition comprising any compound disclosed herein (e.g., Formula (I), (II), (III), (IA), I-1, or I-2, a urolithin derivative).
  • the composition is administered enterally or parenterally.
  • the subject has or is at risk of sepsis or an infection-induced inflammatory disease.
  • the subject has or is at risk of alcoholic liver disease (ALD).
  • ABD alcoholic liver disease
  • the subject has or is at risk of Non-Alcoholic SteatoHepatitis (NASH) or Alcoholic SteatoHepatitis (ASH).
  • the subject has inflammation of one or more organs or tissues selected from liver, kidneys, pancreas, heart, lungs, skin, muscle, fat, brain, eyes, bone, marrow, intestine, and cartilage.
  • Some embodiments of the invention include a method for treating neuroinflammatory disorder comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a composition comprising any compound disclosed herein (e.g., Formula (I), (II), (III), (IA), I-1, or I-2, a urolithin derivative).
  • the neuroinflammatory disorder is Alzheimer's Disease.
  • the neuroinflammatory disorder is Parkinson's Disease.
  • the neuroinflammatory disorder is a neurodegenerative disease, which is optionally multiple sclerosis.
  • Some embodiments of the invention include a method for treating anxiety or depression, comprising administering an effective amount of the composition comprising any compound disclosed herein (e.g., Formula (I), (II), (III), (IA), I-1, or I-2, a urolithin derivative) to a subject in need, in an amount effective to inhibit monoamine oxidase enzymes in the subject.
  • the composition is administered systemically or locally to the brain.
  • the composition is administered enterally, parenterally, or intranasally.
  • Some embodiments of the invention include a method of enhancing airway barrier integrity in lungs comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a composition comprising any compound disclosed herein (e.g., Formula (I), (II), (III), (IA), I-1, or I-2, a urolithin derivative).
  • the subject has pulmonary fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), acute lung injury, blood transfusion related acute lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or asthma.
  • COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • Some embodiments of the invention include a method of improving or increasing autophagy in a subject, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of the composition comprising any compound disclosed herein (e.g., Formula (I), (II), (III), (IA), I-1, or I-2, a urolithin derivative).
  • autophagy is improved or increased in a tissue or organ of the subject selected from brain, eye, skin, bone, marrow, cartilage, heart, lung, stomach, intestine, liver, pancreas, kidney, muscle, and fat.
  • autophagy is improved or increased in cells of the subject selected from adult stem cells, differentiated cells, blood cells, hematopoietic cells, endothelial cells, epithelial cells, exocrine cells, endocrine cells, connective tissue cells, adipose cells, bone cells, smooth muscle cells, striated muscle cells, nerve cells, sensory cells, cardiac cells, hepatic cells, gastric cells, intestinal cells, pulmonary cells, kidney cells, and germ cells.
  • adult stem cells differentiated cells, blood cells, hematopoietic cells, endothelial cells, epithelial cells, exocrine cells, endocrine cells, connective tissue cells, adipose cells, bone cells, smooth muscle cells, striated muscle cells, nerve cells, sensory cells, cardiac cells, hepatic cells, gastric cells, intestinal cells, pulmonary cells, kidney cells, and germ cells.
  • the subject has a disease or condition selected from metabolic stress, cardiovascular disease, sarcopenia, muscle degenerative disease, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, alcoholic liver disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, drug-induced liver injury, chronic kidney disease, alpha-antitrypsin deficiency, ischemia/reperfusion injury, inflammation, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, obesity, metabolic syndrome, type II diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, osteoarthritis, neurodegenerative disease, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), cancer, cognitive disorder, stress, and mood disorder, whereby the administering treats or ameliorates the disease or condition.
  • a disease or condition selected from metabolic stress, cardiovascular disease, sarcopenia, muscle degenerative disease, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, alcoholic liver disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, drug-induced liver injury, chronic kidney disease, alpha-antitrypsin deficiency, ischemia/reperfusion injury, inflammation, inflammatory bowel
  • Some embodiments of the invention include a method of increasing longevity in a subject, comprising administering to a subject a regimen of the composition comprising any compound disclosed herein (e.g., Formula (I), (II), (III), (IA), I-1, or I-2, a urolithin derivative) effective to increase longevity in an animal.
  • the subject is a vertebrate animal.
  • the subject is a mammal, which is optionally a primate.
  • the subject is a human.
  • the subject is a veterinary patient.
  • Some embodiments of the invention include a method of increasing autophagy in a cell, comprising contacting a cell with an effective amount of any compound disclosed herein (e.g., Formula (I), (II), (III), (IA), I-1, or I-2, a urolithin derivative).
  • the autophagy is mitophagy.
  • the cell is selected from: embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, adult stem cells, differentiated cells, blood cells, hematopoietic cells, epithelial cells, exocrine cells, endocrine cells, connective tissue cells, adipose cells, bone cells, smooth muscle cells, striated muscle cells, nerve cells, sensory cells, cardiac cells, hepatic cells, gastric cells, intestinal cells, pulmonary cells, kidney cells, and germ cells.
  • Some embodiments of the invention include a method of increasing longevity of eukaryotic cells in vitro, comprising contacting the cells with any compound disclosed herein (e.g., Formula (I), (II), (III), (IA), I-1, or I-2, a urolithin derivative) to increase longevity of the cells.
  • the eukaryotic cells are eukaryotic cells in primary culture.
  • the eukaryotic cells are part of a cell line.
  • the eukaryotic cells are cells selected from: embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, adult stem cells, differentiated cells, blood cells, hematopoietic cells, epithelial cells, exocrine cells, endocrine cells, connective tissue cells, adipose cells, bone cells, smooth muscle cells, striated muscle cells, nerve cells, sensory cells, cardiac cells, hepatic cells, gastric cells, intestinal cells, pulmonary cells, kidney cells, and germ cells.
  • the eukaryotic cells are cells selected from: embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and adult stem cells.
  • Some embodiments of the invention include a method for preparing a compound of Formula (I) comprising (a) reacting a compound of Formula (V) with a compound of Formula (VI) to result in a mixture comprising a compound of Formula (VII); (b) reacting the compound of Formula (VII) with a suitable compound to result in a mixture comprising a compound of Formula (I); (c) optionally further reacting the compound of Formula (I) to result in a different compound of Formula (I) so that the identity of one or more of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , X 1 or X 2 is changed by the further reacting; and (d) recovering Formula (I).
  • Formula (V) is
  • R 20 is a halogen
  • the suitable compound in step b comprises Ti(IV)chloride, molybdenum(V)chloride, or a combination thereof.
  • Formula (I) is Formula (IA), I-1, or I-2.
  • R 20 is Cl or
  • FIG. 1 UAS03 is a potent anti-inflammatory structural analogue of UroA and induces tight junction proteins.
  • A Chemical structures of UroA, UAS03. UroA/UAS03 stability was examined in the presence of gastric pH 2.0 and digestive enzymes. UroA and UAS03 (0.2 mg/ml) were incubated with digestive enzymes (esterases and proteases, 100 U/ml) for 12 h at 37° C. and compound levels were quantified.
  • B BMDMs were stimulated with LPS (50 ng/ml) without or with UroA (blue line)/UAS03 (purple line) (0.1, 1, 10, 25 and 50 ⁇ M) for 6 hours.
  • IL-6 and TNF- ⁇ levels in supernatants were measured.
  • D Canonical pathway analysis of RNA-Seq data. HT29 cells were treated with Vehicle or UroA (50 ⁇ M) for 24 h and total RNA was isolated and performed RNA-Seq using Illumina HiSeq as described in methods. Pathway analysis was performed using Ingenuity pathway analysis by uploading genes that are up or down regulated (p ⁇ 0.05).
  • E-F RNA-seq analysis-UroA upregulated HMOX1, CLDN4 and CYP1A1 genes.
  • HT29 cells were treated with Vehicle or UroA (50 ⁇ M) for 24 h and total RNA was isolated and performed RNA-Seq using Illumina Next Seq 500 as described in methods.
  • E Genes with a Log Fc>0.8 were clustered using Euclidian Distance as dissimilarity measure. Genes of interest are highlighted from left: HMOX1, CLDN4, CYP1A1. Heat map generated using Partek program.
  • (F) Gene counts and respective fold changes of selected genes, Claudin 4 (Cldn4), Cytochrome P450 1A1 (Cyp1A1) and hemoxygenase (HMOX1, HO1) are shown.
  • G-I HT29 or Caco2 cells were treated with vehicle (DMSO-0.01%) or UroA/UAS03 (50 ⁇ M) for 24 h.
  • G The fold changes in mRNA levels of claudin 4 (Cldn4), occludin (Ocln) and Zona occludens 1 (ZO1) in HT29 cells were determined by RT PCR method.
  • UroA/UAS03 induced protein expression of Cldn4, Ocln and ZO1 in HT29 cells were determined by immunoblots and quantified by Image J software.
  • FIG. 2 UroA/UAS03 enhance tight junction proteins in AhR dependent manner.
  • A HT29 cells were treated with vehicle (DMSO-0.01%)/UroA/UAS03 (50 ⁇ M) for 24 h.
  • mRNA levels of Cytochrome P450 1A1 (Cyp1A1) was measured by RT PCR.
  • B Cyp1A1 protein levels were measured using immunoblots and quantified band intensities by Image J software.
  • Cyp1A1 enzyme activity was measured by P450-Glo Cyp1A1 assay.
  • HT29 cells were treated with UroA or UAS03 (0.1, 1, 10, 25, 50 ⁇ M) or FICZ (0.1, 1, 10, 25, 50 nM) for 24 h and enzyme Cyp1A1 activity was measured.
  • D HT29 cells treated (quadruplicate wells) with UroA or UAS03 (50 ⁇ M) or TCDD (10 nM) or FICZ (100 nM) or BNF (50 ⁇ M) for 24 h and Cyp1A1 enzyme activity was measured using EROD assay as described in methods.
  • Statistics performed using unpaired t-test using Graphpad Prism software. Error bars, ⁇ SEM; ***p ⁇ 0.001; **p ⁇ 0.01; **p ⁇ 0.05.
  • ⁇ -naphthoflavone BNF, 40 mg/kg/day
  • 5,11-Dihydroindolo[3,2-b]carbazole-6-carboxaldehyde FCCZ, 1 ⁇ g/mouse/day
  • BNF 40 mg/kg/day
  • FICZ 5,11-Dihydroindolo[3,2-b]carbazole-6-carboxaldehyde
  • the Cyp1A1 enzyme activity was measured using EROD and P450-Glo Cyp1A1 assay methods.
  • (I) The cells expressing AhR-reporter (luciferase) were treated with Veh or UroA/UAS03 or ellagic acid (EA) or MeBio (AhR high affinity ligand) for 6 h and fold change of luminescence over vehicle treatment was measured.
  • Cyp1A1 gene was deleted using CRISPR/Cas9 method in HT29 cells.
  • P The basal level expression of Cldn4 were examined in parental HT29 or Cyp1A1 (CRISPR/Cas9) cells by Western blots and quantified.
  • Q Parental HT29 or Cyp1A1 (CRISPR/Cas9) cells were treated with Veh or UroA or UAS03 (50 ⁇ M) for 24 h. Expression of Cyp1A1 and Cldn4 was measured by Western blots. Three independent replicates of Western blots were used to quantify band intensities by Image J software.
  • S mRNA levels of Cldn4 were measured by Real time PCR from treatments as described in FIG. 2Q . All in vitro studies were performed in triplicates. Error bars, ⁇ SEM; ***p ⁇ 0.001; **p ⁇ 0.01; *p ⁇ 0.05; ns: not significant.
  • FIG. 3 Nrf2 has a role in UroA/UAS03 mediated upregulation of tight junction proteins.
  • A-B AhR-ligand Chip-seq analysis of MCF-7 cells. Publically available ChIP-Atlas ( ⁇ http://chip-atlas.org/target_genes>>) Chip-seq analysis of AhR ligand.
  • AhR targets Nrf2 and Cyp1A1 genes. (“http://dbarchive.biosciencedbc.jp/kyushu-u/hg19/target/AHR.1.html”).
  • AhR also target tight junction proteins such as TJP1, 2, 3, Ocln, Clnd2,3 and 5.
  • C-F UroA and UAS03 upregulate expression of Nrf2-target genes.
  • E-F HT-29 cell lysates prepared similar to described above and immunoblotted for HO1 using anti-HO1 (E) and NQO1 (F) using anti-NQO1. The quantification of immunoblots were performed using Image J software.
  • G Nrf2 levels were determined by immunoblots in HT29 cells treated with vehicle/UroA/UAS03 (50 ⁇ M) for 24 h.
  • H Nrf2 expression in cytosolic and nuclear fractions of HT29 cells treated with Veh/UroA/UAS03 (50 ⁇ M) for 6 h.
  • UroA/UAS03 induce Cldn4 in AhR and Nrf2 dependent manner (In vivo treatment studies).
  • Nrf2 is upregulated upon UroA/UAS03 treatment of wild type mice.
  • (Q) Colons from untreated C57BL/6 (WT), Nrf2 ⁇ / ⁇ and AhR ⁇ / ⁇ mice (n 3) were isolated and the basal level of expressions of NQO1 and Cldn4 were measured by immunoblots as described in methods.
  • (R) C57BL/6 (WT), Nrf2 ⁇ / ⁇ and AhR ⁇ / ⁇ mice (n 4) treated with vehicle (0.25% Na-CMC) or UroA (20 mg/kg/daily) or UAS03 (20 mg/kg/daily) for one week.
  • Colon tissue lysates were prepared and examined expression of Cldn4 and NQO1 by Western blots.
  • UroA/UAS03 failed to upregulate Cldn4 and NQO1 in Nrf2 ⁇ / ⁇ , AhR ⁇ / ⁇ mice.
  • the immunoblots represent independent replicates to support the data in FIG. 3F .
  • (B) disease activity index, (C) intestinal permeability, (D) colon lengths were measured.
  • (J) Cldn4 expression in the colons of these mice (n 3) was measured by immunoblots and quantified.
  • K-P Single dose of UroA and UAS03 protects against TNBS-induced colitis in mice.
  • K Experimental design and changes in body weights (%) are shown.
  • FIG. 5 UroA/UAS03 prevent TNBS-induced colitis and sustain beneficial barrier activities.
  • B Post-TNBS treatment.
  • J colon lengths
  • K Intestinal permeability with FITC-dextran assay were determined.
  • L Serum cytokines were measured using standard ELISA kits.
  • M Representative colon H&E section photomicrographs were captured using Aperio Image Scope. The scale bar indicates 1 mm.
  • Statistical analysis was performed (unpaired t-test) using Graphpad Prism software. Error bars, ⁇ SEM ***p ⁇ 0.001; **p ⁇ 0.01; *p ⁇ 0.05. ns: not significant.
  • FIG. 6 Treatment with UroA/UAS03 mitigate DSS-induced chronic colitis.
  • CMC sodium carboxymethylcellulose
  • CMC vehicle
  • B Intestinal permeability using FITC-dextran was evaluated.
  • C Representative colon images
  • D colon lengths
  • E ratios of colon weight/length are shown.
  • F Serum levels of IL-6, IL-1 ⁇ and TNF- ⁇ were measured using ELISA methods.
  • G MPO levels were determined in colon tissues.
  • Cldn4 expression in the colons of these mice (n 3) was measured by immunoblots. Statistics performed using unpaired t-test using Graphpad Prism software. Error bars, ⁇ SEM ***p ⁇ 0.001; **p ⁇ 0.01 *p ⁇ 0.05.
  • FIG. 7 UroA/UAS03 utilize Nrf2 pathways to mitigate colitis.
  • A TNBS-induced colitis experimental design and treatment regimen.
  • FIG. 8 UroA/UAS03 exert beneficial activities through AhR-dependent pathways.
  • A TNBS-induced colitis experimental design and treatment regimen.
  • UroA/UAS03 (L:ligands) bind to AhR and activate its nuclear translocation to induce expression of Cyp1A1 and Nrf2. Further, UroA/UAS03 appears to cause Nrf2 dependent upregulation of tight junction proteins and enhanced barrier function.
  • H LPS (50 ng/ml)-induced IL-6 levels were measured in the presence of Vehicle or UroA or UAS03 (0.1, 1, 10, 20, 30 and 50 ⁇ M) in bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDM) from wild type (WT), Nrf2 ⁇ / ⁇ and AhR ⁇ / ⁇ mice. The data is representative of two independent experiments with triplicates. Statistical analysis was performed (unpaired t-test) using Graphpad Prism software. Error bars, ⁇ SEM ***p ⁇ 0.001; **p ⁇ 0.01 *p ⁇ 0.05.
  • FIG. 9 (A) Detail analysis of percent body weight loss of data presented in FIG. 7B . The data is separately presented for each time point (No TNBS—Solid black line; Veh+TNBS—Solid red line; UroA+TNBS—Solid blue line; UAS03+TNBS—Solid purple line). (B) Detail analysis of percent body weight loss of data presented in FIG. 8B . The data is separately presented for each time point. (No TNBS—Solid black line; Veh+TNBS—Solid red line; UroA+TNBS—Solid blue line; UAS03+TNBS—Solid purple line). (C-G) UroA/UAS03 activate Nrf2-dependent pathways in BMDM.
  • BMDM Wild type BMDM were isolated and cultured for 7 days. BMDM were treated with Veh (0.01% DMSO) or UroA or UAS03 (50 ⁇ M) for 6 h and total RNA was isolated. Nrf2 levels were measured using SyBR green Real Time PCR method.
  • Veh or UroA or UAS03 treated BMDM cell lysates were immunoblotted for Nrf2.
  • E The nuclear and cytosolic fractions of BMDMs were immnunobloted for Nr2. Earn in B and ⁇ -actin were used as normalizing proteins.
  • BMDM cells were grown on cover slip bottom fluorodishes overnight and treated with Vehicle or UroA (50 ⁇ M) or UAS03 (50 ⁇ M) for 6 h.
  • the expression of Nrf2 was determined by immunofluorescence staining using anti-Nrf2 followed by secondary antibody tagged with Alexa-488 dye and DAPI was used to stain nucleus.
  • Raw 267.4 cells (H) or BMDMs (I) were treated with LPS (50 ng/mL) in the presence or absence of UroA or UAS03 (25 ⁇ M) for 6 hr and nuclear extract (2 ⁇ g) was used to determine NF- ⁇ B binding by EMSA.
  • J-L UroA/UAS03 mediate anti-inflammatory activities through AhR.
  • J-K The IL-6 data represented as fold over its own basal level. The absolute values are provided in main figures ( FIGS. 7F and 8F ). Serum IL-6 changes in TNBS-induced colitis model in (J) WT and Nrf2 ⁇ / ⁇ mice; (K) WT and AhR ⁇ / ⁇ mice. (L).
  • FIG. 10 Synthesis of UAS03.
  • the compound UAS03 has been synthesized by reducing the lactone to cyclic ether as described herein.
  • FIG. 11 UroA reduces the LPS and EtOH induced TNF- ⁇ in human primary monocytes.
  • A Human primary monocytes treated with UroA and LPS (50 ng/ml) for 6 h. The TNF- ⁇ in supernatant was measured.
  • B Human primary monocytes were exposed to EtOH (25 mM) for 7 days. LPS (50 ng/ml) and UroA were added at day 6 and incubated for 24 h. The TNF- ⁇ levels in supernatant were measured using standard ELISA methods. Statistics performed using unpaired t-test using Graphpad Prism software. Error bars, ⁇ SEM; ***p ⁇ 0.001; **p ⁇ 0.01
  • FIG. 12 UroA/UAS03 protect from LPS or alcohol induced depletion of Ocln and protected permeability.
  • A Caco 2 cells were treated with LPS for 24 h at indicated doses and Western blots performed to determine expression of Ocln.
  • B Caco2 cells were treated with LPS in combination with UroA or UAS03 (10, 25, 50 ⁇ M) for 24 h and determined Ocln expression.
  • FIG. 13 Caco2 cells were grown as monolayer on transwell membrane filters.
  • A Cells were treated with 40 mM EtOH and FITC-dextran permeability was performed in time dependent manner.
  • B-F Cells were treated with respective Urolithins (50 ⁇ M) and Ellagic acid (50 ⁇ M) or different doses of UroA (B) for 24 hrs. After treatments, cells were treated with ethanol (40 mM) (B, D) or 400 mM (E, F), LPS (100 ng/mL), HMGB1 (500 ng/mL) for 2 hrs and washed with PBS.
  • FITC-Dex (1 mg/mL) solution was added (100 ⁇ l) on apical side. Permeability of FITC-Dex across the monolayer as well as TEER values were measured after 2 hr.
  • G-H UroA protects against EtOH induced TJ disruption in Caco-2 cells. Confocal images of TJ proteins staining. Statistics performed using unpaired t-test. *p ⁇ 0.05, **p ⁇ 0.01, *** p ⁇ 0.001, Error bars, ⁇ SEM.
  • FIG. 14 UAS03 protects against EtOH induced barrier dysfunction.
  • Caco2 cells on transwell membrane were pre-treated with vehicle or UroA or UAS03 (10, 25, 50 ⁇ M) for 24 h followed by addition of alcohol (2%) for 24 h.
  • TEER values (A) and the FITC-dextran permeability assay (B) was performed as described in FIG. 2 .
  • Statistics performed using unpaired t-test using Graphpad Prism software. Error bars, ⁇ SEM; ***p ⁇ 0.001; **p ⁇ 0.01.
  • Caco2 cells were treated with alcohol (EtOH) (350 mM or 2%) in the presence or with UroA or UAS03 (10, 25, 50 ⁇ M) for 24 h and determined expression of Ocln by Western blots. Representative of 3 independent blots was shown.
  • FIG. 15 UroA treatment reduces binge EtOH-induced ALD.
  • B In vivo permeability was measured by determining serum levels of FITC-Dextran post 4 h oral gavage of FITC-dextran
  • C Fecal albumin was measured using standard ELISA.
  • D-I Indicated serum cytokines/markers levels were measured in serum using standard ELISA.
  • FIG. 16 UroA treatment protects against EtOH induced ZO-1 disruption in small intestines. Confocal images of ZO-1 (green) and nucleus (DAPI staining). EtOH damaged ZO-1 proteins (middle panel) and UroA treatment protected from damage induced by EtOH (bottom panel).
  • FIG. 17 UroA protects against chronic low dose alcohol induced gut barrier dysfunction and inflammation.
  • C57BL/6 mice (10 wk old age) were used in low dose chronic ALD models. Mice were treated with EtOH (3 g/kg) daily twice orally for 5 days at 3 g/kg, UroA (20 mg/kg) was given orally 2 h prior to EtOH treatment. Mice were euthanized on day 6 and analyzed the indicated parameters. Error bars, ⁇ SEM. Statistics were performed using 2way ANOVA multiple comparisons. * p ⁇ 0.05, ** p ⁇ 0.01, *** p ⁇ 0.001.
  • FIG. 18 UAS03 mitigates chronic ALD.
  • B Gross images of colons
  • C colon lengths
  • D In vivo permeability using FITC-Dextran was measured.
  • E Serum ALT, AST, endotoxin, IL-6, TNF- ⁇ were measured using ELISA methods.
  • F H&E sections (20 ⁇ ) of liver are shown. Scale bar is 100 ⁇ m.
  • Fat droplets (white) are visible in EtOH group.
  • G The levels of triglycerides (TGs), IL-6, TNF- ⁇ and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were measured in liver tissues.
  • FIG. 19 UroA treatment failed in AhR ⁇ / ⁇ mice to protect against binge EtOH-induced ALD.
  • the Fecal albumin was measured using standard ELISA. Serum endotoxin, TNF- ⁇ , ALT as well as liver ALT and TG levels using ELISA methods. Error bars, ⁇ SEM. Statistics were performed using 2way ANOVA multiple comparisons. * p ⁇ 0.05, ** p ⁇ 0.01, *** p ⁇ 0.001.
  • FIG. 20 UroA treatment protects against EtOH-induced internalization of junctional proteins in colon epithelial cells.
  • ZO1 Zonula occludens
  • E-Cad E-cadherin
  • Ocln Occludin
  • Cldn4 Claudin 4
  • Cldn1 Claudin 1.
  • FIG. 21 UroA treatment protects against TNF- ⁇ and IFN- ⁇ induced permeability in Caco2 cells. Error bars, ⁇ SEM. Statistics were performed using 2way ANOVA multiple comparisons. * p ⁇ 0.05, ** p ⁇ 0.01, *** p ⁇ 0.001.
  • FIG. 22 UAS03 (Ether) attenuates septic mortality. Kaplan-Meir survival analysis for septic mice.
  • FIG. 23 Preventive and therapeutic effect of UAS03 (Ether) in septic animals. Kaplan-Meir survival analysis for UAS03 in preventive and therapeutic setting.
  • FIG. 24 UAS03 to attenuate Scleroderma associated vascular permeability in Snail transgenic mice. Evan's blue dye leakage assessment in back skin of mice.
  • FIG. 25 Expression for fibrosis associated genes in the back skin of the Snail transgenic mice. mRNA expression of Collagen in back skin of mice.
  • FIG. 26 UAS03 for Autophagy induction. Autophagosomes and autolysosomes formation seen under fluorescence microscope.
  • FIG. 27 Screening of UroA, UAS03 along with different analogues (PKL 3-10) for IL-6 and TNF- ⁇ in mice BMDMS at 10, 25 and 50 ⁇ M cone. (6 hrs).
  • FIG. 28 Screening of UroA, UAS03 along with different analogues (PKL 11-18) for IL-6 and TNF- ⁇ in mice BMDMS at 1, 10 and 50 ⁇ M cone. (6 hrs).
  • FIG. 29 Screening of UroA, UAS03 along with different analogues (PKL 3-18) for IL-6 and TNF- ⁇ in mice BMDMS at 10 ⁇ M cone. (6 hrs).
  • FIG. 30 Screening of UroA, UAS03, PKL 3, PKL4 and PKL 17 at 0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10 ⁇ M cone. (6 hrs).
  • FIG. 31 Primary screening (100 ⁇ M concentration) of UroA, UAS03 along with different analogues for MAO A and MAO B inhibition.
  • FIG. 32 Dose dependence (100 ⁇ M concentration) of UroA, UAS03 along with different analogues for MAO A and MAO B inhibition.
  • FIG. 33 Screening anti-inflammatory activities.
  • Mouse Bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) were stimulated with LPS (50 ng/ml) with or without compounds for 6 hours.
  • IL-6 and TNF- ⁇ levels in supernatants were measured using standard ELISA methods. Results are representative of three independent experiments with triplicates for each concentration.
  • FIG. 34 Activity of MAO enzymes in the presence of various compounds.
  • FIG. 35 Compounds tested against MAO-A and MAO-B activities and identified IC50 and Ki values.
  • FIG. 36 Compounds enhance endothelial barrier function and protect from endothelial barrier dysfunction.
  • FIG. 37 Compounds chemosensitize the chemoresistance cancers.
  • FIG. 38 Compounds show wound healing.
  • FIG. 39 UroA on the activity of P-glycoprotein (P-gp).
  • FIG. 40 Western blot analysis of EMT markers in parental and 5FUR HCT116 cells.
  • FIG. 41 Western blot analysis of EMT markers in 5FUR HCT116 cells in treated (72 h) with 5FU in the presence or absence of UroA/UAS03.
  • FIG. 42 Expression of MRP2 measured by real time PCR (A) and Western blots (B) in SW-5FUR colon cancer cell lines. (C) MRP2 activity is measured using CDCFDA (diacetate ester of 5(6)-carboxy-2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein) transporter assay in SW-FUR colon cancer cell lines.
  • CDCFDA diacetate ester of 5(6)-carboxy-2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein
  • FIG. 43 UroA/UAS03 down regulate drug transporters.
  • A Expression of MRP2 is measured by real time PCR upon treating with indicated doses of UroA or UAS03 in SW-5FUR colon cancer cell lines.
  • B MRP2 activity is measured using CDCFDA (diacetate ester of 5(6)-carboxy-2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein) transporter assay in SW-FUR colon cancer cell lines upon treating with UroA/USA03.
  • CDCFDA diacetate ester of 5(6)-carboxy-2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein
  • inventive compounds e.g., Formula (I), (IA), (II), and (III), and urolithin derivatives
  • compositions e.g., pharmaceutical compositions
  • Still other embodiments of the invention include compositions (e.g., pharmaceutical compositions) for treating, for example, certain diseases using the inventive compounds.
  • Some embodiments include methods of using the inventive compound (e.g., in compositions or in pharmaceutical compositions) for administering and treating (e.g., diseases). Further embodiments include methods for making the inventive compounds. Additional embodiments of the invention are also discussed herein.
  • alkyl means a monovalent, straight or branched hydrocarbon chain (e.g., C 1 -C 24 ).
  • C 1 -C 7 alkyl or C 1 -C 4 alkyl refer to straight- or branched-chain saturated hydrocarbon groups having from 1 to 7 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7), or 1 to 4 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4), carbon atoms, respectively.
  • C 1 -C 7 alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, n-hexyl, and n-septyl.
  • Examples of C 1 -C 4 alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, and t-butyl.
  • alkenyl means a monovalent, straight or branched hydrocarbon chain that includes one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4) double bonds (e.g., C 2 -C 24 ).
  • alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, vinyl, allyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, 1-pentenyl, 2-pentenyl, 3-pentenyl, 4-pentenyl, 1-hexenyl, 2-hexenyl, 3-hexenyl, 4-hexenyl, and 5-hexenyl.
  • alkoxy means any of the above alkyl groups which is attached to the remainder of the molecule by an oxygen atom (alkyl-O—) (e.g., C 1 -C 23 ).
  • alkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, methoxy (sometimes shown as MeO—), ethoxy, isopropoxy, propoxy, and butyloxy.
  • alkynyl means a monovalent, straight or branched hydrocarbon chain that includes one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4) triple bonds and that also may optionally include one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, or 4) double bonds in the chain (e.g., C 2 -C 24 ).
  • alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethynyl, 1-propynyl, 2-propynyl, 1-butynyl, 2-butynyl, 3-butynyl, 1-pentynyl, 2-pentynyl, 3-pentynyl, 4-pentynyl, 1-hexynyl, 2-hexynyl, 3-hexynyl, 4-hexynyl, and 5-hexynyl.
  • aryl means a monovalent, monocyclic or bicyclic, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 member aromatic hydrocarbon group which, when unsubstituted.
  • aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, tolyl, and xylyl.
  • a bicyclic aryl that is designated as substituted one or both rings can be substituted.
  • cycloalkyl means a monovalent, monocyclic or bicyclic, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 membered hydrocarbon group.
  • the rings can be saturated or partially unsaturated.
  • cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, and bicycloalkyls (e.g., bicyclooctanes such as [2.2.2]bicyclooctane or [3.3.0]bicyclooctane, bicyclononanes such as [4.3.0]bicyclononane, and bicyclodecanes such as [4.4.0]bicyclodecane (decalin), or spiro compounds), and adamantane.
  • bicyclooctanes such as [2.2.2]bicyclooctane or [3.3.
  • a monocyclic cycloalkyl the ring is not aromatic.
  • a bicyclic cycloalkyl if one ring is aromatic, then the other is not aromatic.
  • a bicyclic cycloalkyl that is designated as substituted one or both rings can be substituted.
  • halogen means monovalent Cl, F, Br, or I.
  • heteroaryl means a monovalent, monocyclic or bicyclic, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 membered, hydrocarbon group, where 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 carbon atoms are replaced by a hetero atom independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur atom, and the monocyclic or bicyclic ring system is aromatic.
  • heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, thienyl (or thiophenyl), furyl, indolyl, pyrrolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, oxazolyl, thiaxolyl, quinolinyl, pyrimidinyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, 1H-pyrazol-4-yl, l-Me-pyrazol-4-yl, pyridin-3-yl, pyridin-4-yl, 3,5-dimethylisoxazolyl, 1H-pyrrol-3-yl, 3,5-di-Me-pyrazolyl, and 1H-pyrazol-4-yl.
  • bicyclic heteroaryl if one ring is aryl, then the other is heteroaryl.
  • one or both rings can have one or more hetero atoms.
  • a bicyclic heteroaryl that is designated as substituted one or both rings can be substituted.
  • heterocyclyl means a monovalent, monocyclic or bicyclic, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 membered, hydrocarbon, where 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 carbon atoms are replaced by a hetero atom independently selected from nitrogen atom, oxygen atom, or sulfur atom, and the monocyclic or bicyclic ring system is not aromatic.
  • heterocyclyl groups include, but are not limited to, tetrahydropyran, pyrolidinyl (e.g., pyrrolidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-2-yl, pyrrolidin-3-yl, or pyrrolidin-4-yl), piperazinyl (e.g., piperazin-1-yl, piperazin-2-yl, piperazin-3-yl, or piperazin-4-yl), piperidinyl (e.g., piperadin-1-yl, piperadin-2-yl, piperadin-3-yl, or piperadin-4-yl), and morpholinyl (e.g., morpholin-1-yl, morpholin-2-yl, morpholin-3-yl, or morpholin-4-yl).
  • pyrolidinyl e.g., pyrrolidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-2-yl, pyrrolidin-3-yl, or
  • bicyclic heterocyclyl if one ring is aromatic (e.g., monocyclic aryl or heteroaryl), then the other ring is not aromatic.
  • one or both rings can have one or more hetero atoms.
  • a bicyclic heterocyclyl that is designated as substituted one or both rings can be substituted.
  • hetero atom means an atom selected from nitrogen atom, oxygen atom, or sulfur atom.
  • hydroxy indicates the presence of a monovalent —OH group.
  • substituted e.g., as in substituted alkyl
  • substituted alkyl means that one or more hydrogen atoms of a chemical group (with one or more hydrogen atoms) can be replaced by one or more non-hydrogen substituents selected from the specified options. The replacement can occur at one or more positions.
  • optionally substituted means that one or more hydrogen atoms of a chemical group (with one or more hydrogen atoms) can be, but is not required to be substituted.
  • Some compounds of the invention can have one or more chiral centers and can exist in and be isolated in optically active and racemic forms, for any of the one or more chiral centers. Some compounds can exhibit polymorphism.
  • the compounds of the present invention e.g., Formula I
  • Some embodiments of the invention include compounds of Formula (I), (II), or (III):
  • the bond between X 1 and X 2 is a single bond or a double bond.
  • the bond between X 7 and X 8 is a single bond or a double bond.
  • X 1 , X 2 , X 7 , and X 8 can be the same or different and each can be independently selected from CH, CH 2 , O, S, C—NH 2 , C—N ⁇ CH 2 , C(H)(NH 2 ), C ⁇ O, C ⁇ N—NH 2 , C ⁇ NH, C ⁇ N-cycloalkyl (e.g., C ⁇ N-adamantane), C ⁇ N—S(O)H, C ⁇ NC(EtOH) 3 , C ⁇ NCH(EtOH) 2 , C ⁇ NEtOH, C(CH 3 )(OH), N, NH, C-halogen, C(H)(halogen), C-(halogen) 2 , C-cycloalkyl, C-heterocyclyl
  • X 1 and X 2 can optionally be further cyclized to form a 5 or 6 membered cycloalkyl, 5 or 6 membered heterocyclyl, 5 or 6 membered aryl, or 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl, which 5 or 6 membered cycloalkyl, 5 or 6 membered heterocyclyl, 5 or 6 membered aryl, or 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl can be optionally substituted with one or more (e.g., 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6) of halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I), hydroxy (—OH), methanoyl (—COH), —COCH 3 , carboxy (—CO 2 H), ethynyl (—CCH), cyano (—CN), sulfo (—SO 3 H), methyl, ethyl, perfluorinated methyl, or perfluorinated ethyl.
  • halogen e.g.,
  • X 7 and X 8 can optionally be further cyclized to form a 5 or 6 membered cycloalkyl, 5 or 6 membered heterocyclyl, 5 or 6 membered aryl, or 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl, which 5 or 6 membered cycloalkyl, 5 or 6 membered heterocyclyl, 5 or 6 membered aryl, or 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl can be optionally substituted with one or more (e.g., 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6) of halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I), hydroxy (—OH), methanoyl (—COH), —COCH 3 , carboxy (—CO 2 H), ethynyl (—CCH), cyano (—CN), sulfo (—SO 3 H), methyl, ethyl, perfluorinated methyl, or perfluorinated ethyl.
  • halogen e.g.,
  • X 1 and X 2 will depend on whether there is a single or double bond between X 1 and X 2 ; the choice of X 7 and X 8 will depend on whether there is a single or double bond between X 7 and X 8 .
  • X 1 , X 2 , X 7 , and X 8 can be the same or different and each can be independently selected from CH 2 , O, C—NH 2 , C—N ⁇ CH 2 , C(H)(NH 2 ), C ⁇ O, C ⁇ N—NH 2 , C ⁇ NH, C ⁇ N-cycloalkyl (e.g., adamantane), C ⁇ N—S(O)H, C ⁇ NC(EtOH) 3 , C ⁇ NCH(EtOH) 2 , C ⁇ NEtOH, C(CH 3 )(OH), C-halogen, C(H)(halogen), C-(halogen) 2 , C-cycloalkyl, or C(H)(cycloalkyl), which CH 2 , C—NH 2 , C—N ⁇ CH 2 , C(H)(NH 2 ), C ⁇ N—NH 2 , C ⁇ NH, C ⁇ N-cycloalkyl (e.g., adamantane
  • X 1 and X 2 can further cyclize to form a pyrazinyl, 1,2,5-thiadiazole 1-oxide, or 2H-imidazol-2-one.
  • X 7 and X 8 can further cyclize to form a pyrazinyl, 1,2,5-thiadiazole 1-oxide, 2H-imidazol-2-one.
  • X 1 , X 2 , X 7 , and X 8 can be the same or different and each can be independently selected from CH 2 , O, C(H)(NH 2 ), C ⁇ O, C ⁇ N—NH 2 , C ⁇ NH, C ⁇ N-cycloalkyl (e.g., adamantane), C ⁇ NC(EtOH) 3 , C ⁇ NCH(EtOH) 2 , C ⁇ NEtOH, C(CH 3 )(OH), or C(H)(cycloalkyl).
  • X 1 , X 2 , X 7 , and X 8 can be the same or different and each can be independently selected from CH 2 , O, C ⁇ O, C ⁇ NH, C ⁇ N-cycloalkyl (e.g., adamantane), C ⁇ NC(EtOH) 3 , C ⁇ NCH(EtOH) 2 , C ⁇ NEtOH, C(CH 3 )(OH), or C(H)(cycloalkyl).
  • X 1 , X 2 , X 7 , and X 8 can be the same or different and each can be independently selected from CH 2 , O, C ⁇ O, C ⁇ N-cycloalkyl (e.g., adamantane), or C ⁇ NEtOH.
  • X 1 , X 2 , X 7 , and X 8 can be the same. In some embodiments, X 1 and X 2 can be the same. In some embodiments, X 1 and X 2 can be different. In some embodiments, X 7 and X 8 can be the same. In some embodiments, X 7 and X 8 can be different. In some embodiments, X 1 and X 7 can be the same. In some embodiments, X 1 and X 7 can be different. In some embodiments, X 2 and X 8 can be the same. In some embodiments, X 2 and X 8 can be different.
  • X 3 , X 4 , X 5 , and X 6 can be the same or different and each can be independently selected from CH or N, which CH can optionally be substituted with one or more (e.g., 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6) of halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I), hydroxy (—OH), methanoyl (—COH), —COCH 3 , carboxy (—CO 2 H), ethynyl (—CCH), cyano (—CN), sulfo (—SO 3 H), methyl, ethyl, perfluorinated methyl, or perfluorinated ethyl.
  • halogen e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I
  • hydroxy —OH
  • methanoyl —COH
  • —COCH 3 carboxy
  • carboxy —CO 2 H
  • ethynyl —CCH
  • cyano cyano
  • SO 3 H
  • X 3 , X 4 , X 5 , and X 6 can be the same or different and each can be independently selected from CH or N. In some embodiments, X 3 , X 4 , X 5 , and X 6 can be each CH.
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 can be the same or different and each can be independently selected from H, OH, halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I), methanoyl (—COH), —OCF 3 , —COCH 3 , carbonyl, carboxy (—CO 2 H), ethynyl (—CCH), cyano (—CN), amine, —NO 2 , sulfo (—SO 3 H), C 1 -C 4 alkyl (e.g., C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , or C 4 alkyl), C 2 -C 4 alkenyl (e.g., C 2 , C 3 , or C 4 alkenyl), C 2 -C 4 alkynyl (e.g., C 2 , C 3 , or C 4 alkynyl), C 1 -C 3 alkoxy (e.g., C 1 , C 1 , C
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 can be the same or different and each can be independently selected from H, OH, halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I), methanoyl (—COH), —OCF 3 , —COCH 3 , carbonyl, carboxy (—CO 2 H), cyano (—CN), amine, —NO 2 , methoxy, ethoxy, methyl, ethyl, perfluorinated methyl, perfluorinated ethyl, cycloalkyl (e.g., bicycloalkyl), or heterocyclyl (e.g., imidazolyl).
  • halogen e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I
  • methanoyl —COH
  • —OCF 3 —COCH 3
  • carbonyl carboxy (—CO 2 H)
  • amine —NO 2 , me
  • a compound is selected from Formula (IA):
  • X 1 , X 2 , R 1 , and R 2 are defined as above for Formula (I). In other embodiments (e.g., in Formula (I), (II), (III), or (IA)), X 1 and X 2 are the same. In yet other embodiments (e.g., in Formula (I), (II), (III), or (IA)), X 1 and X 2 are different. In other embodiments (e.g., in Formula (I), (II), (III), or (IA)), R 1 and R 2 are the same. In yet other embodiments (e.g., in Formula (I), (II), (III), or (IA)), R 1 and R 2 are different.
  • X 1 and X 2 can be the same or different and each can be independently selected from CH 2 , O, C(H)(NH 2 ), C ⁇ O, C ⁇ N—NH 2 , C ⁇ NH, C ⁇ N-cycloalkyl (e.g., adamantane), C ⁇ NC(EtOH) 3 , C ⁇ NCH(EtOH) 2 , C ⁇ NEtOH, C(CH 3 )(OH), or C(H)(cycloalkyl), which CH 2 , C(H)(NH 2 ), C ⁇ N—NH 2 , C ⁇ NH, C ⁇ N-cycloalkyl (e.g., adamantane), C ⁇ NC(EtOH) 3 , C ⁇ NCH(EtOH) 2 , C ⁇ NEtOH, C(CH 3 )(OH), or C(H)(cycloalkyl), can optionally be substituted
  • X 1 and X 2 can be the same or different and each can be independently selected from CH 2 , O, C(H)(NH 2 ), C ⁇ O, C ⁇ N—NH 2 , C ⁇ NH, C ⁇ N-cycloalkyl (e.g., adamantane), C ⁇ NC(EtOH) 3 , C ⁇ NCH(EtOH) 2 , C ⁇ NEtOH, C(CH 3 )(OH), or C(H)(cycloalkyl).
  • X 1 and X 2 can be the same or different and each can be independently selected from CH 2 , O, C ⁇ O, C ⁇ NH, C ⁇ N-cycloalkyl (e.g., adamantane), C ⁇ NC(EtOH) 3 , C ⁇ NCH(EtOH) 2 , C ⁇ NEtOH, C(CH 3 )(OH), or C(H)(cycloalkyl).
  • X 1 and X 2 can be the same or different and each can be independently selected from CH 2 , O, C ⁇ O, C ⁇ N-cycloalkyl (e.g., adamantane), or C ⁇ NEtOH.
  • R 1 and R 2 can be the same or different and each can be independently selected from H, OH, halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I), methanoyl (—COH), —OCF 3 , —COCH 3 , carbonyl, carboxy (—CO 2 H), ethynyl (—CCH), cyano (—CN), amine, —NO 2 , sulfo (—SO 3 H), C 1 -C 4 alkyl (e.g., C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , or C 4 alkyl), C 2 -C 4 alkenyl (e.g., C 2 , C 3 , or C 4 alkenyl), C 2 -C 4 alkynyl (e.g., C 2 , C 3 , or C 4 alkynyl), C 1 -C 3 alkoxy (e
  • R 1 and R 2 can be the same or different and each can be independently selected from H, OH, halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I), methanoyl (—COH), —OCF 3 , —COCH 3 , carbonyl, carboxy (—CO 2 H), cyano (—CN), amine, —NO 2 , methoxy, ethoxy, methyl, ethyl, perfluorinated methyl, or perfluorinated ethyl.
  • R 1 and R 2 can be the same or different and each can be independently selected from H, OH, or methoxy.
  • the compounds of Formulas (I), (IA), (II), or (III) can be selected from those specified in Table 1.
  • the table include compound numbers with leading zeros (e.g., I-001 or I-015). These compound numbers are sometimes identified without the leading zeros; the compound is the same with or without the leading zeros (e.g., compound I-001 is the same as compound I-1; compound I-015 is the same as compound I-15).
  • one or more of compounds I-1, I-3, I-5, I-7, I-20, I-26, I-27, I-28, I-33, I-53, I-54, I-55, I-56, I-57, I-59, I-94, I-98, II-99, II-100, II-101, II-102, II-103, II-118, II-119, II-120, II-121, or II-122 are excluded from the compounds of the invention.
  • compounds I-1, I-3, I-5, I-7, I-20, I-26, I-27, I-28, I-33, I-53, I-54, I-55, I-56, I-57, I-59, I-94, I-98, II-99, II-100, II-101, II-102, II-103, II-118, II-119, II-120, II-121, and II-122 are excluded from the compounds of the invention.
  • one or more of compounds I-1, I-2, I-3, I-5, I-7, I-20, I-26, I-27, I-28, I-33, I-53, I-54, I-55, I-56, I-57, I-59, I-94, I-98, II-99, II-100, II-101, II-102, II-103, II-118, II-119, II-120, II-121, or II-122 are excluded from the compounds of the invention.
  • compounds I-1, I-2, I-3, I-5, I-7, I-20, I-26, I-27, I-28, I-33, I-53, I-54, I-55, I-56, I-57, I-59, I-94, I-98, II-99, II-100, II-101, II-102, II-103, II-118, II-119, II-120, II-121, and II-122 are excluded from the compounds of the invention.
  • one or more of compounds I-1, I-2, I-3, I-5, I-20, I-26, I-27, I-28, I-33, I-53, I-54, I-55, I-56, I-59, I-94, I-98, II-99, II-100, II-101, II-102, II-103, II-118, II-119, II-120, II-121, or II-122 are excluded from the compounds of the invention.
  • compounds I-1, I-2, I-3, I-5, I-20, I-26, I-27, I-28, I-33, I-53, I-54, I-55, I-56, I-59, I-94, I-98, II-99, II-100, II-101, II-102, II-103, II-118, II-119, II-120, II-121, and II-122 are excluded from the compounds of the invention.
  • one or more of compounds I-20, I-26, I-27, I-28, I-33, I-53, I-54, I-55, I-98, II-99, II-100, II-101, II-102, II-103, II-118, II-119, II-120, II-121, or II-122 are excluded from the compounds of the invention.
  • compounds I-20, I-26, I-27, I-28, I-33, I-53, I-54, I-55, I-98, II-99, II-100, II-101, II-102, II-103, II-118, II-119, II-120, II-121, and II-122 are excluded from the compounds of the invention.
  • one or more of compounds I-1, I-2, I-3, I-5, I-7, I-20, I-56, I-57, I-59, or I-94 are excluded from the compounds of the invention.
  • compounds I-1, I-2, I-3, I-5, I-7, I-20, I-56, I-57, I-59, and I-94 are excluded from the compounds of the invention.
  • one or more of compounds I-1, I-2, I-3, I-5, I-20, I-56, I-59, or I-94 are excluded from the compounds of the invention. In some embodiments, compounds I-1, I-2, I-3, I-5, I-20, I-56, I-59, and I-94 are excluded from the compounds of the invention.
  • one or more of compounds I-1, I-2, I-3, or I-5 are excluded from the compounds of the invention. In some embodiments, compounds I-1, I-2, I-3, and I-5 are excluded from the compounds of the invention.
  • compound I-1 is excluded from the compounds of the invention.
  • compound I-2 is excluded from the compounds of the invention.
  • the compounds of the invention comprise I-1, I-2, I-3, I-4, I-5, I-6, I-7, I-8, I-9, I-10, I-11, I-12, I-13 I-14, I-15, I-16, or I-17. In some embodiments, the compounds of the invention comprise I-1, I-2, I-3, I-4, I-5, I-15, I-16, or I-17.
  • urolithin derivatives encompass one or more of Formula (I), Formula (IA), (II), or (III). In other embodiments, the compounds of Formula (I), Formula (IA), (II), or (III), or a combination thereof, encompass urolithin derivatives. In some embodiments, urolithin derivatives do not encompass one or more of Formula (I), Formula (IA), (II), or (III). In other embodiments, the compounds of Formula (I), Formula (IA), (II), or (III), or combinations thereof, do not encompass urolithin derivatives.
  • the compounds of Formula (I), Formula (IA), (II), or (III) can be in the form of salts, optical and geometric isomers, and salts of isomers.
  • the compounds can be in various forms, such as uncharged molecules, components of molecular complexes, or non-irritating pharmacologically acceptable salts, including but not limited to hydrochloride, hydrobromide, sulphate, phosphate, nitrate, borate, acetate, maleate, tartrate, and salicylate.
  • salts can include metals, amines, or organic cations (e.g. quaternary ammonium).
  • simple derivatives of the compounds e.g., ethers, esters, or amides
  • which have desirable retention and release characteristics but which are easily hydrolyzed by body pH, enzymes, or other suitable means can be employed.
  • the compounds of the invention having a chiral center and can exist in and be isolated in optically active and racemic forms. In other embodiments, compounds may exhibit polymorphism. Some embodiments of the present invention encompass any racemic, optically active, polymorphic, or stereoisomeric form, or mixtures thereof, of a compound described herein.
  • the preparation of optically active forms can be accomplished by any suitable method, including but not limited to, resolution of the racemic form by recrystallization techniques, synthesis from optically-active starting materials, chiral synthesis, or chromatographic separation using a chiral stationary phase.
  • the compounds of the invention can have an effect of (a) inhibiting Monoamino oxidase (MAO) enzyme activity, (b) inducing the expression of tight junction proteins (e.g., claudins family proteins (Cldn 1-27), Occludin, Zonula occludens (e.g., ZO-1, ZO-2), tight junction proteins (TJPs), junction-associated adhesion molecules (JAMs), or adherens junction proteins, such as vascular endothelial cadherins (VE-Cadherin)), (c) inducing the nuclear translocation and/or activation of AhR comprising, (d) inducing the nuclear translocation and/or activation of Nrf2, (e) inducing the expression of Cyp1A1 and/or Cyp1A2, or (f) increasing autophagy (e.g., mitophagy) in a cell
  • MAO Monoamino oxidase
  • tight junction proteins e.g.,
  • “Urolithins” can generally be described as comprising two aromatic rings with a non-aromatic bridging ring containing an ester (i.e., the bridging ring of urolithins is a “cyclic ester”), in a fused, three-ring system.
  • urolithin derivative refers to a compound having a structure derived from the structure of a urolithin and whose structure is sufficiently similar to a urolithin and based upon that similarity, would be expected by one skilled in the art to exhibit the same or similar activities and utilities as a urolithin, or to induce, as a precursor, the same or similar activities and utilities as a urolithin.
  • urolithin derivatives can have a chemical group substitution of the urolithin cyclic ester.
  • the urolithin derivatives can have improved potency as compared to urolithin A, or improved stability at acidic pH and/or in presence of esterase and/or protease as compared to urolithin A (See FIG. 1A ).
  • the structure of Urolithin A is shown herein as PKL-01 (Table 1).
  • the urolithin derivative has a cyclic ether in place of the urolithin cyclic ester.
  • the cyclic ether group comprises one or more substituents, such as (but not limited to) substituents independently selected from halo, amine, substituted amine (e.g., substituted with methyl, ethyl, or combinations thereof), hydroxyl, and a C5 or C6 heterocycle (e.g., heterocyclyl or heteroaryl), such as those having one or two heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, or S.
  • the urolithin derivative has, in place of the urolithin cyclic ester, a carbocycle (e.g., cycloalkyl or aryl) having adjacent carbonyl groups.
  • the urolithin derivative has, in place of the urolithin cyclic ester, a carbocyclic group (e.g., cycloalkyl or aryl), which optionally has one or more double bonds and is optionally aromatic, and optionally substituted (e.g., with any disclosed herein).
  • the carbocyclic group e.g., cycloalkyl or aryl
  • has one or more substituents e.g., with any disclosed herein).
  • substituents include those independently selected from ketone, optionally substituted imine, optionally substituted amine (e.g., substituted with methyl, ethyl, or combinations thereof), halo, and hydroxyl.
  • the urolithin derivative has, in place of the urolithin cyclic ester, a cyclic amide.
  • the urolithin derivative has, in place of the cyclic ester bridge, a non-cyclic bridge.
  • the ester group may be replaced with carboxylic acid and hydroxyl functional groups (in a non-cyclic structure).
  • the aromatic groups (e.g., aryl or hetroaryl) (flanking the bridging ring or group) may have one or more substituents.
  • the aromatic groups e.g., aryl or heteroaryl
  • substituents for the aromatic groups are independently selected from hydroxyl, alkoxy, halo, amine, a 5 or 6 membered carbocyclic (e.g., cycloalkyl or aryl) or heterocyclic (e.g., heterocyclyl or heteroaryl) ring, nitro, nitrile, alkyl, alkyl ether, and haloalkyl.
  • at least one of the aromatic rings is heterocyclic (e.g., heterocyclyl or heteroaryl).
  • the heteroatoms of the heterocyclic ring may be independently selected from N, O, and S.
  • substituents of each aromatic ring may together form a second bridging ring, which optionally has the same or different structure of the first bridging ring.
  • one or more of compounds I-1, I-3, I-5, I-7, I-20, I-26, I-27, I-28, I-33, I-53, I-54, I-55, I-56, I-57, I-59, I-94, I-98, II-99, II-100, II-101, II-102, II-103, II-118, II-119, II-120, II-121, or II-122 are excluded from the compounds of the invention.
  • compounds I-1, I-3, I-5, I-7, I-20, I-26, I-27, I-28, I-33, I-53, I-54, I-55, I-56, I-57, I-59, I-94, I-98, II-99, II-100, II-101, II-102, II-103, II-118, II-119, II-120, II-121, and II-122 are excluded from the compounds of the invention.
  • one or more of compounds I-1, I-2, I-3, I-5, I-7, I-20, I-26, I-27, I-28, I-33, I-53, I-54, I-55, I-56, I-57, I-59, I-94, I-98, II-99, II-100, II-101, II-102, II-103, II-118, II-119, II-120, II-121, or II-122 are excluded from the compounds of the invention.
  • compounds I-1, I-2, I-3, I-5, I-7, I-20, I-26, I-27, I-28, I-33, I-53, I-54, I-55, I-56, I-57, I-59, I-94, I-98, II-99, II-100, II-101, II-102, II-103, II-118, II-119, II-120, II-121, and II-122 are excluded from the compounds of the invention.
  • one or more of compounds I-1, I-2, I-3, I-5, I-20, I-26, I-27, I-28, I-33, I-53, I-54, I-55, I-56, I-59, I-94, I-98, II-99, II-100, II-101, II-102, II-103, II-118, II-119, II-120, II-121, or II-122 are excluded from the compounds of the invention.
  • compounds I-1, I-2, I-3, I-5, I-20, I-26, I-27, I-28, I-33, I-53, I-54, I-55, I-56, I-59, I-94, I-98, II-99, II-100, II-101, II-102, II-103, II-118, II-119, II-120, II-121, and II-122 are excluded from the compounds of the invention.
  • one or more of compounds I-20, I-26, I-27, I-28, I-33, I-53, I-54, I-55, I-98, II-99, II-100, II-101, II-102, II-103, II-118, II-119, II-120, II-121, or II-122 are excluded from the compounds of the invention.
  • compounds I-20, I-26, I-27, I-28, I-33, I-53, I-54, I-55, I-98, II-99, II-100, II-101, II-102, II-103, II-118, II-119, II-120, II-121, and II-122 are excluded from the compounds of the invention.
  • one or more of compounds I-1, I-2, I-3, I-5, I-7, I-20, I-56, I-57, I-59, or I-94 are excluded from the compounds of the invention.
  • compounds I-1, I-2, I-3, I-5, I-7, I-20, I-56, I-57, I-59, and I-94 are excluded from the compounds of the invention.
  • one or more of compounds I-1, I-2, I-3, I-5, I-20, I-56, I-59, or I-94 are excluded from the compounds of the invention. In some embodiments, compounds I-1, I-2, I-3, I-5, I-20, I-56, I-59, and I-94 are excluded from the compounds of the invention.
  • one or more of compounds I-1, I-2, I-3, or I-5 are excluded from the compounds of the invention. In some embodiments, compounds I-1, I-2, I-3, and I-5 are excluded from the compounds of the invention.
  • compound I-1 is excluded from the compounds of the invention.
  • compound I-2 is excluded from the compounds of the invention.
  • the compounds of the invention comprise I-1, I-2, I-3, I-4, I-5, I-6, I-7, I-8, I-9, I-10, I-11, I-12, I-13 I-14, I-15, I-16, or I-17. In some embodiments, the compounds of the invention comprise I-1, I-2, I-3, I-4, I-5, I-15, I-16, or I-17.
  • urolithin derivatives encompass one or more of Formula (I), Formula (IA), (II), or (III). In other embodiments, the compounds of Formula (I), Formula (IA), (II), or (III), or a combination thereof, encompass urolithin derivatives. In some embodiments, urolithin derivatives do not encompass one or more of Formula (I), Formula (IA), (II), or (III). In other embodiments, the compounds of Formula (I), Formula (IA), (II), or (III), or combinations thereof, do not encompass urolithin derivatives.
  • the compounds of Formula (I), Formula (IA), (II), or (III), or the urolithin derivatives can be in the form of salts, optical and geometric isomers, and salts of isomers.
  • the compounds can be in various forms, such as uncharged molecules, components of molecular complexes, or non-irritating pharmacologically acceptable salts, including but not limited to hydrochloride, hydrobromide, sulphate, phosphate, nitrate, borate, acetate, maleate, tartrate, and salicylate.
  • salts can include metals, amines, or organic cations (e.g. quaternary ammonium).
  • simple derivatives of the compounds e.g., ethers, esters, or amides
  • which have desirable retention and release characteristics but which are easily hydrolyzed by body pH, enzymes, or other suitable means can be employed.
  • the compounds of the invention having a chiral center and can exist in and be isolated in optically active and racemic forms. In other embodiments, compounds may exhibit polymorphism. Some embodiments of the present invention encompass any racemic, optically active, polymorphic, or stereoisomeric form, or mixtures thereof, of a compound described herein.
  • the preparation of optically active forms can be accomplished by any suitable method, including but not limited to, resolution of the racemic form by recrystallization techniques, synthesis from optically-active starting materials, chiral synthesis, or chromatographic separation using a chiral stationary phase.
  • the compounds of the invention can have an effect of (a) inhibiting Monoamino oxidase (MAO) enzyme activity, (b) inducing the expression of tight junction proteins (e.g., claudins family proteins (Cldn 1-27), Occludin, Zonula occludens (e.g., ZO-1, ZO-2), tight junction proteins (TJPs), junction-associated adhesion molecules (JAMs), or adherens junction proteins, such as vascular endothelial cadherins (VE-Cadherin)), (c) inducing the nuclear translocation and/or activation of AhR comprising, (d) inducing the nuclear translocation and/or activation of Nrf2, (e) inducing the expression of Cyp1A1 and/or Cyp1A2, or (f) increasing autophagy (e.g., mitogen, amino oxidase (MAO) enzyme activity, (b) inducing the expression of tight junction proteins (e.
  • one or more compounds of the invention can be part of a composition and can be in an amount (by weight of the total composition) of at least about 0.0001%, at least about 0.001%, at least about 0.10%, at least about 0.15%, at least about 0.20%, at least about 0.25%, at least about 0.50%, at least about 0.75%, at least about 1%, at least about 10%, at least about 25%, at least about 50%, at least about 75%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 99%, at least about 99.99%, no more than about 75%, no more than about 90%, no more than about 95%, no more than about 99%, or no more than about 99.99%, from about 0.0001% to about 99%, from about 0.0001% to about 50%, from about 0.01% to about 95%, from about 1% to about 95%, from about 10% to about 90%, or from about 25% to about 75%.
  • one or more compounds of the invention can be purified or isolated in an amount (by weight of the total composition) of at least about 0.0001%, at least about 0.001%, at least about 0.10%, at least about 0.15%, at least about 0.20%, at least about 0.25%, at least about 0.50%, at least about 0.75%, at least about 1%, at least about 10%, at least about 25%, at least about 50%, at least about 75%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 99%, at least about 99.99%, no more than about 75%, no more than about 90%, no more than about 95%, no more than about 99%, no more than about 99.99%, from about 0.0001% to about 99%, from about 0.0001% to about 50%, from about 0.01% to about 95%, from about 1% to about 95%, from about 10% to about 90%, or from about 25% to about 75%.
  • compositions comprising one or more compounds of the invention (e.g., Formula (I) or urolithin derivatives).
  • the composition is a pharmaceutical composition, such as compositions that are suitable for administration to animals (e.g., mammals, primates, monkeys, humans, canine, feline, porcine, mice, rabbits, or rats).
  • animals e.g., mammals, primates, monkeys, humans, canine, feline, porcine, mice, rabbits, or rats.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is non-toxic, does not cause side effects, or both. In some embodiments, there may be inherent side effects (e.g., it may harm the patient or may be toxic or harmful to some degree in some patients).
  • “Therapeutically effective amount” means an amount effective to achieve a desired and/or beneficial effect.
  • An effective amount can be administered in one or more administrations.
  • a therapeutically effective amount is an amount appropriate to treat an indication.
  • treating an indication is meant achieving any desirable effect, such as one or more of palliate, ameliorate, stabilize, reverse, slow, or delay disease progression, increase the quality of life, or to prolong life.
  • Such achievement can be measured by any suitable method, such as measurement of tumor size.
  • one or more compounds of the invention can be part of a pharmaceutical composition and can be in an amount of at least about 0.0001%, at least about 0.001%, at least about 0.10%, at least about 0.15%, at least about 0.20%, at least about 0.25%, at least about 0.50%, at least about 0.75%, at least about 1%, at least about 10%, at least about 25%, at least about 50%, at least about 75%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 99%, at least about 99.99%, no more than about 75%, no more than about 90%, no more than about 95%, no more than about 99%, no more than about 99.99%, from about 0.001% to about 99%, from about 0.001% to about 50%, from about 0.1% to about 99%, from about 1% to about 95%, from about 10% to about 90%, or from about 25% to about 75%.
  • the pharmaceutical composition can be presented in a dosage form which is suitable for the topical, subcutaneous, intrathecal, intraperitoneal, oral, parenteral, rectal, cutaneous, nasal, vaginal, or ocular administration route.
  • the pharmaceutical composition can be presented in a dosage form which is suitable for parenteral administration, a mucosal administration, intravenous administration, subcutaneous administration, topical administration, intradermal administration, oral administration, sublingual administration, intranasal administration, or intramuscular administration.
  • the pharmaceutical composition can be in the form of, for example, tablets, capsules, pills, powders granulates, suspensions, emulsions, solutions, gels (including hydrogels), pastes, ointments, creams, plasters, drenches, delivery devices, suppositories, enemas, injectables, implants, sprays, aerosols or other suitable forms.
  • the pharmaceutical composition can include one or more formulary ingredients.
  • a “formulary ingredient” can be any suitable ingredient (e.g., suitable for the drug(s), for the dosage of the drug(s), for the timing of release of the drugs(s), for the disease, for the disease state, or for the delivery route) including, but not limited to, water (e.g., boiled water, distilled water, filtered water, pyrogen-free water, or water with chloroform), sugar (e.g., sucrose, glucose, mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol, or syrups made therefrom), ethanol, glycerol, glycols (e.g., propylene glycol), acetone, ethers, DMSO, surfactants (e.g., anionic surfactants, cationic surfactants, zwitterionic surfactants, or nonionic surfactants (e.g., polysorbates)), oils (e.g., animal oils, plant oils (e.g.,
  • compositions can be formulated to release the active ingredient (e.g., one or more compounds of the invention such as Formula (I)) substantially immediately upon the administration or any substantially predetermined time or time after administration.
  • active ingredient e.g., one or more compounds of the invention such as Formula (I)
  • Such formulations can include, for example, controlled release formulations such as various controlled release compositions and coatings.
  • formulations can, in certain embodiments, include those incorporating the drug (or control release formulation) into food, food stuffs, feed, or drink.
  • inventions can include methods of administering or treating an organism, which can involve treatment with an amount of at least one compound of the invention (e.g., Formula (I) or urolithin derivatives) that is effective to treat the disease, condition, or disorder that the organism has, or is suspected of having, or is susceptible to, or to bring about a desired physiological effect.
  • an amount of at least one compound of the invention e.g., Formula (I) or urolithin derivatives
  • the composition or pharmaceutical composition comprises at least one compound of the invention (e.g., Formula (I) or urolithin derivatives) which can be administered to an animal (e.g., mammals, primates, monkeys, or humans) in an amount of about 0.005 to about 50 mg/kg body weight, about 0.01 to about 15 mg/kg body weight, about 0.1 to about 10 mg/kg body weight, about 0.5 to about 7 mg/kg body weight, about 0.005 mg/kg, about 0.01 mg/kg, about 0.05 mg/kg, about 0.1 mg/kg, about 0.5 mg/kg, about 1 mg/kg, about 3 mg/kg, about 5 mg/kg, about 5.5 mg/kg, about 6 mg/kg, about 6.5 mg/kg, about 7 mg/kg, about 7.5 mg/kg, about 8 mg/kg, about 10 mg/kg, about 12 mg/kg, or about 15 mg/kg.
  • an animal e.g., mammals, primates, monkeys, or humans
  • an animal e.g., mammals, prima
  • the dosage can be about 0.5 mg/kg human body weight or about 6.5 mg/kg human body weight.
  • some animals e.g., mammals, mice, rabbits, feline, porcine, or canine
  • the compounds of the invention can be administered in combination with one or more other therapeutic agents for a given disease, condition, or disorder.
  • the compositions can include a unit dose of one or more compounds of the invention (e.g., Formula (I) or urolithin derivatives) in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and, in addition, can include other medicinal agents, pharmaceutical agents, carriers, adjuvants, diluents, and excipients.
  • the carrier, vehicle or excipient can facilitate administration, delivery and/or improve preservation of the composition.
  • the one or more carriers include but are not limited to, saline solutions such as normal saline, Ringer's solution, PBS (phosphate-buffered saline), and generally mixtures of various salts including potassium and phosphate salts with or without sugar additives such as glucose.
  • Carriers can include aqueous and non-aqueous sterile injection solutions that can contain antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, bactericidal antibiotics, and solutes that render the formulation isotonic with the bodily fluids of the intended recipient; and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions, which can include suspending agents and thickening agents.
  • the one or more excipients can include, but are not limited to water, saline, dextrose, glycerol, ethanol, or the like, and combinations thereof.
  • Nontoxic auxiliary substances, such as wetting agents, buffers, or emulsifiers may also be added to the composition.
  • Oral formulations can include such normally employed excipients as, for example, pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharine, cellulose, and magnesium carbonate.
  • composition or pharmaceutical composition further comprises 5-florouracil (e.g., for cancer treatment or chemoresistant cancer treatment), at any of the amounts or dosages disclosed herein.
  • 5-florouracil e.g., for cancer treatment or chemoresistant cancer treatment
  • the compounds of the invention can be administered to animals by any number of suitable administration routes or formulations.
  • the compounds of the invention e.g., Formula (I), (IA), I-1, or I-2, or urolithin derivatives
  • Animals include but are not limited to mammals, primates, monkeys (e.g., macaque, rhesus macaque, or pig tail macaque), humans, canine, feline, bovine, porcine, avian (e.g., chicken), mice, rabbits, and rats.
  • the term “subject” refers to both human and animal subjects.
  • the route of administration of the compounds of the invention can be of any suitable route.
  • Administration routes can be, but are not limited to the oral route, the parenteral route, the cutaneous route, the nasal route, the rectal route, the vaginal route, and the ocular route.
  • administration routes can be parenteral administration, a mucosal administration, intravenous administration, subcutaneous administration, topical administration, intradermal administration, oral administration, sublingual administration, intranasal administration, or intramuscular administration.
  • administration route can depend on the compound identity (e.g., the physical and chemical properties of the compound) as well as the age and weight of the animal, the particular disease (e.g., alcoholic liver disease (ALD), intestinal permeability (e.g., leaky gut), inflammation (e.g., local or systemic), inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, sepsis, Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, cancer (e.g., cancerous tumors, breast cancer or colon cancer), or fibrosis), and the severity of the disease.
  • ALD alcoholic liver disease
  • intestinal permeability e.g., leaky gut
  • inflammation e.g., local or systemic
  • inflammatory bowel disease e.g., ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, sepsis, Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, cancer (e.g., cancerous tumors, breast cancer or colon cancer), or fibrosis
  • cancer e.g., cancerous tumors, breast cancer
  • Some embodiments of the invention include a method for providing a subject with a composition comprising one or more compounds of the invention (e.g., Formula (I), (IA), I-1, or I-2, or urolithin derivatives) described herein (e.g., a pharmaceutical composition) which comprises one or more administrations of one or more such compositions; the compositions may be the same or different if there is more than one administration.
  • a composition comprising one or more compounds of the invention (e.g., Formula (I), (IA), I-1, or I-2, or urolithin derivatives) described herein (e.g., a pharmaceutical composition) which comprises one or more administrations of one or more such compositions; the compositions may be the same or different if there is more than one administration.
  • a compound of the invention e.g., Formula (I), (IA), I-1, or I-2, or urolithin derivatives
  • ALD alcoholic liver disease
  • NASH non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
  • intestinal permeability e.g., leaky gut such as metal induced gut leakiness, stress induced gut leakiness, or radiation induced gut permeability
  • colitis local inflammation (e.g., in brain, mouth, esophagus, stomach, and small intestine), systemic inflammation, inflammatory bowel disease (e.g., ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease), infection-induced inflammatory disease (e.g., sepsis or sepsis-induced kidney injury or sepsis-induced lung
  • diseases that can be treated include, but are not limited to alcoholic liver disease (ALD), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), intestinal permeability (e.g., leaky gut such as metal induced gut leakiness, stress induced gut leakiness, or radiation induced gut permeability), colitis, local inflammation (e.g., in brain, mouth, esophagus, stomach, and small intestine), systemic inflammation, inflammatory bowel disease (e.g., ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease), infection-induced inflammatory disease (e.g., sepsis or sepsis-induced kidney injury or sepsis-induced lung injury), neuroinflammatory disorders, Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, cancer (e.g., cancerous tumors, breast cancer or colon cancer), or fibrosis.
  • ALD alcoholic liver disease
  • NASH non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
  • intestinal permeability e.g., leaky gut such as metal induced gut leakiness, stress induced gut
  • diseases that can be treated include, but are not limited to alcoholic liver disease (ALD), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), colitis, intestinal permeability, leaky gut, metal induced gut leakiness, stress induced gut leakiness, radiation induced gut permeability, local inflammation, systemic inflammation, inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, infection-induced inflammatory disease, sepsis, sepsis-induced kidney injury, sepsis-induced lung injury, scleroderma, vasculitis, drug-induced vasculitis, neuroinflammatory disorders, Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, cancer (e.g., cancerous tumors, breast cancer or colon cancer), or fibrosis.
  • ALD alcoholic liver disease
  • NASH non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
  • colitis intestinal permeability
  • leaky gut leaky gut
  • metal induced gut leakiness stress induced gut leakiness
  • radiation induced gut permeability local inflammation
  • systemic inflammation inflammatory bowel
  • Animals that can be treated include but are not limited to mammals, rodents, primates, monkeys (e.g., macaque, rhesus macaque, pig tail macaque), humans, canine, feline, porcine, avian (e.g., chicken), bovine, mice, rabbits, and rats.
  • the term “subject” refers to both human and animal subjects. In some instances, the animal is in need of the treatment (e.g., by showing signs of disease or cancer, or by having a cancerous tumor).
  • cancers that can be treated in an animal include, but are not limited to, pancreatic cancer (e.g., pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma), lung cancer, liver cancer, colorectal cancer (e.g., colon cancer or rectal cancer), melanoma (e.g., cutaneous malignant melanoma, melanoma tumorigenesis), bladder cancer, prostate cancer, malignant nerve sheath tumors, multiple myeloma, breast cancer, squamous cell carcinoma (e.g., head and neck squamous cell carcinoma), lymphoma, leukemia, bone marrow cancer, non
  • cancers that can be treated include, but are not limited to, breast cancer, colon cancer or cancerous tumors thereof.
  • Animals that can be treated include but are not limited to mammals, rodents, primates, monkeys (e.g., macaque, rhesus macaque, pig tail macaque), humans, canine, feline, porcine, avian (e.g., chicken), bovine, mice, rabbits, and rats.
  • the term “subject” refers to both human and animal subjects. In some instances, the animal is in need of the treatment (e.g., by showing signs of disease or cancer, or by having a cancerous tumor).
  • diseases that can be treated include, but are not limited to vasculitis, drug-induced vasculitis, scleroderma, internal vascular bleeding, drug-induced internal bleeding, atopic dermatitis, perfusion-related injury, perfusion related inflammation, diabetic retinopathy, celiac disease, Non-Alcoholic SteatoHepatitis (NASH), Alcoholic SteatoHepatitis (ASH), metabolic stress, cardiovascular disease, sarcopenia, muscle degenerative disease, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, alcoholic liver disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, drug-induced liver injury, chronic kidney disease, alpha-antitrypsin deficiency, ischemia/reperfusion injury, inflammation, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, obesity, metabolic syndrome, type II diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, osteoarthritis, neurodegenerative disease, neuroinflammatory disorder, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, myotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), pulmonary fibro
  • diseases that can be treated in an animal include, but are not limited to diseases that can be treated by (a) enhancing gut barrier integrity, (b) enhancing vascular barrier integrity, (c) enhancing airway barrier integrity in lungs, (d) improving or increasing autophagy in an animal (e.g., human) in a tissue or organ (e.g., in a tissue or organ of the animal selected from the group consisting of brain, eye, skin, bone, marrow, cartilage, heart, lung, stomach, intestine, liver, pancreas, kidney, muscle, and fat) or cell (e.g., adult stem cells, differentiated cells, blood cells, hema
  • a tissue or organ e.g., in a tissue or organ of the animal selected from the group consisting of brain, eye, skin, bone, marrow, cartilage, heart, lung, stomach, intestine, liver, pancreas, kidney, muscle, and fat
  • cell e.g., adult stem cells, differentiated cells, blood cells, hema
  • treating includes amelioration of the symptoms, relief from the symptoms or effects associated with a condition, decrease in severity of a condition, or preventing, preventively ameliorating symptoms, or otherwise reducing the risk of developing a particular condition.
  • reference to “treating” an animal includes but is not limited to prophylactic treatment and therapeutic treatment. Any of the compositions (e.g., pharmaceutical compositions) described herein can be used to treat an animal.
  • treating can include but is not limited to prophylactic treatment and therapeutic treatment.
  • ALD alcoholic liver disease
  • intestinal permeability e.g., leaky gut
  • inflammation e.g., local or systemic
  • cancer e.g., cancerous tumors, breast cancer or colon cancer
  • fibrosis e.g., cancerous tumors, breast cancer or colon cancer
  • treatment can include, but is not limited to: preventing disease (e.g., alcoholic liver disease (ALD), intestinal permeability (e.g., leaky gut), inflammation (e.g., local or systemic), inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, sepsis, Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, cancer (e.g., cancerous tumors, breast cancer or colon cancer), or fibrosis); reducing the risk of disease (e.g., alcoholic liver disease (ALD), intestinal permeability (e.g., leaky gut), inflammation (e.g., local or systemic), inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, sepsis, Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, cancer (e.g., cancerous tumors, breast cancer or colon cancer), or fibrosis); ameliorating or relieving symptoms of disease (e.g., alcoholic liver disease (ALD), intestinal permeability (e.g., leaky gut), inflammation (e.g.,
  • Treatment of an animal can occur using any suitable administration method (such as those disclosed herein) and using any suitable amount of a compound of the invention (e.g., Formula (I), (IA), I-1, or I-2, or urolithin derivatives).
  • methods of treatment comprise treating an animal for a disease (e.g., alcoholic liver disease (ALD), intestinal permeability (e.g., leaky gut), inflammation (e.g., local or systemic), inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, sepsis, Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, cancer (e.g., cancerous tumors, breast cancer or colon cancer), or fibrosis).
  • a disease e.g., alcoholic liver disease (ALD), intestinal permeability (e.g., leaky gut), inflammation (e.g., local or systemic), inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, sepsis, Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, cancer (e.g.,
  • Some embodiments of the invention include a method for treating a subject (e.g., an animal such as a human or primate) with a composition comprising a compound of the invention (e.g., Formula (I), (IA), I-1, or I-2, or urolithin derivatives) (e.g., a pharmaceutical composition) which comprises one or more administrations of one or more such compositions; the compositions may be the same or different if there is more than one administration.
  • a subject e.g., an animal such as a human or primate
  • a composition comprising a compound of the invention (e.g., Formula (I), (IA), I-1, or I-2, or urolithin derivatives) (e.g., a pharmaceutical composition) which comprises one or more administrations of one or more such compositions; the compositions may be the same or different if there is more than one administration.
  • the method of treatment includes administering an effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of the invention (e.g., Formula (I), (IA), I-1, or I-2, or urolithin derivatives).
  • a composition comprising a compound of the invention (e.g., Formula (I), (IA), I-1, or I-2, or urolithin derivatives).
  • the term “effective amount” refers to a dosage or a series of dosages sufficient to affect treatment (e.g., to treat disease, such as but not limited to alcoholic liver disease (ALD), intestinal permeability (e.g., leaky gut), inflammation (e.g., local or systemic), inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, sepsis, Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, cancer (e.g., cancerous tumors, breast cancer or colon cancer), or fibrosis) in an animal.
  • ALD alcoholic liver disease
  • intestinal permeability e.g., leaky gut
  • an effective amount can encompass a therapeutically effective amount, as disclosed herein.
  • an effective amount can vary depending on the subject and the particular treatment being affected. The exact amount that is required can, for example, vary from subject to subject, depending on the age and general condition of the subject, the particular adjuvant being used (if applicable), administration protocol, and the like. As such, the effective amount can, for example, vary based on the particular circumstances, and an appropriate effective amount can be determined in a particular case.
  • An effective amount can, for example, include any dosage or composition amount disclosed herein.
  • an effective amount of at least one compound of the invention (e.g., Formula (I) such as but not limited to compounds I-1 or I-2, or urolithin derivatives) (which can be administered to an animal such as mammals, primates, monkeys or humans) can be an amount of about 0.005 to about 50 mg/kg body weight, about 0.01 to about 15 mg/kg body weight, about 0.1 to about 10 mg/kg body weight, about 0.5 to about 7 mg/kg body weight, about 0.005 mg/kg, about 0.01 mg/kg, about 0.05 mg/kg, about 0.1 mg/kg, about 0.5 mg/kg, about 1 mg/kg, about 3 mg/kg, about 5 mg/kg, about 5.5 mg/kg, about 6 mg/kg, about 6.5 mg/kg, about 7 mg/kg, about 7.5 mg/kg, about 8 mg/kg, about 10 mg/kg, about 12 mg/kg, or about 15 mg/kg.
  • Formula (I) such as but not limited to compounds I-1 or I-2, or urolithin
  • the dosage can be about 0.5 mg/kg human body weight or about 6.5 mg/kg human body weight.
  • an effective amount of at least one compound of the invention e.g., Formula (I) such as but not limited to compounds I-1 or I-2, or urolithin derivatives
  • an animal such as mammals, rodents, mice, rabbits, feline, porcine, or canine
  • an effective amount of at least one compound of the invention can be an amount of about 0.005 to about 50 mg/kg body weight, about 0.01 to about 15 mg/kg body weight, about 0.1 to about 10 mg/kg body weight, about 0.5 to about 7 mg/kg body weight, about 0.005 mg/kg, about 0.01 mg/kg, about 0.05 mg/kg, about 0.1 mg/kg, about 1 mg/kg, about 5 mg/kg, about 10 mg/kg, about 20 mg/kg, about 30 mg/kg, about 40 mg/kg, about 50 mg/kg, about 80 mg/kg, about 100 mg/kg, or about 150 mg/kg.
  • an effective amount of at least one compound of the invention (e.g., Formula (I) such as but not limited to compounds I-1 or I-2, or urolithin derivatives) (which can be administered to an animal such as mammals, primates, monkeys or humans) can be an amount of about 1 to about 1000 mg/kg body weight, about 5 to about 500 mg/kg body weight, about 10 to about 200 mg/kg body weight, about 25 to about 100 mg/kg body weight, about 1 mg/kg, about 2 mg/kg, about 5 mg/kg, about 10 mg/kg, about 25 mg/kg, about 50 mg/kg, about 100 mg/kg, about 150 mg/kg, about 200 mg/kg, about 300 mg/kg, about 400 mg/kg, about 500 mg/kg, about 600 mg/kg, about 700 mg/kg, about 800 mg/kg, about 900 mg/kg, or about 1000 mg/kg.
  • Formula (I) such as but not limited to compounds I-1 or I-2, or urolithin derivatives
  • the dosage can be about 20 mg/kg human body weight or about 100 mg/kg human body weight.
  • an effective amount of at least one compound of the invention e.g., Formula (I) such as but not limited to compounds I-1 or I-2, or urolithin derivatives
  • an animal such as mammals, rodents, mice, rabbits, feline, porcine, or canine
  • an effective amount of at least one compound of the invention can be an amount of about 1 to about 1000 mg/kg body weight, about 5 to about 500 mg/kg body weight, about 10 to about 200 mg/kg body weight, about 25 to about 100 mg/kg body weight, about 1 mg/kg, about 2 mg/kg, about 5 mg/kg, about 10 mg/kg, about 25 mg/kg, about 50 mg/kg, about 100 mg/kg, about 150 mg/kg, about 200 mg/kg, about 300 mg/kg, about 400 mg/kg, about 500 mg/kg, about 600 mg/kg, about 700 mg/kg, about 800 mg/kg, about 900 mg/kg, or about 1000
  • “Therapeutically effective amount” means an amount effective to achieve a desired and/or beneficial effect (e.g., decreasing inflammation).
  • a therapeutically effective amount can be administered in one or more administrations.
  • a therapeutically effective amount is an amount appropriate to treat an indication (e.g., to treat disease).
  • treating an indication is meant achieving any desirable effect, such as one or more of palliate, ameliorate, stabilize, reverse, slow, or delay disease progression, increase the quality of life, or to prolong life.
  • Such achievement can be measured by any suitable method, such as but not limited to extent of inflammation.
  • the treatments can also include one or more of surgical intervention, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapies, immunotherapy, and adjuvant systematic therapies.
  • Adjuvants may include but are not limited to chemotherapy (e.g., temozolomide), radiation therapy, antiangiogenic therapy (e.g., bevacizumab), and hormone therapies, such as administration of LHRH agonists; antiestrogens, such as tamoxifen; high-dose progestagens; aromatase inhibitors; and/or adrenalectomy.
  • chemotherapy e.g., temozolomide
  • radiation therapy e.g., antiangiogenic therapy (e.g., bevacizumab)
  • hormone therapies such as administration of LHRH agonists
  • antiestrogens such as tamoxifen
  • high-dose progestagens aromatase inhibitors
  • the treatments disclosed herein can include use of other drugs (e.g., antibiotics or 5-florouracil (e.g., for cancer treatment or chemoresistant cancer treatment)) or therapies for treating disease.
  • a compound of the invention e.g., Formula (I), (IA), I-1, or I-2, or urolithin derivatives
  • 5-florouracil e.g., for cancer treatment or chemoresistant cancer treatment
  • a compound of the invention e.g., Formula (I), (IA), I-1, or I-2, or urolithin derivatives
  • antibiotics can be used to treat infections and can be combined with a compound of the invention to treat disease (e.g., infections associated with inflammation).
  • intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy can be used as part of the treatment regime (i.e., in addition to administration of the compound(s) of the invention).
  • treatment can result in (a) enhancing gut barrier integrity, (b) enhancing vascular barrier integrity, (c) enhancing airway barrier integrity in lungs, (d) improving or increasing autophagy in an animal (e.g., human) in a tissue or organ (e.g., in a tissue or organ of the animal selected from the group consisting of brain, eye, skin, bone, marrow, cartilage, heart, lung, stomach, intestine, liver, pancreas, kidney, muscle, and fat) or cell (e.g., adult stem cells, differentiated cells, blood cells, hematopoietic cells, endothelial cells, epithelial cells, exocrine cells, endocrine cells, connective tissue cells, adipose cells, bone cells, smooth muscle cells, striated muscle cells, nerve cells, sensory cells, cardiac cells, hepatic cells, gastric cells, intestinal cells, pulmonary cells, kidney cells, and germ cells), (e) inhibiting Monoamino oxidase (
  • Some embodiments of the present invention include methods for the preparation of compounds of Formula (I) (e.g., Formula (IA) or urolithin derivatives).
  • the compounds of Formula (I) can be prepared using any suitable method or they can be purchased, if available.
  • a compound of Formula (I) e.g., Formula (IA) or urolithin derivatives
  • a compound of Formula (I) can be prepared comprising the step of reacting a compound of Formula (V) with a compound of Formula (VI) to result in Formula (VII), which is then made into Formula (I) (e.g., Formula (IA) or urolithin derivatives) (e.g., using one or more synthetic steps).
  • R 20 can be halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I) or
  • R 20 can be Cl or
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 are the same as those disclosed herein.
  • X 1 and X 2 are the same as those disclosed herein.
  • Formula (V) can be prepared using any suitable method or can be purchased if available.
  • Formula (VI) can be prepared using any suitable method or can be purchased if available.
  • Formula (V) can be reacted with Formula (VI) under the following conditions:
  • Formula (V) can be in a mixture comprising a solvent (e.g., THF), copper bromide and lithium bromide.
  • the mixture can be cooled (e.g., using a dry ice acetone mixture) to a certain temperature (e.g., about ⁇ 78° C.) for a certain amount of time (e.g., about 2 hours).
  • Formula (VI) can be added (e.g., slowly) to the cooled mixture.
  • the mixture can be stirred and/or allowed to reach room temperature (e.g., overnight).
  • the mixture can then be cooled to 0° C., and optionally quenched (e.g., with aqueous ammonium chloride).
  • Formula (VII) can then optionally be recovered (e.g., as disclosed herein).
  • Formula (VII) can be prepared using any suitable method (e.g., see above) or can be purchased if available.
  • Formula (VII) can be in a mixture comprising a solvent (e.g., dichloromethane). The mixture can be cooled (e.g., to about 0° C.). Ti(IV)chloride and/or molybdenum(V)chloride can then be added (e.g., slowly). The mixture can then be allowed to stir at room temperature (e.g., overnight). The mixture can then be cooled to 0° C., and optionally quenched (e.g., slowly with methanol). Formula (I) (e.g., Formula (IA)) can then optionally be recovered (e.g., as disclosed herein).
  • a solvent e.g., dichloromethane
  • Formula (I) (e.g., Formula (IA)) can be further reacted to change the identity of one or more of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , X 1 or X 2 .
  • Such further reactions can include but are not limited to one or more of: (a) reacting with aluminum chloride (e.g., anhydrous) or (b) reacting with acetic acid and ethanolamine (e.g., refluxed overnight at 110° C.).
  • Formula (I) (e.g., Formula (IA)) (or any other formula recited above) can be recovered. Recovery can occur using any suitable method including but not limited to HPLC (e.g., reverse phase), LC, precipitation, filtration, centrifugation, column chromatography (e.g., size exclusion chromatography or ion exchange chromatography), use of silica gel, or combinations thereof.
  • HPLC e.g., reverse phase
  • LC precipitation
  • filtration e.g., centrifugation
  • column chromatography e.g., size exclusion chromatography or ion exchange chromatography
  • silica gel e.g., silica gel, or combinations thereof.
  • a method for the preparation of a compound of Formula (I) can comprise one or more of the above-mentioned steps.
  • a method for preparing a compound of Formula (I) comprises
  • a method of inducing the expression of tight junction proteins in a tissue comprising administering an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a urolithin structural analogue to a subject in need.
  • a method of inducing the expression of tight junction proteins in a tissue comprising administering an effective amount of a composition comprising a urolithin derivative of any one of embodiments 1-18 (or a composition comprising any compound disclosed herein) to a subject in need.
  • organs are one or more selected from liver, kidneys, pancreas, heart, lungs, skin, muscle, fat, brain, eyes, bone, and intestine.
  • a method of treating systemic inflammation comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a composition comprising a urolithin derivative of any one of embodiments 1-18 (or a composition comprising any compound disclosed herein).
  • NASH Non-Alcoholic SteatoHepatitis
  • NASH Alcoholic SteatoHepatitis
  • a method for treating neuroinflammatory disorder comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a composition comprising a urolithin derivative of any one of embodiments 1-18 (or a composition comprising any compound disclosed herein).
  • the neuroinflammatory disorder is a neurodegenerative disease, which is optionally multiple sclerosis.
  • the method for treating anxiety or depression comprising administering an effective amount of a composition comprising a urolithin derivative of any one of embodiments 1-18 (or a composition comprising any compound disclosed herein) to a subject in need, in an amount effective to inhibit monoamine oxidase enzymes in the subject.
  • composition is administered systemically or locally to the brain.
  • a method of enhancing airway barrier integrity in lungs comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a composition comprising a urolithin derivative of any one of embodiments 1-18 (or a composition comprising any compound disclosed herein).
  • a method of improving or increasing autophagy in a subject comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a composition comprising a urolithin derivative of any one of embodiments 1-18 (or a composition comprising any compound disclosed herein).
  • any one of embodiments 44 or 45 wherein the subject has a disease or condition selected from metabolic stress, cardiovascular disease, sarcopenia, muscle degenerative disease, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, alcoholic liver disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, drug-induced liver injury, chronic kidney disease, alpha-antitrypsin deficiency, ischemia/reperfusion injury, inflammation, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, obesity, metabolic syndrome, type II diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, osteoarthritis, neurodegenerative disease, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), cancer, cognitive disorder, stress, and mood disorder, whereby the administering treats or ameliorates the disease or condition.
  • a disease or condition selected from metabolic stress, cardiovascular disease, sarcopenia, muscle degenerative disease, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, alcoholic liver disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, drug-induced liver injury, chronic kidney disease, alpha-antitrypsin deficiency, ischemia/re
  • a method of increasing longevity in a subject comprising administering to a subject a regimen of a composition comprising a urolithin derivative of any one of embodiments 1-18 (or a composition comprising any compound disclosed herein) effective to increase longevity in an animal.
  • a method of increasing autophagy in a cell comprising contacting a cell with an effective amount of a composition comprising a urolithin derivative of any one of embodiments 1-18 (or a composition comprising any compound disclosed herein).
  • the cell is selected from: embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, adult stem cells, differentiated cells, blood cells, hematopoietic cells, epithelial cells, exocrine cells, endocrine cells, connective tissue cells, adipose cells, bone cells, smooth muscle cells, striated muscle cells, nerve cells, sensory cells, cardiac cells, hepatic cells, gastric cells, intestinal cells, pulmonary cells, kidney cells, and germ cells.
  • a method of increasing longevity of eukaryotic cells in vitro comprising contacting the cells with a composition comprising a urolithin derivative of any one of embodiments 1-18 (or a composition comprising any compound disclosed herein) effective to increase longevity of the cells.
  • the eukaryotic cells are cells selected from: embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, adult stem cells, differentiated cells, blood cells, hematopoietic cells, epithelial cells, exocrine cells, endocrine cells, connective tissue cells, adipose cells, bone cells, smooth muscle cells, striated muscle cells, nerve cells, sensory cells, cardiac cells, hepatic cells, gastric cells, intestinal cells, pulmonary cells, kidney cells, and germ cells.
  • eukaryotic cells are cells selected from: embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and adult stem cells.
  • composition of embodiment 61 formulated for intravenous administration.
  • composition of embodiment 61, wherein the composition is an aerosol or mist formulated for pulmonary administration.
  • composition of embodiment 61 wherein the composition is formulated for topical administration to the skin, eyes, or mucus membranes.
  • composition 65 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 61, wherein the composition is formulated for administration to the gastrointestinal tract.
  • composition of embodiment 65 wherein the composition is formulated for delivery of an effective amount of the derivative or compound to the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and/or colon.
  • composition of embodiment 61, wherein the composition is formulated for systemic administration is formulated for systemic administration.
  • composition of embodiment 60 wherein the composition is administered to the central nervous system of a subject.
  • composition of embodiment 69 wherein the composition is formulated for intranasal administration.
  • composition 71 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 69, wherein the composition is formulated for intrathecal administration.
  • a method of preventing or treating inflammatory bowel diseases comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a composition comprising any compound disclosed herein (e.g., Formula (I), (IA), I-1, or I-2).
  • a composition comprising any compound disclosed herein (e.g., Formula (I), (IA), I-1, or I-2).
  • a method of inducing the expression of tight junction proteins comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a composition comprising any compound disclosed herein (e.g., Formula (I), (IA), I-1, or I-2).
  • a composition comprising any compound disclosed herein (e.g., Formula (I), (IA), I-1, or I-2).
  • the tight junction protein are claudins family proteins (Cldn 1-27), Occludin, Zonula occludens (e.g., ZO-1, ZO-2), tight junction proteins (TJPs), junction-associated adhesion molecules (JAMs), or adherens junction proteins, such as vascular endothelial cadherins (VE-Cadherin).
  • a method of inducing the nuclear translocation and activation of AhR comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a composition comprising any compound disclosed herein (e.g., Formula (I), (IA), I-1, or I-2).
  • a method of inducing the nuclear translocation and activation of Nrf2 comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a composition comprising any compound disclosed herein (e.g., Formula (I), (IA), I-1, or I-2).
  • a method of inducing the expression of Cyp1A1 or/and Cyp1A2 comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a composition comprising any compound disclosed herein (e.g., Formula (I), (IA), I-1, or I-2).
  • a method of decreasing inflammation in the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and small intestine comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a composition comprising any compound disclosed herein (e.g., Formula (I), (IA), I-1, or I-2).
  • a composition comprising any compound disclosed herein (e.g., Formula (I), (IA), I-1, or I-2).
  • a method of decreasing systemic inflammation comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a composition comprising any compound disclosed herein (e.g., Formula (I), (IA), I-1, or I-2).
  • a method of decreasing neural or brain inflammation comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a composition comprising any compound disclosed herein (e.g., Formula (I), (IA), I-1, or I-2).
  • a method of preventing or treating infectious disease and infection-induced inflammatory disease comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a composition comprising any compound disclosed herein (e.g., Formula (I), (IA), I-1, or I-2).
  • a composition comprising any compound disclosed herein (e.g., Formula (I), (IA), I-1, or I-2).
  • infectious disease or infection-induced inflammatory disease is sepsis or sepsis-induced kidney injury or sepsis-induced lung injury.
  • a method of reducing neutrophil infiltration in the colon comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a composition comprising any compound disclosed herein (e.g., Formula (I), (IA), I-1, or I-2).
  • a composition comprising any compound disclosed herein (e.g., Formula (I), (IA), I-1, or I-2).
  • a method of reducing vascular components infiltration into organs or tissue comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a composition comprising any compound disclosed herein (e.g., Formula (I), (IA), I-1, or I-2).
  • a composition comprising any compound disclosed herein (e.g., Formula (I), (IA), I-1, or I-2).
  • a method of reducing neutrophil infiltration into organs or tissue comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a composition comprising any compound disclosed herein (e.g., Formula (I), (IA), I-1, or I-2).
  • a composition comprising any compound disclosed herein (e.g., Formula (I), (IA), I-1, or I-2).
  • a method of reducing cytokines infiltration into organs or tissue comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a composition comprising any compound disclosed herein (e.g., Formula (I), (IA), I-1, or I-2).
  • organ or tissue is selected from the group consisting of: brain, eye, skin, bone, marrow, cartilage, heart, lung, stomach, intestine, liver, pancreas, kidney, muscle, and fat.
  • a method of enhancing gut barrier integrity comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a composition comprising any compound disclosed herein (e.g., Formula (I), (IA), I-1, or I-2).
  • a method of enhancing vascular barrier integrity comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a composition comprising any compound disclosed herein (e.g., Formula (I), (IA), I-1, or I-2).
  • a method of enhancing airway barrier integrity in lungs comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a composition comprising any compound disclosed herein (e.g., Formula (I), (IA), I-1, or I-2).
  • a composition comprising any compound disclosed herein (e.g., Formula (I), (IA), I-1, or I-2).
  • a method of treating neuroinflammatory disorders comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a composition comprising any compound disclosed herein (e.g., Formula (I), (IA), I-1, or I-2)
  • a method of inhibiting Monoamino oxidase (MAO) enzyme activity comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a composition comprising any compound disclosed herein (e.g., Formula (I), (IA), I-1, or I-2).
  • a method of treating neurodegenerative disorders comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a composition comprising any compound disclosed herein (e.g., Formula (I), (IA), I-1, or I-2).
  • a method of increasing autophagy in a cell comprising contacting a cell with an effective amount of a composition comprising any compound disclosed herein (e.g., Formula (I), (IA), I-1, or I-2), thereby increasing autophagy in the cell.
  • a composition comprising any compound disclosed herein (e.g., Formula (I), (IA), I-1, or I-2), thereby increasing autophagy in the cell.
  • the cell is selected from the group consisting of: embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, adult stem cells, differentiated cells, blood cells, hematopoietic cells, epithelial cells, exocrine cells, endocrine cells, connective tissue cells, adipose cells, bone cells, smooth muscle cells, striated muscle cells, nerve cells, sensory cells, cardiac cells, hepatic cells, gastric cells, intestinal cells, pulmonary cells, kidney cells, and germ cells.
  • a method of increasing longevity in an animal comprising administering to an animal in need thereof an effective amount a composition comprising any compound disclosed herein (e.g., Formula (I), (IA), I-1, or I-2) or a precursor thereof, thereby increasing longevity of the animal.
  • a composition comprising any compound disclosed herein (e.g., Formula (I), (IA), I-1, or I-2) or a precursor thereof, thereby increasing longevity of the animal.
  • a method of increasing longevity of eukaryotic cells in vitro comprising contacting eukaryotic cells in vitro with an effective amount of a composition comprising any compound disclosed herein (e.g., Formula (I), (IA), I-1, or I-2), thereby increasing longevity of the eukaryotic cells in vitro.
  • a composition comprising any compound disclosed herein (e.g., Formula (I), (IA), I-1, or I-2), thereby increasing longevity of the eukaryotic cells in vitro.
  • the eukaryotic cells are cells selected from the group consisting of: embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, adult stem cells, differentiated cells, blood cells, hematopoietic cells, epithelial cells, exocrine cells, endocrine cells, connective tissue cells, adipose cells, bone cells, smooth muscle cells, striated muscle cells, nerve cells, sensory cells, cardiac cells, hepatic cells, gastric cells, intestinal cells, pulmonary cells, kidney cells, and germ cells.
  • eukaryotic cells are cells selected from the group consisting of: embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and adult stem cells.
  • a method of improving or increasing autophagy in an animal comprising administering to an animal in need thereof an effective amount of a composition comprising any compound disclosed herein (e.g., Formula (I), (IA), I-1, or I-2), or a precursor thereof, thereby improving or increasing autophagy in the animal.
  • a composition comprising any compound disclosed herein (e.g., Formula (I), (IA), I-1, or I-2), or a precursor thereof, thereby improving or increasing autophagy in the animal.
  • autophagy is improved or increased in cells of the animal selected from the group consisting of adult stem cells, differentiated cells, blood cells, hematopoietic cells, endothelial cells, epithelial cells, exocrine cells, endocrine cells, connective tissue cells, adipose cells, bone cells, smooth muscle cells, striated muscle cells, nerve cells, sensory cells, cardiac cells, hepatic cells, gastric cells, intestinal cells, pulmonary cells, kidney cells, and germ cells.
  • adult stem cells differentiated cells, blood cells, hematopoietic cells, endothelial cells, epithelial cells, exocrine cells, endocrine cells, connective tissue cells, adipose cells, bone cells, smooth muscle cells, striated muscle cells, nerve cells, sensory cells, cardiac cells, hepatic cells, gastric cells, intestinal cells, pulmonary cells, kidney cells, and germ cells.
  • the animal has a disease or condition selected from the group consisting of metabolic stress, cardiovascular disease, sarcopenia, muscle degenerative disease, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, alcoholic liver disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, drug-induced liver injury, alpha-antitrypsin deficiency, ischemia/reperfusion injury, inflammation, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, obesity, metabolic syndrome, type II diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, osteoarthritis, neurodegenerative disease, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), cancer, cognitive disorder, stress, and mood disorder, whereby the administering treats the disease or condition.
  • a disease or condition selected from the group consisting of metabolic stress, cardiovascular disease, sarcopenia, muscle degenerative disease, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, alcoholic liver disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, drug-induced liver injury, alpha-antitrypsin deficiency, ischemia/reperfusion injury, inflammation, inflammatory bowel disease
  • composition is administered by oral ingestion.
  • the presently-disclosed subject matter is further illustrated by the following specific but non-limiting examples.
  • the following examples may include compilations of data that are representative of data gathered at various times during the course of development and experimentation related to the present invention.
  • mice C57BL/6 mice were either bred in our animal facility or purchased from Jackson Laboratories. Breeding pairs of Nrf2 ⁇ / ⁇ mice (B6.129x1-Nfe2/2 tm1Ywk/ J, stock #0170009) were purchased from Jackson Laboratories and bred at U of L animal facility to generate experimental animals. AhR ⁇ / ⁇ mice (Model #9166) were purchased from Taconic Laboratories. We utilized the mice at the ages of between 7-9 weeks age old for colitis experiments. Mice were kept in specific pathogen free (SPL) barrier conditions with temperature-controlled room with alternate 12 hours cycles of dark and light. Animals were allowed free excess to feed and water ad libitum. All studies were performed under approved protocols from Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC), University of Louisville, Louisville, Ky., USA.
  • IACUC Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
  • UroA (3,8-dihydroxy-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-one) structure has a bridge ester, lactone, and two hydroxyl on two phenyl rings. UroA has a lactone (cyclic ester) bond that connects two phenyl rings and leads to the planar structure. Gastric pH or digestive enzymes can hydrolyze the lactone bond leading to opening of the ring. This will result in losing the planar structure, becomes propeller structure, and potentially loses its activities. To generate more stable and potent compounds, we have synthesized non-hydrolyzable cyclic ether derivative, UAS03 by the following procedure ( FIG. 10 ).
  • HT29 Human colon epithelil carcinoma cell lines, HT29 (ATCC #HTB-38TM) and Caco2 cells (ATCC #HTB-37TM) were maintained in DMEM-high glucose and EMEM-high glucose (Cornings; 10-009CV) respectively, supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, IX penicillin-streptomycin solution (100 U/ml penicillin, and 100 ⁇ g/ml streptomycin: Sigma Aldrich) in a humidified atmosphere (5% CO 2 , 95% air, 37° C.).
  • Mouse bone marrow derived macrophages were isolated and cultured using the following procedure (KUROWSKA-STOLARSKA et al.
  • mice were sacrificed by CO 2 anesthesia, rinsed in 70% ethanol and bone marrow was isolated from tibias and femurs. Bone marrow cells were plated (2 ⁇ 10 6 cell/ml) in DMEM-high glucose (HyClone) supplemented with 10% FBS, 1% glutamine, IX penicillin-streptomycin solution and 50 ng/mL mouse M-CSF (R&D Systems Inc., Minneapolis, Minn.) for 7 days for differentiation.
  • DMEM-high glucose HyClone
  • BMDM BMDM were plated in 96 (10,000 cells/well) and 12 wells (0.1 ⁇ 10 6 cells/well) plate for ELISA and RNA isolation.
  • BMDMs were stimulated with E. coli -derived lipopolysaccharides (LPS; O55:B5; Sigma) at 50 ng/mL concentration for six hours alone or in combination with UroA or UAS03 at indicated concentrations (0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 25, 50 ⁇ M) in quadruplicates.
  • E. coli -derived lipopolysaccharides LPS; O55:B5; Sigma
  • UroA or UAS03 UroA or UAS03 at indicated concentrations (0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 25, 50 ⁇ M) in quadruplicates.
  • cytokine production via ELISA the supernatant was collected and centrifuged at 10,000 ⁇ g for 10 min at 4° C. to pellet down any cell and cytokines were quantified using IL-6 and TNF- ⁇ specific EL
  • mice Male mice (C57BL/6J; 6-8 weeks old) were randomly divided in 3 groups viz. vehicle (0.25% sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)), UroA and UAS03. UroA and UAS03 groups received oral gavage of respective compounds (20 mg/kg in 100 ⁇ l of volume) at 0, 6, 12, 18 and 24 h. Vehicle group received same volume of CMC at same time. After 24 h, mice were injected intra-peritoneally with LPS (2 mg/kg; Sigma-Aldrich). Post 4 h LPS challenge, mice were sacrificed and blood was collected. The serum was prepared using BD Microtainer separator tubes. The serum samples were analyzed for 11-6 and TNF- ⁇ using respective ELISA assay kit (Biolegend).
  • CMC sodium carboxymethylcellulose
  • TEER transepethelial electrical resistance
  • EMD Millipore Millicell-ERS2 Volt-Ohm Meter Millipore. Filters (with cell monolayer) showing more than 600 ⁇ cm 2 were used for permeability study. After cells reach desired confluence (monolayered cells), cells were pre-treated with vehicle (0.01% DMSO) UroA (50 ⁇ M) and UAS03 (50 ⁇ M) for 24 hours.
  • Optional parameters include -no-coverage-search and -library-type fr-firststrand.
  • the human ENSEMBL (FLICEK et al., (2014) “Ensembl 2014” Nucleic acids research, Vol. 42, pp. D749-D755) transcriptome gtf v82 was used for transcript identification, resulting in 60,903 total genes. On average, 26 million reads were aligned per sample with a mean alignment rate of 97 percent. Following sequence mapping, differentially expressed genes were determined using tuxedo suite of programs including cuffdiff2 (version 2.2.1) (TRAPNELL et al. (2013) “Differential analysis of gene regulation at transcript resolution with RNA-seq” Nature biotechnology, Vol. 31, pp.
  • RNA-seq data was deposited in gene database (GEO #GSE113581).
  • Immunoblots (Western blots): The total protein lysates were collected either from colon tissue/cells using radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIPA) buffer (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) and quantified using BCA protein quantification kit (Thermo Scientific) as per instructional manual. Total protein (20-50 ⁇ g) of was resolved on NuPAGETM 4-12% Bis-Tris gel (Novex Life technologies) and transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membrane (0.22 ⁇ m pore; Millipore, USA). After blocking with 5% (w/v) skim milk powder (containing IX TBS) for 1 h, the membrane was then incubated with respective antibodies at 4° C.
  • RIPA radioimmunoprecipitation assay
  • BCA protein quantification kit Thermo Scientific
  • HT29 or CaCo2 or BMDM cells (50,000 cells/well) were plated on to 8-well chambered slides (154534PK; ThermoFisher Scientific) allowed them to grow overnight.
  • the cells were induced with vehicle (0.01% DMSO) or UroA (50 ⁇ M) or UAS03 (50 ⁇ M) for desired time points and fixed with cold methonol.
  • the AhR or Nrf2 or Cldn4 stained with respective antibodies (1:200 dilution) followed by fluorecently labelled (Alexa flour 594 for AhR and Alexa flour 488 for Nrf2 and Cldn4) secondary ab (1:500 dilution; ThermoFisher Scientific).
  • the nucleus was stained with DAPI (Sigma Aldrich).
  • the confocal images were captured using Nikon AIR confocal microscope using 60 ⁇ magnification lense with appropriate laser channels.
  • AhR Reporter assay AhR-reported assay was performed using AhR Reporter Assay system (Indio Biosciences). The AhR Reporter cells (expressing luciferase under AhR promoter) as well as positive control MeBio (AhR ligand) compound were provided in the kit. The cells were treated with Vehicle or UroA or UAS03 or ellagic acid or MeBio for 6 hr and luminoscence was measured according to manufacture's instructions.
  • Nrf2-Reporter assay ARE-luciferase plasmid vector was obtained from Cayman Chemicals. HT29 cells were transfected at 50% confluency using lipofectamine 3000 reagent (ThermoFisher Scientific). Briefly, cells were seeded in 6-well plates (0.5 ⁇ 10 6 cells) and grown for 24 h. The transfection complex containing 1 ⁇ g of plasmid DNA and transfection reagent was added to each well in absence of FBS. After 6 hr medium containing 10% FBS was added and cells were incubated for another 16-18 hr.
  • mice were treated with Vehicle or UroA or UAS03, BNF or FICZ daily for one week at indicated concentration either through oral or i.p. route. After one week, mice were euthanized and the colon and liver tissues were dissected. Microsomes from these tissues were prepared using the following procedure (SINGH et al., (2013) “Evaluation of memory enhancing clinically available standardized extract of Bacopa monniera on P-glycoprotein and cytochrome P450 3A in Sprague-Dawley rats” PloS one, Vol. 8, Article e72517). For hepatic microsomes, liver was first perfused with 0.9% sodium chloride solution and excised out.
  • tissue homogenization buffer 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4 with 250 mM sucrose. Homogenate was centrifuged at 10,000 ⁇ g for 30 minutes at 4° C. supernatant obtained was further centrifuged at 105,000 ⁇ g for 60 minutes at 4° C. The pellet was washed with homogenization buffer and centrifuged again at 105,000 ⁇ g for 60 minutes at 4° C. The pellet was suspended in homogenization buffer and used for protein and CYP assay. For intestinal microsome preparation, intestine was removed and washed with 0.9% sodium chloride.
  • the intestine was longitudinally cut open to expose mucosal layer and mucosa was scrapped with help of glass slide.
  • the scraped tissue was collected in homogenization buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl buffer containing glycerol (20% v/v), protease inhibitor (1%) and heparin (3 U/ml)).
  • This suspended mucosa was homogenized and centrifuged at 10,000 ⁇ g for 20 minutes at 4° C. Supernatant obtained was further centrifuged at 105,000 ⁇ g for 60 minutes at 4° C. The pellet was washed with buffer and centrifuged again at 105,000 ⁇ g for 60 minutes at 4° C. The pellet was suspended homogenization buffer and used for protein and CYP enzymes assays.
  • Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) assay The microsomal proteins (0.5 mg) were mixed with 200 ⁇ L Tris buffer (0.1 M, pH 7.4) containing ethoxyresorufin (0.01 mM). To start reaction, NADPH (0.1 mM) was added and incubated at 37° C. for 10 min. After 10 min, reaction was terminated by adding equal volume of acetonitrile and reaction mixture was centrifuged at 13000 ⁇ g for 10 min at 4° C. Supernatant was used to determine resorufin by measuring fluorescence (Ex. 530 nm, Em. 580 nm). Pure resorufin (Sigma Aldrich) was used to generate standard curve.
  • P450-Glo Cyp1A1 luminiscence assay The above microsomes (20 ⁇ g) were used for P450-Glo Cyp1A1 luminiscence assays as per manufacturer's instructions.
  • EROD assay HT-29 cells (15,000 cells/well) treated with vehicle, UroA and UAS03 (24 hrs), were rinsed with HBSS buffer, and then fresh HBSS buffer was added along with 5 ⁇ M of 7-ethoxyresorufin. Cells were further incubated at 37° C. for 1 h. After the incubation time, fluorescence (Exc. 530 nm, Em. 580 nm) was measured and product (resorufin) formed was calculated from calibration standard and normalized with protein concentration.
  • P450-Glo Cyp1A1 luminiscence assay HT29 cells (25,000 cells/well) were plated in 48 well plate. Cell were then treated with UroA (0.1, 1, 10, 25 and 50 ⁇ M) or UAS03 (0.1, 1, 10, 25 and 50 ⁇ M) or FICZ (0.1, 1, 10, 25 and 50 nM) for 24 hrs. After treatment, cells were washed to remove any residual drugs, and fresh medium containing Cyp1A1 substrate (as per protocol provided with kit Cat. #V8751; Promega) for 3 hr.
  • Small interfering RNA (siRNA) mediated knockdown experiment The AhR siRNA (SR300136) and Cyp1A1 siRNA (SR301093) was purchased from Origene.
  • HT29 cells 0.5 ⁇ 10 6 cells/well
  • the AhR, Cyp1A1 and control-siRNA was transfected into HT29 cells using Lipofectamine® RNAiMAX reagent (ThermoFisher Scientific) as per intruction given.
  • cell were induced with vehicle (0.01% DMSO), UroA (50 ⁇ M) and UAS03 (50 ⁇ M) for 24 hr. After treatment with inducers, cells were lysed using RIPA buffer and total protein was used to analyse the expression of AhR, Cyp1A1 and cldn4 by western blot.
  • Cyp1A1 deletion by CRISPR/Cas9 method HT29 cells (1.5 ⁇ 10 5 ) were plated in 6-well in antibiotic free standard growth medium 24 h prior to transfection. At 60% confluency cells, cell were co-transfected with 2 ⁇ g each of CRISPR/Cas9 KO Plasmid (sc-40051 l-KO-2; Santa cruz) and HDR Plasmid (sc-400511-HDR-2; Santa cruz) using UltraCruz® Transfection Reagent (sc-395739; Santa Cruz). Medium was replaced with selective medium (containing 4 ⁇ g/mL puromycin) 96 hr post transfection. Transfection was confirmed with fluorescence microscopy and western blot (CYP1A1).
  • the double positive cells for GFP and RFP were sorted using MoFlo XDP sorting instrument (Beckman Coulter). The deletion of Cyp1A1 in these sorted was confirmed by Western blots. These cells were then plated in 6-well plate for in standard medium for evaluating the effect of UroA/UAS03 on Cldn4 expression. After 24 hr of UroA/UAS03 treatment cells were harvested for protein and Cldn4 expression was investigated along with normal HT29 cells.
  • NF- ⁇ B EMSA assay RAW 264.7 cells or BMDM were plated in 100 mm dishes (1 ⁇ 10 6 ) in DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 100 U/ml penicillin, and 100 U/ml streptomycin. Cells were allowed to grow for 24 hr and after incubation, cells were treated with LPS (50 ng/mL) with and without UroA (50 ⁇ M) and UAS03 (50 ⁇ M) for 6 hr. After treatments, culture medium was removed and washed with PBS. Cells were scraped and pelleted down in PBS.
  • FBS fetal bovine serum
  • UroA 50 ⁇ M
  • UAS03 50 ⁇ M
  • Colon explant culture Colon tissue pieces (0.5-1 cm length) from wild type (C57BL/6) or Nrf2 ⁇ / ⁇ or AhR ⁇ / ⁇ mice were cultured in triplicates for 24 h in complete DMEM-high glucose medium (supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, IX penicillin-streptomycin solution) in a humidified atmosphere in the presence of vehicle (0.01% DMSO), UroA (50 ⁇ M) or UAS03 (50 ⁇ M). The tissues were processed for protein preparation (tissue lysates with RIPA plus buffer) or total RNA isolation. These tissue lysates or RNA were used to determine the expression of Nrf2, Cldn4 and AhR.
  • RNA and protein analysis mice were treated with as described in results section. Mice were euthanized with CO 2 asphyxiation followed by cervical dislocation. Colon was dissected out and luminal contents were flushed out with cold PBS (containing PMSF and Sodium orthvandate). Small portion of colon was snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at ⁇ 80° C. for RNA analysis.
  • colon was opened longitudinally and mucosa was scraped in ice-cold IX PBS using pre-chilled glass slide and centrifuged at 300 ⁇ g for 10 min at 4° C. Supernatant was discarded and pellet was suspended in RIPA buffer (containing IX protease inhibitor) and vortexed at high speed. After 30 min incubation on ice, samples were centrifuged at 13,000 ⁇ g for 20 min at 4° C. Supernatant was collected and protein was quantified using BCA protein quantification kit. The lysates were used appropriately for Western blots.
  • 28-day repeated dose toxicity study To evaluate toxicity of UroA and UAS03, we performed 28-days repeated dose toxicity study. Mice were fed (oral gavage) with UroA (20 and 40 mg/kg/day) and UAS03 (20 and 40 mg/kg/day) daily for 28 days. Body weight, food and water intake were assessed weekly. After 28 days, mice were sacrificed and gross examination of all major organs were performed. Blood was collected to obtain serum. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and asparate aminotransferase (AST) were analyzed using ALT/AST kit (BioVision) as per instructional manual.
  • ALT serum alanine aminotransferase
  • AST asparate aminotransferase
  • TNBS 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzenesuifonic add
  • UroA or UAS03 was resuspended in 0.25% sodium-CMC at desired concentrations.
  • the mice were given orally Veh or UroA or UAS03 in 100 ⁇ l at desired concentrations (4 or 20 mg/kg/body weight).
  • the treatment started after 12 hours of TNBS administration and every 12 hours thereafter up to 72 hours.
  • the experiment was terminated post 60 h TNBS, where AhR ⁇ / ⁇ mice were involved.
  • TNBS administered and control mice were euthanized for tissue and plasma collection after 80 hours of TNBS/ethanol treatment. Mice were examined for colitis phenotype.
  • DSS-induced colitis Acute experimental colitis in mice was induced by giving 3% (w/v) colitis grade DSS (MP Biomedicals) in drinking water for 7 days. Control animal received drinking water without DSS. All colitis group mice were randomly divided into three groups viz. vehicle treated (0.25% Na-CMC), UroA (20 mg/kg/day) and UAS03 (20 mg/kg/day) on the 4 th and 6 th day of DSS treatment. After 7 days, animals were put back on regular water for a period of 7 days.
  • mice were evaluated daily for change in body weight, stool consistency and rectal bleeding and score was given and combined to obtained disease activity index (MURTHY et al., (1993) “Treatment of dextran sulfate sodium-induced murine colitis by intracolonic cyclosporin” Dig Dis Sci, Vol. 38, pp. 1722-1734). After euthanasia, the colon was removed and flushed with PBS containing (1 mM PMSF and 0.2 mM sodium orthovanadate). Colon length and colon weight were measured and small parts of colon were excised for myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and RNA isolation.
  • MPO myeloperoxidase
  • Tissues for MPO and RNA extraction were snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored in ⁇ 80° C. until further analysis.
  • Tissue for histological examination was stored in 10% phosphate buffered saline formalin. Blood was collected and serum was separated by centrifugation at 3500 ⁇ g for 15 min. Serum cytokines (IL-6, TNF- ⁇ ; Biolegend) and chemokines (CXCL1; R&D Systems) levels were measured by ELISA according to manufacturer's instructions.
  • In vivo intestinal permeability assay The gut barrier function was evaluated by in vivo intestinal permeability using FITC-Dextran (MW 4000; FD4, Sigma-Aldrich, USA) (FURUTA et al., (2001) “Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-dependent induction of intestinal trefoil factor protects barrier function during hypoxia” J Exp Med, Vol. 193, pp. 1027-1034). Briefly, mice were orally administered with FITC-dextran (60 mg/100 gm body weight). Mice were fasted for 4 h prior to euthanization. The FITC-dextran concentration in serum was determined using the standard curve of FITC-dextran in serum (excitation, 485 nm; emission, 525 nm; BMG LABTECH).
  • MPO activity in the colons was determined using the following procedure (KIM et al. (2012) “Investigating intestinal inflammation in DSS-induced model of IBD” J Vis Exp, Vol. 60, Article e3678 (6 pages)). Briefly, colon tissue was homogenized in 0.5% (w/v) hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (H6269; Sigma-aldrich, USA) in 50 mM PBS, pH 6.0. This homogenate underwent 3 freeze-thaw cycles and 10-15 sec sonication to obtain homogenous suspension. The supernatant from this suspension was collected after centrifugation at 13000 ⁇ g for 20 min at 4° C.
  • the supernatant (10 ⁇ l) was then added to 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.0) containing 0.167 mg/ml o-dianisidine (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) and 0.0005% H 2 O 2 (Sigma-Aldrich USA) and absorbance was taken at 450 nm (BMG, LABTECH) at 2 min interval.
  • Histopathology Collected colon tissue were fixed in 10% buffered formaldehyde solution overnight and fixed tissue underwent standard histopathological processing. Briefly, after fixation tissue underwent dehydration and cleaning with xylene before paraffin embedding. The paraffin section of 5 ⁇ m were cut (Leica microtome) and stained for H&E staining. The H&E images were captured using Aperio Scanscope. H&E sections were scored blindly using index scoring described by Erben et al. (ERBEN et al., (2014) “A guide to histomorphological evaluation of intestinal inflammation in mouse models” Int J Clin Exp Pathol, Vol. 7, pp. 4557-4576).
  • UroA (3,8-dihydroxy-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-one) has a lactone (cyclic ester bond) that connects two mono-hydroxyl phenyl rings leading to a planar structure ( FIG. 1A ).
  • Gastric pH or digestive enzymes can hydrolyze the lactone ring, which opens the ring resulting in the loss of the planar structure and possibly its activities (without wishing to be bound by theory).
  • UAS03 (6H-benzo[c]chromene-3,8-diol) ( FIG. 1A ). The stability of both compounds was examined under conditions of gastric pH and digestive enzymes.
  • UAS03 indeed is stable at gastric pH and also in the presence of gastric enzymes e.g., esterases and proteases ( FIG. 1A ).
  • Both UroA and UAS03 decreased LPS induced IL-6 and TNF- ⁇ in mouse bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) with UAS03 showing anti-inflammatory activities at nano molar concentrations ( FIG. 1B ).
  • BMDMs mouse bone marrow derived macrophages
  • FIG. 1B anti-inflammatory activities of UroA and UAS03 were examined in vivo in a LPS-induced peritonitis mouse model.
  • UroA or UAS03 treatment reduced the LPS-induced increase in serum IL-6 and TNF- ⁇ levels ( FIG. 1C ).
  • RNA-Seq analysis of epithelial cell line (HT29) exposed to UroA was performed as described in methods and to determine significance of differential gene expression, cuffdiff2 algorithm was used. Based on an uncorrected p-value cutoff of 0.05, 1,960 genes were determined to be differentially expressed as a result of UroA treatment in HT29 cells. Further restricting this list, 437 genes were found to be differentially expressed at FDR corrected q value ⁇ 0.05 in UroA treated HT29 cells ( FIG. 1D ).
  • FIG. 1D The pathway analysis using these restricted gene lists was performed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software ( FIG. 1D ).
  • IPA Ingenuity Pathway Analysis
  • eIF2 Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 2
  • mTOR mammalian target of rapamycin
  • mitochondrial dysfunction pathways emerged as top 3 pathways.
  • the RNA-Seq analysis showed that cytochrome P450 1A1 (Cyp1A1) is among the top 3 UroA upregulated genes.
  • the pathways analysis further indicated that the Nrf2 and AhR signaling pathways are in top 25 ( FIG. 1D ).
  • IPA Ingenuity Pathway Analysis revealed enrichment of Nrf2 and AhR signaling pathways ( FIG. 1D ), supporting a role for these pathways in UroA signaling.
  • a potential therapeutic avenue in IBD is the ability to increase barrier function. It was therefore of interest that we observed an increase in expression of the tight junction protein Cldn4 in UroA treated cells. Although not statistically significant in our RNA-seq dataset, we further observed an increase in expression of additional tight junction proteins ZO-1 and Ocln1 using real time PCR ( FIG. 1G ). The increased levels of these proteins by UroA or UAS03 was confirmed by Western blots ( FIG. 1H ) and Cldn4 by confocal imaging ( FIG.
  • RNA-Seq data and real time PCR data suggested that UroA upregulated Cyp1A1 ( FIG. 1E-F , FIG. 2A-B ).
  • the P450-Glo Cyp1A1 assay ( FIG. 2C ) as well as 7-ethoxyresorufin-G-deethylase (EROD) assay ( FIG. 2D ) were performed to determine, whether the Cyp1A1 enzyme activity was similarly affected.
  • UroA/UAS03 induced Cyp1A1 activity in colon epithelial cells ( FIG. 2C and FIG. 2D ). Since Cyp1A1 is a downstream target of AhR signaling, we examined whether UroA/UAS03 mediate their actions through AhR.
  • UroA/UAS03 induce the Cyp1A1 activities in vivo using wild type and AhR ⁇ / ⁇ mice. As shown in FIG. 2E , UroA/UAS03 activated Cyp1A1 activity in colon and liver of wild type but not in AhR ⁇ / ⁇ mice. Moreover, UroA/UAS03 treated wild type mice showed relatively more Cyp1A1 activity in colon tissues compared to BNF and FICZ treated mice ( FIG. 2F-G ). FICZ and BNF that are delivered through intra peritoneum (i.p) showed more Cyp1A1 activity in liver compared to UroA/UAS03 that are delivered through oral route ( FIG. 2F-G ).
  • UroA/UAS03 did not appear to upregulate Cldn4or NQO1 in Cyp1A1 deleted cells.
  • AhR Since AhR appears to play a role in UroA mediated activities, we analyzed existing AhR-ligand Chip analysis using ChIP-Atlas ( ⁇ http://chip-atlas.org/target_genes>>) that were performed on breast cancer cell line MCF-7 ( ⁇ http://dbarchive.biosciencedbc.jp/kyushu-u/hg19/target/AHR.1.html>>). The analysis suggested that Nrf2 is a target of AhR signaling cascade ( FIG. 3A ). Similarly, AhR also has influence on tight junction proteins such as Ocln, TJP3, Cldn2, 3 and 5 ( FIG. 3B ).
  • RNA seq data (Ingenuity) also revealed that AhR and Nrf2 pathways are listed in top 25.
  • TCDD mediates some of its activities through Nrf2 pathways
  • UroA/UAS03 could induce tight junction proteins through activating AhR-Nrf2 dependent pathways.
  • Treatment with UroA/UAS03 upregulated Nrf2 both at mRNA and protein levels ( FIG. 3C & FIG. 3G ) and induced its nuclear translocation in HT29 cells ( FIG. 3H-I ).
  • Nrf2-promoter activities were validated utilizing ARE-luciferase assays, where UroA/UAS03 enhanced luminescence upon treatment ( FIG. 3D ) similar to known Nrf2 activator sulforaphane (SFN) albeit at lower levels.
  • Nrf2 and its target gene HO1 are upregulated in the colons of wild type mice treated with UroA/UAS03 ( FIG. 1J-K ) as well as in HT29 cells ( FIG. 3E ).
  • AhR-Nrf2 pathways in UroA/UAS03 induced Cldn4 upregulation we utilized colon explants from C57BL/6 (wild type, WT), AhR ⁇ / ⁇ and Nrf2 7 mice.
  • Treatment with UroA/UAS03 induced the expression of both Nrf2, NQO1 and Cldn4 in WT colon explants FIG. 3J-N ). But these compounds did not appear to induce Cldn4 and NQO1 in both Nrf2 ⁇ / ⁇ and AhR ⁇ / ⁇ colon explants as well as Nrf2 in AhR ⁇ / ⁇ mice colon explants ( FIG.
  • UroA/UAS03 upregulated Nrf2 and tight junction proteins (Cldn4, NQO1, Ocln, ZO1 and TJP3) in WT mice ( FIG. 3O-T ).
  • UroA/UAS03 did not appear to induce these proteins in Nrf2 ⁇ / ⁇ and AhR ⁇ / ⁇ mice ( FIG. 3O-T ).
  • UroA/UAS03 induced NQO1 expression was also confirmed in HT29 cells ( FIG. 3F ). Overall these results suggest that both AhR and Nrf2 play a role in UroA/UAS03 mediated upregulation of tight junction proteins and NQO1.
  • UroA/UAS03 regulated barrier function was examined in the 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis model (ANTONIOU et al. (2016) “The TNBS-induced colitis animal model: An overview” Ann Med Surg (Lond), Vol. 11, pp. 9-15.).
  • UroA/UAS03 treatment protected from TNBS-induced colon shortening ( FIG. 4D-E ) and reduced weight to length ratio ( FIG.
  • UroA/UAS03 treatment also reduced neutrophil infiltration as evident from myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity ( FIG. 4G ) as well as serum inflammatory markers such as IL-6, TNF- ⁇ , CXCL1 and IL-1 ⁇ ( FIG. 4H ) that are hallmarks of ulcerative colitis. Consistent with these findings, H&E analysis of colon sections showed less tissue damage and inflammation scores ( FIG. 4I ). Furthermore, UroA/UAS03 also protected from TNBS-induced downregulation of Cldn4 in the colons of these mice ( FIG. 4J ). We further examined the effects of dose and frequency of UroA/UAS03 treatments as well as their preventive efficacy in mitigating colitis.
  • MPO myeloperoxidase
  • UroA/UAS03 mitigated TNBS-induced colitis with a single treatment at 4 or 20 mg/kg body weight.
  • the comparisons body weights at each time points suggest that TNBS treatment in all the groups led to decrease in body weight and treatment seems to decrease the loss of body weight, but did not reach significance ( FIG. 4Q ).
  • treatments showed impact on other parameters such as protecting from shortening of colons, blocking inflammatory mediators.
  • Supplementing wild type mice with UroA or UAS03 did not exhibit any signs of toxicity as evident from no observed changes in their body weights, CBC counts as well as serum ALT and AST levels ( FIG. 4R-S ).
  • UroA/UAS03 exhibited barrier protective activities by upregulating tight junction proteins, we investigated whether regular exposure to these metabolites would have sustained beneficial effects in preventing colitis.
  • the prophylactic activity profile of UroA/UAS03 was examined in the TNBS-induced colitis model. WT mice were orally fed daily with vehicle or UroA/UAS03 for one week followed by TNBS administration to induce colitis. These mice did not receive any further UroA/UAS03.
  • the treatment regimen and percent body weights are shown in FIG. 5A and FIG. 5H .
  • the pre-treated mice were protected from TNBS-induced colon shortening and colonic inflammation (colon length/weight) similar to a therapeutic regimen ( FIG. 5B-D ).
  • UroA/UAS03 The therapeutic applications of UroA/UAS03 were also examined in the dextran sodium sulphate (DSS)-induced colitis model. DSS chemically disrupts the epithelial cell barrier and leads to increased penetration of bacteria resulting in inflammation and colonic tissue damage. As shown in FIG. 2N-O , the mice treated with UroA/UAS03 were protected from 3% DSS induced acute colitis. UroA/UAS03 treatment mice displayed overall decreased DAI scores during the disease progression. UroA/UAS03 treatments protected from shortening of colons, decreased gut permeability and reduced inflammation compared to vehicle treatment ( FIG. 5I-M ) at the end of experiment on day 15.
  • DSS dextran sodium sulphate
  • UroA/UAS03 were also examined in a chronic DSS model, where mice were given 4 cycles of 2% DSS in drinking water for 7 days with an interval of 14 days in each cycle on regular water ( FIG. 6A ).
  • Treatment with UroA/UAS03 protected from DSS-induced colitis as evident from decreased gut permeability ( FIG. 6B ), reduced shortening of colons ( FIG. 6C-D ), increased colon weight/length ratio ( FIG. 6E ), reduced inflammation (serum IL-6, IL-1 ⁇ , TNF- ⁇ as well as colonic tissue MPO levels) ( FIG. 6F-G ).
  • UroA/UAS03 enhanced gut barrier integrity involves the expression of Nrf2.
  • UroA/UAS03 partially reduced serum inflammatory mediators such as IL-6 and TNF- ⁇ levels in Nrf2 ⁇ / ⁇ mice ( FIG. 7E ), suggesting that UroA/UAS03 could mediate some of the anti-inflammatory activities in Nrf2-independent manner.
  • AhR the TNBS-induced colitis model was executed in AhR ⁇ / ⁇ mice along with wild type mice ( FIG. 8A ). As expected AhR ⁇ / ⁇ mice were more susceptible to TNBS-induced colitis model as evident from rapid loss of body weight ( FIG. 8B and FIG. 9B ).
  • FIG. 8A Treatment with UroA/UAS03 did not appear to protect from shortening of colon lengths in AhR ⁇ / ⁇ mice compared to wild type mice ( FIG. 8C-D ). Additionally, UroA/UAS03 did not appear to correct the barrier dysfunction in AhR ⁇ / ⁇ mice as evident from in vivo permeability assays ( FIG. 8E ). Analysis of serum inflammatory mediators suggest that UroA/UAS03 did not appear to reduce IL-6 and slightly reduced the TNF- ⁇ in AhR ⁇ / ⁇ mice, whereas UroA/UAS03 treatments reduced IL-6 and TNF- ⁇ in wild type mice as observed above ( FIG. 8F ). Based on these results we propose that UroA/UAS03 exert protective barrier functional activities through AhR-Nrf2 dependent pathways by inducing tight junction proteins ( FIG. 8G ).
  • UroA/UAS03 mediated down regulation of LPS-induced IL-6 production in macrophages from WT, Nrf2 ⁇ / ⁇ and AhR ⁇ / ⁇ mice showed that LPS-induces much higher levels of IL-6 in Nrf2 ⁇ / ⁇ and AhR ⁇ / ⁇ macrophages relative to WT ( FIG. 8H ).
  • UroA/UAS03 also reduced the NF- ⁇ B activation in an AhR-dependent manner in macrophages ( FIG. 9H ).
  • AhR ⁇ / ⁇ BMDM are hyper responsive to LPS stimulation as evident from increased NF- ⁇ B activation as well as increased levels of IL-6 compared to wild type ( FIG. 8H and FIG. 9I ).
  • UroA/UAS03 Despite lowering of IL-6 levels by UroA/UAS03 in Nrf2 ⁇ / ⁇ macrophages, these reduced levels are still higher compared to LPS-induced IL-6 in WT macrophages.
  • the fold reduction upon treatments FIG. 9J-L
  • UroA/UAS03 reduced IL-6 in Nrf2 ⁇ / ⁇ similar to WT indicating Nrf2-independent anti-inflammatory activities both in vivo (TNBS model) and in vitro BMDM (LPS-induced IL-6).
  • UroA/UAS03 did not block LPS-induced IL-6 production in AhR ⁇ / ⁇ macrophages up to 30 ⁇ M as well as in AhR ⁇ / ⁇ mice in TNBS-induced colitis model suggesting that UroA/UAS03 mediate anti-inflammatory activities through AhR-dependent manner.
  • AhR ⁇ / ⁇ BMDM slight decrease in IL-6 levels at 50 ⁇ M dose may suggest some of unknown AhR-independent anti-inflammatory activities.
  • the results presented here highlight that single microbial metabolite regulates the barrier function in epithelial cells via the activating AhR-Nrf2 signaling pathways and also anti-inflammatory activities in AhR dependent pathways.
  • UroA and UAS03 increases overall gut health by enhancing barrier function in addition to their anti-inflammatory activities.
  • UroA/UAS03 activate the phase I (AhR-Cyp1A1) and phase II (Nrf2-anti-oxidative pathways) metabolic pathways to enhance expression of tight junction proteins and inhibit inflammation. We further demonstrate that treatment with these compounds mitigated colitis both in preventive and therapeutic settings.
  • RNA-Seq analysis revealed several clues for their function as well potential mechanisms.
  • UroA/UAS03 mediated up regulation of tight junction proteins (e.g., Cldn4, Ocln and ZO1) and protection from LPS induced leakage in epithelial monolayers showed that these metabolites clearly play a role in the regulation of barrier function.
  • Tight junctions consist of both transmembrane proteins (e.g., occludin, claudins, junctional adhesion molecules and tricellulin) as well as peripheral membrane proteins (e.g., ZO-1 and cingulin) to regulate paracellular permeability and maintain gut barrier function.
  • the disruption of tight junctions leads to barrier dysfunction and is implicated in IBDs and other disorders.
  • UroA/USA03 did not appear to exert their activities in cells lacking AhR or in AhR ⁇ / ⁇ colon explants as well as in AhR ⁇ / ⁇ mice suggesting a role for the AhR pathway in mediating UroA/UAS03 activities. Our current studies highlight this pathway in epithelial cells to regulate tight junction proteins and barrier function.
  • UroA/UAS03 supplementing daily for 7 days induced expression of AhR, Nrf2 and Cldn4 in the colons of wild type mice without observable toxicity ( FIG. 3T , FIG. 1J-K , FIG. 3O-S , and FIG. 4R-S ) suggesting potential translational applications for these compounds. Further, treatment with UroA/UAS03 also mitigated both chronic and acute DSS-induced colitis indicating model independent beneficial activities of these metabolites FIG. 6 and FIG. 5I-M ). UroA/UAS03 are low affinity non-toxic AhR agonists like BNF that suppressed the pathogenesis of DSS-induced colitis.
  • Nrf2 ⁇ / ⁇ mice We observed increased basal level of inflammatory mediators in Nrf2 ⁇ / ⁇ mice compared to wild type mice as well as in Nrf2 ⁇ / ⁇ BMDM. Further, addition of LPS upregulated IL-6 in Nrf2 ⁇ / ⁇ BMDM compared to wild type BMDM as well as in TNBS-induced colitis model. UroA/UAS03 failed to repair TNBS-induced barrier dysfunction and colitis in Nrf2 ⁇ / ⁇ mice ( FIG. 7 ).
  • UroA/UAS03 are exerting colitis protective activities by two-pronged mechanism of action. These compounds appear to act on immune cells (e.g., macrophages) to prevent LPS/bacterial induced inflammation as well as exhibit anti-oxidative activities through AhR-Nrf2 pathways. These metabolites have direct impact on gut epithelium and gut barrier function by upregulating tight junction proteins. Enhanced barrier function reduces the bacterial leakage in the gut leading to reduction in systemic inflammation. In addition to anti-inflammatory and barrier protective activities, UroA/UAS03 may reduce IBD through regulating mitochondrial dysfunction.
  • UroA reduces the LPS and EtOH induced TNF- ⁇ in human primary monocytes.
  • Peripheral blood monocytes from chronic alcoholism patients produce increased spontaneous inflammatory mediators such as TNF- ⁇ , IL-6, IL-1 ⁇ and IL-12.
  • healthy peripheral blood monocytes were exposed for one week and tested whether UroA/UAS03 reduce the LPS-induced TNF- ⁇ .
  • UroA reduced TNF- ⁇ in chronically EtOH exposed human monocytes FIG. 11 ) acknowledging its beneficial anti-inflammatory activities in ex vivo human primary cultures.
  • UroA/UAS03 upregulate TJ proteins and protect against LPS induced damage: TJ proteins such as Cldn4, ZO-1, Ocln play a role in maintaining the gut epithelial integrity and protect the gut from external insults such as LPS.
  • TJ proteins such as Cldn4, ZO-1, Ocln play a role in maintaining the gut epithelial integrity and protect the gut from external insults such as LPS.
  • ALD is associated with disrupted TJs, increased permeability, inflammation and endotoxemia.
  • Ocln is a tight junction protein expressed in intestinal epithelium and plays a role in maintenance of gut barrier function.
  • UroA/UAS03 can protect LPS (endotoxin) depletion of Ocln in colon epithelial cells.
  • FIG. 12 treatment with LPS decreased levels of Ocln ( FIG. 12A ) and UroA/UAS03 protected from depletion of Ocln in colon epithelial cells ( FIG. 12B ).
  • UroA exhibits protection against alcohol mediated epithelial cell damage. For this purpose, we have utilized Caco-2 monolayer cells on transwell membranes and performed transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and FITC-dextran permeability assays.
  • TEER transepithelial electrical resistance
  • UroA upregulate TJ proteins and protect against EtOH induced damage.
  • UroA exhibits protection against alcohol mediated epithelial cell damage.
  • TEER transepithelial electrical resistance
  • FITC-dextran permeability assays As shown in FIG. 13 , EtOH induced damage in monolayered Caco2 cells and induce leakage in a time dependent manner ( FIG. 13A ).
  • UroA is a better compound to protect against EtOH-induced permeability ( FIG. 13B ) and reduces in a dose dependent manner ( FIG. 13C ).
  • UroA protects against EtOH or LPS or HMGB1 induced epithelial permeability: Endotoxemia and gut barrier dysfunction are associated with pathogenesis of ALD. Gut barrier dysfunction leads to elevated intestinal permeability thus increasing circulating levels of endotoxins. Endotoxins such as LPS (representative for PAMP) and HMGB1 (representative for DAMP) induce several inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and ROS leading to further enhancement of systemic inflammation to promote pathogenesis of ALD. Our in vitro studies ( FIG. 13D ) suggest that HMGB1 or LPS increased gut epithelial permeability and treatment with UroA protected from EtOH or LPS or HMGB1 induced permeability.
  • UroA also protects even at higher dose of EtOH (400 mM) induced permeability ( FIG. 13E ) and enhanced TEER values ( FIG. 13F ). Treatment with UroA protects against EtOH induced damage of tight junction proteins as evidenced from Western blots ( FIG. 13G ) and confocal images of stained TJ proteins, ZO-1 and Ocln ( FIG. 13H ).
  • UroA Treatment with UroA mitigates acute and chronic alcohol liver disease.
  • ALD Gao B group
  • NIAAA Gao B group
  • FITC-dextran leakage levels of fecal albumin
  • UroA treatment also reduced TG accumulation in liver ( FIG. 15J ). UroA also protects against TJ protein (ZO-1) disruption at intestines ( FIG. 16 ).
  • UroA protects against chronic low dose alcohol induced gut barrier dysfunction and inflammation.
  • UroA (20 mg/kg) was given orally 2 h prior to EtOH treatment.
  • We evaluated gut permeability and inflammation parameters both in serum and liver ( FIG. 17 ).
  • mice were fed with diet containing 17% of energy as protein, 40% as corn oil, 7.5% as carbohydrate, and 35.5% as either alcohol (5% v/w, alcohol-fed, AF) or isocaloric maltose dextrin (pair-fed, PF). Before mice went on to 5% alcohol diet, alcohol concentration was ramped from 1.6% (3 days) to 3.6% (3 days) and finally 5% for next 4 weeks.
  • UAS03 group animals received UAS03 orally (20 mg/kg/day) on every other day after start of alcohol diet ( FIG. 18A ).
  • CMC sodium carboxymethyl cellulose
  • FIG. 18B-C in vivo gut permeability (FITC-dextran assay), serum ALT, AST, endotoxin, IL-6 and TNF- ⁇ ( FIG. 18E ).
  • Analysis of liver histopathology suggested that UAS03 reduced liver fat deposition supporting liver TG levels and steatosis ( FIG. 18F ).
  • Levels of IL-6, TNF- ⁇ , MPO and triglycerides (TGs) in liver tissues suggest that treatment with UAS03 down regulated liver inflammation and TG levels ( FIG. 18G ) in these mice.
  • UAS03 protected from deterioration of Ocln in the gut ( FIG. 18H ) supporting decreased intestinal permeability in UAS03 treatment group in ALD mice.
  • UroA treatment protects against EtOH-induced colon epithelial junction proteins: Colon epithelial cells (T84 cells) were treated with Vehicle (0.05% DMSO) or UroA (50 ⁇ M) for 1 h followed by EtOH (40 mM) for 6 h. The membrane and cytosolic fractions were isolated and evaluated for tight junction (TJ) and adherins junction (AJ) and desmosomes. It is evident from FIG. 20 that UroA protected from EtOH-induced internalization of membrane junction proteins to cytosol, (i.e., EtOH treatment alone has more cytosolic protein and EtOH+UroA has more membrane fraction) ( FIG. 20 ).
  • UroA protects against TNF- ⁇ and IFN- ⁇ induced permeability in CaCo-2 cells: Monolayer CaCo2 cells on transwell membrane wells were treated with TNF- ⁇ (10 ng/ml) and IFN- ⁇ (10 ng/ml) in the presence or absence of UroA (50 ⁇ M) for 48 h. The TEER values and FITC-dextran permeability were measured as described by SINGH et al (2019) “Enhancement of the gut barrier integrity by a microbial metabolite through the Nrf2 pathway” Nat Commun., Vol. 10, No. 1, Article 89 (18 pages); ( FIG. 21 ).
  • C57B6/J mice were injected with lipopolysaccharide intra-peritoneally at a septic dose of 20 mg/kg.
  • the treated animals received either Urolithin-A or UAS03 (Ether) at 20 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection.
  • Untreated septic animals showed 100% mortality within 50 hours.
  • Urolithin A treated animals showed 20% survival, while UAS03 (Ether) treated animals showed 90% long term survival ( FIG. 22 ).
  • UAS03 attenuates Scleroderma associated vascular permeability in Snail transgenic mice. Calorimetric quantification of Evan's blue dye extracted from back skin using UV spectrophotometer. Vehicle treated Snail animals showed 3-fold more dye than the control animals. Animals treated with UAS03 show more than 3-fold reduction in the dye leakage ( FIG. 24 ). This indicates that UAS03 has the ability to reduce endothelial vascular permeability.
  • UAS03 shows autophagy induction. Autophagy induction after compound treatment for 2 hours is assessed by the presence of red and green punctate inside the cells.
  • the HeLa cells were transfected with RFP-GFP-LC3 plasmid 48 hours prior to drug treatments. After drug treatment for 2 hours the cells are fixed and imaged.
  • LC3 is a protein that is expressed on autophagosomes and is seen as green puncta. When the autophagosome and lysosome fuse to form autolysosomes, the acidic pH inside of it causes degradation of GFP protein and only red puncta are visible ( FIG. 26 ). This data indicates that UroA and UAS03 have the ability to induce autophagy.
  • BMDM Mouse bone marrow derived macrophages
  • LPS E. coli -derived lipopolysaccharides
  • IL-6 E. coli -derived lipopolysaccharides
  • TNF- ⁇ TNF- ⁇ specific ELISA kit
  • Anti-inflammatory activities ( FIGS. 27-30 ): Inflammation is an underlying cause and promotion of several diseases including but not limited to inflammatory bowel diseases, alcoholic liver diseases, various types of cancers, arthritis, cardio vascular diseases, neurological disorders, sepsis, kidney, lung related and ageing related diseases.
  • we screened for anti-inflammatory activities of these analogues We identified several compounds in this series displayed anti-inflammatory activities and blocked LPS-induced IL-6 and TNF- ⁇ in mouse bone marrow derived macrophages. For ease of presentation, we considered LPS induced IL-6 or TNF- ⁇ as 100%.
  • UAS03, PKL 3, PKL4 and PKL 17 compared UroA (parent compound) to be effective anti-inflammatory compounds.
  • MAO A Monoamine oxidase A
  • MAO B1 inhibitory activities of compounds Assay: Briefly, 5 ⁇ g of MAO-A and MAO-B was incubated with 160 and 16 ⁇ M of MAO substrates, respectively. The enzyme assay was performed in presence of capsule compounds in a 96-well white plate. The control reaction contains equal amount of MAO buffer with the same percentage of solvent. The reaction plate was incubated at 37° C. for 60 min. After the incubation period, the reaction was stopped with addition of luciferin detection reagent, deprenyl were used as positive control for MAO-A and MAO-B, respectively. The luminescence produced was measured with multimode microplate reader, and it is directly proportional to MAO activity.
  • FIG. 31 shows the primary screen of these compounds at 100 ⁇ M dose.
  • FIG. 33 shows the screening of anti-inflammatory activities.
  • Mouse bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) were stimulated with LPS (50 ng/ml) with or without compounds for 6 hours.
  • IL-6 and TNF- ⁇ levels in supernatants were measured using standard ELISA methods. Results are representative of three independent experiments with triplicates for each concentration.
  • FIG. 34 shows the activity of MAO enzymes in the presence of various compounds.
  • FIG. 35 shows compounds tested against MAO-A and MAO-B activities and identified IC50 and Ki values.
  • UroA/UAS03 treatment also reduced LPS-induced TNF- ⁇ levels in serum and Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid ( FIG. 36B ).
  • BAL Bronchoalveolar lavage
  • VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor
  • VE-Cadherin CDH5
  • AJ adherins junction
  • FIG. 36D-E UroA or UAS03 increased the expression of CDH5 suggesting that these metabolites potentially enhancing endothelial barrier integrity through upregulation of AJs.
  • results from in vitro permeability assays (albumin bound Evans Blue) also suggested that UroA/UAS03 reduced LPS (100 ng/ml) induced barrier permeability in HUVECs ( FIG. 36F ).
  • UroA decreased drug efflux activities of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and enhanced the expression of E-cadherin in colon cancer cell lines providing potential mechanisms of action for chemosensitization.
  • UAS03 is potent chemosensitizing adjuvant:
  • P-gp P-glycoprotein
  • BCRP breast cancer resistance protein
  • E-cadherin E-cadherin in colon cancer cell lines providing potential mechanisms of action for chemosensitization.
  • UAS03 is potent chemosensitizing adjuvant:
  • One problem in cancer therapies is the chemoresistance to drug treatments.
  • the results from proliferation assay of representative colon cancer cell line (SW480) are shown in FIG. 37 .
  • Treatment with UroA or UAS03 show a minimal effect on cell proliferation.
  • Treatment with 5FU reduced cell viability to 63%,
  • UroA or UAS03 additive of UroA or UAS03 to the 5FU treatment reduced cell viability when compared to 5FU treatment alone ( FIG. 37A ) (increased the inhibition, FIG. 37B ).
  • UroA with 5FU (3.12 ⁇ M) reduced cell viability from 90% to 69%, whereas UAS03 reduced to 40%, which represent approximately 6 fold increase in the inhibition of cell proliferation even at 3.12 ⁇ M of 5FU.
  • the highest concentration that we tested 100 ⁇ M for 5FU could only inhibit maximum of up to 60% cancer cell growth.
  • the Chou-Talalay combination index (CI) values ( ⁇ 1 indicates synergy) derived from isobolograms ( FIG. 37C ) are ⁇ 0.5 suggesting their synergism in anti-proliferative activities.
  • UroA also reduced colon cancer cell colony formation as evident from clonogenic assay ( FIG. 37D ).
  • HT-29, HCT-116, Col205 We have also observed similar trends with these compounds in other colon cancer cell lines (HT-29, HCT-116, Col205) (data not shown).
  • UroA and UAS03 in combination with 5FU in parental and 5FU-resistant (5FUR) cell lines enhanced the sensitivity to 5FU treatment in 5FUR cell with CI values ⁇ 1 suggesting their synergism (data not shown).
  • UroA in combination with 5FU inhibited cell growth and migration of colonic cancer cells into scratch (right corner image) compared to individual compounds.
  • UroA/UAS03 reduce drug transporters: One of the mechanisms by which cancer cells acquire chemoresistant phenotype is by the induction of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) drug efflux transporter proteins, BCRP and P-gycoprotein (P-gp). Therefore, blocking its activity and/or downregulating the expression of BCRP, P-gp could reverse the effect and sensitize the cancer cells.
  • BCRP ATP-binding cassette
  • P-gp P-gycoprotein
  • UroA/UAS03 treatment reduce epithelial-mesenchymal transitions (EMT) signature in 5FU resistant (5FU R) colon cancer cells We examined EMT markers in 5FU sensitive (parent) and 5FU resistant (5FUR) HCT116 colon cancer cell lines. As shown FIG. 40 , 5FUR cells displayed decreased expression of ZO1, E-cadherin as well as increased expression of ⁇ -catenin and Snail compared to parent cell lines. The reciprocal expression of these molecules are hallmarks of EMT signature. Next, we examined whether treatment with UroA/UAS03 can reverse these patterns in 5FUR cells. It is evident from FIG.
  • UroA/UAS03 can reverse the EMT signature patterns in 5FUR colon cancer cells in addition to enhanced anti-proliferative activities.
  • drug transporters such as Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2), ATP-binding cassette (ABC) drug efflux transporter proteins, BCRP and P-gycoprotein (P-gp).
  • 5FU-R colon cancer cells express higher levels of MRP2 ( FIG. 42 ) and treatment with UroA/UAS03 reduce the expression of these transporters ( FIG. 43 ). This could result in increase in intracellular drug concentration leading to increase in cell death/decreased proliferation of drug resistant cancer cells upon treatment with 5FU and UroA/UAS03.
  • These compounds can be also used for other types of cancers in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs that are chemoresistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. Additionally, using these compounds potentially help in lowering the dose of drugs to obtain similar effects without major side effects due to higher doses.
  • THF solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure dilute the reaction mixture with ethylacetate, wash the organic layer with brine, water and dried under anhydrous sodium sulphate, evaporate under reduced pressure to get 5 g of 1,2-bis(3-methoxyphenyl)ethane-1,2-dione (26%).
  • the reaction mixture was evaporate under reduced pressure, dilute the reaction mixture with ethyl acetate, wash the ethyl acetate layer with brine, water and dried with anhydrous sodium sulphate and evaporate to get crude (9E,10E)-9,10-bis((2-hydroxyethyl)imino)-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene-2,7-diol.
  • the crude product was purified with column chromatography using Chloroform and methanol as a eluent to get pure 0.25 g of (9E,10E)-9,10-bis((2-hydroxyethyl)imino)-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene-2,7-diol (36.2%).
  • a” or “an” means one or more than one, unless otherwise specified.
  • the words “a” or “an” means one or more than one, unless otherwise specified.
  • “another” means at least a second or more, unless otherwise specified.
  • the phrases “such as”, “for example”, and “e.g.” mean “for example, but not limited to” in that the list following the term (“such as”, “for example”, or “e.g.”) provides some examples but the list is not necessarily a fully inclusive list.
  • the word “comprising” means that the items following the word “comprising” may include additional unrecited elements or steps; that is, “comprising” does not exclude additional unrecited steps or elements.
  • the term “about,” when referring to a value or to an amount of mass, weight, time, volume, concentration or percentage is meant to encompass variations of in some embodiments ⁇ 20%, in some embodiments ⁇ 10%, in some embodiments ⁇ 5%, in some embodiments ⁇ 1%, in some embodiments ⁇ 0.5%, and in some embodiments ⁇ 0.1% from the specified amount, as such variations are appropriate to perform the disclosed method.

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CN112638889A (zh) 2021-04-09
AU2019269401A1 (en) 2021-01-07
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