US20210003570A1 - Diagnostic biomarkers for detecting, subtyping, and/or assessing progression of multiple sclerosis - Google Patents

Diagnostic biomarkers for detecting, subtyping, and/or assessing progression of multiple sclerosis Download PDF

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US20210003570A1
US20210003570A1 US16/611,951 US201816611951A US2021003570A1 US 20210003570 A1 US20210003570 A1 US 20210003570A1 US 201816611951 A US201816611951 A US 201816611951A US 2021003570 A1 US2021003570 A1 US 2021003570A1
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autoantigen
autoantibody
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autoantigens
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Robert G. Nagele
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Rowan University
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
    • G01N33/564—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor for pre-existing immune complex or autoimmune disease, i.e. systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid factors or complement components C1-C9
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
    • G01N33/543—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
    • G01N33/543—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals
    • G01N33/551—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals the carrier being inorganic
    • G01N33/552—Glass or silica
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2800/00—Detection or diagnosis of diseases
    • G01N2800/28—Neurological disorders
    • G01N2800/285—Demyelinating diseases; Multipel sclerosis
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2800/00—Detection or diagnosis of diseases
    • G01N2800/50—Determining the risk of developing a disease
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2800/00—Detection or diagnosis of diseases
    • G01N2800/56—Staging of a disease; Further complications associated with the disease

Definitions

  • MS Multiple Sclerosis
  • CNS central nervous system
  • Demyelination occurs commonly in the white matter of the brain, including in the optic nerve and spinal cord, but later progresses to include gray matter lesions that are readily visualized in magnetic resonance images (MRIs).
  • MRIs magnetic resonance images
  • Common symptoms include lower extremity muscle weakness, paresthesia, and vision changes, and cognitive decline is later observed as the disease progresses.
  • MS a diagnosis of MS requires a thorough patient history, imaging such as MRI to detect white matter lesions, an electrophysiological examination using evoked potential tests, and/or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis to detect the presence of increased immunoglobulin species. While some success has been achieved to accurately diagnose and treat the symptoms of certain patients, others succumb to progressively worsening disease symptoms and opportunistic conditions.
  • imaging such as MRI to detect white matter lesions
  • electrophysiological examination using evoked potential tests an electrophysiological examination using evoked potential tests
  • CSF cerebrospinal fluid
  • the present invention provides a method for detecting Multiple Sclerosis (MS) diagnostic autoantibodies in a subject.
  • the present invention further provides a method of generating a subject-specific, MS-specific autoantibody profile for a subject.
  • the invention further provides a kit for detecting MS diagnostic biomarkers.
  • the present invention further provides a method of subtyping MS in a subject.
  • the present invention further provides a method of identifying the pathological progression of MS in a subject in need thereof.
  • the present invention further comprises a method of identifying a subject at risk of suffering from RRMS.
  • the present invention further comprises a method of identifying a subject at risk of suffering from SPMS.
  • the method comprises contacting an immunoglobulin-containing biological sample from the subject with a system comprising one or more autoantigens to form a reaction mixture, under conditions that allow for formation in the reaction mixture of an immunocomplex between each autoantigen and its corresponding autoantibody, if its corresponding autoantibody is present in the sample.
  • the one or more autoantigens comprise BC099907.1, NM_201998.1, and BC028006.1.
  • the method comprises detecting presence or absence of immunocomplexes in the reaction mixture, wherein formation of an immunocomplex between an autoantibody and its corresponding autoantigen indicates presence of the autoantibody in the biological sample.
  • the method comprises generating a subject-specific MS-specific autoantibody profile of autoantibodies present in the biological sample.
  • the one or more autoantigens further comprise at least one selected from the group consisting of NM_020317.2, NM_001008737.1, NM_004912.3, BC001419.1, NM_002642.1, PV4202, and NM_016011.2.
  • the one or more autoantigens further comprise at least one selected from the group consisting of BC001419.1 and NM_016011.2.
  • the subject is a human.
  • the biological sample is selected from the group consisting of whole blood, plasma, serum, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, and sputum. In other embodiments, the biological sample is whole blood.
  • At least one autoantigen is attached to a solid substrate.
  • each one of the autoantigens is attached to a solid substrate and is in the form of an array.
  • the array is a microarray.
  • the solid substrate is a nitrocellulose-coated glass slide.
  • the immunocomplex is detected using an immunoassay.
  • the immunoassay comprises a competition assay, direct immunoassay, indirect immunoassay, immunoprecipitation, immunoblotting, and/or sandwich immunoassay.
  • the subject is advised to be administered a therapeutic agent and/or receive therapeutic intervention for MS.
  • the method further comprises administering to the subject a therapeutic agent and/or a therapeutic intervention to treat MS.
  • the method comprises contacting an immunoglobulin-containing biological sample from the subject with a system comprising one or more relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS)-specific autoantigens and/or one or more secondary progressive (SPMS)-specific autoantigens to form a reaction mixture, under conditions that allow for formation in the reaction mixture of an immunocomplex between each autoantigen and its corresponding autoantibody, if its corresponding autoantibody is present in the sample.
  • the one or more RRMS-specific autoantigens comprise at least one selected from the group consisting of NM_152729.2, BC024289.1, BC020233.1, BC030813.1, NM_144606.1, and NM_145253.1.
  • the one or more SPMS-specific autoantigens comprise at least one selected from the group consisting of NP_002497.2, NP_001001547.1, NM_004493.1, NM_018464.2, BC010467.1, NM_005409.3, BC048299.1, NM_022788.2, NP_000556.1, and BC093661.1.
  • the method comprises detecting presence or absence of immunocomplexes in the reaction mixture, wherein formation of an immunocomplex between an autoantibody and its corresponding autoantigen indicates presence of the autoantibody in the sample.
  • presence of at least one RRMS-specific immunocomplex in the reaction mixture indicates a RRMS subtype.
  • presence of at least one SPMS-specific immunocomplex in the reaction mixture indicates a SPMS subtype.
  • presence of at least one RRMS-specific immunocomplex in the reaction mixture indicates the subject has risk of suffering from or developing RRMS.
  • presence of at least one SPMS-specific immunocomplex in the reaction mixture indicates that the subject has risk of suffering from or developing SPMS.
  • the one or more RRMS-specific autoantigens comprise at least one selected from the group consisting of NM_152729.2, BC024289.1, and BC020233.1.
  • the one or more RRMS-specific autoantigens further comprise at least one selected from the group consisting of NM_005151.2, NM_004987.3, NM_003141.2, and NP_002167.1.
  • the one or more SPMS-specific autoantigens comprise at least one selected from the group consisting of NP_002497.2, NP_001001547.1, NM_004493.1, NM_018464.2, and NP_000556.1.
  • the subject is a human.
  • the biological sample is selected from the group consisting of whole blood, plasma, serum, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, and sputum.
  • the biological sample is whole blood.
  • At least one autoantigen is attached to a solid substrate.
  • each one of the autoantigens is attached to a substrate and is in the form of an array.
  • the array is a microarray.
  • the substrate is a nitrocellulose-coated glass slide.
  • the immunocomplex is detected using an immunoassay.
  • the immunoassay comprises a competition assay, direct immunoassay, indirect immunoassay, immunoprecipitation, immunoblotting, and/or sandwich immunoassay.
  • the subject is advised to be administered a therapeutic agent and/or receive therapeutic intervention for MS.
  • the method further comprises administering to the subject a therapeutic agent and/or a therapeutic intervention to treat MS.
  • the kit comprises an array comprising a solid substrate and one or more autoantigens immobilized onto the substrate, wherein the one or more autoantigens in the array comprise at least one selected from the first autoantigen group consisting of: BC099907.1, NM_201998.1, BC028006.1, NM_020317.2, NM_003636.1, BC003065.1, NM_001008737.1, XM_003960444.1, BC029796.1, NM_152716.1, XM_379114.1, BC022258.1, BC002733.2, NM_004912.3, BC001419.1, NM_002642.1, PV4202, PV4337, XM_378514.1, XM_086879.4, BC015514.1, NM_005151.2, BC016380.1, BC032451.1, NM_175907.3, BC073782.1, NM_004987.3, BC022362.1, NM_004302,
  • the one or more autoantigens in the array comprise BC099907.1, NM_201998.1, and BC028006.1. In yet other embodiments, the one or more autoantigens in the array further comprise at least one selected from the group consisting of NM_020317.2, NM_001008737.1, NM_004912.3, BC001419.1, NM_002642.1, PV4202, and NM_016011.2. In yet other embodiments, the one or more autoantigens in the array further comprise at least one selected from the group consisting of BC001419.1 and NM_016011.2. In yet other embodiments, the only autoantigens in the array are the at least one selected from the first autoantigen group.
  • the only autoantigens in the array are BC099907.1, NM_201998.1, and BC028006.1. In yet other embodiments, the only autoantigens in the array are BC099907.1, NM_201998.1, BC028006.1, and at least one selected from the group consisting of NM_020317.2, NM_001008737.1, NM_004912.3, BC001419.1, NM_002642.1, PV4202, and NM_016011.2. In yet other embodiments, the only autoantigens in the array are BC099907.1, NM_201998.1, BC028006.1, and at least one selected from the group consisting of BC001419.1 and NM_016011.2.
  • the kit comprises an array comprising a solid substrate and one or more autoantigens immobilized onto the substrate, wherein the one or more autoantigens in the array comprise at least one selected from the following groups: a RRMS-specific autoantigen group comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of NM_152729.2, BC024289.1, BC020233.1, BC030813.1, NM_144606.1, and NM_145253.1, and a SPMS-specific autoantigen group comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of NP_002497.2, NP_001001547.1, NM_004493.1, NM_018464.2, BC010467.1, NM_005409.3, BC048299.1, NM_022788.2, NP_000556.1, and BC093661.1.
  • a RRMS-specific autoantigen group comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of NM_152729.2, BC024289.1, BC020233.1,
  • the RRMS-specific autoantigen comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of NM_152729.2, BC024289.1, and BC020233.1.
  • the one or more RRMS-specific autoantigens further comprise at least one selected from the group consisting of NM_005151.2, NM_004987.3, NM_003141.2, and NP_002167.1.
  • the one or more SPMS-specific autoantigens comprise at least one selected from the group consisting of NP_002497.2, NP_001001547.1, NM_004493.1, NM_018464.2, and NP_000556.1.
  • the only autoantigens in the array are the at least one selected from the RRMS-specific autoantigen group and the SPMS-specific autoantigen group.
  • the only autoantigen in the array is at least one selected from the group consisting of NM_152729.2, BC024289.1, BC020233.1, BC030813.1, NM_144606.1, and NM_145253.1. In other embodiments, the only autoantigen in the array is at least one selected from the group consisting of NM_152729.2, BC024289.1, and BC020233.1. In yet other embodiments, the only autoantigen in the array is at least one selected from the group consisting of NM_005151.2, NM_004987.3, NM_003141.2, and NP_002167.1.
  • the only autoantigen in the array is at least one selected from the group consisting of NP_002497.2, NP_001001547.1, NM_004493.1, NM_018464.2, BC010467.1, NM_005409.3, BC048299.1, NM_022788.2, NP_000556.1, and BC093661.1.
  • the only autoantigen in the array is at least one selected from the group consisting of NP_002497.2, NP_001001547.1, NM_004493.1, NM_018464.2, and NP_000556.1.
  • the only autoantigens in the array are one of the following or any combinations thereof: (a) at least one selected from the group consisting of NM_152729.2, BC024289.1, BC020233.1, BC030813.1, NM_144606.1, and NM_145253.1; (b) at least one selected from the group consisting of NM_152729.2, BC024289.1, and BC020233.1; (c) at least one selected from the group consisting of NM_005151.2, NM_004987.3, NM_003141.2, and NP_002167.1; (d) at least one selected from the group consisting of NP_002497.2, NP_001001547.1, NM_004493.1, NM_018464.2, BC010467.1, NM_005409.3, BC048299.1, NM_022788.2, NP_000556.1, and BC093661.1; and (e) at least one selected from the group
  • the kit comprises assay reagents for detection of immunocomplexes formed by binding of the immobilized autoantigens contemplated in the invention to the MS diagnostic autoantibody biomarkers in an immunoglobulin-containing biological sample from a subject.
  • the kit comprises a package labeling indicating a diagnosis of MS in the subject upon detecting formation of at least one immunocomplex from the first autoantigen group. In other embodiments, the kit comprises a package labeling indicating a diagnosis of RRMS in the subject upon detecting formation of at least one immunocomplex from the RRMS-specific autoantigen group. In yet other embodiments, the kit a package labeling indicating a diagnosis of SPMS in the subject upon detecting formation of at least one immunocomplex from the SPMS-specific autoantigen group.
  • the package labeling indicates that the subject has about 90% risk of developing MS within the next 1 to 10 years when immunocomplexes are detected for all three of BC099907.1, NM_201998.1, and BC028006.1.
  • the array is an ordered microarray.
  • the substrate is a nitrocellulose-coated glass slide.
  • FIG. 1 is a graph illustrating biomarker analysis and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve assessment of diagnostic utility of autoantibody biomarkers for the detection of MS.
  • the ROC AUC, sensitivity, and specificity values for the panels of 50 and 3 biomarkers are shown in the Table found in FIG. 5 .
  • RRMS Receiver Operating Characteristic
  • FIG. 3 is a table illustrating sample demographics. The number of individuals (n), age, range of age, gender, and ethnicity are listed for each disease and control group.
  • FIG. 5 is a table illustrating ROC curve assessment of diagnostic utility of the top 50 and top 3 depleted mixed MS biomarkers.
  • ROC curve analyses (Testing Set subjects only) show the diagnostic utility of the top 50 and top 3 depleted biomarkers for distinguishing MS subjects from age-matched controls and from early-stage PD and breast cancer.
  • Area under the curve (AUC) values at 95% confidence are listed along with values for sensitivity and specificity derived from ROC curve output data.
  • the present invention relates to the identification of autoantibody biomarkers that are useful for the detection and/or progression evaluation of Multiple Sclerosis (MS).
  • MS Multiple Sclerosis
  • the present invention provides a method for detecting certain MS-related autoantibody biomarkers in a subject in need of such detection.
  • the method comprises obtaining an immunoglobulin-containing biological sample from the subject.
  • the method comprises determining in the biological sample presence or absence of an autoantibody that binds to a specific autoantigen to form corresponding an immunocomplex, wherein formation of the immunocomplex between the autoantibody and the autoantigen indicates presence of the autoantibody in the sample.
  • presence or absence of the immunocomplex in the biological sample can be used to identify the presence of ongoing MS pathology in the subject, and/or identify the subject as having early-stage MS and at risk for developing MS symptoms, and/or identify the specific clinical progression of MS in the subject.
  • the present invention provides a method for detecting MS diagnostic autoantibodies in a subject in need thereof.
  • the method comprises obtaining an immunoglobulin-containing biological sample from the subject.
  • the method comprises contacting the biological sample with a system comprising one or more autoantigens to form a reaction mixture, under conditions that allow for formation in the reaction mixture of an immunocomplex between each autoantigen and its corresponding autoantibody, if its corresponding autoantibody is present in the sample.
  • the one or more autoantigens comprise BC099907.1, NM_201998.1, and BC028006.1.
  • the one or more autoantigens further comprise at least one, two, three, four, five, six, or seven selected from the group consisting of NM_020317.2, NM_001008737.1, NM_004912.3, BC001419.1, NM_002642.1, PV4202, and NM_016011.2.
  • the one or more autoantigens further comprise at least one or two selected from the group consisting of BC001419.1 and NM_016011.2.
  • the method comprises detecting presence or absence of immunocomplexes in the reaction mixture, wherein formation of an immunocomplex between an autoantibody and the corresponding autoantigen indicates presence of the autoantibody in the sample.
  • the present invention provides a method of generating a subject-specific, MS-specific autoantibody profile.
  • the method comprises obtaining an immunoglobulin-containing biological sample from the subject.
  • the method comprises contacting the biological sample with a system comprising one or more autoantigens to form a reaction mixture, under conditions that allow for formation in the reaction mixture of an immunocomplex between each autoantigen and its corresponding autoantibody, if its corresponding autoantibody is present in the sample.
  • the one or more autoantigens comprise BC099907.1, NM_201998.1, and BC028006.1.
  • the one or more autoantigens further comprise at least one, two, three, four, five, six, or seven selected from the group consisting of NM_020317.2, NM_001008737.1, NM_004912.3, BC001419.1, NM_002642.1, PV4202, and NM_016011.2.
  • the one or more autoantigens further comprise at least one or two selected from the group consisting of BC001419.1 and NM_016011.2.
  • the method comprises detecting presence or absence of immunocomplexes in the reaction mixture, wherein formation of an immunocomplex between an autoantibody and the corresponding autoantigen indicates presence of the autoantibody in the sample.
  • the method comprises generating a subject-specific MS-specific autoantibody profile of autoantibodies present in the sample.
  • the present invention provides a method of subtyping MS in a subject in need thereof.
  • the method comprises obtaining an immunoglobulin-containing biological sample from the subject.
  • the method comprises contacting the biological sample with a system comprising one or more relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS)-specific autoantigens and/or one or more secondary progressive (SPMS)-specific autoantigens to form a reaction mixture, under conditions that allow for formation in the reaction mixture of an immunocomplex between each autoantigen and its corresponding autoantibody, if its corresponding autoantibody is present in the sample.
  • RRMS relapsing-remitting MS
  • SPMS secondary progressive
  • the one or more RRMS-specific autoantigens comprise at least one, two, three, four, five, or six selected from the group consisting of NM_152729.2, BC024289.1, BC020233.1, BC030813.1, NM_144606.1, and NM_145253.1. In yet other embodiments, the one or more RRMS-specific autoantigens comprise at least one, two, or three selected from the group consisting of NM_152729.2, BC024289.1, and BC020233.1.
  • the one or more RRMS-specific antigens further comprise at least one, two, three, or four selected from the group consisting of NM_005151.2, NM_004987.3, NM_003141.2, and NP_002167.1.
  • the one or more SPMS-specific autoantigens comprise at least one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten selected from the group consisting of NP_002497.2, NP_001001547.1, NM_004493.1, NM_018464.2, BC010467.1, NM_005409.3, BC048299.1, NM_022788.2, NP_000556.1, and BC093661.1.
  • the one or more SPMS-specific autoantigens comprise at least one, two, three, four, or five selected from the group consisting of NP_002497.2, NP_001001547.1, NM_004493.1, NM_018464.2, and NP_000556.1.
  • the method comprises detecting presence or absence of immunocomplexes in the reaction mixture, wherein formation of an immunocomplex between an autoantibody and the corresponding autoantigen indicates presence of the autoantibody in the sample.
  • presence of at least one RRMS-specific immunocomplex in the reaction mixture indicates a RRMS subtype.
  • presence of at least one SPMS-specific immunocomplex in the reaction mixture indicates a SPMS subtype.
  • the present invention provides a method of identifying the pathological progression of MS from one subtype to another in a subject in need thereof.
  • the method comprises obtaining an immunoglobulin-containing biological sample from the subject.
  • the method comprises contacting the biological sample with a system comprising one or more relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS)-specific autoantigens and/or one or more secondary progressive (SPMS)-specific autoantigens to form a reaction mixture, under conditions that allow for formation in the reaction mixture of an immunocomplex between each autoantigen and its corresponding autoantibody, if its corresponding autoantibody is present in the sample.
  • RRMS relapsing-remitting MS
  • SPMS secondary progressive
  • the one or more RRMS-specific autoantigens comprise at least one, two, three, four, five, or six selected from the group consisting of NM_152729.2, BC024289.1, BC020233.1, BC030813.1, NM_144606.1, and NM_145253.1. In yet other embodiments, the one or more RRMS-specific autoantigens comprise at least one, two, or three selected from the group consisting of NM_152729.2, BC024289.1, and BC020233.1.
  • the one or more RRMS-specific antigens further comprise at least one, two, three, or four selected from the group consisting of NM_005151.2, NM_004987.3, NM_003141.2, and NP_002167.1.
  • the one or more SPMS-specific autoantigens comprise at least one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten of NP_002497.2, NP_001001547.1, NM_004493.1, NM_018464.2, BC010467.1, NM_005409.3, BC048299.1, NM_022788.2, NP_000556.1, and BC093661.1.
  • the one or more SPMS-specific autoantigens comprise at least one, two, three, four, or five selected from the group consisting of NP_002497.2, NP_001001547.1, NM_004493.1, NM_018464.2, and NP_000556.1.
  • the method comprises detecting presence or absence of immunocomplexes in the reaction mixture, wherein formation of an immunocomplex between an autoantibody and the corresponding autoantigen indicates presence of the autoantibody in the sample.
  • presence of at least one RRMS-specific immunocomplex in the reaction mixture indicates a RRMS subtype.
  • presence of at least one SPMS-specific immunocomplex in the reaction mixture indicates a SPMS subtype.
  • the present invention provides a method of identifying a subject at risk of suffering from RRMS.
  • the method comprises obtaining an immunoglobulin-containing biological sample from the subject.
  • the method comprises contacting the biological sample with a system comprising one or more relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS)-specific autoantigens, under conditions that allow for formation in the reaction mixture of an immunocomplex between each autoantigen and its corresponding autoantibody, if its corresponding autoantibody is present in the sample.
  • RRMS relapsing-remitting MS
  • the one or more RRMS-specific autoantigens comprise at least one, two, three, four, five, or six selected from the group consisting of NM_152729.2, BC024289.1, BC020233.1, BC030813.1, NM_144606.1, and NM_145253.1. In yet other embodiments, the one or more RRMS-specific autoantigens comprise at least one, two, or three selected from the group consisting of NM_152729.2, BC024289.1, and BC020233.1.
  • the one or more RRMS-specific antigens further comprise at least one, two, three, or four selected from the group consisting of NM_005151.2, NM_004987.3, NM_003141.2, and NP_002167.1.
  • the method comprises detecting presence or absence of immunocomplexes in the reaction mixture, wherein formation of an immunocomplex between an autoantibody and the corresponding autoantigen indicates presence of the autoantibody in the sample.
  • presence of at least one RRMS-specific immunocomplex in the mixture indicate that the subject has risk of suffering from or developing RRMS.
  • the present invention provides a method of identifying a subject at risk of suffering from SPMS.
  • the method comprises obtaining an immunoglobulin-containing biological sample from the subject.
  • the method comprises contacting the biological sample with a system comprising one or more secondary progressive (SPMS)-specific autoantigens to form a reaction mixture, under conditions that allow for formation in the reaction mixture of an immunocomplex between each autoantigen and its corresponding autoantibody, if its corresponding autoantibody is present in the sample.
  • SPMS secondary progressive
  • the one or more SPMS-specific autoantigens comprise at least one, two, three, four, or five selected from the group consisting of NP_002497.2, NP_001001547.1, NM_004493.1, NM_018464.2, and NP_000556.1.
  • the method comprises detecting presence or absence of immunocomplexes in the reaction mixture, wherein formation of an immunocomplex between an autoantibody and its corresponding autoantigen indicates presence of the autoantibody in the sample.
  • presence of at least one SPMS-specific immunocomplex in the reaction mixture indicates that the subject has risk of suffering from or developing SPMS.
  • the kit comprises at least one, two, or three autoantigen selected from the group consisting of BC099907.1, NM_201998.1, and BC028006.1. In yet other embodiments, the kit comprises each one, two, or three from the group consisting of BC099907.1, NM_201998.1, and BC028006.1. In yet other embodiments, the kit further comprises at least one, two, three, four, five, six, or seven selected from the group consisting of NM_020317.2, NM_001008737.1, NM_004912.3, BC001419.1, NM_002642.1, PV4202, and NM_016011.2.
  • the subject is a human.
  • the biological sample is selected from the group consisting of whole blood, plasma, serum, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, and sputum.
  • the biological sample is whole blood.
  • the antigens can be attached to a substrate, preferably a nitrocellulose-coated glass slide, and can be in the form of an array, preferably a microarray.
  • the articles “a” and “an” refer to one or to more than one (i.e. to at least one) of the grammatical object of the article.
  • an element means one element or more than one element.
  • the term “about” will be understood by persons of ordinary skill in the art and will vary to some extent on the context in which it is used. As used herein when referring to a measurable value such as an amount, a concentration, a temporal duration, and the like, the term “about” is meant to encompass variations of ⁇ 20% or ⁇ 10%, more preferably ⁇ 5%, even more preferably ⁇ 1%, and still more preferably ⁇ 0.1% from the specified value, as such variations are appropriate to perform the disclosed methods.
  • alteration or “change” is meant an increase or decrease.
  • An alteration may be by at least about 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 90%, or 100%, or any fraction or multiple thereof
  • animal refers to living multi-cellular vertebrate organisms, a category that includes, for example, mammals and birds.
  • VL VH region
  • VL region VL region.
  • Fab′ fragments F(ab)′2 fragments
  • scFv single chain Fv proteins
  • dsFv disulfide stabilized Fv proteins
  • a scFv protein is a fusion protein in which a light chain variable region of an immunoglobulin and a heavy chain variable region of an immunoglobulin are bound by a linker, while in dsFvs, the chains have been mutated to introduce a disulfide bond to stabilize the association of the chains.
  • the term also includes recombinant forms such as chimeric antibodies (for example, humanized murine antibodies), heteroconjugate antibodies (such as, bispecific antibodies). See also, Pierce Catalog and Handbook, 1994-1995 (Pierce Chemical Co., Rockford, Ill.); Kuby, Immunology, 3rd Ed., W.H. Freeman & Co., New York, 1997.
  • a variety of immunoassay formats are appropriate for selecting antibodies specifically immunoreactive with a particular protein.
  • solid-phase ELISA immunoassays are routinely used to select monoclonal antibodies specifically immunoreactive with a protein.
  • immunoprecipitation or immunoblotting assays See Harlow & Lane, Antibodies, A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Publications, New York (1988), for a description of immunoassay formats and conditions that can be used to determine specific immunoreactivity
  • antigen or “Ag” as used herein is defined as a molecule that binds to a receptor of the immune system and provokes an immune response. This immune response may involve either antibody production, or the activation of specific immunologically-competent cells, or both.
  • antigens can be derived from recombinant or genomic DNA. A skilled artisan will understand that any DNA, which comprises a nucleotide sequence or a partial nucleotide sequence encoding a protein that elicits an immune response, therefore encodes an “antigen” as that term is used herein.
  • an antigen need not be encoded solely by a full length nucleotide sequence of a gene. It is readily apparent that the present invention includes, but is not limited to, the use of partial nucleotide sequences of more than one gene and that these nucleotide sequences are arranged in various combinations to elicit the desired immune response. Moreover, a skilled artisan will understand that an antigen need not be encoded by a “gene” at all. It is readily apparent that an antigen can be generated synthesized or can be derived from a biological sample. Such a biological sample can include, but is not limited to a tissue sample, a tumor sample, a cell or a biological fluid.
  • protein antigens as used herein includes protein and peptide antigens.
  • apper any device including, but not limited to, a hypodermic syringe, a pipette, an iontophoresis device, a patch, and the like, for administering the compositions of the invention to a subject.
  • autoantibodies refers to antibodies that are capable of reacting against an antigenic constituent of an individual's own tissue or cells (e.g., the antibodies recognize and bind to “self” antigens).
  • binding refers to a specific interaction between two or more molecules, such as the binding of an antibody and an antigen (for example an antibody to an antigen).
  • specific binding is identified by a dissociation constant (Kd).
  • binding affinity is calculated by a modification of the Scatchard method described by Frankel et al., 1979, Mol. Immunol. 16:101-106.
  • binding affinity is measured by an antigen/antibody dissociation rate.
  • a high binding affinity is measured by a competition radioimmunoassay (RIA).
  • a high binding affinity is at least about 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 8 M.
  • a high binding affinity is at least about 1.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 8 , at least about 2.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 8 , at least about 2.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 8 , at least about 3.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 8 , at least about 3.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 8 , at least about 4.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 8 , at least about 4.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 8 , or at least about 5.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 8 M.
  • the disclosed antibodies have a binding affinity for the antigen of at least 10 nM.
  • Bio sample or “sample” as used herein means a biological material isolated from an individual.
  • the biological sample may contain any biological material suitable for detecting the desired biomarkers, and may comprise cellular and/or non-cellular material obtained from the individual.
  • a biological sample may be of any biological tissue or fluid. Frequently the sample will be a “clinical sample,” which is a sample derived from a patient.
  • Typical clinical samples include, but are not limited to, bodily fluid samples such as synovial fluid, sputum, blood, urine, blood plasma, blood serum, sweat, mucous, saliva, lymph, bronchial aspirates, peritoneal fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, and pleural fluid, and tissues samples such as blood-cells (e.g., white cells), tissue or fine needle biopsy samples and abscesses or cells therefrom.
  • tissues samples can also include sections of tissues, such as frozen sections or formalin fixed sections taken for histological purposes.
  • the immunoglobulin-containing biological sample is serum, whole blood, CSF, saliva, or sputum.
  • a blood sample can be obtained by methods known in the art including venipuncture or a finger stick.
  • CSF can be obtained by methods known in the art including a lumbar spinal tap.
  • serum from blood a sample of blood is received and centrifuged at a speed sufficient to pellet all cells and platelets, and the serum to be analyzed is drawn from the resulting supernatant.
  • Sputum and saliva samples can be collected by methods known in the art.
  • the biological samples can be diluted with a suitable buffer before conducting the assay.
  • the biological sample is serum or whole blood.
  • a “biomarker” or “marker” as used herein generally refers to a nucleic acid molecule, clinical indicator, protein, antibody, or other analyte that is associated with a disease.
  • a marker is differentially present in a biological sample obtained from a subject having or at risk of developing a disease (e.g., MS) relative to a reference.
  • a marker is differentially present if the mean or median level of the biomarker present in the sample is statistically different from the level present in a reference.
  • a reference level may be, for example, the level present in an environmental sample obtained from a clean or uncontaminated source.
  • a reference level may be, for example, the level present in a sample obtained from a healthy control subject or the level obtained from the subject at an earlier timepoint, i.e., prior to treatment.
  • Common tests for statistical significance include, among others, t-test, ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney and odds ratio.
  • Biomarkers, alone or in combination provide measures of relative likelihood that a subject belongs to a phenotypic status of interest.
  • the differential presence of a marker of the invention in a subject sample can be useful in characterizing the subject as having or at risk of developing a disease (e.g., MS), for determining the prognosis of the subject, for evaluating therapeutic efficacy, or for selecting a treatment regimen.
  • a disease e.g., MS
  • Biosensor is an analytical device for the detection of an analyte in a sample.
  • Biosensors can comprise a recognition element, which can recognize or capture a specific analyte, and a transducer, which transmits the presence or absence of an analyte into a detectable signal.
  • the terms “comprising,” “including,” “containing” and “characterized by” are exchangeable, inclusive, open-ended and do not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps. Any recitation herein of the term “comprising,” particularly in a description of components of a composition or in a description of elements of a device, is understood to encompass those compositions and methods consisting essentially of and consisting of the recited components or elements. As used herein, the term “consisting of” excludes any element, step, or ingredient not specified in the claim element. As used herein, the term “consisting essentially of” does not exclude materials or steps that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristics of the claim.
  • contacting includes in solution and solid phase, for example contacting a sample with an antibody, for example contacting a sample that contains an autoantibody of interest.
  • control level means a biomarker level in a sample from a subject where the subject does not have the condition being tested.
  • control level is also construed herein to mean an average level of an endogenous biomarker in samples obtained from more than one subject where the subject does not have the condition being tested.
  • endogenous biomarker relates to naturally-occurring levels of a biomarker in a control sample such as in a control/normal/healthy individual.
  • control level is also construed herein to mean a reference biomarker level obtained through calculation of what such a biomarker level might be in samples from a hypothetical group of subjects not having the condition being tested.
  • the control level is therefore a level of biomarker against which a test level is measured.
  • the control biomarker level can serve as a comparator against which a test sample can be compared.
  • the term “data” in relation to one or more biomarkers, or the term “biomarker data” generally refers to data reflective of the absolute and/or relative abundance (level) of a product of a biomarker in a sample.
  • the term “dataset” in relation to one or more biomarkers refers to a set of data representing levels of each of one or more biomarker products of a panel of biomarkers in a reference population of subjects.
  • a dataset can be used to generate a formula/classifier of the invention. According to one embodiment, the dataset need not comprise data for each biomarker product of the panel for each individual of the reference population.
  • the “dataset” when used in the context of a dataset to be applied to a formula can refer to data representing levels of products of each biomarker for each individual in one or more reference populations, but as would be understood can also refer to data representing levels of each biomarker for 99%, 95%, 90%, 85%, 80%, 75%, 70% or less of the individuals in each of the one or more reference populations and can still be useful for purposes of applying to a formula.
  • detectable moiety is meant a composition that when linked to a molecule of interest renders the latter detectable, via spectroscopic, photochemical, biochemical, immunochemical, or chemical means.
  • useful labels include radioactive isotopes, magnetic beads, metallic beads, colloidal particles, fluorescent dyes, electron-dense reagents, enzymes (for example, as commonly used in an ELISA), biotin, digoxigenin, or haptens.
  • the terms “determining,” “assessing,” “assaying,” “measuring,” and “detecting” refer to both quantitative and qualitative determinations, and as such, the term “determining” is used interchangeably herein with “assaying,” “measuring,” and the like. Where a quantitative determination is intended, the phrase “determining an amount” of an analyte and the like is used. Where a qualitative and/or quantitative determination is intended, the phrase “determining a level” of an analyte or “detecting” an analyte is used.
  • a “disease” is a state of health of an animal wherein the animal cannot maintain homeostasis, and wherein if the disease is not ameliorated then the animal's health continues to deteriorate.
  • a “disorder” in an animal is a state of health in which the animal is able to maintain homeostasis, but in which the animal's state of health is less favorable than it would be in the absence of the disorder. Left untreated, a disorder does not necessarily cause a further decrease in the animal's state of health.
  • an effective amount or “therapeutically effective amount” are used interchangeably herein, and refer to an amount of a compound, formulation, material, or composition, as described herein effective to achieve a particular biological result. Such results may include, but are not limited to, the treatment of a disease or condition as determined by any means suitable in the art.
  • Immunoassay refers to a biochemical test that measures the presence or concentration of a substance in a sample, such as a biological sample, using the reaction of an antibody to its cognate antigen, for example the specific binding of an antibody to a protein. Both the presence or the amount of antigen and/or antibody present can be measured or determined. Measuring the quantity of antigen can be achieved by a variety of methods. One of the most common is to label either the antigen or antibody with a detectable label.
  • an “individual”, “patient” or “subject”, as these terms are used interchangeably herein, includes a member of any animal species including, but are not limited to, birds, humans and other primates, and other mammals including commercially relevant mammals such as cattle, pigs, horses, sheep, cats, and dogs.
  • the subject is a human.
  • the term “instructional material” includes a publication, a recording, a diagram, or any other medium of expression that can be used to communicate the usefulness of the compositions and methods of the invention.
  • the instructional material can be part of a kit useful for preparing and/or using a composition of the invention.
  • the instructional material of the kit may, for example, be affixed to a container that contains the compositions of the invention or be shipped together with a container that contains the compositions.
  • the instructional material can be shipped separately from the container with the intention that the recipient uses the instructional material and the compositions cooperatively.
  • the instructional material is for use of a kit; or instructions for use of a compound or composition of the invention.
  • isolated refers to material that is free to varying degrees from components which normally accompany it as found in its native state. “Isolate” denotes a degree of separation from original source or surroundings. “Purify” denotes a degree of separation that is higher than isolation.
  • a “purified” or “biologically pure” protein is sufficiently free of other materials such that any impurities do not materially affect the biological properties of the protein or cause other adverse consequences. That is, a nucleic acid or peptide of this invention is purified if it is substantially free of cellular material, viral material, or culture medium when produced by recombinant DNA techniques, or chemical precursors or other chemicals when chemically synthesized.
  • a “label” is detectable compound or composition that is conjugated directly or indirectly to another molecule, such as an antibody or a protein, to facilitate detection of that molecule.
  • labels include fluorescent tags, enzymatic linkages (such as horseradish peroxidase), radioactive isotopes (for example 14 C, 32 P, 125 I, 3 H isotopes and the like) and particles such as colloidal gold.
  • a protein such as a protein associated with a fungus, is labeled with a radioactive isotope, such as 14 C, 32 P, 125 I, 3 H isotope.
  • an antibody that specifically binds the protein is labeled.
  • radiolabels may be detected using photographic film or scintillation counters; fluorescent markers may be detected using a photodetector to detect emitted light.
  • Enzymatic labels are typically detected by providing the enzyme with a substrate and detecting the reaction product produced by the action of the enzyme on the substrate, and calorimetric labels are detected by simply visualizing the colored label.
  • mamal includes both human and non-human mammals.
  • microarray is meant a collection of nucleic acid, protein, antigen, and/or antibody probes immobilized on a substrate.
  • DNA microarrays or “DNA chip(s)”
  • RNA microarrays or “protein microarrays”, and “antibody arrays” encompass all art-recognized solid supports, and all art-recognized methods for affixing nucleic acid, protein, antigen, and/or antibody molecules thereto or for synthesis of nucleic acids thereon and antibodies.
  • Certain arrays typically comprise a plurality of different nucleic acid, protein, antigen, and/or antibody probes that are coupled to a surface of a substrate in different, known locations.
  • arrays also described as “microarrays” or colloquially “chips” have been generally described in the art, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,143,854, 5,445,934, 5,744,305, 5,677,195, 5,800,992, 6,040,193, 5,424,186, and Fodor et al., 1991, Science, 251:767-777, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
  • Arrays may be used to assess large amounts of biological material using high-throughput screning miniaturized, multiplexed and parallel processing and detection methods.
  • Arrays may generally be produced using a variety of techniques, such as mechanical synthesis methods or light directed synthesis methods that incorporate a combination of photolithographic methods and solid phase synthesis methods. Techniques for the synthesis of these arrays using mechanical synthesis methods are described in, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,384,261, and 6,040,193, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all purposes. Although a planar array surface is preferred, the array may be fabricated on a surface of virtually any shape or even a multiplicity of surfaces. Arrays may be antigens, nucleic acids or antibodies on beads, gels, polymeric surfaces, and fibers such as fiber optics, glass or any other appropriate substrate. See U.S. Pat. Nos.
  • Arrays may be packaged in such a manner as to allow for diagnostic use or can be an all-inclusive device; e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,856,174 and 5,922,591, all of which incorporated in their entirety by reference for all purposes.
  • Arrays are commercially available from, for example, Affymetrix (Santa Clara, Calif.) and Applied Biosystems (Foster City, Calif.), and are directed to a variety of purposes, including genotyping, diagnostics, mutation analysis, marker expression, and gene expression monitoring for a variety of eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms.
  • the number of probes on a solid support may be varied by changing the size of the individual features. In certain embodiments the feature size is 20 by 25 microns square, in other embodiments features are, for example, 8 by 8, 5 by 5, or 3 by 3 ⁇ m 2 , resulting in about 2,600,000, 6,600,000 or 18,000,000 individual probe features.
  • a “monoclonal antibody” is an antibody produced by a single clone of B-lymphocytes or by a cell into which the light and heavy chain genes of a single antibody have been transfected.
  • Monoclonal antibodies are produced by methods known to those of skill in the art, for instance by making hybrid antibody-forming cells from a fusion of myeloma cells with immune spleen cells. These fused cells and their progeny are termed “hybridomas.”
  • Monoclonal antibodies include humanized monoclonal antibodies
  • the level of a target nucleic acid molecule present in a sample may be compared to the level of the target nucleic acid molecule present in a clean or uncontaminated sample.
  • the level of a target nucleic acid molecule present in a sample may be compared to the level of the target nucleic acid molecule present in a corresponding healthy cell or tissue or in a diseased cell or tissue (e.g., a cell or tissue derived from a subject having a disease, disorder, or condition).
  • sample includes a biologic sample such as any tissue, cell, fluid, or other material derived from an organism.
  • solid support refers to a material or group of materials having a rigid or semi-rigid surface or surfaces.
  • at least one surface of the solid support is substantially flat, although in certain embodiments it is desirable to physically separate synthesis regions for different compounds with, for example, wells, raised regions, pins, etched trenches, or the like.
  • the solid support(s) take(s) the form of beads, resins, gels, microspheres, microplates, or other geometric configurations. See U.S. Pat. No. 5,744,305, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
  • synthetic antibody as used herein, is meant an antibody which is generated using recombinant DNA technology, such as, for example, an antibody expressed by a bacteriophage as described herein.
  • the term should also be construed to mean an antibody which has been generated by the synthesis of a DNA molecule encoding the antibody and which DNA molecule expresses an antibody protein, or an amino acid sequence specifying the antibody, wherein the DNA or amino acid sequence has been obtained using synthetic DNA or amino acid sequence technology available and well known in the art.
  • therapeutic agent refers to a substance that demonstrates some therapeutic effect by restoring or maintaining health, such as by alleviating the symptoms associated with a disease or physiological disorder, or delaying (including preventing) progression or onset of a disease.
  • the therapeutic agent is a chemical or pharmaceutical agent, or a prodrug.
  • a therapeutic agent can be an agent that prevents or inhibits one or more signs or symptoms or laboratory findings associated with is disease contemplated in the invention.
  • the therapeutic agent comprises intravenous corticosteroids, such as methylprednisolone, interferon beta-1a, interferon beta-1b, glatiramer acetate, mitoxantrone, natalizumab, fingolimod, teriflunomide, dimethyl fumarate, alemtuzumab, rituximab, and/or ocrelizumab.
  • corticosteroids such as methylprednisolone, interferon beta-1a, interferon beta-1b, glatiramer acetate, mitoxantrone, natalizumab, fingolimod, teriflunomide, dimethyl fumarate, alemtuzumab, rituximab, and/or ocrelizumab.
  • therapeutic intervention means a treatment of a patient designed to alleviate a symptom experienced by the patient.
  • the term should be construed to include surgical intervention.
  • the therapeutic intervention comprises dietary supplementation and regimens, vitamin D, relaxation techniques such as yoga, herbal medicine (including medical cannabis), hyperbaric oxygen therapy, self-infection with hookworms, reflexology, acupuncture, and mindfulness.
  • a “therapeutically effective amount” or “effective amount” or “therapeutically effective dose” is that amount or dose sufficient to inhibit or prevent onset or advancement, to treat outward symptoms, or to cause regression, of a disease.
  • the therapeutically effective amount or dose also can be considered as that amount or dose capable of relieving symptoms caused by the disease.
  • the therapeutically effective amount may vary depending the subject and disease condition being treated, e.g., the weight and age of the subject, the severity of the disease condition, the manner of administration and the like, which can readily be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • treatment refers to an approach for obtaining beneficial or desired results including, but not limited to, therapeutic benefit and/or a prophylactic benefit.
  • therapeutic benefit is meant eradication or amelioration of the underlying disorder being treated.
  • a therapeutic benefit is achieved with the eradication or amelioration of one or more of the physiological symptoms associated with the underlying disorder such that an improvement is observed in the patient, notwithstanding that the patient may still be afflicted with the underlying disorder.
  • the compositions may be administered to a patient at risk of developing a particular disease, or to a patient reporting one or more of the physiological symptoms of a disease, even though a diagnosis of this disease may not have been made.
  • range format is merely for convenience and brevity and should not be construed as an inflexible limitation on the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the description of a range should be considered to have specifically disclosed all the possible sub-ranges as well as individual numerical values within that range and, when appropriate, partial integers of the numerical values within ranges. For example, description of a range such as from 1 to 6 should be considered to have specifically disclosed sub-ranges such as from 1 to 3, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 5, from 2 to 4, from 2 to 6, from 3 to 6 etc., as well as individual numbers within that range, for example, 1, 2, 2.7, 3, 4, 5, 5.3, and 6. This applies regardless of the breadth of the range.
  • autoantibodies targeting myelin surface proteins such as myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, myelin basic protein, myelin proteolipid protein, and myelin-associated glycoprotein, have demonstrated either associative or correlative links to MS, however, they currently lack utility as accurate diagnostic biomarkers.
  • Other autoantibody targets of growing interest are glycans, and include anti-GAGA4 or anti-glucose antibodies, as well as other cell surface ion channel proteins like KIR4.1. Despite the abundance of potential biomarker candidates, there is as of yet no definitive biofluid test capable of accurately diagnosing MS or monitoring its progression.
  • the present invention relates to the identification of autoantibodies that can be used to diagnose individuals with MS.
  • diagnosis can use sera from MS subjects afflicted with either the relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) or secondary progressive MS (SPMS) subtype, the two most prevalent clinical courses of this disease. Roughly 80% of all MS patients are initially diagnosed with RRMS and, during the course of their disease, more than 60% will transition to SPMS.
  • RRMS relapsing-remitting MS
  • SPMS secondary progressive MS
  • a panel of blood-borne autoantibody biomarkers can be used to differentiate patients with MS from appropriate age- and gender-matched control subjects with an overall accuracy of 95.0%. Also identified were additional autoantibody biomarker panels that are subtype-specific for RRMS or SPMS, and the use each of these panels to successfully differentiate between each MS subtype has been demonstrated. Using RRMS-specific autoantibody biomarkers, it was possible to differentiate RRMS patients from SPMS patients with 100.0% accuracy.
  • SPMS-specific autoantibody biomarkers were capable of differentiating SPMS patients from RRMS patients with 92.0% accuracy.
  • subtype-specific autoantibody biomarker panels and their corresponding diagnostic logic were capable of successfully differentiating between RRMS and SPMS, two clinically relevant MS subtypes representing two discrete phases of the same disease.
  • human protein microarrays provide an accurate and reliable platform for the discovery of blood-based autoantibodies that serve as powerful diagnostic indicators or biomarkers of ongoing MS disease.
  • the strength in this unconventional approach to MS and other disease diagnostics lies in the role, as presently understood, of autoantibodies in the maintenance of body-wide homeostasis through clearance of tissue debris produced in response to ongoing pathology.
  • the present biomarker discovery strategy has focused on identifying differentially expressed autoantibodies in disease groups relative to healthy control subjects. Using this approach it is not only possible to diagnose and stage early phases of both of these diseases, but also to differentiate them from other closely related neurological diseases with high overall accuracy.
  • the autoantibody biomarker panel used herein to distinguish MS patients from matched controls comprises a wide variety of constituent proteins, but lacks confirmation of previously described targets of interest.
  • Identified biomarkers include dehydrogenases, regulatory proteins, voltage-gated potassium channel subunits, kinases, and transcription factors, among others.
  • some proposed functions of these selected biomarkers include neuronal differentiation, nerve signal regulation, innate immunity processes, cell motility, RNA modification, transcription/translation regulation, and glycolipid biosynthesis.
  • Such biomarkers would be useful for disease monitoring in patients under treatment by their physicians or in clinical trials, where a beneficial effect would coincide with reduction in debris production from the region of pathology as well as a corresponding reduction in the titers of autoantibodies charged with their clearance.
  • the present disclosure relating to MS indicates that autoantibodies with lower or depleted titers were found to be the most sensitive, accurate and thus useful biomarkers for disease diagnosis. Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, this indicates that the binding of certain autoantibodies to available targets in regions associated with MS pathology is driving their selective depletion, and is also playing a causal role in MS.
  • Brain-reactive autoantibodies are ubiquitous in human blood and, under conditions of blood-brain barrier compromise, such autoantibodies gain access to the brain interstitium and can bind to exposed targets on the surfaces of neurons and glia. Indeed, in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease, the same neurons showing particular vulnerability to AD pathological changes, including intraneuronal beta-amyloid deposition, are also the cells that are most immunoglobulin G-positive. Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, chronic IgG binding to neuronal surfaces under conditions of blood-brain barrier breach can possibly play a role in AD pathological changes and facilitate amyloid deposition in the affected brain.
  • the same type of mechanism can be possibly operating in MS patients, where transient or chronic access of autoantibodies to their targets on the myelin sheath or axonal membranes at the node of Ranvier contribute to a dampening or blocking of nerve impulse transmission at the affected region.
  • the factors precipitating intervals of access of autoantibodies to neuronal targets can involve, in a non-limiting example, transient increases in blood-brain barrier permeability.
  • the present invention describes a diagnostic approach to MS that employs only a small volume of a biological fluid (such as blood), is relatively non-invasive, and independent of diagnostic imaging, such as MRI.
  • a biological fluid such as blood
  • diagnostic imaging such as MRI
  • the present invention provides separate panels of autoantibody biomarkers to distinguish between RRMS and
  • the present disclosure is directed to the disclosed diagnostic strategy using autoantibody biomarkers that can be used to detect MS and differentiate between different clinical MS subtypes, as well as distinguish MS subjects from those with early-stage PD, a closely related neurodegenerative disorder, albeit with lower accuracy.
  • the present disclosure is thus directed to a sensitive and specific test for the general diagnosis of MS and two of its subtypes.
  • MS represents a wide range of symptoms, clinical presentations, and natural histories, and thus encompasses a truly heterogeneous patient population—conditions that can often complicate a straightforward diagnosis.
  • the course and progression of the disease is dependent on early and accurate diagnoses, followed by treatment intervention. Patients will undoubtedly benefit from earlier, more accurate diagnosis and monitoring throughout the course of their disease.
  • a well-developed, readily accessible and affordable diagnostic tool is available to enable progress in the fields of MS research and treatment.
  • the presently disclosed diagnostic blood test are useful in differentiating between a patient experiencing a clinically isolated syndrome triggered by MS, and one that is due to other causes.
  • diagnostic has utility as a screening tool that allows physicians to appropriately direct their patients to seek additional confirmatory tests for MS.
  • the present diagnostic strategy can also be applicable to verify early enrollment of patients into clinical trials, as well as serve as a means to monitor a patient's response to a particular treatment regimen through documentation of the subsequent loss of MS-relevant biomarkers.
  • diagnostic tool can allow a physician to monitor disease progression while the patient is under treatment. If the treatment is working, the biomarkers will drop out and become undetectable compared to earlier test results, thereby providing a biochemical confirmation that the treatment is working to alleviate the disease. It can also be used as a prognostic indicator of impending MS relapses or worsening conditions/disease progression, as well as the transition between MS clinical subtypes.
  • an immunoassay can be used to detect and analyze autoantibodies in a biological sample.
  • the term “immunoassay” is used in reference to any method in which an antibody is used in the detection of an antigen, or in which an antigen is used in the detection of an antibody, thus forming an immunocomplex.
  • the antigens recited herein are identified by art-accepted names as well as database identification numbers.
  • the database identification numbers refer to the publically available protein databases of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), which are well-known and accessible to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • immunoassay formats include but not limited to, competition assays, direct immunoassays, indirect immunoassays, and “sandwich immunoassays.” However, it is not intended that the present invention be limited to any particular format. It is contemplated that other formats, including radioimmunoassays (RIA), immunofluorescent assays (IFA), and other assay formats, including, but not limited to, variations on the ELISA, RIA and/or IFA methods are useful in the methods of the present invention. Immunoassay also includes immunoprecipitation and/or immunoblotting.
  • RIA radioimmunoassays
  • IFA immunofluorescent assays
  • Immunoassay also includes immunoprecipitation and/or immunoblotting.
  • the assay utilizes a solid phase or substrate to which the autoantigens are directly or indirectly attached, such as a microtiter or microassay plate, slide, magnetic bead, non-magnetic bead, column, matrix, membrane, or sheet, and can be composed of a synthetic material such as polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyamide, or other synthetic polymers, natural polymers such as cellulose, derivatized natural polymers such as cellulose acetate or nitrocellulose, and glass, for example glass fibers.
  • the substrate can comprise a plurality of individually addressable autoantigens immobilized on the surface.
  • the individually addressable autoantigens can be immobilized on the surface to form an array.
  • the substrates can be used in suitable shapes, such as films, sheets, or plates, or may be coated onto or bonded or laminated to appropriate inert carriers, such as paper, glass, plastic films, or fabrics.
  • the substrate is a slide or a bead.
  • the methods of the present invention include using a sandwich assay to detect the autoantibodies contemplated in the invention.
  • the assays and peptides described herein are applicable to any proteins/peptides/biomarkers described herein, isoforms thereof, post-translationally modified forms thereof, or combinations of any of the foregoing.
  • Sandwich assays generally involve the use of two binding agents, e.g., antibodies, each capable of binding to a different portion, or epitope, of the protein(s) to be detected and/or quantitated.
  • the analyte is typically bound by a first binding agent that is immobilized on a solid support, and thereafter a second binding agent binds to the analyte, thus forming an insoluble complex.
  • a second binding agent binds to the analyte, thus forming an insoluble complex.
  • the sandwich assay may be performed in solution, also referred to as a homogeneous assay. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,413,862, which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.
  • a capture probe including a first binding agent is capable of specifically binding to a MS-associated antigen, which bound to one or more autoantibodies.
  • the detection probe including a second binding agent binds to the autoantibodies.
  • a four-part complex is formed between: (1) the capture probe, (2) the disease-associated antigen, (3) the autoantibody, and (4) the detection probe.
  • the positions of the first and second binding agents are reversed, such that the capture probe attached to the solid support is capable of specifically binding to the autoantibodies and the detection probe is capable of specifically binding to the MS-associated antigen.
  • an appropriate capture probe is immobilized on a solid surface and the sample to be tested (e.g., human serum) is brought into contact with the capture probe.
  • the sample to be tested e.g., human serum
  • modified glass substrates that covalently or non-covalently bind proteins can be used to bind the disease-associated antigen.
  • the substrate may be treated with suitable blocking agents to minimize non-specific binding. If the autoantibody is present in the sample, a complex between the autoantibody and the capture probe is formed.
  • a detection probe is then added, which specifically recognizes an epitope of a human immunoglobulin (Ig), if present.
  • the anti-human immunoglobulin detection probe can be directed against the Fc region of the human antibody and with as little cross-reactivity as possible against the capture antibody species.
  • a sample from the subject is contacted with a capture probe including an antibody capable of binding to a disease-associated antigen.
  • the sample is also contacted with a detection probe including anti-human Ig antibodies.
  • the presence, absence, and/or amount of the complex can be detected, wherein the presence or absence of the complex is indicative of the presence or absence of the autoantibodies.
  • Indicator reagents include chromogenic agents, catalysts such as enzyme conjugates, fluorescent compounds such as fluorescein and rhodamine, chemiluminescent compounds such as dioxetanes, acridiniums, phenanthridiniums, ruthenium, and luminol, radioactive elements, direct visual labels, as well as cofactors, inhibitors and magnetic particles.
  • enzyme conjugates include alkaline phosphatase (AP), horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and beta-galactosidase.
  • a secondary antibody that is coupled to an indicator reagent comprising a signal generating compound.
  • the secondary antibody can be an anti-human IgG antibody.
  • Detection of the complex can be achieved by the addition of a substrate for the enzyme which generates a calorimetric, chemiluminescent or fluorescent product.
  • the presence of the complex can be determined by addition of a marker protein labeled with a detectable label, for example an appropriate enzyme.
  • the amount of enzymatic activity measured is inversely proportional to the quantity of complex formed, and a negative control is needed as a reference to determine the presence of antigen in the sample.
  • Another method for detecting the complex can utilize antibodies or antigens that have been labeled with radioisotopes followed by measure of radioactivity.
  • fluorescence labeling and detection methods are used to detect the immunocomplexes.
  • Commercially available slide scanners e.g. the Genepix 4000B slide scanner (Molecular Devices, Inc.) with associated analytical software may be used.
  • the immunocomplex is probed with fluorescent-labeled (e.g., Alexa-Fluor (Invitrogen)) anti-human antibody and the intensity of fluorescence at each protein spot is measured using a microarray scanner.
  • fluorescent-labeled e.g., Alexa-Fluor (Invitrogen)
  • fluorescent-labeled e.g., Alexa-Fluor (Invitrogen)
  • the intensity of fluorescence at each protein spot is measured using a microarray scanner.
  • Commercially available software e.g. GenePix Pro 5.0 software (Axon instruments)
  • Data can be normalized by comparing median values of multiple identical control spots in different regions of the same array.
  • Label-free detection include surface plasmon resonance, carbon nanotubes and nanowires, and interferometry.
  • Label-based and label-free detection methods are known in the art, e.g., by Ray, et al., 2010, Proteomics 10:731-748, which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. Detection can be accomplished by scanning methods known in the art and appropriate for the label used, and associated analytical software.
  • the sample can be contacted with the detection probe before, after, or simultaneously with the capture probe.
  • the sample is first contacted with the detection probe so that autoantibodies present in the sample bind to the detection probe to form a target analyte complex.
  • the mixture is then contacted with the substrate having capture probes bound thereto so that the target analyte complex binds to the capture probe on the substrate.
  • the sample is first contacted with the substrate so that a target analyte complex present in the sample binds to a capture probe, and the target analyte complex bound to the capture probe is then contacted with the detection probe so that the autoantibodies bind to the detection probe.
  • the sample, the detection probe and the capture probe on the substrate are contacted simultaneously.
  • kits for commercial sale can comprise at least one antigen contemplated in the invention.
  • the kit can comprise the equipment, solutions and and/or instructions necessary for all steps in the process of creating any antigen contemplated in the invention, detecting autoantibodies contemplated in the invention, and the like.
  • the kit can further comprise antigen(s) contemplated in the invention, isoforms thereof, post-translationally modified forms thereof, for use in detecting autoantibodies thereto.
  • a sample is analyzed by means of a microarray.
  • the antigens of the invention are useful as array elements in a microarray.
  • Microarrays generally comprise solid substrates and have a generally planar surface, to which a capture reagent (also called an adsorbent or affinity reagent) is attached.
  • a capture reagent also called an adsorbent or affinity reagent
  • the surface of a biochip comprises a plurality of addressable locations, each of which has the capture reagent bound there.
  • the microarray of the invention can comprise any of the autoantigens recited herein, or a polypeptide or peptide fragment thereof containing one or more epitopes recognized by the MS diagnostic biomarker, or an epitope peptidomimetic that is recognized by the MS diagnostic biomarker.
  • Peptidomimetics include, for example, D-peptides, peptoids, and ⁇ -peptides.
  • the array elements are organized in an ordered fashion such that each element is present at a specified location on the substrate.
  • Useful substrate materials include membranes, composed of paper, nylon or other materials, filters, chips, glass slides, and other solid supports. The ordered arrangement of the array elements allows binding/recognition patterns and intensities to be interpreted as expression levels of particular genes or proteins (such as autoantibodies).
  • Methods for making nucleic acid microarrays are known to the skilled artisan and are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,837,832, Lockhart, et al., 1996, Nat. Biotech. 14:1675-1680, and Schena, et al., 1996, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
  • the antigen array can be synthesized on a solid substrate by a variety of methods, including, but not limited to, light-directed chemical coupling, and mechanically directed coupling. See U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 10/658,879, 60/417,190, 09/381,480, and 60/409,396, and U.S. Pat. Nos 5,861,242, 6,027,880, 5,837,832, and 6,723,503, herein incorporated by reference in their entireties by reference.
  • Microarrays are known in the art and reviewed for example by Hall, et al., 2007, Mech Ageing Dev 128:161-167 and Stoevesandt, et al., 2009, Expert Rev Proteomics 6:145-157, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • Microarrays can be prepared by immobilizing purified autoantigens on a substrate such as a treated microscope slide using a contact spotter or a non-contact microarrayer. Microarrays can also be produced through in situ cell-free synthesis directly from corresponding DNA arrays.
  • the autoantigens are coated or spotted onto the support or substrate such as chemically derivatized glass.
  • Methods for attaching the autoantigens to the support or substrate include covalent and noncovalent interactions. For example, diffusion of applied proteins into a porous surface such a hydrogel allows noncovalent binding of unmodified protein within hydrogel structures.
  • Covalent coupling methods provide a stable linkage and may be applied to a range of proteins.
  • Biological capture methods utilizing a tag (e.g., hexahistidine/Ni-NTA or biotin/avidin) on the protein and a partner reagent immobilized on the surface of the substrate provide a stable linkage and bind the protein specifically and in reproducible orientation.
  • wash stringency conditions can be defined by salt concentration and by temperature. As above, wash stringency can be increased by decreasing salt concentration or by increasing temperature. Stringent temperature conditions for the wash steps will ordinarily include a temperature of at least about 25° C., more preferably of at least about 42° C., and even more preferably of at least about 68° C. Additional variations on these conditions will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art.
  • the microarray can be a biochip, or on a glass slide, bead, or paper.
  • the invention contemplates autoantigens recited herein, or a polypeptide or peptide fragment thereof containing one or more epitopes recognized by the MS diagnostic biomarker, or an epitope peptidomimetic that is recognized by the MS diagnostic biomarker.
  • Peptidomimetics include, for example, D-peptides, peptoids, and ⁇ -peptides.
  • the autoantigens can be purified from natural sources, or produced recombinantly or synthetically by methods known in the art, and can be in the form of fusion proteins.
  • the autoantigens can be produced in vitro using cell-free translation systems. In certain embodiments, the autoantigens are produced in a mammalian or insect expression system to ensure correct folding and function. All of these methods can be automated for high throughput production.
  • Suitable methods for external production and purification of autoantigens to be spotted on arrays include expression in bacteria (as disclosed for example by Venkataram, et al., 2008, Biochem. 47:6590-6601), in yeast (as disclosed for example by Li, et al., 2007, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 142:105-124), in insect cells (as disclosed for example by Altman, et al., 1999, Glycoconj. J. 16:109-123), and in mammalian cells (as disclosed for example by Spampinato, et al., 2007, Curr. Drug Targets 8:137-146).
  • Suitable methods for in situ (“on-chip”) protein production are disclosed, for example, by Ramachandran, et al., 2006, Methods Mol. Biol 2328:1-14, and He, et al., 2008, Curr. Opin Biotechnol 19:4-9.
  • proteins are made directly from DNA, either in solution or immobilized, and become attached to the array surface as they are made through recognition of a tag sequence.
  • the proteins are expressed in parallel in vitro utilizing a cell free system, commonly rabbit reticulocyte or E. coli S30, to perform coupled transcription and translation.
  • protein expression is performed on a surface which is precoated with an immobilizing agent capable of binding to the tag.
  • Microarrays are produced directly onto glass slides, either by mixing the DNA with the cell free lysate system before spotting or by a multiple spotting technique (MIST) in which DNA is spotted first followed by the expression system.
  • MIST multiple spotting technique
  • NAPPA Nucleic Acid Programmable Protein Array
  • Another suitable method for generating a protein array is the DNA Array to Protein
  • DAPA in situ protein arraying
  • This method for in situ protein arraying uses an immobilized DNA array as the template to generate ‘pure’ protein arrays on a separate surface from the DNA, and also can produce multiple copies of a protein array from the same DNA template (He, et al., 2008, Nature Methods, 5:175-7).
  • Cell-free protein synthesis is performed in a membrane held between two surfaces (e.g., glass slides), one of which is arrayed with DNA molecules while the other surface carries a specific reagent to capture the translated proteins.
  • Individual, tagged proteins are synthesized in parallel from the arrayed DNA, diffuse across the gap and are subsequently immobilized through interaction with the tag-capturing reagent on the opposite surface to form a protein array. Discrete spots which accurately reflect the DNA in position and quantity are produced. Replicate copies of the protein array can be obtained by reuse of the DNA.
  • Array fabrication methods include robotic contact printing, ink-jetting, piezoelectric spotting and photolithography.
  • purified autoantigens of the invention that are produced and purified externally can be spotted onto a microarray substrate using a flexible protein microarray inkjet printing system (e.g., ArrayJet, Roslin, Scotland, UK) to provide high quality protein microarray production.
  • ArrayJet Roslin, Scotland, UK
  • the production of the microarrays is preferably performed with commercially available printing buffers designed to maintain the three-dimensional shape of the autoantigens.
  • the substrate for the microarray is a nitrocellulose-coated glass slide.
  • the biomarkers of the invention are detected using biosensors, e.g. with sensor systems with amperometric, electrochemical, potentiometric, conductimetric, impedance, magnetic, optical, acoustic or thermal transducers.
  • biosensors include a biosensor recognition element that can include proteins, nucleic acids, antibodies, and so forth, that bind to a particular biomarker and a transducer that converts a molecular signal (i.e. binding of biomarker to recognition element) into an electric or digital signal that can be quantified, displayed, and analyzed.
  • Biosensors can also include a reader device that translates the signal into a user-friendly display of the results. Examples of potential components that comprise an exemplary biosensor are described in Bohunicky et al., 2011, Nanotechnology Science and Applications 4:1-10, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • a biosensor can incorporate a physical, chemical or biological detection system.
  • a biosensor is a sensor with a biological recognition system, e.g. based on a nucleic acid, such as an oligonucleotide probe or aptamer, or a protein such as an enzyme, binding protein, receptor protein, transporter protein or antibody.
  • the biological recognition system can comprise traditional immunoassays described elsewhere herein.
  • the recognition element e.g. protein, nucleic acid, antibody, etc.
  • a biosensor can include microfluidic means for measuring or dispensing volumes, housing reagents causing mixing, providing incubation by capillary flow, gravity, electro-motive force or other means to move fluid.
  • the method for detection of the biomarker in a biosensor uses immunological, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical (e.g. hologram) or acoustic technologies. Using such biosensors, it is possible to detect the target biomarker at the anticipated concentrations found in biological samples.
  • the biosensor can incorporate detection methods and systems as described herein for detection of the biomarker.
  • Biosensors can employ electrical (e.g. amperometric, potentiometric, conductimetric, or impedance detection systems), calorimetric (e.g. thermal), magnetic, optical (e.g. hologram, luminescence, fluorescence, colorimetry), or mass change (e.g. piezoelectric, acoustic wave) technologies.
  • the level of one, two, three, or more biomarkers can be detected by one or more methods selected from: direct, indirect or coupled enzymatic, spectrophotometric, fluorimetric, luminometric, spectrometric, polarimetric and chromatographic techniques.
  • biosensors comprise one or more enzymes used directly or indirectly via a mediator, or using a binding, receptor or transporter protein, coupled to an electrical, optical, acoustic, magnetic or thermal transducer. Using such biosensors, it is possible to detect the level of target biomarkers at the anticipated concentrations found in biological samples.
  • a biomarker of the invention can be detected using a biosensor incorporating technologies based on “smart” holograms, or high frequency acoustic systems, such systems are particularly amenable to “bar code” or array configurations.
  • smart hologram sensors Smart Holograms Ltd, Cambridge, UK
  • a holographic image is stored in a thin polymer film that is sensitized to react specifically with the biomarker.
  • the biomarker reacts with the polymer leading to an alteration in the image displayed by the hologram.
  • the test result read-out can be a change in the optical brightness, image, color and/or position of the image.
  • a sensor hologram can be read by eye, thus removing the need for detection equipment.
  • a simple color sensor can be used to read the signal when quantitative measurements are required. Opacity or color of the sample does not interfere with operation of the sensor.
  • the format of the sensor allows multiplexing for simultaneous detection of several substances. Reversible and irreversible sensors can be designed to meet different requirements, and continuous monitoring of a particular biomarker of interest is feasible.
  • Biosensors to detect the biomarker of the invention can include acoustic, surface plasmon resonance, holographic, and/or microengineered sensors. Imprinted recognition elements, thin film transistor technology, magnetic acoustic resonator devices, and other novel acousto-electrical systems can be employed in biosensors for detection of the biomarkers of the invention.
  • biosensors for detection of the biomarker of the invention are coupled, i.e. they combine biomolecular recognition with appropriate means to convert detection of the presence, or quantitation, of the biomarker in the sample into a signal.
  • Biosensors can be adapted for “alternate site” diagnostic testing, e.g. in the ward, outpatients' department, surgery, home, field and workplace.
  • the present invention further contemplates a computing system having an autoantigen database and software algorithm stored in a non-transitory computer readable medium.
  • the computing system is configured to generate a report identifying the risk of a subject in developing MS, or a sub-type thereof, as based on formation (or not) of immunocomplexes between an autoantigen and an autoantibody in a biological sample from a subject, as recited in the present disclosure.
  • One aspect of the present invention includes methods of improving patient treatment outcomes by customizing patient's treatment regimen.
  • immunosuppressant medications approved for the treatment and management of both relapsing and progressive forms of MS.
  • Disease-modifying treatments are the most commonly prescribed medications for relapsing-remitting and progressive MS patients that experience relapses, and are intended to reduce disease activity, lessen the severity of exacerbations, as well as slow progression, through various mechanisms of immunosuppression.
  • DMTs include medications such as interferons, which are considered optimal first-line treatments for patients early in their disease course, and other therapies such as monoclonal antibodies, which are generally reserved for second- and third-line treatments due to safety concerns.
  • MS neurological disorders
  • many patients also use other medications to treat individual symptoms associated with the disease, such as pain, fatigue, depression, and bowel and bladder dysfunction. Because it is critical to begin first-line treatments as early as possible in a patient's disease course to attempt to slow progression and reduce relapse frequency and severity, it is of paramount importance to diagnose MS in the earliest stages of the disease.
  • the implementation of a simple diagnostic blood test utilizing autoantibody biomarkers for the detection and diagnosis of MS is independent of diagnostic imaging, and negates the need for invasive procedures such as lumbar puncture. Furthermore, the high sensitivity of the blood test establishes the potential not only for early detection, but also for the differentiation between the RRMS and SPMS clinical subtypes. This allows for more precise management of a patient's disease course with regard to first-line treatments and beyond, as well as monitoring of the patient's response to specific therapies.
  • NM_172159.2 potassium voltage-gated channel, shaker-related subfamily, beta member 1 (KCNAB1), transcript variant 3 NM_199183.1 Putative testis serine protease 5 BC002448.2 actin binding LIM protein 1 (ABLIM1) NM_005435.2 Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) 5 (ARHGEF5) BC006105.1 chromosome 6 open reading frame 134 (C6orf134) NM_005371.2 methyltransferase like 1 (METTL1), transcript variant 1
  • ELAV epionic lethal, abnormal vision, Drosophila
  • ELAVL1 NM_018698.3 nuclear transport factor 2-like export factor 2 (NXT2)
  • NXT2 nuclear transport factor 2-like export factor 2
  • XM_086879.4 PREDICTED: Homo sapiens hypothetical LOC150371 (LOC150371) XM_003960444.1 Hypothetical protein MGC21881 (MGC21881), mRNA NM_031954.2 potassium channel tetramerisation
  • NM_003887.1 Development and differentiation-enhancing factor 2 BC009873.1 cDNA clone IMAGE: 3946787, partial cds NM_138819.1 family with sequence similarity 122C (FAM122C) NM_005307.1 G protein-coupled receptor kinase 4 NM_144647.1 Calcyphosin-like protein NM_004202.1 Thymosin beta-4, Y-chromosomal NM_182772.1 CAMP responsive element modulator (CREM), transcript variant 16, mRNA NM_001130.5 Amino-terminal enhancer of split BC016789.1 glycine-N-acyltransferase-like 2 (GLYATL2) IGFBP6 Recombinant IGFBP6 Recombinant Human Protein BC048299.1 spermatogenesis associated, serine-rich 2 (SPATS2) BC104469.1 Outer dense fiber protein 3-like protein 2 NM_007006.1 nud
  • RRMS relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis
  • SPMS secondary progressive multiple sclerosis
  • RRMS relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis
  • SPMS secondary progressive multiple sclerosis
  • Healthy control samples were obtained from a variety of sources, including two from Analytical Biological Systems, Inc. (Wilmington, Del.), twenty-eight from BioServe Biotechnologies, Ltd., and one from Asterand, Inc (Detroit, Mich.). All samples were handled using standard procedures and stored at ⁇ 80° C. until use, and freezer conditions were monitored using Sensaphone 1400 (Phonetics, Inc., Aston, Pa.). Demographic characteristics of the study population are listed in the Table found in FIG. 3 .
  • Invitrogen's ProtoArray v5.1 Human Protein Microarrays were used (Cat. No. PAH0525020, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif., USA), each containing 9,486 unique human protein antigens. All proteins were expressed as GST fusion proteins in insect cells, purified under native conditions, and spotted in duplicate onto nitrocellulose-coated glass slides. Arrays were probed with serum and scanned according to the manufacturer's instructions using commercially prepared reagents. Microarray slides were blocked (Blocking Buffer, Cat. No. PA055, Invitrogen) and then each was incubated with serum diluted to 1:500 in washing buffer.
  • Blocking Buffer Cat. No. PA055, Invitrogen
  • arrays were probed with anti-human IgG (H+L) conjugated to AlexaFluor 647 (Cat. No. A-21445, Invitrogen). Arrays were then washed, dried, and immediately scanned with a GenePix 4000B Fluorescence Scanner ( Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, Calif., USA).
  • Fluorescence data were acquired by aligning the Genepix Array List onto the microarray image using the Genepix Pro analysis software.
  • the resulting Genepix results files were imported into Invitrogen's PROSPECTOR® 5.2 for analysis.
  • the “group characterization” and “two-group comparison” features in the Immune Response Biomarker Profiling (IRBP) toolbox within PROSPECTOR® then enabled M-statistical analysis of the differential autoantibody expression between the two groups being compared. Positive hits were determined by a Z-Factor >0.4 and a minimum signal intensity of 1500 RFU, which allow for stringent biomarker selection and minimize the number of false positives.
  • Autoantibodies were sorted into descending order by difference of prevalence between MS and control groups, and the top 50 most differentially expressed autoantibodies in the MS group were chosen as potential MS diagnostic biomarkers and tested further. Additionally, a second round of biomarker selection was carried out by sorting autoantibodies in descending order by difference of prevalence between control and MS groups. This time, the 50 most differentially expressed autoantibodies in the control group, putatively reflecting the selective depletion of these blood-borne autoantibodies in the MS group, were also chosen as potential diagnostic biomarkers and tested. All data are MIAME compliant and raw data from the microarrays have been deposited in a MIAME compliant database (GEO) under accession number (GSE95718).
  • GEO MIAME compliant database
  • the Training Set was used to rank candidate protein biomarkers by their predictive power and to establish the diagnostic logic.
  • the initial Training Set for the MS group consisted of 26 MS and 16 control samples; the remaining samples were relegated to the independent Testing Set, containing 25 MS and 15 control subjects.
  • the predictive classification accuracy of the selected biomarkers in the Training Set, Testing Set, and in both sets combined was tested with R's Random Forest (RE; v 4.6-10), using the default settings (Breiman, Random Forests. Machine Learning. 2001;45:5-32).
  • ROC Receiver Operating Characteristic
  • a panel of autoantibodies capable of detecting the presence of MS pathology in a mixed-subtype population of MS patient samples was identified as follows. Serum samples from 51 MS patients with a clinical diagnosis of either Relapsing-Remitting MS (RRMS) or Secondary-Progressive MS (SPMS), the two most prevalent MS subtypes, and thirty-one age- and gender-matched control samples were randomly separated into either a Training Set (16 RRMS, 10 SPMS and 16 controls) or Testing Set (15 RRMS, 10 SPMS and 15 controls), each containing roughly equal proportions of both MS subtypes. Training and Testing Set sera were used to probe commercially available human protein microarrays containing 9,486 protein targets.
  • RRMS Relapsing-Remitting MS
  • SPMS Secondary-Progressive MS
  • the 50 most differentially expressed autoantibody biomarkers chosen from the MS Training Set were evaluated for their prediction accuracy using Random Forest (RF).
  • RF Random Forest
  • the classification potential of the 50 biomarkers was evaluated using the RE Training Set logic to classify MS in the Testing Set subjects, an independent group of samples that played no role in biomarker selection.
  • Biomarker selection described above was based on the increased production and expression of autoantibody biomarkers in the blood. Although not wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is presumed that these biomarkers are expressed in response to MS-associated cell and tissue debris production. Since MS is well-known to have an autoimmune component, the possibility was examined that disease onset and progression could instead be linked to a selective depletion of autoantibodies that are normally present in the blood.
  • the 50 depleted MS biomarkers were first sorted according to decreasing relative importance, and then successively removed from the bottom of the list until the overall diagnostic accuracy began to decline significantly.
  • the disease specificity of the selected panel of depleted biomarkers described above in Section 3.3 for the detection of MS was evaluated, with the goal of determining whether these biomarkers can successfully differentiate MS subjects from those with other neurological and non-neurological diseases.
  • the same 25 MS sera from Testing Set subjects were compared to sera obtained from 15 subjects with stage 3-4 breast cancer and 15 subjects with early-stage Parkinson's Disease (PD).
  • PD Parkinson's Disease
  • the inability to distinguish MS from early-stage PD could indicate a potential overlap in disease pathology and therefore autoantibody biomarkers, which could complicate this distinction.
  • Example 8 Subtyping of MS: Discrete Autoantibody Biomarker Panels can Distinguish Relapsing-Remitting MS from Secondary Progressive MS
  • the top 50 most differentially expressed autoantibody biomarkers in each MS subtype compared to the other were selected and verified as significant using the methods described above; see Tables 3-4.
  • RRMS-specific biomarkers and the RF logic derived from the Training Set RRMS sera were readily distinguished from SPMS sera with an overall accuracy of 100% in both Training and Testing Set comparisons.

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