US20200340701A1 - System and method for building climate control - Google Patents

System and method for building climate control Download PDF

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Publication number
US20200340701A1
US20200340701A1 US16/859,759 US202016859759A US2020340701A1 US 20200340701 A1 US20200340701 A1 US 20200340701A1 US 202016859759 A US202016859759 A US 202016859759A US 2020340701 A1 US2020340701 A1 US 2020340701A1
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building
climate
climate system
set point
air
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US16/859,759
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English (en)
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Stefano Riverso
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Carrier Corp
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Carrier Corp
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Priority to US16/859,759 priority Critical patent/US20200340701A1/en
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Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F3/00—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems
    • F24F3/044—Systems in which all treatment is given in the central station, i.e. all-air systems
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F11/00—Control or safety arrangements
    • F24F11/62—Control or safety arrangements characterised by the type of control or by internal processing, e.g. using fuzzy logic, adaptive control or estimation of values
    • F24F11/63—Electronic processing
    • F24F11/64—Electronic processing using pre-stored data
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D19/00—Details
    • F24D19/10—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F11/00—Control or safety arrangements
    • F24F11/30—Control or safety arrangements for purposes related to the operation of the system, e.g. for safety or monitoring
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F11/00—Control or safety arrangements
    • F24F11/50—Control or safety arrangements characterised by user interfaces or communication
    • F24F11/54—Control or safety arrangements characterised by user interfaces or communication using one central controller connected to several sub-controllers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F11/00—Control or safety arrangements
    • F24F11/50—Control or safety arrangements characterised by user interfaces or communication
    • F24F11/56—Remote control
    • F24F11/59—Remote control for presetting
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F11/00—Control or safety arrangements
    • F24F11/62—Control or safety arrangements characterised by the type of control or by internal processing, e.g. using fuzzy logic, adaptive control or estimation of values
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F11/00—Control or safety arrangements
    • F24F11/70—Control systems characterised by their outputs; Constructional details thereof
    • F24F11/80—Control systems characterised by their outputs; Constructional details thereof for controlling the temperature of the supplied air
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F2110/00—Control inputs relating to air properties
    • F24F2110/10—Temperature

Definitions

  • Buildings such as university buildings, office buildings, residential buildings, commercial buildings, and the like, include climate systems which are operable to control the climate inside the building. Some buildings have climate requirements which vary over time. The climate systems are operable to maintain a desired climate the in building.
  • a method of controlling the climate of a building includes determining a difference between a current aspect of a climate in a building and a set point for the aspect of climate in the building for one or more zones of the building. The method also includes summing the differences at a climate system controller and determining a set point for one or more operating variables of one or more components of a climate system in the building based on the sum of the differences.
  • the step of determining the set points for the one or more operating variables is based on one or more tunable parameters.
  • the method includes tuning the one or more tunable parameters based on real-time dynamic information about the climate system.
  • the current aspect of the climate in the building is the current air temperature inside the building.
  • the set point for the aspect is a temperature set point.
  • the one or more operating variables includes a temperature of conditioned air from an air handling unit.
  • the one of more components of the climate system include at least one of a chiller, a pump, and an air handling unit.
  • the one of more operating variables includes a temperature of conditioning air from the air handling unit.
  • a climate system for a building includes a computing device configured to determine a difference between a current aspect of a climate in a building and a set point for the aspect of climate in the building for one or more zones in the building, sum the differences, and determine a set point for one or more operating variables of one or more components of a climate system in the building based on the sum of the differences.
  • the computing device is a climate system controller.
  • the computing device includes a first computing device configured to determine a difference between a current aspect of a climate in a building and a set point for the aspect of climate in the building and sum the differences.
  • the computing device includes a second computing device configured to determine a set point for one or more operating variables of one or more components of a climate system in the building based on the sum of the differences.
  • the first computing device is a climate system controller and the second computing device is a controller of the one or more components of the climate system.
  • the computing device is configured to determine the set points for the one or more operating variables based on one or more tunable parameters.
  • the computing device is configured to tune the one or more tunable parameters based on real-time dynamic information about the climate system.
  • the real-time dynamic information about the climate system is provided to the computing device by one or more sensors in the building.
  • the one or more components of the climate system includes at least one of a chiller, and pump, and an air handling unit.
  • the current aspect of the climate in the building is the current air temperature inside the building.
  • the set point for the aspect is a temperature set point.
  • the one or more operating variables includes a temperature of conditioned air from an air handling unit.
  • the one or more components of the climate system includes at least one of a chiller, and pump, and an air handling unit.
  • the one or more operating variables includes a temperature of conditioned air from an air handling unit.
  • FIG. 1 a schematically shows a building with a climate system.
  • FIG. 1 b schematically shows the building of FIG. 1 a with multiple climate zones.
  • FIG. 2 schematically shows a method for controlling the climate of the building of FIGS. 1 a - b.
  • FIG. 1 schematically illustrates an example climate system 20 for a building 18 .
  • the climate system 20 includes one or more chillers 22 .
  • the chiller 22 can be any known type of chiller. Though one chiller 22 is shown in FIG. 1 , it should be understood the climate system 20 can include more than one chiller 22 .
  • the chiller 22 includes a chiller controller 24 .
  • the chiller 22 is operable to chill water for cooling the building.
  • One or more pumps 26 pump chilled water from the chiller 22 to one more air handling units 28 which utilize the chilled water to cool air for the building 18 . Though one pump 26 and one air handling unit 28 are shown in FIG. 1 a , it should be understood that the climate system 20 can include more pumps 26 and/or more air handling units 28 .
  • the building 18 may include an air handling unit 28 on each level.
  • the pump 26 and air handling unit 28 also include controllers 30 , 32 (respectively).
  • the example climate system 20 includes chiller 22 , pump 26 , and air handling unit 28 , other climate systems 20 can include other components as would be known in the art.
  • Each of the chiller 22 , the pump 26 , and the air handling unit 28 can include one or more electrical sub-components 36 , as would be known in the art.
  • the air handling unit 28 can include one or more motors, heat exchangers, dehumidifiers, etc. that enable the air handling unit 28 to condition air, as are known in the art.
  • the respective controllers 24 , 30 , 32 are operable to control these sub-components 36 .
  • the climate system 20 also includes a climate system controller 34 .
  • the chiller controller 24 , pump controller 30 , and air handling unit controller 32 are operable to communicate with the climate system controller 34 .
  • the climate system controller 34 is also operable to communicate with an electrical power source, which is in some examples anelectrical grid, and a thermal power source, such as a gas utility.
  • the subcomponents 36 of the chiller 22 , pump 26 , and air handling units 28 utilize electrical power and/or thermal power, and the climate system controller 34 controls distribution of electrical/thermal power to the chiller 22 , pump 26 , and air handling units 28 .
  • the climate system controller 34 is also operable to control the operation of the chiller 22 , pump 26 , and air handling units 28 via their respective controllers 24 , 30 , 32 to control the climate in the building 18 .
  • Each of the controllers discussed herein includes a computing device such as a processor and/or electronics which are programmed so that the controllers are operable to perform as discussed herein.
  • the controllers discussed herein may include automatic PID (proportional integral derivative) capability, which utilizes a control loop feedback mechanism to control processes and variables, as is known in the art.
  • FIG. 1 b shows an example building 18 with three zones Zone 1 , Zone 2 , and Zone 3 .
  • Each zone includes an air handling unit 28 (AHU).
  • AHU air handling unit 28
  • the air handling units 28 in each zone acts in concert to cumulatively effect the temperature of air in the building 18 .
  • individual air handling units 28 serve their respective zones of the building 18 .
  • a zone may be defined as a level of the building 18 , a room of a building 18 , or in another way.
  • each zone has its own climate requirements.
  • the air handling units 28 in each zone are in communication with the climate system controller 34 .
  • each zone has a temperature sensor 44 and an interface 46 (discussed in more detail below).
  • climate system 34 Various aspects of the building 18 climate are affected by the climate system 34 .
  • the temperature of air inside the building the humidity of air inside the building 18 , the temperature of water in the building 18 , or other parameters as would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the subsequent disclosure is made with respect to the temperature inside the building 18 for exemplary purposes, it should be understood this disclosure is applicable to any aspect of building 18 climate.
  • the air handling units 28 receive air from an air supply 38 , which in some examples draws or mixes air from outside the building 18 .
  • the air handling units 28 condition (e.g., cool or heat) the air from the air supply 38 via the sub-components 36 such as heat exchangers as is known in the art.
  • a heat exchanger in the air handling units 28 can cool air using cooled water provided by pump 26 from chiller 22 as discussed above.
  • a heat exchanger in the air handling units 28 can heat air using thermal energy from the thermal energy source.
  • the air handling units 28 provide the conditioned air to the building 18 via conduits 40 which are connected to vents 42 throughout the building 18 .
  • the air handling unit controller 32 is configured to control its respective air handling unit 28 to provide a selected flowrate and temperature to the building 18 via vents 42 to affect the temperature of air inside the building 18 air. For instance, to cool air inside building 18 , the air handling unit 28 provides conditioned air that is colder than the air inside the building 18 . To heat air inside building 18 , the air handling unit 28 provides conditioned air that is hotter than the air inside the building 18 .
  • the flowrate of conditioned air provided by the air handling units 28 is inversely related to the temperature, as will be discussed in more detail below.
  • the building 18 has a selected air temperature T selected (also known as a set point).
  • the set point can be predetermined and programmed in to the air handling unit controllers 32 and/or climate system controller 34 .
  • the set point can change over time.
  • a temperature is predetermined according to the time of day. For instance, a temperature during times of building 18 high occupancy can be predetermined to accommodate occupant comfort. A temperature during times of low or no occupancy can be predetermined to reduce energy consumption of the climate system 20 .
  • the selected air temperature can be input by a user in the building 18 via an interface 46 , e.g., a thermostat, in the building 18 , and communicated to the air handling unit controller 32 directly or via the climate system controller 34 . As shown in FIG.
  • each zone includes an interface 46 , and the interface 46 in each zone is in communication with the air handling unit controller 32 in that zone and/or the climate system controller 34 .
  • the selected air temperature is selected by the climate system controller 34 based on occupant comfort requirements (either predetermined, inputted, or self-learned) and information from the electrical power source.
  • the set point is selected according to any combination of the preceding examples. T selected may vary in each zone to accommodate the use of the individual zone and position in the building (e.g. zones exposed to direct sunlight).
  • the building also has a current air temperature T current .
  • the current air temperature T current can be provided directly to the climate system controller 34 from a temperature sensor 46 in the building 18 .
  • each zone includes a sensor 44 , and the sensor 44 in each zone is in communication with the air handling unit controller 32 in that zone and/or the climate system controller 34 .
  • the climate system controller 34 is configured to direct the air handling unit controllers 32 to operate the air handling units 28 in order to bring the current temperature in the building 18 T current towards the temperature set point T selected according to the method 200 , shown in FIG. 2 .
  • the air handling units 28 can either act in concert or can act individually according to the climate requirements of particular zones.
  • the method 200 starts. In some examples, the method 200 starts automatically, or without any user input. In other examples, the method 200 can start at predetermined times. In other examples, the method 200 can proceed continuously.
  • the climate system controller 34 determines a difference ⁇ T i between the temperature set point T selected and a current air temperature T current in one or more zones of building 18 . Depending on the difference ⁇ T i , the climate system controller 34 determines whether cooling or heating is required for each zone of building 18 .
  • step 206 the climate system controller 34 sums the ⁇ T i for each zone of the building 18 that requires heating to provide an aggregate ⁇ T heat for the building 18 according to Equation 1, where n heat is the number of zones in the building 18 that require heating:
  • the climate system controller 34 also sums the ⁇ T i for each zone of the building 18 that requires cooling to provide an aggregate ⁇ T cool for the building 18 according to Equation 2, where n cool is the number of zones in the building 18 that require cooling:
  • the aggregate ⁇ T heat and ⁇ T cool are related to an electrical/thermal power demand for the building 18 . That is, the larger aggregate ⁇ T heat and ⁇ T cool , the more electrical/thermal power will be required to operate the components of the climate system 20 to bring the current temperature in the building (or in individual zones) 18 T current towards the temperature set point T selected .
  • Each component of the building 18 includes various outputs which have controllable variables.
  • the air handling unit 28 outputs air, which has controllable variables of target conditioned air temperature and flowrate.
  • the chiller 22 outputs cooled water, which has a controllable variable of cooled water temperature.
  • the pump 26 outputs water, which has a controllable variable of water pressure. The outputs also depend on the heating or cooling mode selected for the components in the zones of the building 18 .
  • the building 18 components may be in a cooling mode that is associated with certain building 18 components and their respective outputs/controllable variables
  • the building 18 components may be in a heating mode that is associated with certain building 18 components and their respective outputs/controllable variables.
  • the components may be configured to operate in multiple heating or cooling modes.
  • the direction from the climate system controller 34 can include the target set points for these variables.
  • the direction from the climate system controller 34 includes information such that the respective controllers 24 , 30 , 32 can select the set points for the variables based on the information.
  • the set point V sp is defined at a time (t) according to Equation 3, where ⁇ s is sampling time, and K p and ⁇ are tuneable parameters for optimizing control of the climate system 20 .
  • V s ⁇ p ⁇ ( t ) V s ⁇ p ⁇ ( t - 1 ) + ⁇ ⁇ T ⁇ ( t ) - ⁇ ⁇ T ⁇ ( t - 1 ) ⁇ s ⁇ ⁇ + K p ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ T ⁇ ( t )
  • the sampling time ⁇ s is selected according to Equation 4:
  • m_ ⁇ dot over (m) ⁇ ax is the maximum flowrate of air into the building 18 from vents 42 .
  • the parameter K p is a proportional correction parameter, e.g., it is related to the amount of correction, or change, that will result in V sp at time t as compared to V sp at time t ⁇ 1.
  • K p is related to the speed at which variable V is changed in order to bring the current temperature in the building 18 T current towards the temperature set point T selected .
  • K p is related to an acceptable error for control of the building 18 climate. If occupant discomfort is high, more error is acceptable, and K p is higher so that the amount of correction is larger, and in turn, T current is more quickly brought towards the temperature set point T selected .
  • K p is calculated according to Equation 5:
  • sampling time ⁇ s can be tuned, as will be discussed in more detail below.
  • the sampling time ⁇ s is defined according to Equation 6:
  • V building , ⁇ , and m_ ⁇ dot over (m) ⁇ in are know parameters related to the physical characteristics of building 18 .
  • V building is the total volume of the building 18
  • ⁇ is the density of air inside the building 18
  • m_ ⁇ dot over (m) ⁇ in is the minimum flowrate of air into the building 18 from vents 42 .
  • the parameter K p depends on the sampling time ⁇ s . Therefore, if a new sampling time ⁇ s is defined according to the tuning, a new parameter K p can result as well.
  • ⁇ s is a continuously adaptive parameter that is calculated continuously by the climate system controller 34 according to Equation 7:
  • m_me ⁇ dot over (a) ⁇ sured is the current delivered flowrate of air into the building 18 from vents 42 , which can be provided to the climate system controller via sensors or monitors at one or more of the vents 34 .
  • the parameter a is a sizing parameter that is applied so that the temperature values in Equation 3 above are on at the same or similar orders of magnitude. For instance, ⁇ T(t) may be on the order of 0-5 degrees Celsius, whereas V sp (t) where the variable V is air handling unit 28 output temperature is 20-30 degrees Celcius. In this example, ⁇ can be selected to be 0.1.
  • the set point for one or more variables V are determined according to Equation 3.
  • the set point for the variable V can be determined by the climate system controller 34 and communicated to the controllers 24 , 30 , 32 .
  • the set point for the variable V is determined by the controllers 24 , 30 , 32 based on information from the climate system controller 34 .
  • the tuneable parameters K p and a which are taken into account for variable set point determination in Equation 3 are tuned in real time using dynamic information about the climate system 20 . For instance, new ⁇ s values are selected based on occupant comfort/discomfort as discussed above, or updated as in Equation 7 above based on information from the sensors or monitors at vents 42 .
  • the parameter K p can be updated when a new ⁇ s value is selected as discussed above.
  • tuning is achieved by PID at the controllers 24 , 30 , 32 , as discussed above.
  • the PID control problem is in a velocity form, meaning that the rate of change is explicitly taken into account.
  • the method 200 continuously performs step 208 as the tuneable parameters are tuned in step 210 .
  • step 212 the controllers 24 , 30 , 32 operate their respective components according to variable V set points to bring the current temperature in the building 18 T current towards the temperature set point T selected .
  • the method 200 then returns to step 204 .
  • the quantification of set points for variables V allows for fast response of the climate system 20 when a new temperature set point T selected is selected because the variable V set point is continually updated as the method 200 repeats. As the climate system 20 operates, there may be a lag before T current meets the temperature set point T selected as the T current approaches the temperature set point T selected . The continual updating of the variable V takes into account this lag, and avoids overshooting the temperature set point T selected . This in turn leads to more efficient use of the electrical/thermal power by the climate system 20 and reduces the possibility of occupant discomfort in building 18 (e.g., due to overshot from the desired temperature set point T selected ). Furthermore, other than defining the temperature set point T selected in some examples (as discussed above) no other user input is required for tuning the control of the climate system 20 .
  • the preceding method is applicable to control the climate system 20 to meet building set points other than temperature set point T selected .
  • the preceding method can also be used to control the climate system 20 to meet an air humidity set point, building air pressure set points, building water set points (e.g., temperature, flowrate, etc.), or other set points.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Human Computer Interaction (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
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US16/859,759 2019-04-26 2020-04-27 System and method for building climate control Abandoned US20200340701A1 (en)

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Citations (1)

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JPH0650597A (ja) * 1992-07-30 1994-02-22 Toshiba Ave Corp 空気調和機
US5303767A (en) * 1993-01-22 1994-04-19 Honeywell Inc. Control method and system for controlling temperatures
US10330328B2 (en) * 2013-07-22 2019-06-25 Trane International Inc. Temperature control system
US10386795B2 (en) * 2014-10-30 2019-08-20 Vivint, Inc. Methods and apparatus for parameter based learning and adjusting temperature preferences
AU2014413429B2 (en) * 2014-12-11 2019-01-03 Mitsubishi Electric Corporation Duct-type air conditioning system
US10457111B2 (en) * 2015-02-04 2019-10-29 Ford Global Technologies, Llc Climate control system for a vehicle
CN105972782B (zh) * 2016-06-17 2019-03-15 河海大学常州校区 一种基于云计算技术的教室环境智能控制方法

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US20130151019A1 (en) * 2011-12-12 2013-06-13 Vigilent Corporation Controlling air temperatures of hvac units

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