US20200397831A1 - Use of akkermansia in the treatment of oral diseases - Google Patents

Use of akkermansia in the treatment of oral diseases Download PDF

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US20200397831A1
US20200397831A1 US16/724,672 US201916724672A US2020397831A1 US 20200397831 A1 US20200397831 A1 US 20200397831A1 US 201916724672 A US201916724672 A US 201916724672A US 2020397831 A1 US2020397831 A1 US 2020397831A1
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akkermansia
fragments
composition
cells
oral
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Salomon Amar
Willem M. deVOS
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New York Medical College
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K35/00—Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
    • A61K35/66—Microorganisms or materials therefrom
    • A61K35/74—Bacteria
    • A61K35/741—Probiotics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K35/00—Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
    • A61K35/66—Microorganisms or materials therefrom
    • A61K35/74—Bacteria
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A61P1/02—Stomatological preparations, e.g. drugs for caries, aphtae, periodontitis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
    • A61Q11/00—Preparations for care of the teeth, of the oral cavity or of dentures; Dentifrices, e.g. toothpastes; Mouth rinses
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0014—Skin, i.e. galenical aspects of topical compositions
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0053—Mouth and digestive tract, i.e. intraoral and peroral administration

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the treatment of oral diseases. More specifically, the present invention relates to the use of Akkermansia spp. and/or fragments thereof for treating oral diseases.
  • sequence listing is submitted concurrently with the specification electronically via EFS-Web as an ASCII formatted sequence listing with a file name of 791-014.006_ST25.TXT, a creation date of Mar. 26, 2020, and a size of about 5.5 kilobytes.
  • the sequence listing contained in this ASCII formatted document is part of the specification and is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • Periodontitis Several oral diseases, in particular gingivitis and periodontitis, are caused by bacteria in the dental plaque, the biofilm that grows on surfaces within the mouth. The buildup of plaque is associated with the subsequent inflammation of the gum tissues, that, swollen, detach form the tooth and thereby further promotes bacterial growth inside these newly formed bacterial pockets. Left untreated, periodontitis may destroy the periodontal ligament and the supporting alveolar bone, eventually leading to tooth loss. Despite its prevalence, 538 million people were estimated to be affected in 2015, current therapeutic approaches have left periodontitis as the major cause of tooth loss (Kinane et al., Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017 Jun. 22; 3:17038).
  • the main treatments available for periodontitis are based on prevention measures such as teeth brushing and flossing and, in advanced cases, surgery to stop the progression of the irreversible damages.
  • Antibiotics are also used, with all the undesirable side effects associated with their use, notably the deleterious perturbation of the host microbiota. There is thus a need for the provision of new therapies for the treatment and/or prevention of periodontitis.
  • the oral microbiome is complex and published records include over 600 taxa (Dewhirst et al. Journal of Bacteriology, 2010, 192(19):5002-5017) while the website eHOMD described the most actual description including 777 different species (http://www.homd.org/). Most of these (over 96%) belong to six major phyla, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Spirochaetes, and Fusobacteria. The remaining phyla include Euryarchaeota, Chlamydia, Chloroflexi, SR1, Synergistetes, Tenericutes, and TM7.
  • pathogens such as Candida albicans, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus oxalis, Streptococcus sanguis, Treponema denticola, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and/or Porphyromonas gingivalis .
  • pathogens such as Candida albicans, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus oxalis, Streptococcus sanguis, Treponema denticola, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and/or Porphyromonas gingivalis .
  • Most of these form polymicrobial biofilms that are characteristic of the oral cavity Welch et al. PNAS, 2016, 113(6):E791-E800).
  • A. muciniphila adhesion to the epithelium of the colon has been shown to promote the integrity of the intestinal barrier in human cells and diet-induced obese animal models ⁇ Everard:2013fx, Reunanen:2015cj ⁇ . It has been observed that some of the beneficial effects associated the administration of A. muciniphila are recapitulated using extracellular vesicles secreted by A. muciniphila or using Amuc_1100, a membrane protein from A. muciniphila (Ottman et al., PLoS One. 2017 Mar. 1; 12(3):e0173004; ⁇ Chelakkot:2018jv ⁇ Plovier:2017dp ⁇ ). While A. muciniphila function in the intestine has been extensively studied, its potential role in the oral cavity was unknown.
  • A. muciniphila is able to reduce tissue inflammation and bone destruction induced by the pathogenic microorganisms, to modulate the host immune response to infection and to reinforce the integrity of the gingival epithelial barrier.
  • the present invention relates to Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof for use in the treatment of oral diseases.
  • said oral diseases are selected from the group comprising or consisting of periodontitis, gingivitis, peri-implant mucositis, peri-implantitis, oral thrush, dental caries and black hairy tongue.
  • the present invention also relates to Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof for preventing and/or improving bad breath in a subject in need thereof.
  • said Akkermansia is selected from the group comprising or consisting of Akkermansia muciniphila, Akkermansia glycaniphilus and variants thereof.
  • said Akkermansia is alive. In another embodiment, said Akkermansia is pasteurized.
  • said fragments are selected from the group comprising or consisting of the protein Amuc_1100 and Akkermansia -derived extracellular vesicles.
  • said Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof is orally administered.
  • oral administration comprises oral administration and topical administration.
  • the present invention also relates to a composition
  • a composition comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of, Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof in association with an excipient.
  • the present invention further relates to a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of, Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, for use in the treatment of oral diseases.
  • Another object of the present invention is a medicament comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of, Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof for use in the treatment of oral diseases.
  • the present invention also relates to a medical device comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof for treating oral diseases.
  • the present invention further relates to the use of Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof for preventing and/or improving bad breath in a subject in need thereof.
  • Another object of the present invention is a cosmetic composition
  • a cosmetic composition comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof for preventing and/or improving bad breath.
  • composition or a medicament means that Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof is the only one agent with a biologic activity within said composition or medicament.
  • Akkermansia refers to at least one bacterium belonging to the genus Akkermansia , itself belonging to the Verrucomicrobia bacterial phylum. Akkermansia are part of the intestinal microbiota of several animal species. The genus comprises but is not limited to, two species, Akkermansia muciniphila , the type species described by Derrien et al. (2004. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54:1469-1476) and Akkermansia glycaniphilus described in international patent application WO2017148496 and in Ouwerkerk et al. (2016. Int. J. Syst. Evol.
  • the type strain of Akkermansia muciniphila is Akkermansia muciniphila Muc T , initially isolated from the gut microbiota of a healthy human subject.
  • the type strain of Akkermansia glycaniphilus is Akkermansia glycaniphilus Pyt T , initially isolated from a fresh feces sample form the reticulated python ( Malayopython reticulatus ). Both species are able to colonize the intestinal tract of several animal species.
  • Akkermansia are gram-negative, non-mobile, anaerobic, oval-shaped, non-spore forming bacteria capable of using mucin as their sole carbon and nitrogen source.
  • the term also encompasses variants of the species or strains belonging to the genus Akkermansia.
  • identity when used in a relationship between the sequences of two or more polypeptides or of two or more nucleic acid molecules, refers to the degree of sequence relatedness between polypeptides or nucleic acid molecules, as determined by the number of matches between strings of two or more amino acid or nucleotide residues. “Identity” measures the percent of identical matches between the smaller of two or more sequences with gap alignments (if any) addressed by a particular mathematical model or computer program (i.e., “algorithms”) Identity of related polypeptides can be readily calculated by known methods. Such methods include, but are not limited to, those described in Computational Molecular Biology, Lesk, A.
  • Preferred methods for determining identity are designed to give the largest match between the sequences tested. Methods of determining identity are described in publicly available computer programs. Preferred computer program methods for determining identity between two sequences include the GCG program package, including GAP (Devereux et al., Nucl. Acid. Res. ⁇ 2, 387 (1984); Genetics Computer Group, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis.), BLASTP, BLASTN, and FASTA (Altschul et al., J. MoI. Biol. 215, 403-410 (1990)). The BLASTX program is publicly available from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and other sources (BLAST Manual, Altschul et al. NCB/NLM/NIH Bethesda, Md. 20894; Altschul et al., supra). The well-known Smith Waterman algorithm may also be used to determine identity.
  • NCBI National Center for Biotechnology Information
  • protein variant is a polynucleotide that typically differs from a protein specifically disclosed herein in one or more substitutions, deletions, additions and/or insertions. Such variants may be naturally occurring or may be synthetically generated, for example, by modifying one or more of the protein sequences of the invention and evaluating one or more biological activities of the encoded protein as described herein and/or using any of a number of techniques well known in the art. Modifications may be made in the structure of the polynucleotides and proteins of the present invention and still obtain a functional molecule that encodes a variant or derivative protein with desirable characteristics.
  • variant proteins differ from a native sequence by substitution, deletion or addition of five amino acids or fewer.
  • oral diseases refers to a group of diseases affecting oral tissues, such as oral bones, teeth, gums and the like.
  • Example of oral diseases include but are not limited to, gingivitis (including but not limited to, classic gingivitis, pregnancy gingivitis and necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis), peri-implant mucositis, periodontitis (including but not limited to chronic periodontitis, aggressive periodontitis, systemic periodontitis and syndromic chronic periodontitis), peri-implantitis, oral squamous cell carcinoma, oral thrush, dental caries and black hairy tongue.
  • oral microbiota refers to the complex community of microorganisms that live in the mouth of humans and other animals.
  • the composition of the oral microbiota changes over the lifetime of the host organism or when the diet of the host changes.
  • the oral microbiota includes Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Spirochaetes, and Fusobacteria.
  • the oral microbiota includes Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Spirochaetes, Fusobacteria, Euryarchaeota, Chlamydia, Chloroflexi, SR1, Synergistetes, Tenericutes, and TM7.
  • the term “Pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient” refers to molecular entities and compositions that do not produce an adverse, allergic or other untoward reaction when administered to a subject, especially a human, as appropriate. It includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents and the like. For human administration, preparations should meet, sterility (in embodiments not comprising the use of viable bacterial cells), pyrogenicity, general safety and purity standards as required by regulatory offices, such as, for example, FDA Office or EMA.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient may thus refer to a non-toxic solid, semi-solid or liquid filler, diluent, encapsulating material or formulation auxiliary of any type.
  • prebiotic refers to a substance, which may not be digested by a subject (such as, for example, by humans), but which modulates composition and/or activity of the microbiota, such as for example, the oral microbiota through its metabolization by microorganisms in the mouth, thus conferring a beneficial physiological effect on the host.
  • probiotics refers to microbial cell preparations (such as, for example, living microbial cells) which, when administered in an effective amount, provide a beneficial effect on the health or well-being of a subject. By definition, all probiotics have a proven non-pathogenic character. In one embodiment, these health benefits are associated with improving the balance of human or animal microbiota, and/or for restoring a normal microbiota.
  • the term “subject” refers to a warm-blooded animal, preferably a human, a pet or livestock.
  • the subject may be a “patient”, i.e., a subject who/which is awaiting the receipt of or is receiving medical care or was/is/will be the object of a medical procedure according to the methods of the present invention or is monitored for the development of a disease.
  • the terms “pet” and “livestock” include, but are not limited to, dogs, cats, guinea pigs, rabbits, pigs, cattle, sheep, goats, horses and poultry.
  • the subject is a male or female subject. In some embodiments, the subject is an adult or a child.
  • substantially healthy subject is used to define a subject which is not affected by the disease to be treated or by the discomfort to be alleviated.
  • the substantially healthy subject is not affected by said oral disease.
  • the substantially healthy subject shares common characteristics with the subject to be treated, such as, for example, same gender, age, sex, diet, drugs intake or geolocation.
  • the term “therapeutically effective amount” refers to the level or amount of an agent that is aimed at, without causing significant negative or adverse side effects to the target, (1) delaying or preventing the onset of a disease, disorder, or condition; (2) slowing down or stopping the progression, aggravation, or deterioration of one or more symptoms of the disease, disorder, or condition; (3) bringing about ameliorations of the symptoms of the disease, disorder, or condition; (4) reducing the severity or incidence of the disease, disorder, or condition; or (5) curing the disease, disorder, or condition.
  • a therapeutically effective amount may be administered prior to the onset of the disease, disorder, or condition, for a prophylactic or preventive action. Alternatively, or additionally, the therapeutically effective amount may be administered after initiation of the disease, disorder, or condition, for a therapeutic action.
  • the disease, disorder, or condition may be for example an oral disease.
  • treatment refers to both therapeutic treatment and prophylactic or preventative measures wherein the object is to prevent or slow down (lessen) the targeted pathologic condition or disorder, such as for example, in the context of the present invention, an oral disease.
  • Those in need of treatment include those already with the disorder as well as those prone to have the disorder or those in whom the disorder is to be prevented.
  • a subject or mammal is successfully “treated” if, after receiving a therapeutic amount of Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof according to the present invention the patient shows one or more of the following observable and/or measurable changes: amelioration related to one or more of the symptoms associated with the specific disease or condition, reduction of morbidity and mortality and improvement in quality of life issues.
  • the above parameters for assessing successful treatment and improvement in the disease are readily measurable by routine procedures familiar to a physician.
  • type strain refers to as defined in the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria, as the nomenclatural type of the species and the reference point to which all other strains are compared to know whether they belong to that species.
  • the present invention relates to Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof for use in the treatment of oral diseases.
  • the Akkermansia of the invention is selected from the group comprising, or consisting of, Akkermansia muciniphila and Akkermansia glycaniphilus.
  • the Akkermansia of the invention is Akkermansia muciniphila . In a particular embodiment, the Akkermansia of the invention is Akkermansia muciniphila Muc T .
  • the Akkermansia of the invention is Akkermansia glycaniphilus .
  • the Akkermansia of the invention is Akkermansia glycaniphilus Pyt T .
  • Akkermansia encompasses “variant” and “mutants” of Akkermansia.
  • the Akkermansia of the invention is a variant of the genus, species and strains as described hereinabove. Said variant may also be referred as a derived strain.
  • the variant of the invention may be obtained by mutation, variation or recombination of the Akkermansia species and strains described herein.
  • a variant of a bacteria may also be referred to as a mutant of said bacterium.
  • the term “variant” and “mutants” are used interchangeably to refer to all the genetically or phenotypically distinct strains of a species or of a genus that retain the species-defining or genus-defining characteristics. Hence, the term may also refer to to a strain belonging to a taxonomic group which has undergone at least one natural or induced (i.e. by mutagenesis or genetic engineering) change(s) in its genetic structure that does not interfere with the defining properties of said taxonomic group.
  • the change in its genetic structure may be an insertion or deletion or substitution of one or several nucleotides in the genomic sequence.
  • an Akkermansia muciniphila mutant refers to an Akkermansia muciniphila strain which has undergone a change, natural or by techniques of genetic engineering, in its genetic structure that does not interfere with its belonging to the Akkermansia muciniphila species.
  • the variant of the invention is a variant of the species Akkermansia muciniphila . In one embodiment, the variant of the invention is a variant of the strain Akkermansia muciniphila Muc T .
  • a variant of the Akkermansia of the invention has a genome at least about 70%, preferably at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, 99.8% or more identical to the genome of the bacteria from which it derives.
  • a variant of Akkermansia of the invention has a 16S rRNA gene sequence having at least about 90% identity with the 16S rRNA gene of the bacterium from which it derives, preferably at least about 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 96.5%, 97%, 97.5%, 97.6%, 97.7%, 97.8%, 97.9%, 98.0%, 98.1%, 98.2%, 98.3%, 98.4%, 98.5%, 98.6%, 98.65%, 98.7%, 98.8%, 98.9%, 99%, 99.1%, 99.2%, 99.3%, 99.4%, 99.5%, or more, identical to the sequence of the 16S rRNA gene of the bacteria from which it derives.
  • a variant of the Akkermansia of the invention has a hybrid DNA-DNA hybridization value (also referred to as DDH value) above about 60%, preferably above about 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, more preferably above about 70% when using as a reference the Akkermansia of the invention.
  • DDH value hybrid DNA-DNA hybridization value
  • hybrid DNA-DNA hybridization value refers to a measure of genomic similarity between two organisms.
  • Techniques to determine a DDH value are known to the person skilled in the art (such as, for example, methods reviewed by Rossello-Mora, in Stackebrandt et al., Molecular Identification, Systematics, and Population Structure of Prokaryotes, p23-50, 2006, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg) and rely on the following general principle: (i) shearing the genomic DNA (gDNA) of the assayed organism and the gDNA of the reference organism(s) (for instance in the context of the present invention Akkermansia muciniphila ) into small fragments of 600-800 bp; (ii) heating the mixture of DNA fragments from both strains to dissociate the DNA double-strands; and (iii) subsequently decreasing the temperature until the fragments reanneal.
  • the hybrid DDH value is usually specified relative to the DDH value obtained by hybridizing a reference genome with itself. DDH values ⁇ 70% may be considered as an indication that the tested organism belongs to a different species than the type strain used as reference.
  • the DDH value may also evaluated on the basis of the genomic sequence of the strains to be compared, for example, using publicly available computer programs such as without limitation using the method described in Meier-Kolthoff et al. (BMC Bioinformatics. 2013 Feb. 21; 14:60).
  • Meier-Kolthoff et al. BMC Bioinformatics. 2013 Feb. 21; 14:60
  • a variant of the Akkermansia of the invention has an Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) value above about 60%, preferably above about 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, more preferably above about 95%, even more preferably above about 96% when using as a reference the Akkermansia of the invention.
  • ANI Average Nucleotide Identity
  • ANI Average Nucleotide Identity
  • BBH bidirectional best hit
  • fragments of the Akkermansia of the invention are used for treating oral diseases.
  • fragments refers to a least one cellular component, metabolite, secreted molecule or vesicle and compound resulting from the metabolism of the Akkermansia of the invention and the like.
  • cellular components include, but are not limited to, bacterial cell wall components such as peptidoglycan, bacterial nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA, bacterial membrane components, and bacterial structural components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and combinations of these such as lipoproteins, glycolipids and glycoproteins, bacterial metabolites, organic acids, inorganic acids, bases, peptides, enzymes and co-enzymes, amino acids, carbohydrates, lipids, glycoproteins, lipoproteins, glycolipids, vitamins, bioactive compounds and metabolites containing an inorganic component.
  • Fragments may be obtained by recovering the supernatant of a culture of the bacterium of the invention or by extracting cell components or cell fractions, metabolites or secreted compounds from a culture of the bacterium of the invention, a degradation product, a component in the isolated form, any mixture of one or more components derived from the bacterium of the invention, or one or more components present in the bacterium of the invention that are produced in another way, such as, for example, using recombinant DNA technology, in a microbial host or in any other (bio)synthetic process.
  • fragments of the Akkermansia of the invention are selected from the group comprising or consisting of cellular components, proteins, peptides, secreted molecules, vesicles, extracellular vesicles, metabolites, extracellular compounds, and compounds resulting from the metabolism of the Akkermansia of the invention.
  • fragments of the Akkermansia of the invention comprise or consist of the protein Amuc_1100. In one embodiment, a fragment of the Akkermansia of the invention is protein Amuc_1100 or fragments thereof.
  • Amuc_1100 refers to a membrane protein purified from Akkermansia muciniphila described by Ottman et al. (PLoS One. 2017 Mar. 1; 12(3):e0173004).
  • the protein Amuc_1100 is also called AMT101.
  • the term also encompasses protein fragments and protein variants of the Amuc_1100 protein.
  • the term also encompasses proteins comprising the Amuc_1110 amino acid sequence, variants and/or fragments thereof.
  • amino-acid sequence of the Amuc_1100 protein of the invention comprises or consists of the sequence SEQ ID NO: 1, or a variant thereof.
  • the amino acid sequence of the Amuc_1100 protein of the invention comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence presenting a sequence identity of at least 70%, preferably a sequence identity of at least about 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more, with an amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 1 and fragments thereof.
  • the amino acid sequence of the Amuc_1100 protein of the invention comprises or consists of a fragment of SEQ ID NO: 1, or a variant thereof.
  • amino-acid sequence of the Amuc_1100 protein of the invention comprises or consists of the sequence SEQ ID NO: 2, or a variant thereof.
  • the amino acid sequence of the Amuc_1100 protein of the invention comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence presenting a sequence identity of at least 70%, preferably a sequence identity of at least about 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more, with an amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 2 and fragments thereof.
  • the amino acid sequence of the Amuc_1100 protein of the invention comprises or consists of a fragment of SEQ ID NO: 2, or a variant thereof.
  • a fragment of the Akkermansia of the invention is an Akkermansia -derived extracellular vesicle.
  • extracellular vesicle refers to lipid bilayer-comprising structures secreted from bacteria.
  • EVs may also be defined as spherical lipid bilayers with an average diameter of 20-200 nm.
  • the term encompasses all the proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, lipopolysaccharides and other virulence factors associated with pathogenesis comprised in said EV.
  • the term also encompasses in particular A. muciniphila -derived extracellular vesicles as described by Chelakkot et al. (Exp Mol Med. 2018 Feb. 23; 50(2):e450).
  • fragments of the Akkermansia of the invention are selected from the group comprising or consisting of the protein Amuc_1100, variants and/or fragments thereof, and Akkermansia -derived extracellular vesicle.
  • the Akkermansia of the invention is a viable cell.
  • the Akkermansia of the invention is a non-viable cell.
  • viable cell refers to cells that are able to proliferate in opposition to “non-viable cell” that are not able to proliferate.
  • Methods for measuring cell viability and proliferation are known to one skilled in the art. For example, cell viability and proliferation may be assessed by spreading a solution containing at least one bacterium of the invention across a petri dish and counting the number of colonies after a determined time of incubation in optimal growth conditions.
  • cells may be grown in liquid medium, and proliferation may be measured by measuring optical density of the bacterial culture after a determined time of incubation in optimal growth conditions.
  • the Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof is pasteurized of the invention.
  • the pasteurized Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof of the invention was heated at a temperature ranging from about 50° C. to about 100° C., preferably from about 60° C. to about 95° C., more preferably from about 70° C. to about 90° C. In one embodiment, the pasteurized Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof of the invention was heated at a temperature of about 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58 or 59° C. In another embodiment, the pasteurized Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof of the invention was heated at a temperature of about 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68 or 69° C.
  • the pasteurized Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof of the invention was heated at a temperature of about 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78 or 79° C. In yet another embodiment, the pasteurized Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof of the invention was heated at a temperature of about 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88 or 89° C. In yet another embodiment, the pasteurized Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof of the invention was heated at a temperature of about 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99° C. or 100° C.
  • the pasteurized Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof of the invention was not heated at a temperature superior to about 100° C. In a particular embodiment, the pasteurized Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof of the invention was not heated at an ultra-high temperature, such as for example at a temperature ranging from about 110° C. to about 140° C. In one embodiment, the pasteurized Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof of the invention was not heated at a temperature superior to about 90° C. Accordingly, in one embodiment of the invention, the pasteurized Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof of the invention was not sterilized. Sterilization is a treatment intended to destroy, kill or inactivate all life forms and other biological agents. This includes microorganisms and their spores as well as viruses and prions. Unlike sterilization, pasteurization is not intended to kill all microorganisms but is usually applied to food with the aim to reduce the number of viable pathogens.
  • the pasteurized Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof of the invention was heated for at least about 10 minutes. In another embodiment, the pasteurized Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof of the invention was heated for at least about 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 or 45 minutes. In one embodiment, the pasteurized Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof of the invention was heated for a period from about 10 to about 45 minutes.
  • the pasteurized Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof of the invention was not heated for a short time. In a particular embodiment, the pasteurized Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof of the invention was not heated for less than about 30 seconds, less than about 60 seconds, less than about 90 seconds or less than about 120 seconds. In a preferred embodiment, the pasteurized Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof of the invention was not heated for a time of less than about 1 minute, preferably for a time of less than about 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9 minutes.
  • the pasteurized Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof of the invention was heated at a temperature ranging from about 50° C. to about 100° C. for at least about 10 minutes. In a particular embodiment, the pasteurized Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof of the invention was heated to about 60° C. for about 20 or about 30 minutes. In another particular embodiment the pasteurized Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof of the invention was heated to about 70° C. for about 20 or about 30 minutes. In another particular embodiment the pasteurized Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof of the invention was heated to about 80° C. for about 20 or about 30 minutes. In another particular embodiment, the pasteurized Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof of the invention was heated to about 90° C. for about 20 or about 30 minutes.
  • the pasteurized Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof of the invention was not heated at a temperature superior to about 110° C. for about 1 to about 120 seconds. In another particular embodiment, the pasteurized Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof of the invention was not heated at a temperature superior to about 100° C. for about 1 to about 120 seconds. In another particular embodiment, the pasteurized Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof of the invention was not heated at a temperature superior to about 90° C. for about 1 to about 120 seconds.
  • the Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof of the invention is treated with an ultra-high temperature (UHT) treatment.
  • UHT ultra-high temperature
  • the Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof of the invention is flash pasteurized.
  • the bacterium is treated at a temperature ranging from about 71.5° C. to about 74° C. for a period of time ranging from about 15 to about 30 seconds.
  • the Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof of the invention is frozen.
  • the term ‘frozen’ refers to bacteria that are cooled down at or below a temperature allowing a phase transition from liquid to solid in said bacteria. In one embodiment said temperature is about ⁇ 5° C., ⁇ 20° C., ⁇ 70° C., ⁇ 80° C. or ⁇ 190° C.
  • viable cells can be recovered from the frozen Akkermansia of the invention.
  • bacteria may be grown in a suitable liquid culture medium to reach the desired cell density.
  • the desired volume of bacteria preparation is diluted with a sterile glycerol solution for a final glycerol concentration comprised between 15% v/v to 50% v/v glycerol and transferred to a container able to sustain cold temperatures such as a cryogenic vial.
  • the container is then cooled down to temperature at or below ⁇ 70° C.
  • the Akkermansia of the invention is isolated.
  • isolated refers to the separation of a bacterial cell from a natural, mixed population of living microbes, as present in the environment, for example in the oral microbiota, the gut microbiota, water, soil, or skin. Isolated bacteria can be amplified on defined laboratory medium.
  • Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof of the invention is substantially pure, i.e., at least about 50% of the cells of the bacterial population are Akkermansia of the invention cells.
  • At least about 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more of the bacterial cells of the invention are Akkermansia of the invention cells.
  • the Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof is substantially purified.
  • substantially purified means that Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof is comprised in a sample wherein it represents at least about 50%, preferably at least about 60, 70, 80, 85, 90, 95, 99% or more of the bacterial strains or fragment thereof of said sample.
  • the present invention further relates to a bacterial population comprising bacteria belonging to the genus Akkermansia , as described herein.
  • the bacterial population of the invention is substantially pure, i.e., at least about 50% of the cells of the bacterial population are Akkermansia of the invention cells.
  • at least about 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more of the bacterial cells of the invention are Akkermansia of the invention cells.
  • the oral disease of the invention is selected from the list comprising or consisting of periodontal diseases, periodontitis, gingivitis, peri-implant mucositis, peri-implantitis, oral squamous cell carcinoma, oral thrush, dental caries and black hairy tongue.
  • peripheral diseases include, but are not limited to, infections and inflammation of the structures arounds the teeth.
  • structures arounds the teeth comprise gums, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone (also named periodontal bone).
  • the oral disease of the invention is a periodontal disease. In one embodiment, the oral disease of the invention is selected from the list comprising or consisting of periodontitis, gingivitis, peri-implant mucositisand peri-implantitis.
  • the oral disease of the invention is periodontitis or gingivitis.
  • the oral disease of the invention is periodontitis.
  • the oral disease of the invention is selected from the group comprising or consisting of chronic periodontitis, aggressive periodontitis, systemic periodontitis and syndromic chronic periodontitis.
  • the oral disease of the invention is periodontitis associated with diabete, periodontitis associated with obesity, or periodontitis associated with cirrhosis.
  • the oral disease of the invention is a periodontial inflammation.
  • the oral disease of the invention is gingivitis.
  • the oral disease of the invention is selected from the group comprising or consisting of classic gingivitis, pregnancy gingivitis and necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis.
  • the oral disease of the invention is selected from the list comprising or consisting of chronic periodontitis, aggressive periodontitis, systemic periodontitis, syndromic chronic periodontitis, classic gingivitis, pregnancy gingivitis and necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis.
  • the oral disease of the invention is related to a pathogenic microorganism.
  • disease related to a pathogenic microorganism refers to the diseases associated with the presence of said pathogenic microorganism with a frequency superior to the frequency found in substantially healthy subjects.
  • Example of pathogenic microorganism particularly relevant in the context of the present invention include, but is not limited to, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Candida albicans, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus oxalis, Streptococcus sanguis, Treponema denticola, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Prevotella intermedia, Bacteroides forsythus, Campylobacter rectus, Eubacterium nodatum, Peptostreptococcus micros, Streptococcus intermedius and/or Treponema.
  • the oral disease of the invention is associated with or due to Porphyromonas gingivalis.
  • Example of diseases associated with or due to Porphyromonas gingivalis include, but are not limited to, oral squamous cell carcinoma, gingivitis (including, but not limited to, classic gingivitis, pregnancy gingivitis and necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis) and periodontitis (including but not limited to chronic periodontitis, aggressive periodontitis, systemic periodontitis and syndromic chronic periodontitis).
  • the oral disease of the invention is gingivitis associated with or due to Porphyromonas gingivalis.
  • the oral disease of the invention is periodontitis associated with or due to Porphyromonas gingivalis.
  • the oral disease of the invention is due to a dysbiosis (also called dysbacteriosis) caused by an increased microbial challenge due to various factors associated with life-style or resulting from reduced host resistance due to microbial challenge.
  • the dysbiosis is dysbiosis of the dental plaque microbiome.
  • the dysbiosis is defined by a bacterial number up to 10 5 times larger in comparison with a healthy state. In a particular embodiment, the dysbiosis is defined by a bacterial number 10 2 , 10 3 , 10 4 or 10 5 times larger in comparison with a healthy state.
  • the present invention also relates to a composition comprising an effective amount of Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof in association with an excipient.
  • the composition of the invention is for treating and/or preventing, or for use in treating and/or preventing, an oral disease in a subject in need thereof.
  • the composition of the invention is for preventing and/or improving bad breath in a subject in need thereof.
  • the composition of the invention comprises an amount of the Akkermansia of the invention ranging from about 1 ⁇ 10 2 to about 1 ⁇ 10 15 cfu/g of the composition, preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 4 to about 1 ⁇ 10 12 cfu/g of the composition, more preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 5 to about 1 ⁇ 10 10 cfu/g of the composition and even more preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 6 to about 5.10 9 cfu/g of the composition.
  • cfu stands for “colony forming unit”.
  • the composition of the invention comprises an amount of the Akkermansia of the invention of ranging from about 1 ⁇ 10 2 to about 1 ⁇ 10 15 cfu/mL of the composition, preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 4 to about 1 ⁇ 10 12 cfu/mL of the composition, more preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 5 to about 1 ⁇ 10 10 cfu/mL of the composition and even more preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 6 to about 5.10 9 cfu/mL of the composition.
  • the composition of the invention comprises an amount of the Akkermansia of the invention ranging from about 1 ⁇ 10 6 to about 1 ⁇ 10 10 cfu/g or cfu/mL of the composition, preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 8 to about 1 ⁇ 10 10 cfu/g or cfu/mL, more preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 9 to about 1 ⁇ 10 10 cfu/g or cfu/mL.
  • the composition of the invention comprises an amount of the Akkermansia of the invention ranging from about 1 ⁇ 10 6 to about 1 ⁇ 10 11 cfu/g or cfu/mL of the composition, preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 8 to about 1 ⁇ 10 11 cfu/g or cfu/mL, more preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 10 to about 1 ⁇ 10 11 cfu/g or cfu/mL.
  • the composition of the invention comprises an amount of the Akkermansia of the invention ranging from about 1 ⁇ 10 2 to about 1 ⁇ 10 15 cells/g of the composition, preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 4 to about 1 ⁇ 10 12 cells/g of the composition, more preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 5 to about 1 ⁇ 10 10 cells/g of the composition and even more preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 6 to about 1 ⁇ 10 9 cells/g of the composition.
  • the composition of the invention comprises an amount of the Akkermansia of the invention ranging from about 1 ⁇ 10 2 to about 1 ⁇ 10 15 cells/mL of the composition, preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 4 to about 1 ⁇ 10 12 cells/mL of the composition, more preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 5 to about 1 ⁇ 10 10 cells/mL of the composition and even more preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 6 to about 1 ⁇ 10 9 cells/mL of the composition.
  • the composition of the invention comprises an amount of the Akkermansia of the invention ranging from about 1 ⁇ 10 6 to about 1 ⁇ 10 10 cells/g or cells/mL of the composition, preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 8 to about 1 ⁇ 10 10 cells/g or cells/mL, more preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 9 to about 1 ⁇ 10 10 cells/g or cells/mL.
  • the composition of the invention comprises an amount of the Akkermansia of the invention ranging from about 1 ⁇ 10 6 to about 1 ⁇ 10 11 cells/g or cells/mL of the composition, preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 8 to about 1 ⁇ 10 11 cells/g or cells/mL, more preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 10 to about 1 ⁇ 10 11 cells/g or cells/mL.
  • the composition of the invention comprises an amount of fragment of the Akkermansia of the invention corresponding to an amount of Akkermansia of the invention ranging from about 1 ⁇ 10 2 to about 1 ⁇ 10 15 cfu/g of the composition, preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 4 to about 1 ⁇ 10 12 cfu/g of the composition, more preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 5 to about 1 ⁇ 10 10 cfu/g of the composition and even more preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 6 to about 1 ⁇ 10 9 cfu/g of the composition.
  • the composition of the invention comprises an amount of fragment of the Akkermansia of the invention corresponding to an amount of Akkermansia of the invention ranging from about 1 ⁇ 10 2 to about 1 ⁇ 10 15 cfu/mL of the composition, preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 4 to about 1 ⁇ 10 12 cfu/mL of the composition, more preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 5 to about 1 ⁇ 10 10 cfu/mL of the composition and even more preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 6 to about 1 ⁇ 10 9 cfu/mL of the composition.
  • the composition of the invention comprises an amount of fragment of the Akkermansia of the invention corresponding to an amount of Akkermansia of the invention ranging from about 1 ⁇ 10 6 to about 1 ⁇ 10 10 cfu/g or cfu/mL of the composition, preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 8 to about 1 ⁇ 10 10 cfu/g or cfu/mL, more preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 9 to about 1 ⁇ 10 10 cfu/g or cfu/mL.
  • the composition of the invention comprises an amount of fragment of the Akkermansia of the invention corresponding to an amount of Akkermansia of the invention ranging from about 1 ⁇ 10 6 to about 1 ⁇ 10 11 cfu/g or cfu/mL of the composition, preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 8 to about 1 ⁇ 10 11 cfu/g or cfu/mL, more preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 10 to about 1 ⁇ 10 11 cfu/g or cfu/mL.
  • the composition of the invention comprises an amount of fragment of the Akkermansia of the invention corresponding to an amount of Akkermansia of the invention ranging from about 1 ⁇ 10 2 to about 1 ⁇ 10 15 cells/g of the composition, preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 4 to about 1 ⁇ 10 12 cells/g of the composition, more preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 5 to about 1 ⁇ 10 10 cells/g of the composition and even more preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 6 to about 1 ⁇ 10 9 cells/g of the composition.
  • the composition of the invention comprises an amount of fragment of the Akkermansia of the invention corresponding to an amount of Akkermansia of the invention ranging from about 1 ⁇ 10 2 to about 1 ⁇ 10 15 cells/mL of the composition, preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 4 to about 1 ⁇ 10 12 cells/mL of the composition, more preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 5 to about 1 ⁇ 10 10 cells/mL of the composition and even more preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 6 to about 1 ⁇ 10 9 cells/mL of the composition.
  • the composition of the invention comprises an amount of fragment of the Akkermansia of the invention corresponding to an amount of Akkermansia of the invention ranging from about 1 ⁇ 10 6 to about 1 ⁇ 10 10 cells/g or cells/mL of the composition, preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 8 to about 1 ⁇ 10 10 cells/g or cells/mL, more preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 9 to about 1 ⁇ 10 10 cells/g or cells/mL.
  • the composition of the invention comprises an amount of fragment of the Akkermansia of the invention corresponding to an amount of Akkermansia of the invention ranging from about 1 ⁇ 10 6 to about 1 ⁇ 10 11 cells/g or cells/mL of the composition, preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 8 to about 1 ⁇ 10 11 cells/g or cells/mL, more preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 10 to about 1 ⁇ 10 11 cells/g or cells/mL.
  • the Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof of the invention is pasteurized, and the amounts recited herein corresponds to amounts before the step of pasteurization.
  • the Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof of the invention is frozen, and the amounts recited herein corresponds to amounts before the freezing step.
  • the present invention further relates to a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient for treating and/or preventing an oral disease.
  • the pharmaceutical composition of the invention comprises an effective amount of Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof.
  • compositions of the invention include, but are not limited to, water, ion exchangers, alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin, serum proteins, such as human serum albumin, buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, salts or electrolytes, such as protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, zinc salts, silica, colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose-based substances (for example sodium carboxymethylcellulose), polyethylene glycol, polyacrylates, waxes, polyethylene-polyoxypropylene-block polymers, polyethylene glycol and wool fat.
  • buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, salts or electrolytes,
  • the pharmaceutical composition of the invention may further contain antioxidant agents such as ascorbic acid, ascorbyl palmitate, BHT, potassium sorbate or Rosmarinus officinalis extracts.
  • antioxidant agents such as ascorbic acid, ascorbyl palmitate, BHT, potassium sorbate or Rosmarinus officinalis extracts.
  • the pharmaceutical composition of the invention may further contain flavoring agents such as sugars, fruit or tea.
  • compositions comprising the Akkermansia of the invention and/or fragments thereof of the invention can be prepared in water suitably mixed with a surfactant, such as hydroxypropylcellulose.
  • the excipient can also be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol, and the like), suitable mixtures thereof, and vegetables oils such as oleic acid.
  • a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol, and the like), suitable mixtures thereof, and vegetables oils such as oleic acid.
  • the proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating, such as lecithin (i.e., Soy lecithin or de-greased soy lecithin), by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants.
  • a coating such as lecithin (i.e., Soy lecithin or de-greased soy lecithin)
  • surfactants i.e., Soy lecithin or de-greased soy lecithin
  • dispersions are prepared by incorporating the various sterilized active ingredients into a sterile vehicle which contains the basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above.
  • Another object of the present invention is a medicament comprising Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof for treating and/or preventing an oral disease.
  • the medicament of the invention comprises an effective amount of Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof.
  • the medicament of the invention may further contain antioxidant agents such as ascorbic acid, ascorbyl palmitate, BHT, potassium sorbate or Rosmarinus officinalis extracts.
  • the medicament of the invention may further contain flavoring agents such as sugars, fruit or tea.
  • the present invention also relates to a medical device comprising Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof for treating and/or preventing an oral disease.
  • the medical device of the invention comprises an effective amount of Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof.
  • the present invention also relates to the cosmetic use of Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof for preventing and/or improving bad breath in a subject in need thereof.
  • bad beadth may be replaced by the term “halitosis” throughout the present application.
  • Another object of the invention is thus a cosmetic composition
  • a cosmetic composition comprising a cosmetically effective amount of Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof, and the use thereof for preventing and/or improving bad breath in a subject in need thereof.
  • a “cosmetically effective amount” refers to the amount of a cosmetic composition necessary and sufficient for promoting a cosmetic effect, such as, for example, for preventing and/or improving bad breath in a subject in need thereof.
  • the present invention also relates to the use of the Akkermansia and/or fragments or the cosmetic composition of the invention for preventing and/or improving bad breath in a subject in need thereof.
  • the Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof, composition, pharmaceutical composition, medicament, cosmetic composition or medical device of the present invention, alone or in combination with another active principle can be administered in a unit administration form, as a mixture with conventional pharmaceutical or cosmetic supports, to animals and human beings.
  • Suitable unit administration forms comprise oral-route forms such as tablets, gel capsules, powders, granules and oral suspensions or solutions, sublingual and buccal administration forms, aerosols, implants, subcutaneous, transdermal, topical, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intravenous, subdermal, transdermal, intrathecal and intranasal administration forms and rectal administration forms.
  • the Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof, the composition, the pharmaceutical composition, medicament, cosmetic composition or medical device of the invention is to be administered systemically or locally.
  • the Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof, the composition, pharmaceutical composition, medicament, cosmetic composition or medical device of the invention is to be administered orally, buccally, by injection, by percutaneous administration, parenterally, intraperitoneal, by endoscopy, topically, transdermally, transmucosally, nasally, by inhalation spray, rectally, vaginally, intratracheally, and via an implanted reservoir, or any combination thereof.
  • the Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof, the composition, pharmaceutical composition, medicament, cosmetic composition or medical device of the invention is, or is to be, orally administered.
  • formulations adapted to oral administration include, but are not limited to, solid forms, liquid forms and gels.
  • solid forms adapted to oral administration include, but are not limited to, pill, tablet, capsule, soft gelatin capsule, hard gelatin capsule, dragees, granules, caplet, compressed tablet, cachet, wafer, sugar-coated pill, sugar coated tablet, or dispersing/or disintegrating tablet, powder, solid forms suitable for solution in, or suspension in, liquid prior to oral administration and effervescent tablet.
  • liquid form adapted to oral administration include, but are not limited to, solutions, suspensions, drinkable solutions, elixirs, sealed phial, potion, drench, syrup, liquor and sprays.
  • solid forms adapted to oral administration include, but are not limited to, (additives/supplements for) food or feed, food or feed premix, fortified food or feed, gums, chewing gums, tablets, pills, granules, dragees, capsules and effervescent formulations, such as powders and tablets.
  • the Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof, the composition, pharmaceutical composition, medicament, cosmetic composition or medical device of the invention is in form of gums, chewing gums, tablets, pills, granules, dragees, capsules or effervescent formulations.
  • the Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof of the invention, the cosmetic composition or medical device of the invention is in form of gums, chewing gums, tablets, pills, granules, dragees, capsules or effervescent formulations.
  • liquid forms adapted to oral administration include, but are not limited to, solutions, emulsions or suspensions such as, e.g., beverages, pastes and oily suspensions.
  • the pastes may be incorporated in hard- or soft-shell capsules, whereby the capsules feature, e.g., a matrix of (fish, swine, poultry, cow) gelatine, plant proteins or ligninsulfonate.
  • the Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof, the composition, pharmaceutical composition, medicament, cosmetic composition or medical device of the invention is in the form of a nutritional composition, i.e., comprises liquid or solid food, feed or drinking water.
  • the Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof of the invention, the composition, pharmaceutical composition, medicament, cosmetic composition or medical device of the invention is in the form of a food product.
  • the Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof of the invention, the composition, pharmaceutical composition, medicament, cosmetic composition or medical device of the invention is in the form of a dairy product.
  • dairy products including, but not limited to, cheese, yoghurts, milk-drinks, gums and chewing gums.
  • Beverages encompass non-alcoholic and alcoholic drinks as well as liquid preparations to be added to drinking water and liquid food.
  • Non-alcoholic drinks include, but are not limited to, soft drinks, sports drinks, energy drinks, fruit juices, lemonades, teas and milk-based drinks.
  • Liquid foods include, but are not limited to, soups and dairy products.
  • the Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof, the composition, pharmaceutical composition, medicament, cosmetic composition or medical device of the invention is to be topically administered.
  • formulations adapted to topical administration include, but are not limited to pastes, tooth paste, sticks, waxes, creams, lotions, ointments, balms, gels, and the like.
  • the Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof, the composition, pharmaceutical composition, medicament, cosmetic composition or medical device of the invention is in a form selected from the group comprising or consisting of tooth paste, mouthwash and dental gel.
  • the composition, pharmaceutical composition, medicament, cosmetic composition or medical device of the invention is in a form selected from the group comprising or consisting of tooth paste, mouthwash, mouth rinse and dental gel.
  • the cosmetic composition of the invention is in a form selected from the group comprising or consisting of tooth paste, mouthwash, mouth rinse and dental gel.
  • the medical device of the invention is in a form selected from the group comprising or consisting of tooth paste, mouthwash, mouth rinse and dental gel.
  • Topical administration characterizes the delivery, administration or application of the Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof of the invention, the composition, pharmaceutical composition, medicament, cosmetic composition or medical device of the invention directly to the site of interest for a localized effect (generally onto one or more exposed or outer surfaces thereof, such as the outermost layer of the epidermis, which is exposed and visually observable), e.g., using hands, fingers or a wide variety of applicators (rollup, roll-on or other stick container, tube container, cotton ball, powder puff, Q-tip, pump, brush, mat, cloth and/or the like).
  • the application may be made, e.g., by laying, placing, rubbing, sweeping, pouring, spreading and/or massaging into, or onto, the skin, or by any other convenient or suitable method.
  • topical administration is affected without any significant absorption of components of the composition into the subject's blood stream (to avoid a systemic effect).
  • compositions, pharmaceutical composition, medicament, cosmetic composition or medical device of the invention can be mixed to form white, smooth, homogeneous, opaque cream or lotion with, e.g., benzyl alcohol 1% or 2% (w/w) as a preservative, emulsifying wax, glycerin, isopropyl palmitate, lactic acid, purified water and sorbitol solution.
  • the compositions can contain polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400).
  • ointments can be mixed to form ointments with, e.g., benzyl alcohol 2% (w/w) as preservative, white petrolatum, emulsifying wax and tenox II (butylated hydroxyanisole, propyl gallate, citric acid, propylene glycol).
  • Woven pads or rolls of bandaging material e.g., gauze, can be impregnated with the compositions in solution, lotion, cream, ointment or other such form can also be used for topical application.
  • the Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof, composition, pharmaceutical composition, medicament, cosmetic composition or medical device of the invention is to be injected.
  • formulations adapted to injections include, but are not limited to, liquid solutions or suspensions, solid forms suitable for solution in, or suspension in, liquid prior to injection.
  • systemic injections include, but are not limited to, intravenous, intratumoral, intracranial, intralymphatic, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal, intraarticular, intrasynovial, intrasternal, intrathecal, intravesical, intrahepatic, intralesional, intracavernous, infusion techniques and perfusion.
  • the composition, the pharmaceutical composition or the medicament of the invention is sterile.
  • Methods for obtaining a sterile pharmaceutical composition include, but are not limited to, GMP synthesis (GMP stands for “Good manufacturing practice”).
  • the Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof, composition, pharmaceutical composition, medicament, cosmetic composition or medical device of the invention is to be administered in an immediate release form. In one embodiment, the Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof of the invention, the composition, pharmaceutical composition, medicament, cosmetic composition or medical device of the invention is to be administered in a mixed-release form. In one embodiment, the Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof, composition, pharmaceutical composition, medicament, cosmetic composition or medical device of the invention is to be administered in an enterically-coated form. In one embodiment, the Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof, composition, pharmaceutical composition, medicament, cosmetic composition or medical device of the invention is to be administered in a sustained-release form.
  • the Akkermansia or fragments thereof, composition, pharmaceutical composition, medicament, cosmetic composition or medical device of the invention comprises a delivery system that controls the release of the active ingredients.
  • the Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof, composition, pharmaceutical composition, medicament, cosmetic composition or medical device of the invention is to be administered at a dose determined by the skilled artisan and personally adapted to each subject.
  • the specific effective amount for any particular subject will depend upon a variety of factors including the specific composition employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the subject; the time of administration, route of administration, the duration of the treatment; drugs used in combination or coincidental with the composition of the invention; and like factors well known in the medical, nutraceutical and cosmetic arts.
  • the term “effective amount” encompasses “therapeutically effective mount” and “cosmetically effective amount”.
  • an effective amount of the Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof, the composition, pharmaceutical composition, medicament, cosmetic composition or medical device of the invention is to be administered at least once a day, at least twice a day, at least three times a day.
  • an effective amount of the Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof, composition, pharmaceutical composition, medicament, cosmetic composition or medical device of the invention is to be administered every two, three, four, five, six days.
  • an effective amount of the Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof, composition, pharmaceutical composition, medicament, cosmetic composition or medical device of the invention is to be administered twice a week, every week, every two weeks, once a month.
  • an effective amount of the Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof, composition, pharmaceutical composition, medicament, cosmetic composition or medical device of the invention is to be administered every month, every two months, every three months, every four months, every five months, every six months, once a year.
  • an effective amount of the Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof, composition, pharmaceutical composition, medicament, cosmetic composition or medical device of the invention is to be administered for a period of time of about one day, two days, three days, four days, five days, six days, a week, two weeks, three weeks, a month, two months, three months, six months, a year, or over longer periods such as, e.g., for several years or for the rest of the life of the subject.
  • any particular subject will depend upon a variety of factors including the disease being treated and the severity of the disease. For example, it is well within the skill of the art to start doses of a therapeutic compound at levels lower than those required to achieve the desired therapeutic effect and to gradually increase the dosage until the desired effect is achieved; but, at the opposite, it can be equally useful to start with a loading dose, a manner to reach steady-state plasma concentration more quickly (also referred to as a bolus), and then, optionally, to follow with a maintenance dose calculated to exactly compensate the effect of the elimination process.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of the Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof, composition, pharmaceutical composition, medicament or medical device of the invention is to be administered for a chronic treatment. In another embodiment, a therapeutically effective amount of the Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof, composition, pharmaceutical composition or medicament of the invention is to be administered for an acute treatment.
  • the effective amount of the Akkermansia of the invention administered per day is ranging from about 1 ⁇ 10 2 to about 1 ⁇ 10 15 cfu/day, preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 5 to about 1 ⁇ 10 12 cfu/day, more preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 8 to about 1 ⁇ 10 10 cfu/day, and even more preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 9 to about 1 ⁇ 10 10 cfu/day.
  • the effective amount of the Akkermansia of the invention administered per day is ranging from about 1 ⁇ 10 6 to about 1 ⁇ 10 10 cfu/day, preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 8 to about 1 ⁇ 10 10 cfu/day, more preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 9 to about 1 ⁇ 10 10 cfu/day.
  • the effective amount of the Akkermansia of the invention administered per day is ranging from about 1 ⁇ 10 6 to about 1 ⁇ 10 11 cfu/day, preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 8 to about 1 ⁇ 10 11 cfu/day, more preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 10 to about 1 ⁇ 10 11 cfu/day.
  • the effective amount of the Akkermansia of the invention administered per day is ranging from about 1 ⁇ 10 2 to about 1 ⁇ 10 15 cells/day, preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 5 to about 1 ⁇ 10 12 cells/day, more preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 8 to about 1 ⁇ 10 10 cells/day, and even more preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 9 to about 1 ⁇ 10 10 cells/day.
  • the effective amount of the Akkermansia of the invention administered per day is ranging from about 1 ⁇ 10 6 to about 1 ⁇ 10 10 cells/day, preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 8 to about 1 ⁇ 10 10 cells/day, more preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 9 to about 1 ⁇ 10 10 cells/day.
  • the effective amount of the Akkermansia of the invention administered per day is ranging from about 1 ⁇ 10 6 to about 1 ⁇ 10 11 cells/day, preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 8 to about 1 ⁇ 10 11 cells/day, more preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 10 to about 1 ⁇ 10 11 cells/day.
  • the effective amount of fragment of the Akkermansia of the invention administered per day corresponds to an amount of Akkermansia of the invention ranging from about 1 ⁇ 10 2 to about 1 ⁇ 10 15 cfu/day, preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 5 to about 1 ⁇ 10 12 cfu/day, more preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 8 to about 1 ⁇ 10 10 cfu/day, and even more preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 9 to about 1 ⁇ 10 10 cfu/day.
  • the effective amount of fragment of the Akkermansia of the invention administered per day corresponds to an amount of Akkermansia of the invention ranging from about 1 ⁇ 10 6 to about 1 ⁇ 10 10 cfu/day, preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 8 to about 1 ⁇ 10 10 cfu/day, more preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 9 to about 1 ⁇ 10 10 cfu/day.
  • the effective amount of fragment of the Akkermansia of the invention administered per day corresponds to an amount of Akkermansia of the invention ranging from about 1 ⁇ 10 6 to about 1 ⁇ 10 11 cfu/day, preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 8 to about 1 ⁇ 10 11 cfu/day, more preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 10 to about 1 ⁇ 10 11 cfu/day.
  • the effective amount of fragment of the Akkermansia of the invention administered per day corresponds to an amount of Akkermansia of the invention ranging from about 1 ⁇ 10 2 to about 1 ⁇ 10 15 cells/day, preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 5 to about 1 ⁇ 10 12 cells/day, more preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 8 to about 1 ⁇ 10 10 cells/day, and even more preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 9 to about 1 ⁇ 10 10 cells/day.
  • the effective amount of fragment of the Akkermansia of the invention administered per day corresponds to an amount of Akkermansia of the invention ranging from about 1 ⁇ 10 6 to about 1 ⁇ 10 10 cells/day, preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 8 to about 1 ⁇ 10 10 cells/day, more preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 9 to about 1 ⁇ 10 10 cells/day.
  • the effective amount of fragment of the Akkermansia of the invention administered per day corresponds to an amount of Akkermansia of the invention ranging from about 1 ⁇ 10 6 to about 1 ⁇ 10 11 cells/day, preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 8 to about 1 ⁇ 10 11 cells/day, more preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 10 to about 1 ⁇ 10 11 cells/day.
  • the Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof of the invention is co-administered with additional probiotic strains or species, such as, for example, bacterial probiotic strains or species; prokaryotes probiotics other than bacteria; or fungal strains or species, preferably yeast strains or species.
  • additional probiotic strains or species such as, for example, bacterial probiotic strains or species; prokaryotes probiotics other than bacteria; or fungal strains or species, preferably yeast strains or species.
  • said additional probiotic strains or species are selected from those naturally present in the gut and/or mouth of the subject, preferably in the human gut or mouth, more preferably in the gut and/or mouth of substantially healthy human subjects. In one embodiment, said additional probiotic strains or species are selected for strains or species not found naturally in the gut and/or mouth of the subject such as those found for instance in dairy products.
  • bacterial probiotic strains or species that may be used in the present invention include, but are not limited to Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Bifidobacterium, Veillonella, Desemzia, Christensenella, Allobaculum, Coprococcus, Collinsella, Citrobacter, Turicibacter, Sutterella, Subdoligranulum, Streptococcus, Sporobacter, Sporacetigenium, Ruminococcus, Roseburia, Proteus, Propionibacterium, Leuconostoc, Weissella, Pediococcus, Streptococcus, Prevotella, Parabacteroides, Papillibacter, Oscillospira, Melissococcus, Dorea, Dialister, Clostridium, Cedecea, Catenibacterium, Butyrivibrio, Buttiauxella, Bulleidia, Bilophila, Bacteroides, Anaerovorax, Anaerostopes,
  • prokaryote strains or species examples include, but are not limited to Archaea, Firmicutes, Verrucomicrobia, Christensenella , Bacteroidetes (such as, for example, Allistipes, Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides splachnicus, Bacteroides stercoris, Bacteroides vulgatus, Parabacteroides, Prevotella ruminicola, Porphyromondaceae , and related genus), Proteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria (such as, for example, Aquabacterium and Burkholderia ), Gammaproteobacteria (such as, for example, Xanthomonadaceae ), Actinobacteria (such as, for example, Actinomycetaceae and Atopobium ), Methanobacteria, Spirochaetes, Fibrobacteres, Deferribacteres, Deinococcus,
  • yeast probiotic strains or species examples include, but are not limited Ascomycetes, Zygomycetes and Deuteromycetes , preferably from the groups Aspergillus, Torulopsis, Zygosaccharomyces, Hansenula, Candida, Saccharomyces, Clavispora, Bretanomyces, Pichia, Amylomyces, Zygosaccharomyces, Endomycess, Hyphopichia, Zygosaccharomyces, Kluyveromyces, Mucor, Rhizopus, Yarrowia, Endomyces, Debaryomyces , and/or Penicillium.
  • the Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof of the invention is co-administered with a prebiotic.
  • the composition, the pharmaceutical composition, the medicament, the cosmetic composition or the medical device of the invention further comprises a prebiotic.
  • prebiotics examples include, but are not limited to, myo-inositol, inulin and inulin-type fructans, oligofructose, beta-glucans, xylose, arabinose, arabinoxylan, ribose, galactose, rhamnose, cellobiose, fructose, lactose, salicin, sucrose, glucose, esculin, tween 80, trehalose, maltose, mannose, mellibiose, mucus or mucins, raffinose, fructooligosaccharides, galacto-oligosaccharides, amino acids, alcohols, fermentable carbohydrates and any combinations thereof.
  • prebiotics include water-soluble cellulose derivatives, water-insoluble cellulose derivatives, unprocessed oatmeal, metamucil, all-bran, polyphenols and any combinations thereof.
  • water-soluble cellulose derivatives include, but are not limited to, methylcellulose, methyl ethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, cationic hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, and carboxymethyl cellulose.
  • the Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof of the invention is co-administered with an antimicrobial agent and/or an anti-inflammatory agent.
  • the antimicrobial agent is an antibiotic.
  • the present invention relates to a method for treating and/or preventing an oral disease in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof, the composition, the pharmaceutical composition, the medicament or the medical device of the invention to the subject.
  • the present invention relates to a method for treating an oral disease in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the Akkermansia and/or fragment thereof, the composition, the pharmaceutical composition, the medicament or the medical device of the invention to the subject.
  • Another object of the present invention is a method for treating and/or preventing periodontal inflammation in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof, the composition, the pharmaceutical composition, the medicament or the medical device of the invention to the subject.
  • the term “bone” comprises or consists of bones of the mouth.
  • the term “bone” comprises or consists of jaws, including upper jaw (or maxilla) and lower jaw (or mandible), and alveolar bone.
  • the present invention also relates to a method for preventing or decreasing bone destruction, preferably for preventing or decreasing bone destruction associated with or due to an infection, in a subject in need thereof, wherein said method comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the Akkermansia and/or fragment thereof, the composition, the pharmaceutical composition, the medicament or the medical device of the invention.
  • the method of the invention is for preventing or decreasing destruction of jaws and alveolar bone.
  • the present invention also relates to a method for increasing bone regeneration in a subject in need thereof, wherein said method comprises administering to the subject of a therapeutically effective amount of Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof, the composition, the pharmaceutical composition, the medicament or the medical device of the invention.
  • the method of the invention is for increasing regeneration of jaws and alveolar bone.
  • the present invention also relates to a method for increasing bone health in a subject in need thereof, wherein said method comprises comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof, the composition, the pharmaceutical composition, the medicament or the medical device of the invention.
  • the method of the invention is for increasing health of jaws and alveolar bone.
  • the present invention also relates to a method for increasing bone growth in a subject in need thereof, wherein said method comprises comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof, the composition, the pharmaceutical composition, the medicament or the medical device of the invention.
  • the method of the invention is for increasing growth of jaws and alveolar bone.
  • the person in the art is familiar with techniques to evaluate bone destruction, bone heath, bone regeneration or bone growth.
  • Examples of such technique include, but are not limited to, X-rays, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and bone scan.
  • the present invention also relates to a method for decreasing the permeability of the oral epithelial barrier in a subject in need thereof, wherein said method comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the Akkermansia and/or fragment thereof, the composition, the pharmaceutical composition, the medicament or the medical device of the invention.
  • Method to determine the permeability of epithelial barriers are known in the art. Such methods include, but are not limited to the quantification of the expression level of genes involved in the establishment and/or maintenance of the epithelial barrier, such as, for example genes coding for occludins, claudins, junctional adhesion molecules (JAM), Integrin, E-cadherin, catenins, nectin, afadin, zonulin and zonula occludens (ZO)-1, ZO-2 and ZO-3.
  • genes involved in the establishment and/or maintenance of the epithelial barrier such as, for example genes coding for occludins, claudins, junctional adhesion molecules (JAM), Integrin, E-cadherin, catenins, nectin, afadin, zonulin and zonula occludens (ZO)-1, ZO-2 and ZO-3.
  • JAM junctional adhesion molecules
  • the present invention also relates to a method to increase the proportion of Akkermansia in the oral microbiota of a subject in need thereof, wherein said method comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the Akkermansia and/or fragment thereof, the composition, the pharmaceutical composition, the medicament or the medical device of the invention.
  • said increase of the proportion of Akkermansia in the oral microbiota of a subject is of at least 1%, preferably of at least 10%, more preferably of at least 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60% 70%, 80%, 90%, more preferably of at least 100%, 200% and more, when compared to the proportion of Akkermansia in the oral microbiota of said subject before the administration.
  • the present invention relates to a method to increase the quantity of Akkermansia fragments, preferably of AMuc_1100 peptide and/or Akkermansia -derived extracellular vesicles in the mouth of a subject, wherein said method comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the Akkermansia and/or fragment thereof, the composition, the pharmaceutical composition, the medicament or the medical device of the invention.
  • Techniques to measure the quantity of a peptide include, without being limited to, immunohistochemistry, Multiplex methods (Luminex), western blot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), sandwich ELISA, fluorescent-linked immunosorbent assay (FLISA), enzyme immunoassay (EIA), radioimmunoassay (RIA) and the like.
  • said increase of the quantity of the fragments of Akkermansia in the mouth of a subject is of at least 1%, preferably of at least 10%, more preferably of at least 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60% 70%, 80%, 90%, more preferably of at least 100%, 200% and more, when compared to the quantity of Akkermansia fragment in the mouth of said subject before the administration.
  • the present invention thus further relates to a method for modulating the growth and/or biological activity of other microorganisms of the oral microbiota in a subject in need thereof, wherein said method comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of the Akkermansia of the invention, the composition, the pharmaceutical composition, the medicament, the cosmetic composition or the medical device of the invention.
  • the present invention also relates to a method for inhibiting the growth and/or biological activity of other microorganisms, preferably of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus oxalis, Streptococcus sanguis, Treponema denticola , and/or Candida albicans in the oral microbiota of a subject, wherein said method comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of the Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof of the invention, the composition, the pharmaceutical composition, the medicament, the cosmetic composition or the medical device of the invention.
  • other microorganisms preferably of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mutans, Strepto
  • the present invention also relates to a method for assisting in defense against pathogenic microorganisms, preferably against Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus oxalis, Streptococcus sanguis, Treponema denticola and/or Candida albicans in a subject in need thereof, wherein said method comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of the Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof of the invention, the composition, the pharmaceutical composition, the medicament, the cosmetic composition or the medical device of the invention.
  • Numerous techniques, to measure the abundance of a microorganism in a sample from a subject are known in the art. These techniques are generally based on the detection of a specific protein and/or nucleic acid of said microorganisms (e.g. genes products detection methods mentioned hereinabove) and/or based on microscopic observation or a combination thereof (e.g. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), immunohistochemistry) and/or by sequencing the 16S rRNA genes, in particular using multiplexed next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques that allows the identification and the determination of the relative proportion of different bacterial species in a sample. Illustrative implementations of such techniques are found in the example section bellow.
  • FISH Fluorescent in situ hybridization
  • NGS next-generation sequencing
  • the present invention also relates to a method for controlling or modulating the immune response to pathogenic microorganisms in a subject in need thereof, wherein said method comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof, the composition, the pharmaceutical composition, the medicament or the medical device of the invention.
  • the method is for controlling or modulating the oral immune response to pathogenic microorganisms.
  • the present invention also relates to a method for controlling or modulating oral tissues inflammatory response in a subject, wherein said method comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof, the composition, the pharmaceutical composition, the medicament or the medical device of the invention.
  • Example of pathogenic microorganisms particularly relevant in the context of the present invention include, but is not limited to, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus oxalis, Streptococcus sanguis, Treponema denticola and/or Candida albicans.
  • the present invention also relates to a method to increase anti-inflammatory cytokine(s) secretion by macrophages in response to pathogenic microorganisms in a subject in need thereof, wherein said method comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof of the invention, the composition, the pharmaceutical composition, the medicament or the medical device of the invention.
  • the method is for to increasing oral anti-inflammatory cytokine(s) secretion by macrophages in response to pathogenic microorganisms in a subject.
  • Exemplary anti-inflammatory cytokine whose secretion may be increased by the method of the invention include, but is not limited to interleukin (IL)-10.
  • IL interleukin
  • the present invention hence relates to a method to decrease pro-inflammatory cytokine(s) secretion by macrophages in response to a pathogenic microorganism in a subject in need thereof, wherein said method comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof of the invention, the composition, the pharmaceutical composition, the medicament or the medical device of the invention.
  • the method is for to decreasing oral pro-inflammatory cytokine(s) secretion by macrophages in response to pathogenic microorganisms in a subject.
  • Exemplary anti-inflammatory cytokine whose secretion may be increased by the method of the invention include, but is not limited to, IL-6.
  • the present invention also relates to a method to enhance the immune response to infection of oral epithelial cell by a pathogenic microorganism in a subject in need thereof, wherein said method comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof, the composition, the pharmaceutical composition, the medicament or the medical device of the invention.
  • An exemplary enhancement of the response to infection by epithelial cell is, without being limited to, an increase in the secretion of IL-8 by said epithelial cell (i.e. stimulating the recruitment of polymorphonuclear cells).
  • the present invention also relates to a method for preventing and/or improving bad breath in a subject in need thereof, wherein said method comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of the Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof, the composition or the cosmetic composition of the invention.
  • the subject is a human. In one embodiment, the subject is an animal, such as a pet.
  • the subject is/was diagnosed with an oral disease.
  • the subject is/was diagnosed with gingivitis.
  • the subject is/was diagnosed with classic gingivitis, pregnancy gingivitis or necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis.
  • the subject is/was diagnosed periodontitis.
  • the subject is/was diagnosed with chronic periodontitis, aggressive periodontitis, systemic periodontitis or syndromic chronic periodontitis.
  • the subject is not obese.
  • the term “non obese” refers to a subject having a BMI below about 40, preferably below about 35, more preferably below about 30.
  • the “BMI” or “body mass index” is defined as the subject's body mass in kilograms divided by the square of his height in meters. The formulae universally used in medicine produce a unit of measure of kg/m 2 .
  • the subject is obese.
  • the term “obese” refers to a subject having a BMI above about 30, preferably above about 35, more preferably above about 40.
  • the subject is at risk of developing an oral disease.
  • risk factors may include, without limitation, obesity, smoking, poor oral hygiene and sugar-rich diets.
  • the subject presents a deregulation of the gut and/or oral microbiota composition.
  • the gut and/or microbiota of said subject is depleted in the bacterium of the invention, more preferably as compared to the gut and/or microbiota of a substantially healthy subject.
  • Another object of the present invention is a kit comprising the Akkermansia and/or fragments thereof of the invention, the composition, the pharmaceutical composition, the medicament, the cosmetic composition or the medical device of the invention as described herein above.
  • the kit is for implementing a method of the invention as described hereinabove.
  • the kit is for use in treating an oral disease.
  • Pg P. gingivalis injected group; Akk: A. muciniphila injected group; Pg+Akk: P. gingivalis+A. muciniphila injected concomitantly.
  • FIG. 3A are photographs showing macroscopic views of the alveolar bone following P. gingivalis -induced periodontitis with (Pg+Akk) or without (Pg) A. muciniphila administration in C57/BL6 mice.
  • CEJ cementoenamel junction
  • ABSC alveolar bone crest
  • FIGS. 4A and 4B are a series of graphs showing interleukine (IL) 6 (IL-6— FIG. 4A ) and IL-10 ( FIG. 4B ) secretion by bone marrow-derived macrophages ⁇ (BMM ⁇ ) from C57/BL6 mice.
  • ⁇ Pg vs Akk or Pg+Akk; ⁇ p ⁇ 0.05, ⁇ ⁇ p ⁇ 0.01.
  • FIGS. 5A-5F are a series of graphs showing the relative expression of mRNAs in BMM ⁇ derived from C57/BL6 mice following a 4 h culture with either (i) P. gingivalis (Pg), (ii) A. muciniphila (Akk) or (iii) both (Pg+Akk).
  • FIGS. 5A-5B relative expression of M1 BMM ⁇ phenotype markers TNF- ⁇ ( FIG. 5A ) and IL-15ra ( FIG. 5B ).
  • FIGS. 5C-5F relative expression of M2 and M2 subtype a, b and d BMM ⁇ phenotype markers IL-10 ( FIG.
  • VEGF- FIGS. 5A-5F vascular endothelial growth factor A
  • FIGS. 7A-7B are a series of graphs showing the effect associated with bacterial cell co-culture on IL-8 secretion ( FIGS. 7A and 7F ) and expression of epithelial integrity markers (Integrin ⁇ 1— FIG. 7B ; E-Cadherin— FIG. 7C ; Occludin— FIG. 7D ; Zonula Occludens-1 (ZO-1)— FIG. 7E ) in HT29 colonic epithelial cells following a co-culture with either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either either P. gingivalis (PG or
  • FIGS. 8A-8F are a series of graphs showing the effect associated with Pili-like protein Amuc_1100 modulating the inflammatory response of lean BMM ⁇ to P. gingivalis infection.
  • FIGS. 9A and 9B comprise photographs and charts showing how bone loss in lean and obese mice is tempered by A. muciniphila and pili-like protein Amuc_1100.
  • Bone loss is defined as the distance between the alveolar bone crest (ABC) and cemento-enamel junction (CEJ). Measurements were taken at 6 sites from the mesial aspect of the first molar to the distal aspect of second molar. Bone loss was expressed as a mean+/ ⁇ SEM in ⁇ m.
  • Akkermansia muciniphila Muc T (American Type Culture Collection—ATCC® BAA835TM) was grown anaerobically (N 2 /CO 2 , 80/20 v/v) in brain heart infusion broth (Criterion, Hardy diagnostics, CA, USA) supplemented with 3% commercial hog gastric mucin (Type III, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo., USA) as previously described (Derrien et al., 2004) and grown in 10 mL Hungate anaerobic tubes (Chemglass Life Sciences, N.J., USA). The concentration of bacteria was estimated by measuring absorbance at 600 nm. Liquid cultures were washed and resuspended in sterile anaerobic phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) to the required concentration prior to each experiment.
  • PBS sterile anaerobic phosphate-buffered saline
  • the Porphyromonas gingivalis 381 strain (Tanner et al., 1979) was cultured and maintained in brain heart infusion media supplemented with hemin (5 ⁇ g/mL, Sigma-Aldrich) and menadione (1 ⁇ g/mL, Sigma-Aldrich) in an anaerobic environment (AnaeroPack-Anaero, Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Co., New York, N.Y., USA) at 37° C. for 48 h. Cell density was measured by absorbance at 600 nm. Liquid cultures were centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 10 minutes, cell pellets were washed twice and resuspended in sterile PBS to required concentration prior to each experiment.
  • mice Twenty-two weeks old C57/BL6 mice were obtained from Taconic Biosciences (NY, USA). All mice were housed three per cage at the New York Medical College Animal Facility, on a 12 h light dark cycle and ad libitum access to food and water Animals received a standard chow diet (5% Kcal fat).
  • Example 1 A. muciniphila Decreases P. gingivalis -Induced Soft Tissue Inflammation and Calvarial Bone Destruction
  • muciniphila (10 9 ) or no cells in 100 ⁇ L of PBS were injected subcutaneously in the 4 treatment groups with a 30.5-gauge needle at a point on the midline of the skull between the ears and eyes as described previously ⁇ Huck:2017gj ⁇ . Lesions were photographed each day for 5 days. Mice were sacrificed 5 days post injection. The size of the lesion resulting from the injection in each animal (area in square millimeters) was analyzed using ImageJ software.
  • Dissected calvaria were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS (Sigma-Aldrich) overnight at 4° C. and decalcified after glycerol wash ⁇ Huck:2017gj ⁇ . Samples were stored at 40° C. in 30% sucrose/PBS until processing. Samples were embedded in Optimal Cutting Temperature embedding media (Fisher HealthCare, Suwanee, Ga., USA) and frozen for cryostat sectioning. 5-10 ⁇ m sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) (Fisher Scientific, Suwanee, Ga., USA) and prepared for further analysis.
  • H&E hematoxylin and eosin
  • a tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) assay was performed as described previously ⁇ Chiang:1999we ⁇ . Quantification of both inflammatory infiltrate and osteoclast activity was performed by two blinded examiners according to three different scoring protocols ⁇ Huck:2017gj ⁇ :
  • A. muciniphila administration was evaluated in a calvarial model of acute infection.
  • P. gingivalis and A. muciniphila were injected at calvarial site in mice. While PBS injection did not induce any significant lesion, the subcutaneous injection of P. gingivalis induced a visible lesion affecting both soft and hard tissues in animals ( FIG. 1 ). The injection of A. muciniphila alone did not induce any lesion mice. However, combined injection of P. gingivalis and A. muciniphila reduced the size of the induced lesion in animals when compared with lesions resulting from the injection of P. gingivalis alone ( FIG. 1 ).
  • FIG. 2 , A Histological analysis revealed that the effect associated with the presence of A. muciniphila , was correlated to a concomitant decrease of inflammatory cells infiltration within soft tissues ( FIG. 2 , A) and a reduced osteoclast activity as shown with TRAP staining ( FIG. 2 , C).
  • Example 2 Therapeutic Administration of A. muciniphila Reduced P. gingivalis -Induced Alveolar Bone Destruction
  • Palatal bone was processed for morphometric analysis after mechanical defleshing for 15 min in boiling water, washed in PBS and then exposed overnight in 3% hydrogen peroxide.
  • the palatal bones were treated with 10% bleach for 1 min, washed with PBS 3 times 5 min and then dried at 37° C.
  • Bone staining was performed at room temperature with 1% methylene blue (Sigma-Aldrich) for 1 min, washed and dried 30 min at 37° C. ⁇ Alshammari:2017ip ⁇ . Bone loss was considered as the distance between CEJ and the most coronal alveolar bone.
  • Bone loss was expressed as a mean+/ ⁇ SD.
  • A. muciniphila administration was performed in an experimental model of P. gingivalis -induced periodontitis by administering A. muciniphila after 5 weeks of periodontitis induction.
  • Periodontal lesion obtained following induction by P. gingivalis were observed in mice ( FIG. 3 ). Moreover, administration of A. muciniphila contributed to a significant reduction of alveolar bone loss ( FIG. 3 ), highlighting its protective role in the context of periodontal destruction.
  • Example 3 A. muciniphila Administration is Associated with a Shift of Periodontal and Gut Microbiota
  • DNA was isolated from oral and fecal samples as described previously ⁇ Caporaso:2012fz ⁇ . Samples were placed in PowerBead Tubes and vortexed for 10 min at maximum speed using a 24-sample vortex adapter. The samples were processed following the manual and protocols according to the instructions in the DNeasy PowerSoil Kit Handbook (Qiagen, Calif.). The quality and quantity of DNA was determined by fluorometric quantification and by measuring A260/A280 ratios. In addition, the DNA was visualized by agarose gel electrophoresis. The resulting DNA was subsequently used for library construction for 16S rRNA gene sequencing.
  • 16S rRNA library preparation modified 515fB and 806rB primers were used to amplify the V4 region of the 16S gene ⁇ Appri11:2015gb ⁇ .
  • the 16S rRNA gene amplicons were purified by a bead-based approach and quantified using a fluorometric assay. Sequencing adapters were then added using the QIASegTM 1-Step Amplicon Kit. Adapter ligation and library purification were performed according to the kit instructions. All 16S rRNA gene libraries were quantified using the QIASeq Library Quant Kit and paired-end sequencing (2 ⁇ 250 bp) was performed on a benchtop sequencer Illumina NextSeq550. Sequencing adapters were directly added to the fragmentation reaction product.
  • the ligation reaction and library purification steps were performed according to the QIASeq FX DNA Library Kit instructions.
  • the generated library was further quantified ⁇ Walters:2016gg ⁇ .
  • the CLC Microbial Genomics Module as part of the CLC Genomics Workbench was used.
  • For 16S rRNA gene data analysis raw sequencing reads were imported into the CLC Microbial Genomics Module (Qiagen) and then the OTU clustering module and NGS Core Tools were used to merge paired-end reads and perform quality control. OTUs were then picked by mapping sequences against the Greengenes database and clustering at 97% identity. Next, OTUs were aligned using MUSCLE and used to construct a Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic tree, followed by alpha and beta diversity analyses. All analysis steps were performed according to the standard specifications in the CLC Microbial Genomics Module.
  • Beta diversity estimation was performed to compare microbial community composition between samples and clusters samples based compositional similarity. While the bar chart provides details of the relative abundance of taxa, here grouped by phylum, the PCoA plots show the development of microbiome composition over time. To show whether OTU abundance profiles of replicate samples taken from different animals vary significantly across different animals a Permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) was performed. Beta diversity was used to observe changes in microbial diversity between mice subjected to different conditions and perform Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) on the distance matrices. The Beta Diversity tool offers three diversity measures (Bray-Curtis, Jacquard and Euclidian) to calculate distance matrices. The results are shown as PCoA plot for the Bray-Curtis distance. To create Heat Map for Abundance Table tool we used the TMM normalization to make samples comparable, then a z-score normalization to make features comparable.
  • PCoA Principal Coordinate Analysis
  • Example 2 To determine if the observed reduction of alveolar bone destruction associated with A. muciniphila treatment (Example 2) was associated with changes in the periodontal and gut microbiome, the composition of the fecal microbiota and biofilm collected around maxillary molars was analyzed in treated and untreated animals.
  • the periodontal microbiota analysis also showed an increased level of A. muciniphila upon the different treatments (data not shown).
  • the level of Proteobacteria in gums and teeth samples was markedly increased when compared to the fecal microbiota. While the Firmicutes and Bacteroides phyla are present in similar relative abundance in both fecal and gums and teeth samples, their genus and species composition are, as expected, highly different.
  • Example 4 A. muciniphila Induced Anti-Inflammatory Response in Macrophages
  • mice were anaesthetized via isoflurane exposure and euthanized via cervical dislocation.
  • the femurs and tibias were removed from the mice and the bone marrow was flushed from the medullar cavity of the bones with collection media (DMEM, 10% FBS, and 1% penicillin-streptomycin).
  • Cells were cultured in 30% L-929 conditioned RPMI media at a density of 10 5 cells/mL (Weischenfeldt and Porse, 2008). After one week in culture, cells had differentiated into bone marrow-derived macrophages ⁇ (BMM ⁇ ).
  • BMM ⁇ bone marrow-derived macrophages ⁇
  • One day prior to experiments cell culture medium was changed with fresh 30% L-929 conditioned RPMI media.
  • Cultured P. gingivalis and/or A. muciniphila was added to the BMM ⁇ cultures at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 20 or 40 respectively.
  • BMM ⁇ were incubated with bacteria
  • cytokines in culture supernatants were measured using eBioscience Mouse tumor necrosis factor ⁇ (TNF- ⁇ ), mouse interleukin 10 (IL-10), mouse interleukin 6 (IL-6), and Human interleukin 8 (IL-8) ELISA Ready-SET-Go!® kits (eBioscience, San Diego, Calif., USA) according to manufacturer's instructions.
  • TNF- ⁇ Mouse tumor necrosis factor ⁇
  • IL-10 mouse interleukin 10
  • IL-6 mouse interleukin 6
  • IL-8 Human interleukin 8
  • BMM ⁇ isolated from lean or obese mice were challenged with P. gingivalis and/or A. muciniphila for 8 h and supernatants were collected for cytokine analysis (IL-10 and IL-6).
  • IL-10 and IL-6 cytokine analysis
  • A. muciniphila inhibited IL-6 secretion especially in the BMM ⁇ from P. gingivalis -infected mice ( FIG. 4 , A).
  • FIG. 4 , B The concurrent exposure to both P. gingivalis and A. muciniphila induced strong anti-inflammatory effect as IL-10 secretion was significantly increased.
  • Example 5 A. muciniphila Modulates P. gingivalis -Elicited BMM ⁇ Phenotype
  • RNA Extraction and Quantitative Real-Time PCR qRT-PCR
  • RNA from BMM ⁇ , Human telomerase immortalized gingival keratinocytes (TIGK) and Human colonic epithelial cells (HT29) cells was isolated and purified with a RNeasy Mini kit according to the manufacturer's instructions (Qiagen, Hilden, Del., USA).
  • cDNA from total RNA was synthesized (50-100 ng RNA/20 ⁇ L) using a QuantiTect Reverse transcription kit according to the manufacturer's instructions (Qiagen).
  • qRT-PCR was performed using the Taqman Fast Advanced Master Mix (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif., USA) was run for the following genes using primer sets provided by Thermofisher (Table 1).
  • qRT-PCR assays were performed in duplicates on an Applied Biosystems QuantStudio 5 Real-Time PCR system. The data were analyzed using QuantStudio 5 software V1.4. The gene expression levels were normalized to GAPDH for TIGK and HT29 cells or ⁇ -actin for BMM ⁇ samples respectively and expressed relative to unstimulated controls following the 2- ⁇ CT method ⁇ Livak:2001is ⁇ .
  • P. gingivalis infection increased the mRNA level of TNF- ⁇ and interleukin 15ra (IL-15ra), two classical markers associated with a pro-inflammatory M1 BMM ⁇ phenotype ( FIGS. 5 , A and B).
  • IL-15ra interleukin 15ra
  • FIGS. 5 , A and B periodontal inflammation induced by P. gingivalis infection lead to increased M1/M2 ratio.
  • A. muciniphila induced a significant increase of IL-15ra ( FIG. 5 , B).
  • A. muciniphila administration increased significantly IL-10 mRNA level in BMM ⁇ ( FIG. 5 , C).
  • the expression of markers associated to the BMM ⁇ subtype of the M2 phenotype were also modulated by A. muciniphila administration ( FIG. 5 , D-F).
  • Example 6 A. muciniphila Resolved P. gingivalis -Induced Cytokine Paralysis in Gingival and Colonic Epithelial Cells and Improved the Expression of Tight Junction and Cell-Cell Adhesion Markers
  • TIGK Human telomerase immortalized gingival keratinocytes (TIGK) derived from gingival epithelium were maintained at 37° C. and 5% CO 2 in DermaLife K Serum-Free Keratinocyte Culture Medium (Fisher Scientific, Suwanee, Ga., USA) as described previously (Moffatt-Jauregui et al., 2013). TIGKs were seeded into 6-well plates at a concentration of 3-5 ⁇ 10 5 cells/well. One day prior to experiments, cell culture medium was changed for fresh DermaLife K Serum-Free Keratinocyte Culture Medium lacking antibiotics. TIGKs were incubated with bacteria ( P. gingivalis or A. muciniphila ) for 4 to 24 h. Supernatants were collected for further studies after each incubation time and cells were isolated at the end point of each experiment.
  • bacteria P. gingivalis or A. muciniphila
  • HT29 Human colonic epithelial cells
  • ATCC American Type Culture Collection
  • the cells were maintained at 37° C. and 5% CO2 in McCoy's 5a medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum according to the manufacturer's instructions.
  • HT29 cells were seeded into 6-well plates at a concentration of 3-5 ⁇ 10 5 cells/well.
  • cell culture medium was replenished with fresh media and incubated with P. gingivalis or A. muciniphila for 4 or 24 hours. Supernatants were collected for further studies after each incubation time, and cells were isolated at the end point of each experiment.
  • Epithelial cells are key cells in the maintenance of periodontal homeostasis. Due to their specific localization at the interface with oral biofilms, they have a key role in the innate immune response and could be considered as the first line of host defense. The same role has been described for epithelial cells in gut.
  • muciniphila has been described to be associated to a healthy gut and its administration in diet-induced obese mice induces a systemic anti-inflammatory effect and improved epithelial barrier integrity through an increased expression of tight junction proteins ⁇ Schneeberger:2015fs ⁇ ⁇ Plovier:2017dp ⁇ Li:2016bc ⁇ .
  • As gingival epithelial cells display specific phenotype and characteristics, the evaluation of their in vitro response to A.
  • muciniphila has been studied. In both epithelial cells of gingival or colonic origin (TIGK and HT29), administration of A. muciniphila increased IL-8 secretion suggesting an enhanced anti-infective response through recruitment of host-defense cells such as polymorphonuclear cells ( FIGS. 6 , A and E and FIGS. 7 , A and E). As observed in colonic cells, A. muciniphila induced mRNA expression of both cell-cell adhesion molecules (Integrin- ⁇ 1 and E-cadherin— FIGS. 6 , B and C and FIGS.
  • mice Four days prior to the start of ligature placement all mice were administered antibiotics (Sulfa methoxazole 200 mg/5 mL+trimethoprim 40 mg/5 mL) via drinking water. After three days of antibiotics, water without antibiotics was given to the mice and ligature placements started the following day.
  • Sterile black braided 6-0 silk sutures were incubated in P. gingivalis culture for 1 day in anaerobic conditions. Following anesthesia, P. gingivalis infected 6-0 ligatures were placed in the sulcus around the maxillary first and second molars as previously described (Saadi-Thiers et al., 2013). Ligatures were replaced 3 times/week during 3 weeks with fresh P.
  • mice were sacrificed and the palatal bone was excised. After mechanical de-fleshing for 15 min in boiling water, the samples were washed in PBS and exposed overnight in 3% hydrogen peroxide. The palatal bones were treated with 10% bleach for 1 min, washed with PBS 3 times for 5 min and then dried at 37° C. Bone staining was performed at room temperature with 1% methylene blue (Sigma-Aldrich) for 1 min, after which specimens were washed and dried 30 min at 37° C. (Alshammari et al., 2017). Bone loss was defined as the distance between cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) and the most coronal alveolar bone. Measurements were taken at 6 sites from the mesial aspect of the first molar to the distal aspect of second molar. Bone loss was expressed as a mean+/ ⁇ SEM in
  • Bone marrow macrophages were harvested as described previously (Zhang, Goncalves, & Mosser, 2008). Briefly, bone marrow cells from the femurs and tibias of donor mice were isolated and cultured in 30% L-929 conditioned RPMI media. After one week in culture the isolated monocytes had differentiated into macrophages. One day prior to the experiments cell culture medium was changed with fresh 30% L-929 conditioned RPMI media. Cultured P. gingivalis was added to cultures at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 20:1.
  • MOI multiplicity of infection
  • Pili-like protein Amuc_1100 was added to cultures at two concentrations (1 ug/mL or 10 ug/mL) either alone (Amuc), 4-hours before P. gingivalis infection (Amuc+Pg), 4-hours after P. gingivalis infection (Pg+Amuc), or simultaneous to the addition of P. gingivalis (Amuc/Pg). BMM were incubated with bacteria for 8-hours in total and at the end point supernatants were collected for analysis via ELISA.

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