US20200270235A1

US20200270235A1 - Materials for organic electroluminescent devices

Info

Publication number: US20200270235A1
Application number: US16/872,456
Authority: US
Inventors: Amir Hossain Parham; Aurélie Ludemann; Dominik Joosten; Tobias Großmann; Jonas Valentin Kroeber
Original assignee: Merck Patent GmbH
Current assignee: Merck Patent GmbH
Priority date: 2015-11-02
Filing date: 2020-05-12
Publication date: 2020-08-27
Also published as: CN108350352A; JP2018536024A; JP6833863B2; WO2017076485A1; EP3371274A1; US20190084967A1; EP3371274B1; TW201731839A; US10723722B2; KR20180073672A; TWI715653B; CN108350352B

Abstract

The present invention describes carbazolyl compounds substituted by electron-deficient heteroaryl groups, especially for use as triplet matrix materials in organic electroluminescent devices. The invention further relates to a process for preparing the compounds of the invention and to electronic devices comprising these.

Description

The present invention describes carbazolyl compounds substituted by electron-deficient heteroaryl groups, especially for use as triplet matrix materials in organic electroluminescent devices. The invention further relates to a process for preparing the compounds of the invention and to electronic devices comprising these.
Emitting materials used in organic electroluminescent devices (OLEDs) are frequently organometallic complexes which exhibit phosphorescence. For quantum-mechanical reasons, up to four times the energy efficiency and power efficiency is possible using organometallic compounds as phosphorescent emitters. In general terms, there is still a need for improvement in OLEDs, especially also in OLEDs which exhibit phosphorescence, for example with regard to efficiency, operating voltage and lifetime.
The properties of phosphorescent OLEDs are not just determined by the triplet emitters used. More particularly, the other materials used, for example matrix materials, are also of particular significance here. Improvements to these materials can thus also lead to distinct improvements in the OLED properties.
According to the prior art, matrix materials used for phosphorescent emitters in organic electroluminescent devices include carbazole derivatives and dibenzofuran derivatives. JP 2012-049518, U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,935,434 and 8,221,908 disclose dibenzofuran derivatives substituted by two N-phenylcarbazolyl groups. WO 2014/081206 discloses compounds in which two carbazolyl groups, one of which is substituted on the nitrogen atom by an electron-deficient heteroaryl group, are joined to one another via an arylene group.
There is generally still a need for improvement in these materials for use as matrix materials, in aspects including the external quantum efficiency (EQE). It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide compounds suitable for use in a phosphorescent or fluorescent OLED, especially as matrix material. More particularly, it is an object of the present invention to provide matrix materials which are suitable for red-, yellow- and green-phosphorescing OLEDs and possibly also for blue-phosphorescing OLEDs, and which lead to long lifetime, good efficiency and low operating voltage. More particularly, it is an object of the present invention to provide materials that lead to an improved external quantum efficiency.
It has been found that, surprisingly, electroluminescent devices containing compounds of the formula (1) below have improvements over the prior art, especially when used as matrix material for phosphorescent dopants.
The present invention therefore provides a compound of the following formula (1):
where the symbols used are as follows:

A is the same or different at each instance and is CR or N, where not more than two A groups per cycle are N, preferably not more than one A group per cycle is N; more preferably, all A groups are CR;
Y is O or S;
W is the same or different at each instance and is CR or N, where not more than two W groups per cycle are N and where W is C when an L¹or L²group is bonded to this position, or two adjacent W groups together are a group of the following formula (2) or (3), where each of the two carbazolyl derivative groups in the compound of the formula (1) have not more than two groups of the formula (2) or formula (3):

- where the dotted bonds indicate the linkage of this group, A has definitions given above and Z is NR, CR₂, O or S;
Ar¹, Ar²is an aromatic ring system having 5 to 30 aromatic ring atoms or a dibenzofuran or dibenzothiophene group, where the aromatic ring system or the dibenzofuran or dibenzothiophene group may be substituted in each case by one or more nonaromatic R radicals, or is a group of one of the following formulae (4) and (5):

- where the dotted bond represents the bond to the nitrogen atom;
- with the proviso that exactly one of the Ar¹and Ar²groups is a group of one of the formulae (4) and (5);
X is the same or different at each instance and is CR or N, where X in formula (5) is C when the group of the formula (5) in this position is joined to L³, with the proviso that, in formula (4), two or three X groups are N and, in formula (5), one, two or three X groups are N;
L¹, L², L³is the same or different at each instance and is a single bond or an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system which has 5 to 30 aromatic ring atoms and may be substituted by one or more R radicals;
R is the same or different at each instance and is selected from the group consisting of H, D, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO₂, N(R¹)₂, C(═O)R¹, P(═O)(R¹)₂P(R¹)₂, B(R¹)₂, Si(R¹)₃, a straight-chain alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms or a branched or cyclic alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkyl group having 3 to 20 carbon atoms or an alkenyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, each of which may be substituted by one or more R¹radicals, where one or more nonadjacent CH₂groups may be replaced by R¹C═CR¹, Si(R¹)₂, C═O, C═S, C═NR¹, P(═O)(R¹), SO, SO₂, NR¹, O, S or CONR¹and where one or more hydrogen atoms may be replaced by D, F, Cl, Br, I, CN or NO₂, an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system which has 5 to 40 aromatic ring atoms and may be substituted in each case by one or more R¹radicals, or an aryloxy or heteroaryloxy group which has 5 to 40 aromatic ring atoms and may be substituted by one or more R¹radicals; at the same time, it is optionally possible for two R substituents bonded to the same carbon atom or to adjacent carbon atoms to form a monocyclic or polycyclic, aliphatic, aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system which may be substituted by one or more R¹radicals;
R¹is the same or different at each instance and is selected from the group consisting of H, D, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, N(R²)₂, C(═O)R¹, a straight-chain alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms or a branched or cyclic alkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms or an alkenyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, each of which may be substituted by one or more R²radicals, where one or more hydrogen atoms may be replaced by D, F, Cl, Br, I or CN, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system which has 5 to 40 aromatic ring atoms and may be substituted in each case by one or more R²radicals; at the same time, it is optionally possible for two R¹substituents bonded to the same carbon atom or to adjacent carbon atoms to form a monocyclic or polycyclic, aliphatic, aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system which may be substituted by one or more R²radicals;
R²is the same or different at each instance and is selected from the group consisting of H, D, F, CN, an aliphatic hydrocarbyl radical having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system having 5 to 30 aromatic ring atoms in which one or more hydrogen atoms may be replaced by D, F, CN and which may be substituted by one or more alkyl groups each having 1 to 4 carbon atoms; at the same time, it is possible for two or more adjacent R²substituents together to form a mono- or polycyclic, aliphatic ring system.

Adjacent carbon atoms in the context of the present invention are carbon atoms bonded directly to one another.
The wording that two or more radicals together may form a ring, in the context of the present description, shall be understood to mean, inter alia, that the two radicals are joined to one another by a chemical bond with formal elimination of two hydrogen atoms. This is illustrated by the following scheme:
In addition, however, the abovementioned wording shall also be understood to mean that, if one of the two radicals is hydrogen, the second radical binds to the position to which the hydrogen atom was bonded, forming a ring. This shall be illustrated by the following scheme:
An aryl group in the context of this invention contains 6 to 40 carbon atoms; a heteroaryl group in the context of this invention contains 2 to 40 carbon atoms and at least one heteroatom, with the proviso that the sum total of carbon atoms and heteroatoms is at least 5. The heteroatoms are preferably selected from N, O and/or S, where the heteroaryl group preferably contains not more than three heteroatoms. An aryl group or heteroaryl group is understood here to mean either a simple aromatic cycle, i.e. benzene, or a simple heteroaromatic cycle, for example pyridine, pyrimidine, thiophene, etc., or a fused aryl or heteroaryl group, for example naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, quinoline, isoquinoline, etc.
A fused aryl group in the context of the present invention is a group in which two or more aromatic groups are fused, i.e. annelated, to one another along a common edge, as, for example, in naphthalene. By contrast, for example, fluorene is not a fused aryl group in the context of the present invention, since the two aromatic groups in fluorene do not have a common edge.
An aromatic ring system in the context of this invention contains 6 to 40 carbon atoms in the ring system. A heteroaromatic ring system in the context of this invention contains 1 to 40 carbon atoms and at least one heteroatom in the ring system, with the proviso that the sum total of carbon atoms and heteroatoms is at least 5. The heteroatoms are preferably selected from N, O and/or S, where the heteroaromatic ring system preferably contains not more than four heteroatoms, more preferably not more than three heteroatoms. An aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system in the context of this invention shall be understood to mean a system which does not necessarily contain only aryl or heteroaryl groups, but in which it is also possible for two or more aryl or heteroaryl groups to be interrupted by a nonaromatic unit (preferably less than 10% of the atoms other than H), for example a carbon, nitrogen or oxygen atom or a carbonyl group. For example, systems such as 9,9′-spirobifluorene, 9,9-diarylfluorene, triarylamine, diaryl ethers, stilbene, etc. shall also be regarded as aromatic ring systems in the context of this invention, and likewise systems in which two or more aryl groups are interrupted, for example, by a linear or cyclic alkyl group. In addition, systems in which two or more aryl or heteroaryl groups are bonded directly to one another, for example biphenyl, terphenyl, quaterphenyl or bipyridine, shall likewise be regarded as an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system.
A cyclic alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkoxy group in the context of this invention is understood to mean a monocyclic, bicyclic or polycyclic group.
In the context of the present invention, a C₁- to C₂₀-alkyl group in which individual hydrogen atoms or CH₂groups may also be substituted by the abovementioned groups are understood to mean, for example, the methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, cyclopropyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, cyclobutyl, 2-methylbutyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, t-pentyl, 2-pentyl, neopentyl, cyclopentyl, n-hexyl, s-hexyl, t-hexyl, 2-hexyl, 3-hexyl, neohexyl, cyclohexyl, 1-methylcyclopentyl, 2-methylpentyl, n-heptyl, 2-heptyl, 3-heptyl, 4-heptyl, cycloheptyl, 1-methylcyclohexyl, n-octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, cyclooctyl, 1-bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, 2-bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, 2-(2,6-dimethyl)octyl, 3-(3,7-dimethyl)octyl, adamantyl, trifluoromethyl, pentafluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 1,1-dimethyl-n-hex-1-yl, 1,1-dimethyl-n-hept-1-yl, 1,1-dimethyl-n-oct-1-yl, 1,1-dimethyl-n-dec-1-yl, 1,1-dimethyl-n-dodec-1-yl, 1,1-dimethyl-n-tetradec-1-yl, 1,1-dimethyl-n-hexadec-1-yl, 1,1-dimethyl-n-octadec-1-yl, 1,1-diethyl-n-hex-1-yl, 1,1-diethyl-n-hept-1-yl, 1,1-diethyl-n-oct-1-yl, 1,1-diethyl-n-dec-1-yl, 1,1-diethyl-n-dodec-1-yl, 1,1-diethyl-n-tetradec-1-yl, 1,1-diethyl-n-hexadec-1-yl, 1,1-diethyl-n-octadec-1-yl, 1-(n-propyl)cyclohex-1-yl, 1-(n-butyl)cyclohex-1-yl, 1-(n-hexyl)cyclohex-1-yl, 1-(n-octyl)cyclohex-1-yl and 1-(n-decyl)cyclohex-1-yl radicals. An alkenyl group is understood to mean, for example, ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, pentenyl, cyclopentenyl, hexenyl, cyclohexenyl, heptenyl, cycloheptenyl, octenyl, cyclooctenyl or cyclooctadienyl. An alkynyl group is understood to mean, for example, ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl, heptynyl or octynyl. A C₁- to C₄₀-alkoxy group is understood to mean, for example, methoxy, trifluoromethoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, i-propoxy, n-butoxy, i-butoxy, s-butoxy, t-butoxy or 2-methylbutoxy.
An aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system which has 5-40 aromatic ring atoms and may also be substituted in each case by the abovementioned radicals and which may be joined to the aromatic or heteroaromatic system via any desired positions is understood to mean, for example, groups derived from benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, benzanthracene, phenanthrene, benzophenanthrene, pyrene, chrysene, perylene, fluoranthene, benzofluoranthene, naphthacene, pentacene, benzopyrene, biphenyl, biphenylene, terphenyl, terphenylene, fluorene, spirobifluorene, dihydrophenanthrene, dihydropyrene, tetrahydropyrene, cis- or trans-indenofluorene, cis- or trans-monobenzoindenofluorene, cis- or trans-dibenzoindenofluorene, truxene, isotruxene, spirotruxene, spiroisotruxene, furan, benzofuran, isobenzofuran, dibenzofuran, thiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, dibenzothiophene, pyrrole, indole, isoindole, carbazole, indolocarbazole, indenocarbazole, pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, acridine, phenanthridine, benzo-5,6-quinoline, benzo-6,7-quinoline, benzo-7,8-quinoline, phenothiazine, phenoxazine, pyrazole, indazole, imidazole, benzimidazole, naphthimidazole, phenanthrimidazole, pyridimidazole, pyrazinimidazole, quinoxalinimidazole, oxazole, benzoxazole, naphthoxazole, anthroxazole, phenanthroxazole, isoxazole, 1,2-thiazole, 1,3-thiazole, benzothiazole, pyridazine, benzopyridazine, pyrimidine, benzopyrimidine, quinoxaline, 1,5-diazaanthracene, 2,7-diazapyrene, 2,3-diazapyrene, 1,6-diazapyrene, 1,8-diazapyrene, 4,5-diazapyrene, 4,5,9,10-tetraazaperylene, pyrazine, phenazine, phenoxazine, phenothiazine, fluorubine, naphthyridine, azacarbazole, benzocarboline, phenanthroline, 1,2,3-triazole, 1,2,4-triazole, benzotriazole, 1,2,3-oxadiazole, 1,2,4-oxadiazole, 1,2,5-oxadiazole, 1,3,4-oxadiazole, 1,2,3-thiadiazole, 1,2,4-thiadiazole, 1,2,5-thiadiazole, 1,3,4-thiadiazole, 1,3,5-triazine, 1,2,4-triazine, 1,2,3-triazine, tetrazole, 1,2,4,5-tetrazine, 1,2,3,4-tetrazine, 1,2,3,5-tetrazine, purine, pteridine, indolizine and benzothiadiazole.
Preference is given to the compounds of the following formula (1a):
where the symbols used have the definitions given above and A is C when an L¹or L²group is bonded to this position.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the L²group is a single bond. A preferred embodiment of the compound of the formula (1) is thus a compound of the following formula (6), and a preferred embodiment of the compound of the formula (1a) is a compound of the formula (6a):
where the symbols used have the definitions given above.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, W is the same or different at each instance and is CR, or two W are a group of the formula (2a) or (3a) and the remaining W are CR, and A is the same or different at each instance and is CR. Preference is thus given to the compounds of the following formulae (7a), (7b), (7c), (7d) and (7e):
where:

W two adjacent W groups together are a group of the following formula (2a) or (3a) and the two other W groups are CR and preferably CH, where W in formula (7d) is C when an L¹group is bonded to this position, and in formula (7e) is C when the dibenzofuran or dibenzothiophene is bonded to this position:

- where the dotted bonds indicate the linkage of this group;
n is the same or different at each instance and is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4;
m is the same or different at each instance and is 0, 1, 2 or 3;
the further symbols used have the definitions given above.

In a further preferred embodiment of the invention, L¹and L²are each a single bond. Preference is thus given to the compounds of the following formulae (8a), (8b), (8c), (8d) and (8e):
where the symbols and indices used have the definitions given above.
In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, the two carbazole groups or carbazole derivatives are joined by the 3 position, i.e. via the position para to the nitrogen atoms. Particular preference is thus given to the compounds of the following formulae (9a), (9b), (9c), (9d) and (9e):
where the symbols and indices used have the definitions given above.
Very particular preference is given to compounds in which all W groups are CR or C, i.e. the compounds of the formulae (7a), (8a) and (9a).
Preference is further given to compounds of the abovementioned formulae in which Y is O.
In a further preferred embodiment of the invention, Z, if the compound contains a group of the formula (2), is O, NR where the R radical bonded to the nitrogen is not H, or C(R)₂, more preferably NR where the R radical bonded to the nitrogen is not H, or C(R)₂, and most preferably C(R)₂.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, each of the carbazolyl derivative groups contains not more than one group of the formula (2) or formula (3).
When the compound of the invention contains a group of the formula (2), this may be bonded in various positions. This is shown hereinafter in schematic form with reference to preferred embodiments in which the A groups and the other W groups are CR, by the formulae (A) to (F):
where the symbols and indices used have the definitions given above and the dotted bond represents the linkage in the compound of the invention. The same applies to the other carbazole derivatives which, rather than the Ar¹group, contains an Ar²group bonded to the nitrogen.
When the compound of the invention contains a group of the formula (3), this may be bonded in various positions. This is shown hereinafter in schematic form with reference to preferred embodiments in which the A groups and the other W groups are CR, by the formulae (G) to (K):
where the symbols and indices used have the definitions given above and the dotted bond represents the linkage in the compound of the invention.
The same applies to the other carbazole derivative containing an Ar²group.
There follows a description of preferred embodiments of the Ar¹and Ar²groups. As described above, one of the Ar¹and Ar²groups is an aromatic ring system having 5 to 30 aromatic ring atoms or is a dibenzofuran or dibenzothiophene group, each of which may be substituted by one or more nonaromatic R radicals, and the other of the Ar¹and Ar²groups is a heteroaryl group of one of the formulae (4) and (5).
In one embodiment of the compounds of formula (1) or (1a) or the compounds of formula (6), (7a) to (7e), (8a) to (8e) and (9a) to (9e), Ar¹is an aromatic ring system having 5 to 30 aromatic ring atoms or a dibenzofuran or dibenzothiophene group, where the aromatic ring system or the dibenzofuran or dibenzothiophene group may be substituted in each case by one or more nonaromatic R radicals, and Ar²is a heteroaryl group of one of the formulae (4) and (5).
In a further embodiment of the compounds of formula (1) or (1a) or the compounds of formula (6), (7a) to (7e), (8a) to (8e) and (9a) to (9e), Ar²is an aromatic ring system having 5 to 30 aromatic ring atoms or a dibenzofuran or dibenzothiophene group, where the aromatic ring system or the dibenzofuran or dibenzothiophene group may be substituted in each case by one or more nonaromatic R radicals, and Ar¹is a heteroaryl group of one of the formulae (4) and (5).
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the group of the formula (4) is selected from the structures of the following formulae (4-1) to (4-3):
where the dotted bond represents the bond to the nitrogen atom and in addition:

R is the same or different at each instance and is H, an alkyl group which has 1 to 10 carbon atoms and may be substituted by one or more R¹radicals, but is preferably unsubstituted, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system which has 5 to 40 aromatic ring atoms and may be substituted in each case by one or more R¹radicals, but is preferably unsubstituted; preferably, R is not H.

In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, the group of the formula (4) is selected from the structures of the following formulae (4-1a) to (4-3a):
where the dotted bond represents the bond to the nitrogen atom and in addition:

Ar is the same or different at each instance and is an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system which has 5 to 40 aromatic ring atoms and may be substituted in each case by one or more R¹radicals, but is preferably unsubstituted.

In a preferred embodiment of the group of the formula (5), one or two symbols X are N, more preferably two symbols X. Preferably, the group of the formula (5) is selected from the structures of the following formulae (5-1) to (5-18):
where the dotted bond represents the bond to the nitrogen atom and in addition:

More preferably, the group of the formula (5) is selected from the structures of the following formulae (5-1a) to (5-18a):
where the dotted bond represents the bond to the nitrogen atom and Ar has the definitions given above.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, L³is the same or different at each instance and is a single bond or an aromatic ring system having 6 to 12 aromatic ring atoms, more preferably a single bond or para- or meta-phenylene and most preferably a single bond.
In a further preferred embodiment of the invention, Ar in the groups of the formulae (4-1a) to (4-3a) and (5-1a) to (5-18a) is the same or different at each instance and is an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system having 6 to 24 aromatic ring atoms, preferably having 6 to 18 aromatic ring atoms, more preferably an aromatic ring system having 6 to 12 aromatic ring atoms or a heteroaromatic ring system having 6 to 13 aromatic ring atoms, each of which may be substituted by one or more R¹radicals, but is preferably unsubstituted. Examples of suitable Ar groups are selected from the group consisting of phenyl, ortho-, meta- or para-biphenyl, terphenyl, especially branched terphenyl, quaterphenyl, especially branched quaterphenyl, 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-fluorenyl, 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-spirobifluorenyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-dibenzofuranyl, 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-dibenzothienyl and 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-carbazolyl, each of which may be substituted by one or more R¹radicals, but are preferably unsubstituted.
Examples of suitable Ar groups are the structures Ar-1 to Ar-19 groups listed below:
where R¹has the definitions given above and is preferably H, the dotted bond represents the linkage of this group and V is NR¹, O, S or C(R¹)₂.
In a further preferred embodiment of the invention, the Ar¹or Ar²group which is not a group of the formula (4) or (5) is an aromatic ring system having 6 to 24 aromatic ring atoms, preferably having 6 to 18 aromatic ring atoms, more preferably having 6 to 12 aromatic ring atoms, or is a dibenzofuran or dibenzothiophene group, where these groups may each be substituted by one or more nonaromatic R radicals, but are preferably unsubstituted. Examples of suitable Ar¹or Ar²groups which are not a group of the formula (4) or (5) are selected from the group consisting of phenyl, ortho-, meta- or para-biphenyl, terphenyl, especially branched terphenyl, quaterphenyl, especially branched quaterphenyl, 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-fluorenyl, 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-spirobifluorenyl, 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-dibenzofuranyl and 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-dibenzothienyl, each of which may be substituted by one or more nonaromatic R radicals, but are preferably unsubstituted.
Examples of suitable Ar¹or Ar²groups are the structures Ar¹-1 to Ar¹-19 or Ar²-1 to Ar²-19 listed below:
where R has the definitions given above and is preferably H, the dotted bond represents the bond to the nitrogen atom and Y³is the same or different at each instance and is CR₂, O or S.
In a further preferred embodiment of the invention, in compounds of the formulae (7a) to (7e), (8a) to (8e) and (9a) to (9e), the index n is the same or different at each instance and is 0, 1, 2 or 3, more preferably 0, 1 or 2 and even more preferably 0 or 1 and especially 0.
In yet a further preferred embodiment of the invention, in compounds of the formulae (7a) to (7e), (8a) to (8e) and (9a) to (9e), the index m is the same or different at each instance and is 0, 1 or 2, more preferably 0 or 1 and even more preferably 0.
There follows a description of preferred substituents R. R is preferably selected from the group consisting of H, D, F, CN, N(R¹)₂, C(═O)R¹, P(═O)(R¹)₂, a straight-chain alkyl or alkoxy group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms or a branched or cyclic alkyl or alkoxy group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms or an alkenyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, where the alkyl, alkoxy or alkenyl group may be substituted in each case by one or more R¹radicals, where one or more nonadjacent CH₂groups may be replaced by O and where one or more hydrogen atoms may be replaced by D or F, an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system which has 5 to 24 aromatic ring atoms and may be substituted in each case by one or more R¹radicals, but is preferably unsubstituted; at the same time, it is optionally possible for two R substituents bonded to the same carbon atom or to adjacent carbon atoms to form a monocyclic or polycyclic, aliphatic, aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system which may be substituted by one or more R¹radicals.
More preferably, these R substituents are selected from the group consisting of H, D, F, CN, a straight-chain alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, preferably having 1, 2, 3 or 4 carbon atoms, or a branched or cyclic alkyl group having 3 to 8 carbon atoms, preferably having 3 or 4 carbon atoms, or an alkenyl group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, preferably having 2, 3 or 4 carbon atoms, where the alkyl or alkenyl group may be substituted in each case by one or more R¹radicals, but is preferably unsubstituted, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system having 6 to 24 aromatic ring atoms, preferably having 6 to 18 aromatic ring atoms, more preferably having 6 to 13 aromatic ring atoms, each of which may be substituted by one or more nonaromatic R¹radicals, but is preferably unsubstituted; at the same time, it is optionally possible for two R substituents bonded to the same carbon atom or to adjacent carbon atoms to form a monocyclic or polycyclic aliphatic ring system which may be substituted by one or more R¹radicals, but is preferably unsubstituted.
Most preferably, the R substituents are selected from the group consisting of H and an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system having 6 to 18 aromatic ring atoms, preferably having 6 to 13 aromatic ring atoms, each of which may be substituted by one or more nonaromatic R¹radicals, but is preferably unsubstituted. Examples of suitable R substituents are selected from the group consisting of phenyl, ortho-, meta- or para-biphenyl, terphenyl, especially branched terphenyl, quaterphenyl, especially branched quaterphenyl, 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-fluorenyl, 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-spirobifluorenyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-dibenzofuranyl, 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-dibenzothienyl and 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-carbazolyl, each of which may be substituted by one or more R¹radicals, but are preferably unsubstituted. Suitable structures R are the same structures as depicted above for Ar-1 to Ar-19.
When Z in the structure of the formula (2) is NR, it is preferable when the R radical bonded to this nitrogen atom is the same or different at each instance and is an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system which has 5 to 24 aromatic ring atoms and may be substituted in each case by one or more R¹radicals, more preferably an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system which has 6 to 18 aromatic ring atoms and may be substituted by one or more R¹radicals. Examples of suitable R substituents are selected from the group consisting of phenyl, ortho-, meta- or para-biphenyl, terphenyl, especially branched terphenyl, quaterphenyl, especially branched quaterphenyl, 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-fluorenyl, 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-spirobifluorenyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, 1,3,5-triazinyl, 4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazinyl, 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-dibenzofuranyl, 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-dibenzothienyl and 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-carbazolyl, where the carbazolyl group is substituted on the nitrogen atom by an R¹radical other than H or D. These groups may each be substituted by one or more R¹radicals, but are preferably unsubstituted. Suitable structures R are the same structures as depicted above for Ar-1 to Ar-19.
In a further preferred embodiment of the invention, R¹is the same or different at each instance and is selected from the group consisting of H, D, F, CN, an aliphatic hydrocarbyl radical having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, preferably having 1, 2, 3 or 4 carbon atoms, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system having 5 to 30 aromatic ring atoms, preferably having 5 to 24 aromatic ring atoms, more preferably having 5 to 13 aromatic ring atoms, which may be substituted by one or more alkyl groups each having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, but is preferably unsubstituted.
It is further preferable when the aromatic or heteroaromatic R or R¹or R²or Ar¹or Ar²groups in the compound of the invention do not have any aryl or heteroaryl groups having more than two aromatic six-membered rings fused directly to one another. Fused aryl groups which have more than two aromatic six-membered rings are fused directly to one another but are nevertheless also suitable in accordance with the invention are phenanthrene and triphenylene, since these also have a high triplet level.
The abovementioned preferences can occur individually or together. It is preferable when the abovementioned preferences occur together.
Very particular preference is given to the compounds of the following formulae (10) and (11):
where the symbols used have the definitions given above and especially the preferred definitions given above.
Examples of suitable compounds of the invention are the structures depicted below:
The compounds of the invention can be prepared by synthesis steps known to those skilled in the art, for example bromination, Suzuki coupling, Ullmann coupling, Hartwig-Buchwald coupling, etc. A suitable synthesis method is shown in general terms in Scheme 2 below: Scheme 1 shows the synthesis of the 1-bromo-substituted dibenzofuran which is used as reactant. Scheme 2 shows the functionalization of the dibenzofuran in the 8 position and the conversion to the compounds of the invention.
The present invention therefore further provides a process for preparing the compounds of the invention by reacting an optionally substituted 1,8-dihalodibenzofuran or 1,8-dihalodibenzothiophene or a corresponding derivative having one or more nitrogen atoms in the base skeleton with a carbazole derivative, followed by reaction with the other carbazole derivative, where the reactions with the carbazole derivatives are each C—C couplings, especially Suzuki couplings.
For the processing of the compounds of the invention from a liquid phase, for example by spin-coating or by printing methods, formulations of the compounds of the invention are required. These formulations may, for example, be solutions, dispersions or emulsions. For this purpose, it may be preferable to use mixtures of two or more solvents. Suitable and preferred solvents are, for example, toluene, anisole, o-, m- or p-xylene, methyl benzoate, mesitylene, tetralin, veratrole, THF, methyl-THF, THP, chlorobenzene, dioxane, phenoxytoluene, especially 3-phenoxytoluene, (−)-fenchone, 1,2,3,5-tetramethylbenzene, 1,2,4,5-tetramethylbenzene, 1-methylnaphthalene, 2-methylbenzothiazole, 2-phenoxyethanol, 2-pyrrolidinone, 3-methylanisole, 4-methylanisole, 3,4-dimethylanisole, 3,5-dimethylanisole, acetophenone, α-terpineol, benzothiazole, butyl benzoate, cumene, cyclohexanol, cyclohexanone, cyclohexylbenzene, decalin, dodecylbenzene, ethyl benzoate, indane, methyl benzoate, NMP, p-cymene, phenetole, 1,4-diisopropylbenzene, dibenzyl ether, diethylene glycol butyl methyl ether, triethylene glycol butyl methyl ether, diethylene glycol dibutyl ether, triethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, tripropylene glycol dimethyl ether, tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether, 2-isopropylnaphthalene, pentylbenzene, hexylbenzene, heptylbenzene, octylbenzene, 1,1-bis(3,4-dimethylphenyl)ethane, hexamethylindane or mixtures of these solvents.
The present invention therefore further provides a formulation comprising a compound of the invention and at least one further compound. The further compound may, for example, be a solvent, especially one of the abovementioned solvents or a mixture of these solvents. The further compound may alternatively be at least one further organic or inorganic compound which is likewise used in the electronic device, for example an emitting compound, especially a phosphorescent dopant, and/or a further matrix material. Suitable emitting compounds and further matrix materials are listed at the back in connection with the organic electroluminescent device. This further compound may also be polymeric.
The compounds of the invention and mixtures are suitable for use in an electronic device. An electronic device is understood to mean a device containing at least one layer containing at least one organic compound. This component may also comprise inorganic materials or else layers formed entirely from inorganic materials.
The present invention therefore further provides for the use of the compounds or mixtures of the invention in an electronic device, especially in an organic electroluminescent device.
The present invention still further provides an electronic device comprising at least one of the above-detailed compounds or mixtures of the invention.
In this case, the preferences detailed above for the compound also apply to the electronic devices.
The electronic device is preferably selected from the group consisting of organic electroluminescent devices (OLEDs, PLEDs), organic integrated circuits (O-ICs), organic field-effect transistors (O-FETs), organic thin-film transistors (O-TFTs), organic light-emitting transistors (O-LETs), organic solar cells (O-SCs), organic dye-sensitized solar cells, organic optical detectors, organic photoreceptors, organic field-quench devices (O-FQDs), light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs), organic laser diodes (O-lasers) andorganic plasmon emitting devices (D. M. Koller et al., Nature Photonics 2008, 1-4), preferably organic electroluminescent devices (OLEDs, PLEDs), especially phosphorescent OLEDs.
The organic electroluminescent device comprises cathode, anode and at least one emitting layer. Apart from these layers, it may also comprise further layers, for example in each case one or more hole injection layers, hole transport layers, hole blocker layers, electron transport layers, electron injection layers, exciton blocker layers, electron blocker layers and/or charge generation layers. It is likewise possible for interlayers having an exciton-blocking function, for example, to be introduced between two emitting layers. However, it should be pointed out that not necessarily every one of these layers need be present. In this case, it is possible for the organic electroluminescent device to contain an emitting layer, or for it to contain a plurality of emitting layers. If a plurality of emission layers are present, these preferably have several emission maxima between 380 nm and 750 nm overall, such that the overall result is white emission; in other words, various emitting compounds which may fluoresce or phosphoresce are used in the emitting layers. Especially preferred are systems having three emitting layers, where the three layers show blue, green and orange or red emission (for the basic construction, see, for example, WO 2005/011013). These may be fluorescent or phosphorescent emission layers or else hybrid systems in which fluorescent and phosphorescent emission layers are combined with one another. A white-emitting electroluminescent device can be used, for example, for lighting applications, but also in combination with a colour filter for full-colour displays.
The compound of the invention according to the above-detailed embodiments may be used in different layers, according to the exact structure. Preference is given to an organic electroluminescent device containing a compound of formula (1) or according to the preferred embodiments as matrix material for fluorescent or phosphorescent emitters, especially for phosphorescent emitters, and/or as electron transport or hole blocker material in an electron transport layer and/or in a hole-blocking layer, according to the exact substitution. In this context, the above-detailed preferred embodiments also apply to the use of the materials in organic electronic devices.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the compound of formula (1) or according to the preferred embodiments is used as matrix material for a phosphorescent compound in an emitting layer. In this case, the organic electroluminescent device may contain an emitting layer, or it may contain a plurality of emitting layers, where at least one emitting layer contains at least one compound of the invention as matrix material.
When the compound of formula (1) or according to the preferred embodiments is used as matrix material for an emitting compound in an emitting layer, it is preferably used in combination with one or more phosphorescent materials (triplet emitters). Phosphorescence in the context of this invention is understood to mean luminescence from an excited state having spin multiplicity >1, especially from an excited triplet state. In the context of this application, all luminescent transition metal complexes and luminescent lanthanide complexes, especially all iridium, platinum and copper complexes, shall be regarded as phosphorescent compounds.
The mixture of the compound of formula (1) or according to the preferred embodiments and the emitting compound contains between 99% and 1% by volume, preferably between 98% and 10% by volume, more preferably between 97% and 60% by volume and especially between 95% and 80% by volume of the compound of formula (1) or according to the preferred embodiments, based on the overall mixture of emitter and matrix material. Correspondingly, the mixture contains between 1% and 99% by volume, preferably between 2% and 90% by volume, more preferably between 3% and 40% by volume and especially between 5% and 20% by volume of the emitter, based on the overall mixture of emitter and matrix material. If the compounds are processed from solution, preference is given to using the corresponding amounts in % by weight rather than the above-specified amounts in % by volume.
Suitable phosphorescent compounds (=triplet emitters) are especially compounds which, when suitably excited, emit light, preferably in the visible region, and also contain at least one atom of atomic number greater than 20, preferably greater than 38 and less than 84, more preferably greater than 56 and less than 80, especially a metal having this atomic number. Preferred phosphorescence emitters used are compounds containing copper, molybdenum, tungsten, rhenium, ruthenium, osmium, rhodium, iridium, palladium, platinum, silver, gold or europium, especially compounds containing iridium or platinum. In the context of the present invention, all luminescent compounds containing the abovementioned metals are regarded as phosphorescent compounds.
Examples of the above-described emitters can be found in applications WO 00/70655, WO 2001/41512, WO 2002/02714, WO 2002/15645, EP 1191613, EP 1191612, EP 1191614, WO 05/033244, WO 05/019373, US 2005/0258742, WO 2009/146770, WO 2010/015307, WO 2010/031485, WO 2010/054731, WO 2010/054728, WO 2010/086089, WO 2010/099852, WO 2010/102709, WO 2011/032626, WO 2011/066898, WO 2011/157339, WO 2012/007086, WO 2014/008982, WO 2014/023377, WO 2014/094961, WO 2014/094960, WO 2015/036074, WO 2015/104045, WO 2015/117718, WO 2016/015815 and the as yet unpublished applications EP 15000307.7, EP 15182264.0 and EP 16179378.1. In general, all phosphorescent complexes as used for phosphorescent OLEDs according to the prior art and as known to those skilled in the art in the field of organic electroluminescence are suitable, and the person skilled in the art will be able to use further phosphorescent complexes without exercising inventive skill.
A further preferred embodiment of the present invention is the use of the compound of formula (1) or according to the preferred embodiments as matrix material for a phosphorescent emitter in combination with a further matrix material. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the further matrix material is a hole-transporting compound. In a further preferred embodiment of the invention, the further matrix material is an electron-transporting compound. In yet a further preferred embodiment, the further matrix material is a compound having a large band gap which is not involved to a significant degree, if at all, in the hole and electron transport in the layer.
Suitable matrix materials for the compounds of the invention are ketones, phosphine oxides, sulphoxides and sulphones, for example according to WO 2004/013080, WO 2004/093207, WO 2006/005627 or WO 2010/006680, triarylamines, carbazole derivatives, e.g. CBP (N,N-biscarbazolylbiphenyl), m-CBP or the carbazole derivatives disclosed in WO 2005/039246, US 2005/0069729, JP 2004/288381, EP 1205527, WO 2008/086851 or US 2009/0134784, combinations of triazines and carbazoles, for example according to WO 2011/057706 or WO 2014/015931, indolocarbazole derivatives, for example according to WO 2007/063754 or WO 2008/056746, indenocarbazole derivatives, for example according to WO 2010/136109, WO 2011/000455, WO 2013/041176 or WO 2013/056776, spiroindenocarbazole derivatives, for example according to WO 2014/094963 or WO 2015/124255, azacarbazoles, for example according to EP 1617710, EP 1617711, EP 1731584, JP 2005/347160, bipolar matrix materials, for example according to WO 2007/137725, lactams, for example according to WO 2011/116865, WO 2011/137951, WO 2013/064206 or WO 2014/056567, silanes, for example according to WO 2005/111172, azaboroles or boronic esters, for example according to WO 2006/117052 or WO 2013/091762, diazasilole derivatives, for example according to WO 2010/054729, diazaphosphole derivatives, for example according to WO 2010/054730, triazine derivatives, for example according to WO 2010/015306, WO 2007/063754, WO 2008/056746 or WO 2014/023388, zinc complexes, for example according to EP 652273 or WO 2009/062578, dibenzofuran derivatives, for example according to WO 2009/148015, WO 2015/169412, WO 2016/015810 or WO 2016/023608, bridged carbazole derivatives, for example according to US 2009/0136779, WO 2010/050778, WO 2011/042107 or WO 2011/088877, or triphenylene derivatives, for example according to WO 2012/048781. It is likewise possible for a further phosphorescent emitter which emits at a shorter wavelength than the actual emitter to be present as co-host in the mixture.
Preferred co-host materials are triarylamine derivatives, especially monoamines, indenocarbazole derivatives, 4-spirocarbazole derivatives, lactams, triazine derivatives and carbazole derivatives.
Preferred triarylamine derivatives which are used as co-host materials together with the compounds of the invention are selected from the compounds of the following formula (12):
where Ar is the same or different at each instance and has the definitions given above. Preferably, the Ar groups are the same or different at each instance and are selected from the abovementioned Ar-1 to Ar-19 groups.
In a preferred embodiment of the compounds of the formula (12), at least one Ar group is selected from a biphenyl group, which may be an ortho-, meta- or para-biphenyl group. In a further preferred embodiment of the compounds of the formula (12), at least one Ar group is selected from a fluorene group or spirobifluorene group, where these groups may each be bonded to the nitrogen atom in the 1, 2, 3 or 4 position. In yet a further preferred embodiment of the compounds of the formula (12), at least one Ar group is selected from a phenylene or biphenyl group, where the group is an ortho-, meta- or para-bonded group, substituted by a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group or a carbazole group, especially a dibenzofuran group, where the dibenzofuran or dibenzothiophene group is bonded to the phenylene or biphenyl group via the 1, 2, 3 or 4 position and where the carbazole group is bonded to the phenylene or biphenyl group via the 1, 2, 3 or 4 position or via the nitrogen atom.
In a particularly preferred embodiment of the compounds of the formula (12), one Ar group is selected from a fluorene or spirobifluorene group, especially a 4-fluorene or 4-spirobifluorene group, and one Ar group is selected from a biphenyl group, especially a para-biphenyl group, or a fluorene group, especially a 2-fluorene group, and the third Ar group is selected from a para-phenylene group or a para-biphenyl group, substituted by a dibenzofuran group, especially a 4-dibenzofuran group, or a carbazole group, especially an N-carbazole group or a 3-carbazole group.
Preferred indenocarbazole derivatives which are used as co-host materials together with the compounds of the invention are selected from the compounds of the following formula (13):
where Ar and R have the definitions listed above. Preferred embodiments of the Ar group are the structures Ar-1 to Ar-19 listed above.
A preferred embodiment of the compounds of the formula (13) is the compounds of the following formula (13a):
where Ar and R have the definitions given above. The two R groups bonded to the indeno carbon atom here are preferably the same or different and are each an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, especially methyl groups, or an aromatic ring system having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, especially phenyl groups. More preferably, the two R groups are bonded to the indeno carbon atom are methyl groups. Further preferably, the R substituent bonded to the indenocarbazole base skeleton in formula (13a) is H or a carbazole group which may be bonded to the indenocarbazole base skeleton via the 1, 2, 3 or 4 position or via the nitrogen atom, especially via the 3 position.
Preferred 4-spirocarbazole derivatives which are used as co-host materials together with the compounds of the invention are selected from the compounds of the following formula (14):
where Ar and R have the definitions listed above. Preferred embodiments of the Ar group are the structures Ar-1 to Ar-19 listed above.
A preferred embodiment of the compounds of the formula (14) is the compounds of the following formula (14a):
where Ar and R have the definitions given above.
Preferred lactams which are used as co-host materials together with the compounds of the invention are selected from the compounds of the following formula (15):
where R has the definitions listed above.
A preferred embodiment of the compounds of the formula (15) is the compounds of the following formula (15a):
where R has the definitions given above. Preferably, R here is the same or different at each instance and is H or an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system which has 5 to 40 aromatic ring atoms and which may be substituted by one or more R¹radicals. Most preferably, the R substituents are selected from the group consisting of H and an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system having 6 to 18 aromatic ring atoms, preferably having 6 to 13 aromatic ring atoms, each of which may be substituted by one or more nonaromatic R¹radicals, but is preferably unsubstituted. Examples of suitable R substituents are selected from the group consisting of phenyl, ortho-, meta- or para-biphenyl, terphenyl, especially branched terphenyl, quaterphenyl, especially branched quaterphenyl, 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-fluorenyl, 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-spirobifluorenyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-dibenzofuranyl, 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-dibenzothienyl and 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-carbazolyl, each of which may be substituted by one or more R¹radicals, but are preferably unsubstituted. Suitable structures R are the same structures as depicted above for Ar-1 to Ar-19, where these structures are substituted by R¹rather than R.
In a further embodiment of the invention, the organic electroluminescent device of the invention does not contain any separate hole injection layer and/or hole transport layer and/or hole blocker layer and/or electron transport layer, meaning that the emitting layer directly adjoins the hole injection layer or the anode, and/or the emitting layer directly adjoins the electron transport layer or the electron injection layer or the cathode, as described, for example, in WO 2005/053051. It is additionally possible to use a metal complex identical or similar to the metal complex in the emitting layer as hole transport or hole injection material directly adjoining the emitting layer, as described, for example, in WO 2009/030981.
In addition, it is possible to use the compounds of the invention in a hole blocker or electron transport layer.
In the further layers of the organic electroluminescent device of the invention, it is possible to use any materials as typically used according to the prior art. The person skilled in the art is therefore able, without exercising inventive skill, to use any materials known for organic electroluminescent devices in combination with the inventive compounds of formula (1) or according to the preferred embodiments.
Additionally preferred is an organic electroluminescent device, characterized in that one or more layers are coated by a sublimation process. In this case, the materials are applied by vapour deposition in vacuum sublimation systems at an initial pressure of less than 10⁻⁵mbar, preferably less than 10⁻⁶mbar. It is also possible that the initial pressure is even lower or higher, for example less than 10⁻⁷mbar.
Preference is likewise given to an organic electroluminescent device, characterized in that one or more layers are coated by the OVPD (organic vapour phase deposition) method or with the aid of a carrier gas sublimation. In this case, the materials are applied at a pressure between 10⁻⁵mbar and 1 bar. A special case of this method is the OVJP (organic vapour jet printing) method, in which the materials are applied directly by a nozzle and thus structured (for example, M. S. Arnold et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 92, 053301).
Preference is additionally given to an organic electroluminescent device, characterized in that one or more layers are produced from solution, for example by spin-coating, or by any printing method, for example inkjet printing, LITI (light-induced thermal imaging, thermal transfer printing), screen printing, flexographic printing, offset printing or nozzle printing. For this purpose, soluble compounds are needed, which are obtained, for example, through suitable substitution.
In addition, hybrid methods are possible, in which, for example, one or more layers are applied from solution and one or more further layers are applied by vapour deposition. For example, it is possible to apply the emitting layer from solution and to apply the electron transport layer by vapour deposition.
These methods are known in general terms to those skilled in the art and can be applied by those skilled in the art without exercising inventive skill to organic electroluminescent devices comprising the compounds of the invention.
The compounds of the invention generally have very good properties on use in organic electroluminescent devices. Especially in the case of use of the compounds of the invention in organic electroluminescent devices, the lifetime is significantly better compared to similar compounds according to the prior art. At the same time, the further properties of the organic electroluminescent device, especially the efficiency and voltage, are likewise better or at least comparable.
The invention is now illustrated in detail by the examples which follow, without any intention of restricting it thereby.

EXAMPLES

The syntheses which follow, unless stated otherwise, are conducted under a protective gas atmosphere in dried solvents. The solvents and reagents can be purchased, for example, from Sigma-ALDRICH or ABCR. For the compounds known from the literature, the corresponding CAS numbers are also reported in each case.

a) 6-Bromo-2-fluoro-2′-methoxybiphenyl

200 g (664 mmol) of 1-bromo-3-fluoro-2-iodobenzene, 101 g (664 mmol) of 2-methoxyphenylboronic acid and 137.5 g (997 mmol) of sodium tetraborate are dissolved in 1000 ml of THF and 600 ml of water, and degassed. 9.3 g (13.3 mmol) of bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) chloride and 1 g (20 mmol) of hydrazinium hydroxide are added. The reaction mixture is stirred under a protective gas atmosphere at 70° C. for 48 h. The cooled solution is supplemented with toluene, washed repeatedly with water, dried and concentrated. The product is purified via column chromatography on silica gel with toluene/heptane (1:2). Yield: 155 g (553 mmol), 83% of theory.
The following compound is prepared in an analogous manner:


	Reactant 1	Reactant 2	Product	Yield

a1				92%

b) 6′-Bromo-2′-fluorobiphenyl-2-ol

112 g (418 mmol) of 6-bromo-2-fluoro-2′-methoxybiphenyl are dissolved in 2 l of dichloromethane and cooled to 5° C. 41.01 ml (431 mmol) of boron tribromide are added dropwise to this solution within 90 min, and stirring of the mixture continues overnight. The mixture is subsequently admixed gradually with water, and the organic phase is washed three times with water, dried over Na₂SO₄and concentrated by rotary evaporation and purified by chromatography. Yield: 104 g (397 mmol), 98% of theory.
The following compound is prepared in an analogous manner:


	Reactant 1	Product	Yield

b1			92%

c) 1-Bromodibenzofuran

111 g (416 mmol) of 6′-bromo-2′-fluorobiphenyl-2-ol are dissolved in 2 l of DMF (max. 0.003% H₂O) SeccoSolv® and cooled to 5° C. 20 g (449 mmol) of sodium hydride (60% suspension in paraffin oil) are added to this solution in portions, once the addition has ended the mixture is stirred for 20 min, and then the mixture is heated to 100° C. for 45 min. After cooling, 500 ml of ethanol are added gradually to the mixture, which is concentrated by rotary evaporation and then purified by chromatography. Yield: 90 g (367 mmol), 88.5% of theory.
The following compound is prepared in an analogous manner:


	Reactant 1	Product	Yield

c1			81%

d) 1-Bromo-8-iododibenzofuran

20 g (80 mmol) of 1-bromodibenzofuran, 2.06 g (40.1 mmol) of iodine, 3.13 g (17.8 mmol) of iodic acid, 80 ml of acetic acid and 5 ml of sulphuric acid and 5 ml of water and 2 ml of chloroform are stirred at 65° C. for 3 h. After cooling, the mixture is admixed with water, and the precipitated solids are filtered off with suction and washed three times with water. The residue is recrystallized from toluene and from dichloromethane/heptane. The yield is 25.6 g (68 mmol), corresponding to 85% of theory.
The following compounds are prepared in an analogous manner:


	Reactant 1	Product 1	Yield

d1			81%

d2			67%

e) 3-(9-Bromodibenzofuran-2-yl)-9-phenyl-9H-carbazole

58 g (156 mmol) of 1-bromo-8-iododibenzofuran, 50 g (172 mmol) of N-phenylcarbazole-3-boronic acid and 36 g (340 mmol) of sodium carbonate are suspended in 1000 ml of ethylene glycol dimethyl ether and 280 ml of water. 1.8 g (1.5 mmol) of tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) are added to this suspension, and the reaction mixture is heated under reflux for 16 h. After cooling, the organic phase is removed, filtered through silica gel, washed three times with 200 ml of water and then concentrated to dryness. The yield is 48 g (89 mmol), corresponding to 64% of theory.
The following compounds are prepared in an analogous manner:


	Reactant 1	Reactant 2	Product	Yield

e1				67%

e2				65%

e3				62%

e4				63%

e5				61%

e6				60%

e7				56%

e8				54%

e9				68%

e10				67%

e11				57%

e12				60%

e13				63%

e14				68%

e15				63%

e16				65%

e17				60%

e18				58%

e19				59%

e20				56%

e21				52%

e22				55%

e23				57%

e24				56%

e25				70%

e26				75%

e27				72%

e28				56%

e29				57%

e30				62%

e31				61%

e32				48%

e33				46%

e34				50%

e35				66%

f) 3-[1-[9-[(4,6-Diphenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-9H-carbazol-3-yl]-8-dibenzofuranyl]-9-phenyl-9H-carbazole

76 g (156 mmol) of 3-(9-bromodibenzofuran-2-yl)-9-phenyl-9H-carbazole, 90 g (172 mmol) of 9-(4,6-diphenyl-[1,3,5]triazin-2-yl)-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-9H-carbazole and 36 g (340 mmol) of sodium carbonate are suspended in 1000 ml of ethylene glycol dimethyl ether and 280 ml of water. 1.8 g (1.5 mmol) of tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) are added to this suspension, and the reaction mixture is heated under reflux for 16 h. After cooling, the organic phase is removed, filtered through silica gel, washed three times with 200 ml of water and then concentrated to dryness. The residue is recrystallized five times from DMF and finally fractionally sublimed twice (p about 10⁻⁶mbar, T=350-370° C.). Yield: 81 g (110 mmol), 65% of theory: 99.9% by HPLC.
The following compounds are prepared in an analogous manner:


	Reactant	Reactant	Product	Yield

f1				61%

f2				53%

f3				54%

f4				65%

f5				67%

f6				57%

f7				63%

f8				63%

f9				68%

f10				64%

f11				66%

f12				68%

f13				60%

f14				58%

f15				61%

f16				63%

f17				63%

f18				65%

f19				60%

f20				58%

f21				57%

f22				56%

f23				51%

f24				53%

f25				56%

f26				56%

f27				70%

f28				73%

f29				72%

f30				73%

f31				56%

f32				55%

f33				62%

f34				60%

f35				45%

f36				57%

f37				62%

f38				65%

f39				67%

f40				72%

Production of the OLEDs
In examples C1 to I26 which follow (see Tables 1 and 2), the data of various OLEDs are presented.
Pretreatment for Examples C1-I26:
Glass plaques coated with structured ITO (indium tin oxide) of thickness 50 nm are treated prior to coating with an oxygen plasma, followed by an argon plasma. These plasma-treated glass plaques form the substrates to which the OLEDs are applied.
The OLEDs basically have the following layer structure: substrate/hole injection layer (HIL)/hole transport layer (HTL)/electron blocker layer (EBL)/emission layer (EML)/optional hole blocker layer (HBL)/electron transport layer (ETL)/optional electron injection layer (EIL) and finally a cathode. The cathode is formed by an aluminium layer of thickness 100 nm. The exact structure of the OLEDs can be found in Table 1. The materials used for production of the OLEDs are shown in Table 3.
All materials are applied by thermal vapour deposition in a vacuum chamber. In this case, the emission layer always consists of at least one matrix material (host material) and an emitting dopant (emitter) which is added to the matrix material(s) in a particular proportion by volume by co-evaporation. Details given in such a form as IC5:PA1:TEG2 (30%:55%:15%) mean here that the material 105 is present in the layer in a proportion by volume of 30%, PA1 in a proportion by volume of 55% and TEG2 in a proportion by volume of 15%. Analogously, the electron transport layer may also consist of a mixture of two materials.
The OLEDs are characterized in a standard manner. For this purpose, the electroluminescence spectra, the current efficiency (measured in cd/A) and the external quantum efficiency (EQE, measured in percent) are determined as a function of luminance, calculated from current-voltage-luminance characteristics (IUL characteristics) assuming Lambertian emission characteristics. The electroluminescence spectra are determined at a luminance of 1000 cd/m², and the CIE 1931 x and y colour coordinates are calculated therefrom. The parameter U1000 in Table 2 refers to the voltage which is required for a luminance of 1000 cd/m². CE1000 denotes the current efficiency which is achieved at 1000 cd/m². Finally, EQE1000 refers to the external quantum efficiency at an operating luminance of 1000 cd/m².
The data for the various OLEDs are collated in Table 2. Examples C1-C6 are comparative examples according to the prior art; examples 11-126 show data of OLEDs of the invention.
Some of the examples are elucidated in detail hereinafter, in order to illustrate the advantages of the OLED of the invention.
Use of Compounds of the Invention as Matrix Material in Phosphorescent OLEDs
The materials of the invention, when used as matrix material in combination with an electron-conducting compound (for example compound 105 in the examples adduced below) in the emission layer (EML) in phosphorescent OLEDs, result in significant improvements over the prior art, particularly in relation to the external quantum efficiency of the OLEDs. By use of the inventive compounds f40, f, f30, f16 and f21 (according to the examples cited above), it is possible to achieve an improvement in the EQE by about 10% to 50% compared to the compounds from the prior art PA1, PA2, PA3, PA4, PA5 and PA6 (comparison of examples C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 and C6 with examples I1, I2, I3, I15 and I16).

TABLE 1

Structure of the OLEDs

	HIL	HTL	EBL		HBL		EIL
	thick-	thick-	thick-	EML	thick-	ETL	thick-
Ex.	ness	ness	ness	thickness	ness	thickness	ness

C1	HATCN	SpMA1	SpMA3	IC5:SdT1:TEG2	—	ST2:LiQ	—
	5 nm	230 nm	20 nm	(30%:55%:15%) 30 nm		(50%:50%) 40 nm
C2	HATCN	SpMA1	SpMA3	IC5:SdT2:TEG2	—	ST2:LiQ	—
	5 nm	230 nm	20 nm	(30%:55%:15%) 30 nm		(50%:50%) 40 nm
C3	HATCN	SpMA1	SpMA3	IC5:SdT3:TEG2	—	ST2:LiQ	—
	5 nm	230 nm	20 nm	(30%:55%:15%) 30 nm		(50%:50%) 40 nm
C4	HATCN	SpMA1	SpMA3	IC5:SdT4:TEG2	—	ST2:LiQ	—
	5 nm	230 nm	20 nm	(30%:55%:15%) 30 nm		(50%:50%) 40 nm
C5	HATCN	SpMA1	SpMA3	IC5:SdT5:TEG2	—	ST2:LiQ	—
	5 nm	230 nm	20 nm	(30%:55%:15%) 30 nm		(50%:50%) 40 nm
C6	HATCN	SpMA1	SpMA3	IC5:SdT6:TEG2	—	ST2:LiQ	—
	5 nm	230 nm	20 nm	(30%:55%:15%) 30 nm		(50%:50%) 40 nm
I1	HATCN	SpMA1	SpMA3	IC5:f40:TEG2	—	ST2:LiQ	—
	5 nm	230 nm	20 nm	(30%:55%:15%) 30 nm		(50%:50%) 40 nm
I2	HATCN	SpMA1	SpMA3	IC5:f:TEG2	—	ST2:LiQ	—
	5 nm	230 nm	20 nm	(30%:55%:15%) 30 nm		(50%:50%) 40 nm
I3	HATCN	SpMA1	SpMA3	IC5:f30:TEG2	—	ST2:LiQ	—
	5 nm	230 nm	20 nm	(30%:55%:15%) 30 nm		(50%:50%) 40 nm
I4	HATCN	SpMA1	SpMA3	f1:TER5	—	ST2:LiQ	—
	5 nm	125 nm	10 nm	(95%:5%) 40 nm		(50%:50%) 35 nm
I5	HATCN	SpMA1	SpMA3	f2:TER5	—	ST2:LiQ	—
	5 nm	125 nm	10 nm	(95%:5%) 40 nm		(50%:50%) 35 nm
I6	HATCN	SpMA1	SpMA3	f4:TEG2	—	ST2:LiQ	—
	5 nm	230 nm	20 nm	(90%:10%0) 30 nm		(50%:50%) 40 nm
I7	HATCN	SpMA1	SpMA3	f5:TER5	—	ST2:LiQ	—
	5 nm	125 nm	10 nm	(95%:5%) 40 nm		(50%:50%) 35 nm
I8	HATCN	SpMA1	SpMA3	f7:TEG2	—	ST2:LiQ	—
	5 nm	230 nm	20 nm	(90%:10%) 30 nm		(50%:50%) 40 nm
I9	HATCN	SpMA1	SpMA3	f8:TEG2	—	ST2:LiQ	—
	5 nm	230 nm	20 nm	(90%:10%) 30 nm		(50%:50%) 40 nm
I10	HATCN	SpMA1	SpMA3	f9:TER5	—	ST2:LiQ	—
	5 nm	125 nm	10 nm	(95%:5%) 40 nm		(50%:50%) 35 nm
I11	HATCN	SpMA1	SpMA3	f10:TEG 2	—	ST2:LiQ	—
	5 nm	230 nm	20 nm	(90%:10%) 30 nm		(50%:50%) 40 nm
I12	HATCN	SpMA1	SpMA3	f11:TEG2	—	ST2:LiQ	—
	5 nm	230 nm	20 nm	(90%:10%) 30 nm		(50%:50%) 40 nm
I13	HATCN	SpMA1	SpMA3	f12:TER5	—	ST2:LiQ	—
	5 nm	125 nm	10 nm	(95%:5%) 40 nm		(50%:50%) 35 nm
I14	HATCN	SpMA1	SpMA3	f13:TER5	—	ST2:LiQ	—
	5 nm	125 nm	10 nm	(95%:5%) 40 nm		(50%:50%) 35 nm
I15	HATCN	SpMA1	SpMA3	IC5:f16:TEG2	—	ST2:LiQ	—
	5 nm	230 nm	20 nm	(30%:55%:15%) 30 nm		(50%:50%) 40 nm
I16	HATCN	SpMA1	SpMA3	f17:TER5	—	ST2:LiQ	—
	5 nm	125 nm	10 nm	(95%:5%) 40 nm		(50%:50%) 35 nm
I17	HATCN	SpMA1	SpMA3	f19:TER5	—	ST2:LiQ	—
	5 nm	125 nm	10 nm	(95%:5%) 40 nm		(50%:50%) 35 nm
I18	HATCN	SpMA1	SpMA3	IC5:f21:TEG2	—	ST2:LiQ	—
	5 nm	230 nm	20 nm	(30%:55%:15%) 30 nm		(50%:50%) 40 nm
I19	HATCN	SpMA1	SpMA3	f24:TER5	—	ST2:LiQ	—
	5 nm	125 nm	10 nm	(95%:5%) 40 nm		(50%:50%) 35 nm
I20	HATCN	SpMA1	SpMA3	f25:TEG2	—	ST2:LiQ	—
	5 nm	230 nm	20 nm	(90%:10%) 30 nm		(50%:50%) 40 nm
I21	HATCN	SpMA1	SpMA3	f26:TEG2	—	ST2:LiQ	—
	5 nm	230 nm	20 nm	(90%:10%) 30 nm		(50%:50%) 40 nm
I22	HATCN	SpMA1	SpMA3	f27:TER5	—	ST2:LiQ	—
	5 nm	125 nm	10 nm	(95%:5%) 40 nm		(50%:50%) 35 nm
I23	HATCN	SpMA1	SpMA3	f28:TER5	—	ST2:LiQ	—
	5 nm	125 nm	10 nm	(95%:5%) 40 nm		(50%:50%) 35 nm
I24	HATCN	SpMA1	SpMA3	f31:TER5	—	ST2:LiQ	—
	5 nm	125 nm	10 nm	(95%:5%) 40 nm		(50%:50%) 35 nm
I25	HATCN	SpMA1	SpMA3	f33:TER5	—	ST2:LiQ	—
	5 nm	125 nm	10 nm	(95%:5%) 40 nm		(50%:50%) 35 nm
I26	HATCN	SpMA1	SpMA3	f39:TER5	—	ST2:LiQ	—
	5 nm	125 nm	10 nm	(95%:5%) 40 nm		(50%:50%) 35 nm

TABLE 2

Data of the OLEDs

	U1000	CE 1000	EQE	CIE x/y at
Ex.	(V)	(cd/A)	1000	1000 cd/m²

C1	3.6	44	12.2%	0.34/0.62
C2	3.7	44	12.1%	0.34/0.62
C3	3.5	45	12.5%	0.34/0.62
C4	3.6	44	12.3%	0.34/0.62
C5	3.5	63	16.9%	0.32/0.64
C6	3.6	60	16.7%	0.33/0.63
I1	3.5	68	18.3%	0.34/0.62
I2	3.5	67	18.2%	0.33/0.63
I3	3.6	69	18.5%	0.33/0.63
I4	3.6	23	22.4%	0.67/0.33
I5	3.5	24	22.7%	0.67/0.33
I6	3.5	69	18.5%	0.34/0.63
I7	3.5	23	22.5%	0.67/0.33
I8	3.4	66	17.9%	0.32/0.64
I9	3.6	66	18.0%	0.33/0.63
I10	3.3	25	22.9%	0.67/0.33
I11	3.6	69	18.7%	0.33/0.63
I12	3.5	68	18.6%	0.32/0.63
I13	3.6	24	22.7%	0.67/0.33
I14	3.7	27	23.0%	0.67/0.33
I15	3.6	67	18.4%	0.32/0.63
I16	3.5	23	22.5%	0.67/0.33
I17	3.6	22	22.2%	0.67/0.33
I18	3.6	67	18.2%	0.31/0.64
I19	3.6	27	23.1%	0.67/0.33
I20	3.4	68	18.7%	0.31/0.64
I21	3.5	65	18.1%	0.31/0.64
I22	3.3	22	21.9%	0.67/0.33
I23	3.4	23	22.5%	0.67/0.33
I24	3.5	23	22.4%	0.67/0.33
I25	3.4	24	22.8%	0.67/0.33
I26	3.5	28	23.1%	0.67/0.33

TABLE 3

Structural formulae of the materials for the OLEDs

Claims

1.-15. (canceled)

16. An electronic device comprising at least one compound according to formula (1)

where

A is CR;

Y is O or S;

W is the same or different at each instance and is CR or N, where not more than one W group per cycle is N and where W is C when an L¹or L²group is bonded to this position, or two adjacent W groups together are a group of the following formula (2) or (3), where each of the two carbazolyl derivative groups in the compound of the formula (1) have not more than two groups of the formula (2) or formula (3):

where the dotted bonds indicate the linkage of this group, A has definitions given above and Z is NR, CR₂, O or S;

Ar¹, Ar²is an aromatic ring system having 5 to 30 aromatic ring atoms or a dibenzofuran or dibenzothiophene group, where the aromatic ring system or the dibenzofuran or dibenzothiophene group may be substituted in each case by one or more nonaromatic R radicals, or is a group of one of the following formulae (4) and (5):

where the dotted bond represents the bond to the nitrogen atom;

with the proviso that exactly one of the Ar¹and Ar²groups is a group of one of the formulae (4) and (5);

X is the same or different at each instance and is CR or N, where X in formula (5) is C when the group of the formula (5) in this position is joined to L³, with the proviso that, in formula (4), two or three X groups are N and, in formula (5), one, two or three X groups are N;

L¹, L², L³is the same or different at each instance and is a single bond or an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system which has 5 to 30 aromatic ring atoms and may be substituted by one or more R radicals;

R is the same or different at each instance and is selected from the group consisting of H, D, F, CN, N(R¹)₂, C(═O)R¹, P(═O)(R¹)₂, Si(R¹)₃, a straight-chain alkyl or alkoxy group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms or a branched or cyclic alkyl, or alkoxy group having 3 to 20 carbon atoms, each of which may be substituted by one or more R¹radicals, where one or more nonadjacent CH₂groups may be replaced by 0, and where one or more hydrogen atoms may be replaced by D or an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system which has 5 to 40 aromatic ring atoms and may be substituted in each case by one or more R¹radicals; at the same time, it is optionally possible for two R substituents bonded to the same carbon atom or to adjacent carbon atoms to form a monocyclic or polycyclic, aliphatic, aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system which may be substituted by one or more R¹radicals;

R¹is the same or different at each instance and is selected from the group consisting of H, D, F, CN, N(R²)₂, a straight-chain alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms or a branched or cyclic alkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, each of which may be substituted by one or more R²radicals, where one or more hydrogen atoms may be replaced by D or F, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system which has 5 to 40 aromatic ring atoms and may be substituted in each case by one or more R²radicals; at the same time, it is optionally possible for two R¹substituents bonded to the same carbon atom or to adjacent carbon atoms to form a monocyclic or polycyclic, aliphatic, aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system which may be substituted by one or more R²radicals;

R²is the same or different at each instance and is selected from the group consisting of H, D, F, CN, an aliphatic hydrocarbyl radical having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system having 5 to 30 aromatic ring atoms in which one or more hydrogen atoms may be replaced by D, F, CN and which may be substituted by one or more alkyl groups each having 1 to 4 carbon atoms; at the same time, it is possible for two or more adjacent R²substituents together to form a mono- or polycyclic, aliphatic ring system.

17. The electronic device according to claim 16, wherein the electronic device is an organic electroluminescent device and the least one compound according to formula (1) is used as matrix material for fluorescent or phosphorescent emitters in an emitting layer and/or as electron transport or hole blocker material in an electron transport layer and/or in a hole-blocking layer.

18. The electronic device according to claim 16, wherein the least one compound is selected from the compounds of the formulae (7a), (7b), (7c), (7d) and (7e)

where:

W two adjacent W groups together are a group of the following formula (2a) or (3a) and the two other W groups are CR, where W in formula (7d) is C when an L¹group is bonded to this position, and in formula (7e) is C when the dibenzofuran or dibenzothiophene is bonded to this position:

where the dotted bonds indicate the linkage of this group;

n is the same or different at each instance and is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4;

m is the same or different at each instance and is 0, 1, 2 or 3;

the further symbols used have the definitions given in claim 16.

19. The electronic device according to claim 16, wherein L¹and L²are single bonds.

20. The electronic device according to claim 16, wherein the at least one compound is selected from the compounds of the formulae (9a), (9b), (9c), (9d) and (9e)

where W, n and m have the definitions given in claim 17 and the further symbols used those given in claim 16.

21. The electronic device according to claim 16, wherein in the at least one compound the group of the formula (4) is selected from the structures of the formulae (4-1) to (4-3) and that the group of the formula (5) is selected from the structures of the formulae (5-1) to (5-18)

where the dotted bond represents the bond to the nitrogen atom and in addition:

R is the same or different at each instance and is H, an alkyl group which has 1 to 10 carbon atoms and may be substituted by one or more R¹groups, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system which has 5 to 40 aromatic ring atoms and may be substituted in each case by one or more R¹radicals.

22. The electronic device according to claim 16, wherein in the at least one compound L³is a single bond or an aromatic ring system having 6 to 12 aromatic ring atoms.

23. The electronic device according to claim 16, wherein in the at least one compound the Ar¹or Ar²group which is not a group of the formula (4) or (5) is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, ortho-, meta- or para-biphenyl, terphenyl, quaterphenyl, 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-fluorenyl, 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-spirobifluorenyl, 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-dibenzofuranyl and 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-dibenzothienyl, each of which may be substituted by one or more nonaromatic R radicals.

24. The electronic device according to claim 18, wherein in the at least one compound the index n is the same or different at each instance and is 0, 1, 2 or 3, and in that the index m is the same or different at each instance and is 0, 1 or 2.

25. The electronic device according to claim 16, wherein in the at least one compound R is selected from the group consisting of H, D, F, CN, N(R¹)₂, C(═O)R¹, P(═O)(R¹)₂, a straight-chain alkyl or alkoxy group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms or a branched or cyclic alkyl or alkoxy group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms or an alkenyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, each of which may be substituted by one or more R¹radicals, where one or more nonadjacent CH₂groups may be replaced by O and where one or more hydrogen atoms may be replaced by D or F, an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system which has 5 to 24 aromatic ring atoms and may be substituted in each case by one or more R¹radicals; at the same time, it is optionally possible for two R substituents bonded to the same carbon atom or to adjacent carbon atoms to form a monocyclic or polycyclic, aliphatic, aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system which may be substituted by one or more R¹radicals.

26. The electronic device according to claim 16, wherein the least one compound is selected from the compounds of the formulae (10) and (11)

where the symbols used have the definitions given in claim 16 and Ar is the same or different at each instance and is an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system which has 5 to 40 aromatic ring atoms and may be substituted by one or more R¹radicals.