US20200302727A1 - Tap to copy data to clipboard via nfc - Google Patents
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- US20200302727A1 US20200302727A1 US16/522,380 US201916522380A US2020302727A1 US 20200302727 A1 US20200302727 A1 US 20200302727A1 US 201916522380 A US201916522380 A US 201916522380A US 2020302727 A1 US2020302727 A1 US 2020302727A1
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Abstract
Description
- This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/359,966, entitled “TAP TO COPY DATA TO CLIPBOARD VIA NFC” filed on Mar. 20, 2019. The contents of the aforementioned application are incorporated herein by reference.
- Embodiments herein generally relate to mobile computing platforms, and more specifically, to tap to copy data to a clipboard via near-field communication (NFC).
- Account identifiers for payment cards are often long numeric and/or character strings. As such, it is difficult for a user to manually enter the account identifier correctly. Indeed, users often make mistakes and enter incorrect account numbers into computing interfaces (e.g., payment interfaces). Furthermore, even if the user enters the correct account identifier, processes have been developed that allow cameras to capture the account identifier.
- Embodiments disclosed herein provide systems, methods, articles of manufacture, and computer-readable media for tapping to copy data to a clipboard via NFC. According to one example, an application may receive encrypted data from a communications interface of a contactless card associated with an account, the encrypted data generated based on one or more cryptographic algorithms and a diversified key, the diversified key stored in a memory of the contactless card and generated based on a master key and a counter value stored in the memory of the contactless card. The application may then receive, from a server, verification of the encrypted data, the server to decrypt the encrypted data based on one or more cryptographic algorithms and the diversified key stored in a memory of the server to verify the encrypted data, the diversified key stored in the memory of the server generated based on a master key and a counter value stored in the memory of the server. The application may further receive, from the server, an encrypted account number associated with the account. The application may decrypt the encrypted account number to yield the account number. The application may then copy the account number to a clipboard of an operating system (OS) executing on the processor circuit.
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FIGS. 1A-1B illustrate embodiments of a system for tapping to copy data to a clipboard via NFC. -
FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment of tapping to copy data to a clipboard via NFC. -
FIGS. 3A-3C illustrate embodiments of tapping to copy data to a clipboard via NFC. -
FIGS. 4A-4B illustrate an example contactless card. -
FIG. 5 illustrates an embodiment of a first logic flow. -
FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment of a second logic flow. -
FIG. 7 illustrates an embodiment of a third logic flow. -
FIG. 8 illustrates an embodiment of a computing architecture. - Embodiments disclosed herein provide secure techniques for copying data (e.g., an account number) from a contactless card to the clipboard of a computing device using NFC. Generally, a user of a device may provide input to an application specifying to copy the data from the contactless card. The contactless card may then come into NFC communications range with the device, e.g., via a tapping gesture. The application may then instruct the contactless card to generate and transmit data to the application via NFC. The data generated by the contactless card may be encrypted using key diversification. The application may transmit the data received from the contactless card to a server for verification. Upon verifying the data, the server may transmit account data (e.g., an account number) to the application on the device, which may then copy the received account data to a clipboard of the operating system of the device. The account data may be maintained on the clipboard until a purchase is made, or the expiration of a time threshold, at which point the clipboard contents may be wiped, overwritten, or otherwise modified. Advantageously, doing so improves security of all devices and associated data.
- With general reference to notations and nomenclature used herein, one or more portions of the detailed description which follows may be presented in terms of program procedures executed on a computer or network of computers. These procedural descriptions and representations are used by those skilled in the art to most effectively convey the substances of their work to others skilled in the art. A procedure is here, and generally, conceived to be a self-consistent sequence of operations leading to a desired result. These operations are those requiring physical manipulations of physical quantities. Usually, though not necessarily, these quantities take the form of electrical, magnetic, or optical signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared, and otherwise manipulated. It proves convenient at times, principally for reasons of common usage, to refer to these signals as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, or the like. It should be noted, however, that all of these and similar terms are to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels applied to those quantities.
- Further, these manipulations are often referred to in terms, such as adding or comparing, which are commonly associated with mental operations performed by a human operator. However, no such capability of a human operator is necessary, or desirable in most cases, in any of the operations described herein that form part of one or more embodiments. Rather, these operations are machine operations. Useful machines for performing operations of various embodiments include digital computers as selectively activated or configured by a computer program stored within that is written in accordance with the teachings herein, and/or include apparatus specially constructed for the required purpose or a digital computer. Various embodiments also relate to apparatus or systems for performing these operations. These apparatuses may be specially constructed for the required purpose. The required structure for a variety of these machines will be apparent from the description given.
- Reference is now made to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals are used to refer to like elements throughout. In the following description, for the purpose of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding thereof. It may be evident, however, that the novel embodiments can be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to facilitate a description thereof. The intention is to cover all modification, equivalents, and alternatives within the scope of the claims.
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FIG. 1A depicts a schematic of anexemplary system 100, consistent with disclosed embodiments. As shown, thesystem 100 includes one or morecontactless cards 101, one or moremobile devices 110, and aserver 120. Thecontactless cards 101 are representative of any type of payment card, such as a credit card, debit card, ATM card, gift card, and the like. Thecontactless cards 101 may comprise one or more chips (not depicted), such as a radio frequency identification (RFID) chip, configured to communicate with themobile devices 110 via NFC, the EMV standard, or other short-range protocols in wireless communication, or using NFC Data Exchange Format (NDEF) tags. Although NFC is used as an example communications protocol, the disclosure is equally applicable to other types of wireless communications, such as the EMV standard, Bluetooth, and/or Wi-Fi. Themobile devices 110 are representative of any type of network-enabled computing devices, such as smartphones, tablet computers, wearable devices, laptops, portable gaming devices, and the like. Theserver 120 is representative of any type of computing device, such as a server, workstation, compute cluster, cloud computing platform, virtualized computing system, and the like. - As shown, a
memory 102 of thecontactless card 101 includesdata 103, acounter 104, amaster key 105, adiversified key 106, and aunique customer identifier 107. Thedata 103 generally includes any data that can be copied to theclipboard 114 such as characters, text, executable code, images, or other types of data objects. In one embodiment, thedata 103 may comprise an account number, expiration date, and card verification value (CVV) associated with thecontactless card 101. The account number may be any type of account number, such as a primary account number (PAN), a virtual account number, and/or a token generated based on the PAN. Other types of account numbers are contemplated, and the use of any particular type of account number as examples herein should not be considered limiting of the disclosure. Thedata 103 may further include names, billing addresses, shipping addresses, usernames and/or passwords, one-time use codes for multi-factor authentication, personalized uniform resource locators (URLs), gift card numbers, drivers license information, passport information, loyalty program information, loyalty points, phone numbers, email addresses, contact information, access information, and the like. Other types ofdata 103 are contemplated, and the use of any type ofdata 103 as examples herein should not be considered limiting of the disclosure. - As shown, a
memory 111 of themobile device 110 includes an instance of an operating system (OS) 112.Example operating systems 112 include the Android® OS, iOS®, Linux®, and Windows® operating systems. As shown, theOS 112 includes anaccount application 113, aclipboard 114, and one or moreother applications 115. Theaccount application 113 allows users to perform various account-related operations, such as viewing account balances and processing payments as described in greater detail below. Initially, a user must authenticate using authentication credentials to access the account application. For example, the authentication credentials may include a username and password, biometric credentials, and the like. Theclipboard 114 stores data that can be copied and/or pasted within theOS 112. For example, as discussed in greater detail below, an account number of an account associated with a contactless card 101 (e.g., a portion of the data 103) may be programmatically copied to theclipboard 114 in a secure manner using a command and/or gesture available within theOS 112. The account number may then be pasted from theclipboard 114 to theaccount application 113,other applications 115, and/or other components of theOS 112 using a command and/or gesture available within theOS 112. In at least one embodiment, theclipboard 114 includes a single data field for all elements of thedata 103. In other embodiments, theclipboard 114 includes multiple data fields, with at least one field for each element of the data 103 (e.g., a field for an account number, a field for an expiration date, a field for a CVV number, a field for a first name, and a field for a last name, etc.). - As shown, the
server 120 includes a data store ofaccount data 124 and amemory 122. Theaccount data 124 includes account-related data for a plurality of users and/or accounts. Theaccount data 124 may include at least amaster key 105, counter 104, acustomer ID 107, an associatedcontactless card 101, and biographical information for each account. Thememory 122 includes amanagement application 123 and instances of thedata 103, thecounter 104,master key 105, anddiversified key 106 for one or more accounts from theaccount data 124. - Generally, the
system 100 is configured to implement key diversification to secure data. The server 120 (or another computing device) and thecontactless card 101 may be provisioned with the same master key 105 (also referred to as a master symmetric key). More specifically, eachcontactless card 101 is programmed with adistinct master key 105 that has a corresponding pair in theserver 120. For example, when acontactless card 101 is manufactured, aunique master key 105 may be programmed into thememory 102 of thecontactless card 101. Similarly, theunique master key 105 may be stored in a record of a customer associated with thecontactless card 101 in theaccount data 124 of the server 120 (or stored in a different secure location). The master key may be kept secret from all parties other than thecontactless card 101 andserver 120, thereby enhancing security of thesystem 100. Other examples of key diversification techniques are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/205,119, filed Nov. 29, 2018. The aforementioned patent application is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. - The
master keys 105 may be used in conjunction with thecounters 104 to enhance security using key diversification. Thecounters 104 comprise values that are synchronized between thecontactless card 101 andserver 120. Thecounter value 104 may comprise a number that changes each time data is exchanged between thecontactless card 101 and the server 120 (and/or thecontactless card 101 and the mobile device 110). To enable NFC data transfer between thecontactless card 101 and themobile device 110, theaccount application 113 may communicate with thecontactless card 101 when thecontactless card 101 is sufficiently close to acard reader 118 of themobile device 110.Card reader 118 may be configured to read from and/or communicate with contactless card 101 (e.g., via NFC, Bluetooth, RFID, etc.). Therefore,example card readers 118 include NFC communication modules, Bluetooth communication modules, and/or RFID communication modules. - For example, a user may tap the
contactless card 101 to themobile device 110, thereby bringing thecontactless card 101 sufficiently close to thecard reader 118 of themobile device 110 to enable NFC data transfer between thecontactless card 101 and thecard reader 118 of themobile device 110. After communication has been established betweenclient device 110 andcontactless card 101, thecontactless card 101 generates a message authentication code (MAC) cryptogram. In some examples, this may occur when thecontactless card 101 is read by theaccount application 113. In particular, this may occur upon a read, such as an NFC read, of a near field data exchange (NDEF) tag, which may be created in accordance with the NFC Data Exchange Format. For example, a reader, such as theaccount application 113 and/or thecard reader 118, may transmit a message, such as an applet select message, with the applet ID of an NDEF producing applet. Upon confirmation of the selection, a sequence of select file messages followed by read file messages may be transmitted. For example, the sequence may include “Select Capabilities file”, “Read Capabilities file”, and “Select NDEF file”. At this point, thecounter value 104 maintained by thecontactless card 101 may be updated or incremented, which may be followed by “Read NDEF file.” At this point, the message may be generated which may include a header and a shared secret. Session keys may then be generated. The MAC cryptogram may be created from the message, which may include the header and the shared secret. The MAC cryptogram may then be concatenated with one or more blocks of random data, and the MAC cryptogram and a random number (RND) may be encrypted with the session key. Thereafter, the cryptogram and the header may be concatenated, and encoded as ASCII hex and returned in NDEF message format (responsive to the “Read NDEF file” message). In some examples, the MAC cryptogram may be transmitted as an NDEF tag, and in other examples the MAC cryptogram may be included with a uniform resource indicator (e.g., as a formatted string). Thecontactless card 101 may then transmit the MAC cryptogram to themobile device 110, which may then forward the MAC cryptogram to theserver 120 for verification as explained below. However, in some embodiments, themobile device 110 may verify the MAC cryptogram. - More generally, when preparing to send data (e.g., to the
server 120 and/or the mobile device 110), thecontactless card 101 may increment thecounter value 104. Thecontactless card 101 may then provide themaster key 105 andcounter value 104 as input to a cryptographic algorithm, which produces adiversified key 106 as output. The cryptographic algorithm may include encryption algorithms, hash-based message authentication code (HMAC) algorithms, cipher-based message authentication code (CMAC) algorithms, and the like. Non-limiting examples of the cryptographic algorithm may include a symmetric encryption algorithm such as 3DES or AES128; a symmetric HMAC algorithm, such as HMAC-SHA-256; and a symmetric CMAC algorithm such as AES-CMAC. Thecontactless card 101 may then encrypt the data (e.g., thecustomer identifier 107 and any other data) using thediversified key 106. Thecontactless card 101 may then transmit the encrypted data to theaccount application 113 of the mobile device 110 (e.g., via an NFC connection, Bluetooth connection, etc.). Theaccount application 113 of themobile device 110 may then transmit the encrypted data to theserver 120 via thenetwork 130. In at least one embodiment, thecontactless card 101 transmits thecounter value 104 with the encrypted data. In such embodiments, thecontactless card 101 may transmit anencrypted counter value 104, or anunencrypted counter value 104. - Upon receiving the data, the
management application 123 of theserver 120 may perform the same symmetric encryption using thecounter value 104 as input to the encryption, and themaster key 105 as the key for the encryption. As stated, thecounter value 104 may be specified in the data received from themobile device 110, or acounter value 104 maintained by theserver 120 to implement key diversification for thecontactless card 101. The output of the encryption may be the same diversifiedkey value 106 that was created by thecontactless card 101. Themanagement application 123 may then decrypt the encrypted data received via thenetwork 130 using thediversified key 106, which reveals the data transmitted by the contactless card 101 (e.g., at least the customer identifier 107). Doing so allows themanagement application 123 to verify the data transmitted by thecontactless card 101 via themobile device 110, e.g., by comparing the decryptedcustomer ID 107 to a customer ID in theaccount data 124 for the account. - Although the
counter 104 is used as an example, other data may be used to secure communications between thecontactless card 101, themobile device 110, and/or theserver 120. For example, thecounter 104 may be replaced with a random nonce, generated each time a newdiversified key 106 is needed, the full value of a counter value sent from thecontactless card 101 and theserver 120, a portion of a counter value sent from thecontactless card 101 and theserver 120, a counter independently maintained by thecontactless card 101 and theserver 120 but not sent between the two, a one-time-passcode exchanged between thecontactless card 101 and theserver 120, and a cryptographic hash of data. In some examples, one or more portions of thediversified key 106 may be used by the parties to create multiplediversified keys 106. - As shown, the
server 120 may include one or more hardware security modules (HSM) 125. For example, one ormore HSMs 125 may be configured to perform one or more cryptographic operations as disclosed herein. In some examples, one ormore HSMs 125 may be configured as special purpose security devices that are configured to perform the one or more cryptographic operations. TheHSMs 125 may be configured such that keys are never revealed outside theHSM 125, and instead are maintained within theHSM 125. For example, one ormore HSMs 125 may be configured to perform at least one of key derivations, decryption, and MAC operations. The one ormore HSMs 125 may be contained within, or may be in data communication with,server 120. - As stated, data such as the
data 103 of thecontactless card 101 and/or theserver 120 may securely be copied to theclipboard 114. In some embodiments, one or more data elements of thedata 103 are received directly from thecontactless card 101 and copied to the clipboard. For example, the account number, expiration date, and CVV of thecontactless card 101 may be received from thedata 103 in one or more data packages from thecontactless card 101. In some embodiments, thecontactless card 101 may encrypt the requested elements ofdata 103 and transmit a data package comprising theencrypted data 103 that can be parsed by theaccount application 113 and copied to theclipboard 114 responsive to receiving an indication of successful authentication of encrypted data generated by the contactless card 101 (e.g., by the server 120). In other embodiments, theserver 120 may authenticate encrypted data generated by thecontactless card 101 and transmitdata 103 stored in theserver 120 in one or more data packages to theaccount application 113 which may copy thedata 103 received from theserver 120 to theclipboard 114. In embodiments where thedata 103 is transmitted to themobile device 110 in a single package (e.g., from thecard 101 and/or the server 120), the single data package may include delimiters and or metadata that allow theaccount application 113 to parse and extract each element of data 103 (e.g., account number, expiration date, CVV, billing address, and/or shipping address). - For example, a user of the
account application 113 may specify to copy data to theclipboard 114. In response, theaccount application 113 may instruct the user to tap thecontactless card 101 to themobile device 110. Doing so causes theaccount application 113 to generate and transmit an indication to thecontactless card 101 to generate anencrypted data 108. In response, thecontactless card 101 increments thecounter value 104 and provides themaster key 105 andcounter value 104 as input to a cryptographic algorithm, which produces adiversified key 106 as output. Thecontactless card 101 may then encrypt thecustomer identifier 107 using thediversified key 106 to generate theencrypted data 108. As stated, in some embodiments, thecontactless card 101 may further encrypt thedata 103 and include theencrypted data 103 as part of theencrypted data 108. Thecontactless card 101 may then transmit theencrypted data 108 to theaccount application 113 of the mobile device 110 (e.g., via an NFC connection, Bluetooth connection, etc.). Theaccount application 113 of themobile device 110 may then transmit theencrypted data 108 to theserver 120 via thenetwork 130. In at least one embodiment, thecontactless card 101 transmits thecounter value 104 along with theencrypted data 108. - Upon receipt of the
encrypted data 108, themanagement application 123 of theserver 120 may verify theencrypted data 108 using key diversification. As stated, themanagement application 123 of theserver 120 may perform the same symmetric encryption using thecounter value 104 as input to the encryption, and themaster key 105 as the key for the encryption, to generate thediversified key 106. Themanagement application 123 may then decrypt theencrypted data 108 received via thenetwork 130 using thediversified key 106, which reveals the data transmitted by the contactless card 101 (e.g., at least the customer identifier 107). Doing so allows themanagement application 123 to verify the data transmitted by thecontactless card 101 via themobile device 110, e.g., by comparing the decryptedcustomer ID 107 to a customer ID in theaccount data 124 for the account, where a match of the customer ID values verifies the encrypted data received from thecontactless card 101. - If the
management application 123 successfully verifies theencrypted data 108, themanagement application 123 may transmit an indication of the verification to theaccount application 113. As stated, in some embodiments, theencrypted data 108 generated by thecontactless card 101 may include thedata 103. Therefore, responsive to receiving the indication of verification from themanagement application 123, theaccount application 113 decrypts and parses theencrypted data 108 received from thecontactless card 101 to copy the decrypteddata 103 to theclipboard 114. As stated, in some embodiments,management application 123 may further transmit the requesteddata 103 from theserver 120 to theaccount application 113. In such embodiments, theaccount application 113 may copy thedata 103 received from theserver 120 to theclipboard 114. - In at least one embodiment, a time threshold may be applied to a request to copy data to the
clipboard 114. In such embodiments, theaccount application 113 may notify theserver 120 that a request to copy data to theclipboard 114 has been initiated. Theserver 120 may then start a timer. If the timer value exceeds the time threshold, theserver 120 may refrain from validating theencrypted data 108, refrain from transmitting an indication of validation of theencrypted data 108, and/or refrain from transmittingdata 103 from theserver 120 to theaccount application 113. For example, if theserver 120 receives theencrypted data 108 from thecontactless card 101 via themobile device 110 15 seconds after starting the timer, and the time threshold is 30 seconds, theserver 120 may validate theencrypted data 108 and transmit thedata 103 from theserver 120 to themobile device 110. If, however, theserver 120 receives theencrypted data 108 from thecontactless card 101 via themobile device 110 45 seconds after starting the timer, theserver 120 may refrain from validating theencrypted data 108 and transmit a failure state to theaccount application 113, which may refrain from copying data to theclipboard 114. -
FIG. 1B depicts a result of the verification process performed by themanagement application 123. As shown, after verifying theencrypted data 108, themanagement application 123 of theserver 120 transmits thedata 103 from theserver 120 to themobile device 110. In at least one embodiment, themanagement application 123 encrypts thedata 103 before sending to theaccount application 113. As stated, thedata 103 may include the account number, CVV, expiration date, and/or billing address of thecontactless card 101. Furthermore, as stated, the account number may comprise a single-use virtual account number. Theaccount application 113 may then receive thedata 103 and decrypt the receiveddata 103 if thedata 103 has been encrypted. Theaccount application 113 may then programmatically write thedata 103 to theclipboard 114 without requiring user input and without exposing thedata 103. For example, theOS 112 may provide an application programming interface (API) for copying data to theclipboard 114. Therefore, theaccount application 113 may make a call to the API which includes thedata 103 to be copied to theclipboard 114. A result of the API call may copy the provideddata 103 to theclipboard 114. As another example, theaccount application 113 may directly copy thedata 103 to the clipboard using one or more code statements supported by theOS 112. Once copied to theclipboard 114, the user may easily paste thedata 103 from theclipboard 114 to other targets within theOS 112 using a command and/or gesture available within theOS 112. - In some embodiments, the
data 103 copied to theclipboard 114 all relevant information (e.g., the account number, expiration date, CVV, billing address, and/or shipping address) required to make a purchase using the account associated with thecontactless card 101. However, in other embodiments, the individual elements of thedata 103 may be incrementally copied to theclipboard 114 using one or more taps of thecontactless card 101 and themobile device 110. For example, a first tap of thecontactless card 101 and themobile device 110 may copy the account number of thedata 103 to theclipboard 114, while a second tap of thecontactless card 101 and themobile device 110 may copy the expiration date to theclipboard 114, a third tap of thecontactless card 101 and themobile device 110 may copy the CVV to theclipboard 114, a fourth tap of thecontactless card 101 may copy the shipping address to theclipboard 114, and a fifth tap of thecontactless card 101 may copy the billing address to theclipboard 114. In one embodiment, a separate package ofencrypted data 108 is generated by thecontactless card 101 responsive to each tap, and theserver 120 verifies each package ofencrypted data 108 before copying the correspondingdata 103 to theclipboard 114. In some embodiments, a single package of theencrypted data 108 is generated responsive to the initial tap and theserver 120 verifies the single package ofencrypted data 108. In some such embodiments, theaccount application 113 may receive thedata 103 from theserver 120 in a single package having delimiters and/or metadata that identifies each data element in the data 103 (e.g., the account number, expiration, date, CVV, billing address, and/or shipping address). Theaccount application 113 may parse the data elements using the delimiters and/or metadata to extract each element of data from the single package ofdata 103 received from the server. Theaccount application 113 may then copy the parsed data to the clipboard responsive to each tap of thecontactless card 101 and themobile device 110. In some such embodiments, theaccount application 113 may parse thedata 103 based on the current fields displayed on thedevice 110. For example, if the account number field is current selected and/or displayed on thedevice 110, theaccount application 113 may parse the account number from thedata 103 and copy the account number to theclipboard 114. - Furthermore, in some embodiments, the
clipboard 114 may be hypertext markup language (HTML)-based. In such embodiments, thedata 103 may be wrapped in HTML. For example, the account number may be wrapped in HTML indicating the presence of the account number. The expiration date, CVV, and addresses may similarly be wrapped in HTML. Therefore, when pasting from theclipboard 114, the HTML and thedata 103 are pasted to the target (e.g., a form in theOS 112,account application 113, and/or the other applications 115). In at least one embodiment, theclipboard 114 and/or theOS 112 may parse the form in light of thedata 103 and/or the generated HTML to associate thedata 103 and/or generated HTML with the fields of the form. For example, doing so allows the account number, expiration date, CVV, billing address, and shipping address to be pasted into the correct fields of the form, even though the form may use different HTML tags for the fields. - Further still, the
account application 113 and/or theOS 112 may manage thedata 103 copied to theclipboard 114. For example, thedata 103 may be deleted from theclipboard 114 after thedata 103 has been stored in theclipboard 114 for a predefined amount of time. As another example, thedata 103 may be deleted from theclipboard 114 after thedata 103 has been used to make a purchase, e.g., after a threshold amount of time has elapsed since thedata 103 has been used to make a purchase. In addition and/or alternatively, theclipboard 114 may be modified to remove thedata 103, e.g., by copying random data to theclipboard 114. -
FIG. 2 is a schematic 200 depicting an example embodiment of tapping to copy data to a clipboard via NFC. Generally, the schematic 200 depicts an embodiment where theaccount application 113 reads thedata 103 directly from the contactless card 101 (e.g., via the card reader 118). As shown, theaccount application 113 on themobile device 110 may specify to tap thecontactless card 101 to themobile device 110, e.g., responsive to receiving user input specifying to copy data from thecontactless card 101 to theclipboard 114. Once thecontactless card 101 is tapped to themobile device 110, theaccount application 113 transmits, via theNFC card reader 118, an indication to thecontactless card 101 to transmit thedata 103. Thecontactless card 101 may then transmit thedata 103 to theaccount application 113 via NFC. Theaccount application 113 may then copy the receiveddata 103 to theclipboard 114. As stated, thedata 103 may include one or more of an account number, expiration date, and CVV. Thedata 103 may then be pasted from theclipboard 114 to any number and types of targets within theOS 112. -
FIG. 3A is a schematic 300 depicting an example embodiment of tapping to copy data to a clipboard via NFC. Generally,FIG. 3A reflects an embodiment where a single tap is used to copy the account number of thedata 103. As shown, theaccount application 113 on themobile device 110 may specify to tap thecontactless card 101 to themobile device 110, e.g., responsive to receiving user input specifying to copydata 103 to theclipboard 114. Once thecontactless card 101 is tapped to themobile device 110, theaccount application 113 transmits, via theNFC card reader 118, an indication to thecontactless card 101 to transmit data. In one embodiment, thecontactless card 101 transmits the account number directly to themobile device 110 via NFC, where thecard reader 118 provides the received data to theaccount application 113, which then copies the account number to theclipboard 114. In such an embodiment, an applet of the contactless card 101 (e.g., anapplet 440 ofFIG. 4B ) may maintain a counter value to determine to transmit the account number and increment the counter value responsive to each tap. In such an embodiment, at least one counter value is associated with transmitting the account number, at least one other counter value is associated with transmitting the expiration date, and at least one other counter value is associated with transmitting the CVV. - In another embodiment, the
contactless card 101 may perform encryption using key diversification as described above to generate encrypted data (e.g., the encrypted data 108), and transmit the encrypted data to theaccount application 113. Theaccount application 113 may then transmit the encrypted data to theserver 120, where themanagement application 123 verifies the encrypted data using key diversification as described above. Themanagement application 123 may then transmit the account number to theaccount application 113, which then copies the account number to theclipboard 114. - Regardless of the technique used to copy the account number of the
contactless card 101 to theclipboard 114, the user may then paste the account number as desired. Furthermore, if desired, the user may tap thecontactless card 101 to themobile device 110 an additional time to copy the expiration date of thecontactless card 101 to theclipboard 114. -
FIG. 3B is a schematic 310 depicting an example embodiment where the user has tapped thecontactless card 101 to themobile device 110 to copy the expiration date of thecontactless card 101 to theclipboard 114. Once thecontactless card 101 is tapped to themobile device 110, theaccount application 113 transmits, via theNFC card reader 118, an indication to thecontactless card 101 to transmit data. In one embodiment, thecontactless card 101 transmits the expiration date directly to themobile device 110 via NFC, where theaccount application 113 then copies the expiration date to theclipboard 114. In such an embodiment, the applet of thecontactless card 101 may increment the counter value responsive to the tap and reference the counter value to determine to transmit the expiration date. - In another embodiment, the
contactless card 101 may perform encryption using key diversification as described above to generate encrypted data (e.g., the encrypted data 108), and transmit the encrypted data to theaccount application 113. Theaccount application 113 may then transmit the encrypted data to theserver 120, where themanagement application 123 verifies the encrypted data using key diversification as described above. Themanagement application 123 may then transmit the expiration date to theaccount application 113, which then copies the expiration date to theclipboard 114. Doing so allows the user to paste the expiration date as desired. Furthermore, if desired, the user may tap thecontactless card 101 to themobile device 110 an additional time to copy the CVV of thecontactless card 101 to theclipboard 114. -
FIG. 3C is a schematic 320 depicting an example embodiment where the user has tapped thecontactless card 101 to themobile device 110 to copy the CVV of thecontactless card 101 to theclipboard 114. Once thecontactless card 101 is tapped to themobile device 110, theaccount application 113 transmits, via theNFC card reader 118, an indication to thecontactless card 101 to transmit data. In one embodiment, thecontactless card 101 transmits the CVV directly to themobile device 110 via NFC. Thecard reader 118 may then provide the CVV to theaccount application 113, which then copies the CVV to theclipboard 114. In such an embodiment, the applet of thecontactless card 101 may increment the counter value responsive to the tap and reference the counter value to determine to transmit the CVV. - In another embodiment, the
contactless card 101 may perform encryption using key diversification as described above to generate encrypted data (e.g., the encrypted data 108), and transmit the encrypted data to theaccount application 113. Theaccount application 113 may then transmit the encrypted data to theserver 120, where themanagement application 123 verifies the encrypted data using key diversification as described above. Themanagement application 123 may then transmit the CVV to theaccount application 113, which then copies the CVV to theclipboard 114. Doing so allows the user to paste the CVV as desired. - In some embodiments, the initial tap of the
contactless card 101 to the mobile device 110 (e.g., the tap depicted inFIG. 3A ) causes thecontactless card 101 and/or theserver 120 to transfer the account number, expiration date, and the CVV to the account application 113 (e.g., in an NDEF file). In such an embodiment, theaccount application 113 copies the account number from the NDEF file to theclipboard 114 responsive to the first tap. Responsive to the second tap, theaccount application 113 copies the expiration date from the NDEF file to theclipboard 114 without having to receive any additional data from thecontactless card 101 and/or theserver 120. Responsive to the third tap, theaccount application 113 copies the CVV from the NDEF file to theclipboard 114 without having to receive any additional data from thecontactless card 101 and/or theserver 120. -
FIG. 4A illustrates acontactless card 101, which may comprise a payment card, such as a credit card, debit card, and/or a gift card. As shown, thecontactless card 101 may be issued by aservice provider 405 displayed on the front or back of thecard 101. In some examples, thecontactless card 101 is not related to a payment card, and may comprise, without limitation, an identification card. In some examples, the payment card may comprise a dual interface contactless payment card. Thecontactless card 101 may comprise asubstrate 410, which may include a single layer or one or more laminated layers composed of plastics, metals, and other materials. Exemplary substrate materials include polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl chloride acetate, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polycarbonate, polyesters, anodized titanium, palladium, gold, carbon, paper, and biodegradable materials. In some examples, thecontactless card 101 may have physical characteristics compliant with the ID-1 format of the ISO/IEC 7810 standard, and the contactless card may otherwise be compliant with the ISO/IEC 14443 standard. However, it is understood that thecontactless card 101 according to the present disclosure may have different characteristics, and the present disclosure does not require a contactless card to be implemented in a payment card. - The
contactless card 101 may also includeidentification information 415 displayed on the front and/or back of the card, and acontact pad 420. Thecontact pad 420 may be configured to establish contact with another communication device, such as a user device, smart phone, laptop, desktop, or tablet computer. Thecontactless card 101 may also include processing circuitry, antenna and other components not shown inFIG. 4A . These components may be located behind thecontact pad 420 or elsewhere on thesubstrate 410. Thecontactless card 101 may also include a magnetic strip or tape, which may be located on the back of the card (not shown inFIG. 4A ). - As illustrated in
FIG. 4B , thecontact pad 420 ofFIG. 4A may include processingcircuitry 425 for storing and processing information, including amicroprocessor 430 and amemory 102. It is understood that theprocessing circuitry 425 may contain additional components, including processors, memories, error and parity/CRC checkers, data encoders, anticollision algorithms, controllers, command decoders, security primitives and tamperproofing hardware, as necessary to perform the functions described herein. - The
memory 102 may be a read-only memory, write-once read-multiple memory or read/write memory, e.g., RAM, ROM, and EEPROM, and thecontactless card 101 may include one or more of these memories. A read-only memory may be factory programmable as read-only or one-time programmable. One-time programmability provides the opportunity to write once then read many times. A write once/read-multiple memory may be programmed at a point in time after the memory chip has left the factory. Once the memory is programmed, it may not be rewritten, but it may be read many times. A read/write memory may be programmed and re-programed many times after leaving the factory. A read/write memory may also be read many times after leaving the factory. - The
memory 102 may be configured to store one ormore applets 440, one or more elements ofdata 103, one ormore counters 104, amaster key 105, adiversified key 106, and acustomer identifier 107. The one ormore applets 440 may comprise one or more software applications configured to execute on one or more contactless cards, such as a Java® Card applet. However, it is understood thatapplets 440 are not limited to Java Card applets, and instead may be any software application operable on contactless cards or other devices having limited memory. The one ormore counters 104 may comprise a numeric counter sufficient to store an integer. Thecustomer identifier 107 may comprise a unique alphanumeric identifier assigned to a user of thecontactless card 101, and the identifier may distinguish the user of the contactless card from other contactless card users. In some examples, thecustomer identifier 107 may identify both a customer and an account assigned to that customer and may further identify the contactless card associated with the customer's account. - The processor and memory elements of the foregoing exemplary embodiments are described with reference to the contact pad, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto. It is understood that these elements may be implemented outside of the
pad 420 or entirely separate from it, or as further elements in addition toprocessor 430 andmemory 102 elements located within thecontact pad 420. - In some examples, the
contactless card 101 may comprise one ormore antennas 455. The one ormore antennas 455 may be placed within thecontactless card 101 and around theprocessing circuitry 425 of thecontact pad 420. For example, the one ormore antennas 455 may be integral with theprocessing circuitry 425 and the one ormore antennas 455 may be used with an external booster coil. As another example, the one ormore antennas 455 may be external to thecontact pad 420 and theprocessing circuitry 425. - In an embodiment, the coil of
contactless card 101 may act as the secondary of an air core transformer. The terminal may communicate with thecontactless card 101 by cutting power or amplitude modulation. Thecontactless card 101 may infer the data transmitted from the terminal using the gaps in the contactless card's power connection, which may be functionally maintained through one or more capacitors. Thecontactless card 101 may communicate back by switching a load on the contactless card's coil or load modulation. Load modulation may be detected in the terminal's coil through interference. More generally, using theantennas 455,processing circuitry 425, and/or thememory 102, thecontactless card 101 provides a communications interface to communicate via NFC, Bluetooth, and/or Wi-Fi communications. - As explained above,
contactless cards 101 may be built on a software platform operable on smart cards or other devices having limited memory, such as JavaCard, and one or more or more applications or applets may be securely executed. Applets may be added to contactless cards to provide a one-time password (OTP) for multifactor authentication (MFA) in various mobile application-based use cases. Applets may be configured to respond to one or more requests, such as near field data exchange requests, from a reader, such as a mobile NFC reader (e.g., of the mobile device 110), and produce an NDEF message that comprises a cryptographically secure OTP encoded as an NDEF text tag. -
FIG. 5 illustrates an embodiment of alogic flow 500. Thelogic flow 500 may be representative of some or all of the operations executed by one or more embodiments described herein. For example, thelogic flow 500 may include some or all of the operations to securely copy data associated with acontactless card 101 using key diversification. Embodiments are not limited in this context. - As shown, the
logic flow 500 begins atblock 505, where thecontactless card 101 and theserver 120 are provisioned with thesame master key 105. Atblock 510, a user taps thecontactless card 101 to the mobile device to cause thecontactless card 101 to generate and transmit encrypted data (e.g., the encrypted data 108). The user may tap thecontactless card 101 responsive to providing input to theaccount application 113 specifying to copy thedata 103 to the clipboard. Theaccount application 113 may transmit an indication to thecontactless card 101 via theNFC card reader 118 specifying to generate and transmit encrypted data. Thecontactless card 101 may increment thecounter value 104 in thememory 102 responsive to receiving the indication to generate encrypted data. Atblock 515, thecontactless card 101 generates thediversified key 106 using thecounter value 104 and themaster key 105 in thememory 102 and a cryptographic algorithm. Atblock 520, thecontactless card 101 encrypts data (e.g., the customer identifier 107) using thediversified key 106 and the cryptographic algorithm, generating encrypted data (e.g., the encrypted data 108). - At
block 525, thecontactless card 101 may transmit the encrypted data to theaccount application 113 of themobile device 110 using NFC. In at least one embodiment, thecontactless card 101 further includes an indication of thecounter value 104 along with the encrypted data. Atblock 530, theaccount application 113 of themobile device 110 may transmit the data received from thecontactless card 101 to themanagement application 123 of theserver 120. Atblock 535, themanagement application 123 of theserver 120 may generate adiversified key 106 using themaster key 105 and thecounter value 104 as input to a cryptographic algorithm. In one embodiment, themanagement application 123 uses thecounter value 104 provided by thecontactless card 101. In another embodiment, themanagement application 123 increments thecounter value 104 in thememory 122 to synchronize the state of thecounter value 104 in thememory 122 with thecounter value 104 in thememory 102 of thecontactless card 101. - At
block 540, themanagement application 123 decrypts the encrypted data received from thecontactless card 101 via themobile device 110 using thediversified key 106 and a cryptographic algorithm. Doing so may yield at least thecustomer identifier 107. By yielding thecustomer identifier 107, themanagement application 123 may validate the data received from thecontactless card 101 atblock 545. For example, themanagement application 123 may compare thecustomer identifier 107 to a customer identifier for the associated account in theaccount data 124, and validate the data based on a match. - At
block 550, themanagement application 123 may transmitdata 103 associated with thecontactless card 101 to theaccount application 113 of themobile device 110. For example, themanagement application 123 may transmit the account number, expiration date, and CVV. In one embodiment, themanagement application 123 generates a virtual account number that is sent to theaccount application 113 of themobile device 110. Atblock 555, theaccount application 113 of themobile device 110 copies thedata 103 received from theserver 120 to theclipboard 114 of theOS 112. Atblock 560, thedata 103 that has been copied to theclipboard 114 may be pasted to a form. The form may be a component of theaccount application 113, theother applications 115, and/or theOS 112. -
FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment of a logic flow 600. The logic flow 600 may be representative of some or all of the operations executed by one or more embodiments described herein. For example, the logic flow 600 may include some or all of the operations to paste data from theclipboard 114 to an application form. Embodiments are not limited in this context. - As shown, the logic flow 600 begins at
block 610, where theaccount application 113 and/or theOS 112 identifies a form comprising form fields in an application. The application may be theaccount application 113 and/or one or more of theother applications 115. For example, theaccount application 113 and/or theOS 112 may parse the source code of the form to identify the fields of the form. Atblock 620, theaccount application 113 and/or theOS 112 may map the elements ofdata 103 copied to the clipboard 114 (e.g., the account number, expiration date, and/or CVV) to a corresponding form field. For example, theaccount application 113 and/or theOS 112 may use fuzzy matching and/or rules to map the account number, expiration date, and CVV to the appropriate fields of the form. - At
block 630, theaccount application 113 and/or theOS 112 may optionally generate HTML for thedata 103 stored in theclipboard 114, thereby adding the HTML to thedata 103 in theclipboard 114. Doing so may allow theaccount application 113 and/or theOS 112 to inject thedata 103 into the form. Atblock 640, theaccount application 113 and/or theOS 112 copies thedata 103 to the mapped form fields. Atblock 650, theaccount application 113 and/or theOS 112 may modify and/or delete the contents of theclipboard 114 subsequent to a purchase being made with thedata 103 of thecontactless card 101. Atblock 660, theaccount application 113 and/or theOS 112 may modify and/or delete the contents of theclipboard 114 subsequent to the expiration of a time limit for storing thedata 103 in theclipboard 114. Doing so enhances the security of thedata 103, such as account numbers, identification information, account information, etc. -
FIG. 7 illustrates an embodiment of alogic flow 700. Thelogic flow 700 may be representative of some or all of the operations executed by one or more embodiments described herein. For example, thelogic flow 700 may include some or all of the operations to copydata 103 to aclipboard 114 using multiple taps of acontactless card 101 to amobile device 110. Embodiments are not limited in this context. - As shown, the
logic flow 700 begins atblock 710, where the user taps thecontactless card 101 to themobile device 110. Doing so causes theaccount application 113 to transmit an indication to thecontactless card 101 to generate encrypted data using key diversification. Theaccount application 113 may further increment a tap counter responsive to the tap. Atblock 720, thecontactless card 101 increments thecounter value 104 and generate theencrypted data 108 as described above. Atblock 730, theaccount application 113 receives theencrypted data 108 from thecontactless card 101 via NFC and transmits theencrypted data 108 to theserver 120. Theserver 120 may then verify theencrypted data 108 using key diversification as described above. Atblock 740, theaccount application 113 receives thedata 103 from theserver 120 after theserver 120 verifies theencrypted data 108. Thedata 103 may include one or more of the account number, expiration date, and CVV associated with thecontactless card 101. - At
block 750, theaccount application 113 may copy thedata 103 to theclipboard 114. As stated, theaccount application 113 may paste one element of data based on the current value of the tap counter. For example, a counter value associated with a first tap of thecontactless card 101 to themobile device 110 may be associated with copying the account number to theclipboard 114. Similarly, a counter value associated with a second tap may be associated with copying the expiration date to theclipboard 114, while a counter value associated with a third tap may be associated with copying the CVV to theclipboard 114. Atblock 760, theaccount application 113 determines whethermore data 103 remains. For example, if the tap counter indicates that the account number has been copied to theclipboard 114, theaccount application 113 may determine that the expiration date and/or the CVV remain to be copied to theclipboard 114. As such, thelogic flow 700 returns to block 710. Otherwise, thelogic flow 700 ends. - In some examples, the
contactless card 101 may be tapped to a device, such as one or more computer kiosks or terminals, to verify identity so as to receive a transactional item responsive to a purchase, such as a coffee. By using thecontactless card 101, a secure method of proving identity in a loyalty program may be established. Securely proving the identity, for example, to obtain a reward, coupon, offer, or the like or receipt of a benefit is established in a manner that is different than merely scanning a bar card. For example, an encrypted transaction may occur between thecontactless card 101 and the device, which may configured to process one or more tap gestures. As explained above, the one or more applications may be configured to validate identity of the user and then cause the user to act or respond to it, for example, via one or more tap gestures. In some examples, data for example, bonus points, loyalty points, reward points, healthcare information, etc., may be written back to the contactless card. - In some examples, the
contactless card 101 may be tapped to a device, such as themobile device 110. As explained above, identity of the user may be verified by the one or more applications which would then grant the user a desired benefit based on verification of the identity. - In some embodiments, an example authentication communication protocol may mimic an offline dynamic data authentication protocol of the EMV standard that is commonly performed between a transaction card and a point-of-sale device, with some modifications. For example, because the example authentication protocol is not used to complete a payment transaction with a card issuer/payment processor per se, some data values are not needed, and authentication may be performed without involving real-time online connectivity to the card issuer/payment processor. Some point of sale (POS) systems submit transactions including a transaction value to a card issuer. Whether the issuer approves or denies the transaction may be based on if the card issuer recognizes the transaction value. Meanwhile, in certain embodiments of the present disclosure, transactions originating from a mobile device lack the transaction value associated with the POS systems. Therefore, in some embodiments, a dummy transaction value (i.e., a value recognizable to the card issuer and sufficient to allow activation to occur) may be passed as part of the example authentication communication protocol. POS based transactions may also decline transactions based on the number of transaction attempts (e.g., transaction counter). A number of attempts beyond a buffer value may result in a soft decline; the soft decline requiring further verification before accepting the transaction. In some implementations, a buffer value for the transaction counter may be modified to avoid declining legitimate transactions.
- In some examples, the
contactless card 101 can selectively communicate information depending upon the recipient device. Once tapped, thecontactless card 101 can recognize the device to which the tap is directed, and based on this recognition the contactless card can provide appropriate data for that device. This advantageously allows the contactless card to transmit only the information required to complete the instant action or transaction, such as a payment or card authentication. By limiting the transmission of data and avoiding the transmission of unnecessary data, both efficiency and data security can be improved. The recognition and selective communication of information can be applied to a various scenarios, including card activation, balance transfers, account access attempts, commercial transactions, and step-up fraud reduction. - If the tap of the
contactless card 101 is directed to a device running Apple's iOS® operating system, e.g., an iPhone, iPod, or iPad, the contactless card can recognize the iOS® operating system and transmit data appropriate data to communicate with this device. For example, thecontactless card 101 can provide the encrypted identity information necessary to authenticate the card using NDEF tags via, e.g., NFC. Similarly, if the contactless card tap is directed to a device running the Android® operating system, e.g., an Android® smartphone or tablet, the contactless card can recognize the Android® operating system and transmit appropriate and data to communicate with this device (such as the encrypted identity information necessary for authentication by the methods described herein). - As another example, the contactless card tap can be directed to a POS device, including without limitation a kiosk, a checkout register, a payment station, or other terminal. Upon performance of the tap, the
contactless card 101 can recognize the POS device and transmit only the information necessary for the action or transaction. For example, upon recognition of a POS device used to complete a commercial transaction, thecontactless card 101 can communicate payment information necessary to complete the transaction under the EMV standard. - In some examples, the POS devices participating in the transaction can require or specify additional information, e.g., device-specific information, location-specific information, and transaction-specific information, that is to be provided by the contactless card. For example, once the POS device receives a data communication from the contactless card, the POS device can recognize the contactless card and request the additional information necessary to complete an action or transaction.
- In some examples the POS device can be affiliated with an authorized merchant or other entity familiar with certain contactless cards or accustomed to performing certain contactless card transactions. However, it is understood such an affiliation is not required for the performance of the described methods.
- In some examples, such as a shopping store, grocery store, convenience store, or the like, the
contactless card 101 may be tapped to a mobile device without having to open an application, to indicate a desire or intent to utilize one or more of reward points, loyalty points, coupons, offers, or the like to cover one or more purchases. Thus, an intention behind the purchase is provided. - In some examples, the one or more applications may be configured to determine that it was launched via one or more tap gestures of the
contactless card 101, such that a launch occurred at 3:51 pm, that a transaction was processed or took place at 3:56 pm, in order to verify identity of the user. - In some examples, the one or more applications may be configured to control one or more actions responsive to the one or more tap gestures. For example, the one or more actions may comprise collecting rewards, collecting points, determine the most important purchase, determine the least costly purchase, and/or reconfigure, in real-time, to another action.
- In some examples, data may be collected on tap behaviors as biometric/gestural authentication. For example, a unique identifier that is cryptographically secure and not susceptible to interception may be transmitted to one or more backend services. The unique identifier may be configured to look up secondary information about individual. The secondary information may comprise personally identifiable information about the user. In some examples, the secondary information may be stored within the contactless card.
- In some examples, the device may comprise an application that splits bills or check for payment amongst a plurality of individuals. For example, each individual may possess a contactless card, and may be customers of the same issuing financial institution, but it is not necessary. Each of these individuals may receive a push notification on their device, via the application, to split the purchase. Rather than accepting only one card tap to indicate payment, other contactless cards may be used. In some examples, individuals who have different financial institutions may possess
contactless cards 101 to provide information to initiate one or more payment requests from the card-tapping individual. - In some examples, the present disclosure refers to a tap of the contactless card. However, it is understood that the present disclosure is not limited to a tap, and that the present disclosure includes other gestures (e.g., a wave or other movement of the card).
-
FIG. 8 illustrates an embodiment of anexemplary computing architecture 800 comprising acomputing system 802 that may be suitable for implementing various embodiments as previously described. In various embodiments, thecomputing architecture 800 may comprise or be implemented as part of an electronic device. In some embodiments, thecomputing architecture 800 may be representative, for example, of a system that implements one or more components of thesystem 100. In some embodiments,computing system 802 may be representative, for example, of themobile devices 110 andserver 120 of thesystem 100. The embodiments are not limited in this context. More generally, thecomputing architecture 800 is configured to implement all logic, applications, systems, methods, apparatuses, and functionality described herein with reference toFIGS. 1-6 . - As used in this application, the terms “system” and “component” and “module” are intended to refer to a computer-related entity, either hardware, a combination of hardware and software, software, or software in execution, examples of which are provided by the
exemplary computing architecture 800. For example, a component can be, but is not limited to being, a process running on a computer processor, a computer processor, a hard disk drive, multiple storage drives (of optical and/or magnetic storage medium), an object, an executable, a thread of execution, a program, and/or a computer. By way of illustration, both an application running on a server and the server can be a component. One or more components can reside within a process and/or thread of execution, and a component can be localized on one computer and/or distributed between two or more computers. Further, components may be communicatively coupled to each other by various types of communications media to coordinate operations. The coordination may involve the uni-directional or bi-directional exchange of information. For instance, the components may communicate information in the form of signals communicated over the communications media. The information can be implemented as signals allocated to various signal lines. In such allocations, each message is a signal. Further embodiments, however, may alternatively employ data messages. Such data messages may be sent across various connections. Exemplary connections include parallel interfaces, serial interfaces, and bus interfaces. - The
computing system 802 includes various common computing elements, such as one or more processors, multi-core processors, co-processors, memory units, chipsets, controllers, peripherals, interfaces, oscillators, timing devices, video cards, audio cards, multimedia input/output (I/O) components, power supplies, and so forth. The embodiments, however, are not limited to implementation by thecomputing system 802. - As shown in
FIG. 8 , thecomputing system 802 comprises aprocessor 804, asystem memory 806 and asystem bus 808. Theprocessor 804 can be any of various commercially available computer processors, including without limitation an AMD® Athlon®, Duron® and Opteron® processors; ARM® application, embedded and secure processors; IBM® and Motorola® DragonBall® and PowerPC® processors; IBM and Sony® Cell processors; Intel® Celeron®, Core®, Core (2) Duo®, Itanium®, Pentium®, Xeon®, and XScale® processors; and similar processors. Dual microprocessors, multi-core processors, and other multi processor architectures may also be employed as theprocessor 804. - The
system bus 808 provides an interface for system components including, but not limited to, thesystem memory 806 to theprocessor 804. Thesystem bus 808 can be any of several types of bus structure that may further interconnect to a memory bus (with or without a memory controller), a peripheral bus, and a local bus using any of a variety of commercially available bus architectures. Interface adapters may connect to thesystem bus 808 via a slot architecture. Example slot architectures may include without limitation Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP), Card Bus, (Extended) Industry Standard Architecture ((E)ISA), Micro Channel Architecture (MCA), NuBus, Peripheral Component. - Interconnect (Extended) (PCI(X)), PCI Express, Personal Computer Memory Card International Association (PCMCIA), and the like.
- The
system memory 806 may include various types of computer-readable storage media in the form of one or more higher speed memory units, such as read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), Double-Data-Rate DRAM (DDRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), static RAM (SRAM), programmable ROM (PROM), erasable programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), flash memory (e.g., one or more flash arrays), polymer memory such as ferroelectric polymer memory, ovonic memory, phase change or ferroelectric memory, silicon-oxide-nitride-oxide-silicon (SONOS) memory, magnetic or optical cards, an array of devices such as Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID) drives, solid state memory devices (e.g., USB memory, solid state drives (SSD) and any other type of storage media suitable for storing information. In the illustrated embodiment shown inFIG. 8 , thesystem memory 806 can includenon-volatile memory 810 and/orvolatile memory 812. A basic input/output system (BIOS) can be stored in thenon-volatile memory 810. - The
computing system 802 may include various types of computer-readable storage media in the form of one or more lower speed memory units, including an internal (or external) hard disk drive (HDD) 814, a magnetic floppy disk drive (FDD) 816 to read from or write to a removablemagnetic disk 818, and anoptical disk drive 820 to read from or write to a removable optical disk 822 (e.g., a CD-ROM or DVD). TheHDD 814,FDD 816 andoptical disk drive 820 can be connected to thesystem bus 808 by aHDD interface 824, anFDD interface 826 and anoptical drive interface 828, respectively. TheHDD interface 824 for external drive implementations can include at least one or both of Universal Serial Bus (USB) and IEEE 1394 interface technologies. Thecomputing system 802 is generally is configured to implement all logic, systems, methods, apparatuses, and functionality described herein with reference toFIGS. 1-7 . - The drives and associated computer-readable media provide volatile and/or nonvolatile storage of data, data structures, computer-executable instructions, and so forth. For example, a number of program modules can be stored in the drives and
memory units operating system 830, one ormore application programs 832,other program modules 834, andprogram data 836. In one embodiment, the one ormore application programs 832,other program modules 834, andprogram data 836 can include, for example, the various applications and/or components of thesystem 100, e.g., theoperating system 112,account application 113,clipboard 114,other applications 115, and themanagement application 123. - A user can enter commands and information into the
computing system 802 through one or more wire/wireless input devices, for example, akeyboard 838 and a pointing device, such as amouse 840. Other input devices may include microphones, infra-red (IR) remote controls, radio-frequency (RF) remote controls, game pads, stylus pens, card readers, dongles, finger print readers, gloves, graphics tablets, joysticks, keyboards, retina readers, touch screens (e.g., capacitive, resistive, etc.), trackballs, trackpads, sensors, styluses, and the like. These and other input devices are often connected to theprocessor 804 through aninput device interface 842 that is coupled to thesystem bus 808, but can be connected by other interfaces such as a parallel port, IEEE 1394 serial port, a game port, a USB port, an IR interface, and so forth. - A
monitor 844 or other type of display device is also connected to thesystem bus 808 via an interface, such as avideo adaptor 846. Themonitor 844 may be internal or external to thecomputing system 802. In addition to themonitor 844, a computer typically includes other peripheral output devices, such as speakers, printers, and so forth. - The
computing system 802 may operate in a networked environment using logical connections via wire and/or wireless communications to one or more remote computers, such as aremote computer 848. Theremote computer 848 can be a workstation, a server computer, a router, a personal computer, portable computer, microprocessor-based entertainment appliance, a peer device or other common network node, and typically includes many or all of the elements described relative to thecomputing system 802, although, for purposes of brevity, only a memory/storage device 850 is illustrated. The logical connections depicted include wire/wireless connectivity to a local area network (LAN) 852 and/or larger networks, for example, a wide area network (WAN) 854. Such LAN and WAN networking environments are commonplace in offices and companies, and facilitate enterprise-wide computer networks, such as intranets, all of which may connect to a global communications network, for example, the Internet. In embodiments, thenetwork 130 ofFIG. 1 is one or more of theLAN 852 and theWAN 854. - When used in a LAN networking environment, the
computing system 802 is connected to theLAN 852 through a wire and/or wireless communication network interface oradaptor 856. Theadaptor 856 can facilitate wire and/or wireless communications to theLAN 852, which may also include a wireless access point disposed thereon for communicating with the wireless functionality of theadaptor 856. - When used in a WAN networking environment, the
computing system 802 can include amodem 858, or is connected to a communications server on theWAN 854, or has other means for establishing communications over theWAN 854, such as by way of the Internet. Themodem 858, which can be internal or external and a wire and/or wireless device, connects to thesystem bus 808 via theinput device interface 842. In a networked environment, program modules depicted relative to thecomputing system 802, or portions thereof, can be stored in the remote memory/storage device 850. It will be appreciated that the network connections shown are exemplary and other means of establishing a communications link between the computers can be used. - The
computing system 802 is operable to communicate with wired and wireless devices or entities using theIEEE 802 family of standards, such as wireless devices operatively disposed in wireless communication (e.g., IEEE 802.16 over-the-air modulation techniques). This includes at least Wi-Fi (or Wireless Fidelity), WiMax, and Bluetooth™ wireless technologies, among others. Thus, the communication can be a predefined structure as with a conventional network or simply an ad hoc communication between at least two devices. Wi-Fi networks use radio technologies called IEEE 802.11x (a, b, g, n, etc.) to provide secure, reliable, fast wireless connectivity. A Wi-Fi network can be used to connect computers to each other, to the Internet, and to wire networks (which use IEEE 802.3-related media and functions). - Various embodiments may be implemented using hardware elements, software elements, or a combination of both. Examples of hardware elements may include processors, microprocessors, circuits, circuit elements (e.g., transistors, resistors, capacitors, inductors, and so forth), integrated circuits, application specific integrated circuits (ASIC), programmable logic devices (PLD), digital signal processors (DSP), field programmable gate array (FPGA), logic gates, registers, semiconductor device, chips, microchips, chip sets, and so forth. Examples of software may include software components, programs, applications, computer programs, application programs, system programs, machine programs, operating system software, middleware, firmware, software modules, routines, subroutines, functions, methods, procedures, software interfaces, application program interfaces (API), instruction sets, computing code, computer code, code segments, computer code segments, words, values, symbols, or any combination thereof. Determining whether an embodiment is implemented using hardware elements and/or software elements may vary in accordance with any number of factors, such as desired computational rate, power levels, heat tolerances, processing cycle budget, input data rates, output data rates, memory resources, data bus speeds and other design or performance constraints.
- One or more aspects of at least one embodiment may be implemented by representative instructions stored on a machine-readable medium which represents various logic within the processor, which when read by a machine causes the machine to fabricate logic to perform the techniques described herein. Such representations, known as “IP cores” may be stored on a tangible, machine readable medium and supplied to various customers or manufacturing facilities to load into the fabrication machines that make the logic or processor. Some embodiments may be implemented, for example, using a machine-readable medium or article which may store an instruction or a set of instructions that, if executed by a machine, may cause the machine to perform a method and/or operations in accordance with the embodiments. Such a machine may include, for example, any suitable processing platform, computing platform, computing device, processing device, computing system, processing system, computer, processor, or the like, and may be implemented using any suitable combination of hardware and/or software. The machine-readable medium or article may include, for example, any suitable type of memory unit, memory device, memory article, memory medium, storage device, storage article, storage medium and/or storage unit, for example, memory, removable or non-removable media, erasable or non-erasable media, writeable or re-writeable media, digital or analog media, hard disk, floppy disk, Compact Disk Read Only Memory (CD-ROM), Compact Disk Recordable (CD-R), Compact Disk Rewriteable (CD-RW), optical disk, magnetic media, magneto-optical media, removable memory cards or disks, various types of Digital Versatile Disk (DVD), a tape, a cassette, or the like. The instructions may include any suitable type of code, such as source code, compiled code, interpreted code, executable code, static code, dynamic code, encrypted code, and the like, implemented using any suitable high-level, low-level, object-oriented, visual, compiled and/or interpreted programming language.
- The foregoing description of example embodiments has been presented for the purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the present disclosure to the precise forms disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in light of this disclosure. It is intended that the scope of the present disclosure be limited not by this detailed description, but rather by the claims appended hereto. Future filed applications claiming priority to this application may claim the disclosed subject matter in a different manner, and may generally include any set of one or more limitations as variously disclosed or otherwise demonstrated herein.
Claims (20)
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