US20200221729A1 - Composition of medium-chain fatty acids and feed supplemented with composition - Google Patents
Composition of medium-chain fatty acids and feed supplemented with composition Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20200221729A1 US20200221729A1 US16/830,139 US202016830139A US2020221729A1 US 20200221729 A1 US20200221729 A1 US 20200221729A1 US 202016830139 A US202016830139 A US 202016830139A US 2020221729 A1 US2020221729 A1 US 2020221729A1
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- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- acid
- composition
- fatty acids
- medium
- chain fatty
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 150000004667 medium chain fatty acids Chemical group 0.000 title claims abstract description 51
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title abstract description 83
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- 239000003674 animal food additive Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 150000003626 triacylglycerols Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- WWZKQHOCKIZLMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N octanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCC(O)=O WWZKQHOCKIZLMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 62
- GHVNFZFCNZKVNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N decanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCC(O)=O GHVNFZFCNZKVNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 51
- POULHZVOKOAJMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O POULHZVOKOAJMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 47
- FUZZWVXGSFPDMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCC(O)=O FUZZWVXGSFPDMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000005635 Caprylic acid (CAS 124-07-2) Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 229960002446 octanoic acid Drugs 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000005632 Capric acid (CAS 334-48-5) Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000005639 Lauric acid Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 210000001035 gastrointestinal tract Anatomy 0.000 claims description 16
- 241000282887 Suidae Species 0.000 claims description 9
- 244000144977 poultry Species 0.000 claims description 9
- 241000193464 Clostridium sp. Species 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 claims description 6
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 241000282849 Ruminantia Species 0.000 claims description 5
- FERIUCNNQQJTOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butyric acid Chemical compound CCCC(O)=O FERIUCNNQQJTOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N Fumaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C\C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Succinic acid Natural products OC(=O)CCC(O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethylselenoniopropionate Natural products CCC(O)=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lactic acid Chemical compound CC(O)C(O)=O JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanoic acid Natural products OC=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N valeric acid Chemical compound CCCCC(O)=O NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(3-methoxyphenyl)aniline Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC(C=2C=CC(N)=CC=2)=C1 OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N Dextrotartaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propanedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 241000194022 Streptococcus sp. Species 0.000 claims description 2
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tartaric acid Natural products [H+].[H+].[O-]C(=O)C(O)C(O)C([O-])=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000011054 acetic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-NUQCWPJISA-N butanedioic acid Chemical compound O[14C](=O)CC[14C](O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-NUQCWPJISA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000019253 formic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001530 fumaric acid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000011087 fumaric acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004310 lactic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000014655 lactic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N maleic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011976 maleic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000019260 propionic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- IUVKMZGDUIUOCP-BTNSXGMBSA-N quinbolone Chemical compound O([C@H]1CC[C@H]2[C@H]3[C@@H]([C@]4(C=CC(=O)C=C4CC3)C)CC[C@@]21C)C1=CCCC1 IUVKMZGDUIUOCP-BTNSXGMBSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011975 tartaric acid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000002906 tartaric acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011573 trace mineral Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000013619 trace mineral Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940005605 valeric acid Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011782 vitamin Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940088594 vitamin Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- 229930003231 vitamin Natural products 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000013343 vitamin Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 208000035143 Bacterial infection Diseases 0.000 claims 1
- 239000005711 Benzoic acid Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 241000488157 Escherichia sp. Species 0.000 claims 1
- 241001147693 Staphylococcus sp. Species 0.000 claims 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 208000022362 bacterial infectious disease Diseases 0.000 claims 1
- 235000010233 benzoic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- BEFDCLMNVWHSGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenylcyclopentane Chemical compound C=CC1CCCC1 BEFDCLMNVWHSGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004334 sorbic acid Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 235000010199 sorbic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 229940075582 sorbic acid Drugs 0.000 claims 1
- 230000000845 anti-microbial effect Effects 0.000 description 10
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- 244000052769 pathogen Species 0.000 description 9
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000037396 body weight Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 7
- 208000015181 infectious disease Diseases 0.000 description 7
- -1 NH4 +— Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000000813 microbial effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 description 6
- 230000001717 pathogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 5
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 5
- 244000000010 microbial pathogen Species 0.000 description 5
- 241000193403 Clostridium Species 0.000 description 4
- 241000293869 Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium Species 0.000 description 4
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 241000283690 Bos taurus Species 0.000 description 3
- 241000588724 Escherichia coli Species 0.000 description 3
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 3
- 235000015872 dietary supplement Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 244000000059 gram-positive pathogen Species 0.000 description 3
- 239000001963 growth medium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229940093915 gynecological organic acid Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 230000036039 immunity Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000013372 meat Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 235000005985 organic acids Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000009469 supplementation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N Ascorbic acid Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241001112695 Clostridiales Species 0.000 description 2
- RGHNJXZEOKUKBD-SQOUGZDYSA-N D-gluconic acid Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)=O RGHNJXZEOKUKBD-SQOUGZDYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000588722 Escherichia Species 0.000 description 2
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorane Chemical compound F KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000233866 Fungi Species 0.000 description 2
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000607142 Salmonella Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000194017 Streptococcus Species 0.000 description 2
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- WNLRTRBMVRJNCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N adipic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCC(O)=O WNLRTRBMVRJNCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003242 anti bacterial agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000844 anti-bacterial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229940088710 antibiotic agent Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 244000309466 calf Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000021316 daily nutritional intake Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000021588 free fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000002496 gastric effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 125000005456 glyceride group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 238000011534 incubation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 210000002429 large intestine Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000007522 mineralic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 2
- VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N perchloric acid Chemical compound OCl(=O)(=O)=O VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SIOXPEMLGUPBBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N picolinic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=N1 SIOXPEMLGUPBBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000008092 positive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001603 reducing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 210000000813 small intestine Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 2
- 230000001629 suppression Effects 0.000 description 2
- 125000000008 (C1-C10) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- UHPMCKVQTMMPCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5,8-dihydroxy-2-methoxy-6-methyl-7-(2-oxopropyl)naphthalene-1,4-dione Chemical compound CC1=C(CC(C)=O)C(O)=C2C(=O)C(OC)=CC(=O)C2=C1O UHPMCKVQTMMPCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000251468 Actinopterygii Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000228212 Aspergillus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000271566 Aves Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000589893 Brachyspira hyodysenteriae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000589876 Campylobacter Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000589877 Campylobacter coli Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000589875 Campylobacter jejuni Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000589986 Campylobacter lari Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001135528 Campylobacter upsaliensis Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000222120 Candida <Saccharomycetales> Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000282472 Canis lupus familiaris Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000283707 Capra Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000700198 Cavia Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000186581 Clostridium novyi Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000193468 Clostridium perfringens Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000186528 Clostridium tertium Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000193449 Clostridium tetani Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000699800 Cricetinae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000938605 Crocodylia Species 0.000 description 1
- RGHNJXZEOKUKBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N D-gluconic acid Natural products OCC(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)=O RGHNJXZEOKUKBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000194033 Enterococcus Species 0.000 description 1
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000283086 Equidae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000282326 Felis catus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000192125 Firmicutes Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000223218 Fusarium Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000193159 Hathewaya histolytica Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000589989 Helicobacter Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000588748 Klebsiella Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000186660 Lactobacillus Species 0.000 description 1
- 102000004882 Lipase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090001060 Lipase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000004367 Lipase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000124008 Mammalia Species 0.000 description 1
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrous acid Chemical compound ON=O IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241001263478 Norovirus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000283973 Oryctolagus cuniculus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001494479 Pecora Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000228143 Penicillium Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000589516 Pseudomonas Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000702670 Rotavirus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000235070 Saccharomyces Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000004808 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000235342 Saccharomycetes Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001354013 Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000273970 Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Java Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000607768 Shigella Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000191940 Staphylococcus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000607598 Vibrio Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000700605 Viruses Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000607734 Yersinia <bacteria> Species 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000001361 adipic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011037 adipic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000007933 aliphatic carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000010323 ascorbic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011668 ascorbic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960005070 ascorbic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000001580 bacterial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 244000052616 bacterial pathogen Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000033228 biological regulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 235000015165 citric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000019864 coconut oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003240 coconut oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 235000021051 daily weight gain Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000013365 dairy product Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000005202 decontamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003588 decontaminative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000029087 digestion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 244000000021 enteric pathogen Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000002255 enzymatic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000013373 food additive Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002778 food additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 244000078673 foodborn pathogen Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000002538 fungal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 244000053095 fungal pathogen Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000000174 gluconic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012208 gluconic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000000058 gram-negative pathogen Species 0.000 description 1
- ZYCMDWDFIQDPLP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hbr bromine Chemical compound Br.Br ZYCMDWDFIQDPLP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IXCSERBJSXMMFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N hcl hcl Chemical compound Cl.Cl IXCSERBJSXMMFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen iodide Chemical compound I XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000043 hydrogen iodide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QWPPOHNGKGFGJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N hypochlorous acid Chemical compound ClO QWPPOHNGKGFGJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001900 immune effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000000987 immune system Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000005764 inhibitory process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000968 intestinal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007413 intestinal health Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008944 intestinal immunity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000000936 intestine Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000000366 juvenile effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940039696 lactobacillus Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000000670 limiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000019421 lipase Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002609 medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 244000005706 microflora Species 0.000 description 1
- 210000004877 mucosa Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019645 odor Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003904 phospholipids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001766 physiological effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940081066 picolinic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000419 plant extract Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013406 prebiotics Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006041 probiotic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000018291 probiotics Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000002784 stomach Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001384 succinic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011044 succinic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
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- 239000000341 volatile oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019786 weight gain Nutrition 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/10—Animal feeding-stuffs obtained by microbiological or biochemical processes
- A23K10/16—Addition of microorganisms or extracts thereof, e.g. single-cell proteins, to feeding-stuff compositions
- A23K10/18—Addition of microorganisms or extracts thereof, e.g. single-cell proteins, to feeding-stuff compositions of live microorganisms
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/105—Aliphatic or alicyclic compounds
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/158—Fatty acids; Fats; Products containing oils or fats
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/10—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for ruminants
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/30—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for swines
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/60—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for weanlings
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/70—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for birds
- A23K50/75—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for birds for poultry
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
- A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a composition for use as feed additive and animal feed comprising medium-chain fatty acids for the improvement of the intestinal health and immunity of animals, as well as for the elimination of harmful pathogens.
- Feed additives can offer to be important tool. These can help in the fight against pathogenic infections and can effect a positive influence on, for example, the feed conversion.
- EP 1 294 37 and EP 1 765 318 both describe a feed, supplemented with a feed additive consisting of medium-chain fatty acids having 6 to 10 carbon atoms. These additives have both a positive influence on the reduction or elimination of microbial pathogens in the gastrointestinal tract of animals.
- CN 1 016 422 01 describes a feed additive, specifically for pigs, consisting of medium-chain fatty acids, phospholipids, and lipases, the food additive having a positive effect on the digestion of the animals.
- Caro et al. (2004) describes a methodology to obtain a mixture, via enzymatic synthesis, of medium-chain fatty acids from coconut oil.
- EP 1 314 358 also discloses the use of compositions of medium-chain fatty acids for use in, among other things poultry and pigs.
- Another problem with the feed additive on the basis of medium-chain fatty acids is related to the strong, unpleasant smell of some of these medium-chain fatty acids or derivatives, as experienced by the animals. Thus, an animal will not be or be less inclined to eat a non-optimally balanced composition.
- the present invention relates to a composition according to claim 1 or according to claim 5 and an animal feed according to claim 14 .
- the present invention aims to offer a solution to inhibit, eliminate, excrete, kill off, regulate and/or monitor enteropathogens by means of administration of a composition, for example as a feed additive or feed, comprising a balanced ratio of medium-chain fatty acids.
- a composition for example as a feed additive or feed, comprising a balanced ratio of medium-chain fatty acids.
- concentration of various medium-chain fatty acids, and the mutual ratio between them was determined by the inventors in such a way that the individual fatty acid chains show a synergistic effect. Consequently, the activity of the composition according to the present invention is optimized.
- the present invention relates to a method according to claim 16 , in order to improve the health of an individual, to increase the weight gain, to increase the daily nutritional intake, to decrease the feed conversion and to generally increase the well-being by means of administrating the composition of the feed as herein described according to the invention.
- the invention relates to a composition with an optimal ratio of medium-chain fatty acids, suitable for use as feed additive in an animal feed.
- the composition is optimized such that the medium-chain fatty acids exhibit a synergistic effect.
- the composition according to the present invention therefore has a broad antimicrobial effect.
- the composition will have an inhibiting and/or reducing effect on pathogens, involved in infections of the gastrointestinal tract.
- the present invention offers a solution for the treatment of such infections.
- the composition of the present invention will also have a beneficial effect on the overall immunity of the animals fed with the feed comprising the composition.
- all terms used in the description of the invention, including technical and scientific terms, have the meaning as they are commonly understood by the skilled person in the technical field of the invention. The following terms are explicitly explained for a better assessment of the description of the invention.
- a segment means one or more than one segment.
- the invention relates to a composition
- a composition comprising medium-chain fatty acids or salts, such as NH 4 + —, Na + —, K 4 — and/or Ca 2+ ⁇ salts, mono-, di-, triglycerides, esters or amides thereof for use as feed additive in animals.
- medium-chain fatty acids or “MCFA” refers to fatty acids with a medium-chain length, wherein the fatty acids may be saturated or unsaturated.
- the MCFAs can consist of 6 to 12 carbon atoms, in particular, caproic acid (C6), caprylic acid (C8), capric acid (C10) or lauric acid (C12).
- this composition comprises a mixture of medium-chain fatty acids, whereby these preferably have a chain length of 6 to 12 carbon atoms.
- the composition will comprise medium-chain fatty acids, selected from the group, consisting of caproic acid (C6), caprylic acid (C8), capric acid (C10) and lauric acid (C12).
- the medium-chain fatty acids are chemically modified, and the medium-chain fatty acids are provided with side-chains, such as, without limitation, one or more alkyl groups, preferably C1-C10 alkyl groups, in particular methyl or ethyl groups.
- the present invention comprises derivatives of medium-chain fatty acids.
- the term “derivative of a medium-chain fatty acid” refers to a fatty acid chain of which the carboxyl group is reversibly converted to a different group, preferably, but without limitation, to an amide, salt, ester or glyceride.
- the term “free fatty acids” refers to fatty acids that are not converted into a salt or a derivative (such as an amide, ester or glyceride). The use of esters and salts, for example, prevents the diffusion of bad odors, which may occur when the free fatty acids are used.
- ratios between the various medium-chain fatty acids of present invention was so determined as to obtain an optimum, even synergistic activity.
- ratio from the present invention should be understood as a ratio between the amounts of medium-chain fatty acids, and can be interpreted as either a weight or volume ratio.
- the composition will preferably comprise caprylic acid (C8) and capric acid (C10) or derivatives thereof, the ratio of caprylic acid (C8) to capric acid (C10) being at least 0.6 and/or maximum 2.
- the inventors of the present invention found that this ratio between caprylic acid and capric acid resulted in a synergistic effect, especially with regard to the pursued objectives.
- the composition will, in a preferred embodiment, also include lauric acid (C12) or a derivative thereof.
- the proportion of caprylic acid will be higher in the composition than the proportion of lauric acid. More preferably, lauric acid and caprylic acid will also be present in a specific ratio in the composition. In a preferred embodiment, the ratio of caprylic acid (C8) and lauric acid (C12) will be more than 1 (C8/C12>1).
- the composition according to the present invention comprises caproic acid (C6).
- C6 caproic acid
- the ratio between the sum of caprylic acid, capric acid, and lauric acid (C8+C10+C12) and the total sum of the medium-chain fatty acids in the composition will be more than 0.8. In particular, it will be ((C8+C10+C12)/(C6+C8+C10+C12)>0.8).
- the composition will comprise caproic acid (C6), caprylic acid (C8), capric acid (C10) and lauric acid (C12), wherein the ratio between caprylic acid (C8) and capric acid (C10) is at least 0.6 and maximum 2, wherein the ratio of caprylic and lauric acid C8/C12 is more than 1 and wherein (C8+C10+C12)/(C6+C8+C10+C12)>0.8.
- the composition will preferably comprise at least caprylic acid (C8) and capric acid (C10) or a derivative thereof, and at least one other medium-chain fatty acid or derivative thereof selected from the group consisting of lauric acid (C12) and caproic acid (C6).
- the composition also includes, in addition to caprylic acid and capric acid, lauric acid (C12) and caproic acid (C6) or a derivative thereof.
- the ratio between the sum of caprylic acid (C8) and capric acid (C10) or derivative thereof, and the sum of the total fatty acid chains or derivatives thereof will at least amount to 0.5.
- the ratio between the sum of caprylic acid and capric acid (C8+C10) and the sum of lauric acid and caproic acid (C12+C6) will be at least 2.5. In another embodiment, the ratio between the sum of caprylic acid and capric acid (C8+C10) and the sum of lauric acid and caproic acid (C12+C6) will amount to maximum 90.
- the composition according to the present invention comprises C6, C8, C10 and C12 medium-chain fatty acids or their derivatives (salts, mono-, di-, triglycerides, esters or amides) in a following ratio:
- composition of the present invention comprises C6, C8, C10 and C12 medium-chain fatty acids or their derivatives (salts, mono-, di-, triglycerides, esters or amides) in the following ratio:
- the composition according to the present invention has a combination of the above ratios.
- the composition will meet the following parameters: 0.6 ⁇ (C8/C10) ⁇ 2.0 and C8/C12>1.0 and (C8+C10+C12)/(C6+C8+C10+C12)>0.8 and (C8+C10)/(C6+C8+C10+C12)>0.5 and 2.5 ⁇ (C8+C10)/(C6+C12) ⁇ 90.
- the ratios of medium-chain fatty acids in the composition of the present invention also allows for suppression of potential enteric pathogens; without however disturbing the pH balance in the gastro-intestinal tract.
- the gastrointestinal tract comprises the stomach, with a pH of between 3 and 4, the large intestine, having a pH between 6 and 7 and the small intestine having a pH of around 7.
- Micro-organisms, such as pathogens, as well as neutral or beneficial microorganisms are mainly present in the small and large intestine.
- An optimal balance between these groups of micro-organisms is essential for the health of the animals, and in particular for the prevention of infections of the gut.
- the composition or the feed is provided with the composition according to the invention as described herein, is used for the selective elimination, suppression or regulation of one or more enteropathogens, selected from the group consisting of filamentous micro-organisms and micro-organisms with adhesion structures, Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, fungi, yeast, and viruses.
- enteropathogens selected from the group consisting of filamentous micro-organisms and micro-organisms with adhesion structures, Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, fungi, yeast, and viruses.
- entero pathogens as opposed to “beneficial or non-pathogenic gastrointestinal microbial flora” means herein micro-organisms which have a detrimental effect on the host, and in particular which cause diseases or ailments. Other forms of adverse effects are a reduced daily food intake, reduced daily weight gain, increased feed conversion, and reduced overall health and wellness.
- the enteropathogens are selected from the group consisting of the bacterial pathogens of the genera Brachispira, Vibrio, Escherichia, Salmonella (such as, without limitation, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella java ), Shigella, Klebsiella, Envinia, Yersinia, Campylobacter (such as, without limitation, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter laris , and Campylobacter upsaliensis ), Helicobacter, Pseudomonas, Enterococcus and Clostridium ; preferably Brachyspira hyodysenteriae ; fungal and yeast pathogens of the genera Penicillium, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Cephalosporum, Saccharomyces, Candida , Fungi Imperfecti and Hemiascomycetes ; and viral pathogens of the bacterial pathogens
- the composition of the present invention is active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
- the composition of the present invention is effective against species of the genus Staphylococcus, Salmonella or Escherichia.
- composition according the present invention is extremely suitable for the control of Clostridium sp. infections (such as, without limitation, Clostridium novyi, Clostridium tetani, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tertium and Clostridium histolyticum ) in human and animal, preferably into the gastrointestinal tract of animals.
- Clostridium sp. infections such as, without limitation, Clostridium novyi, Clostridium tetani, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tertium and Clostridium histolyticum
- the composition of medium-chain fatty acids according to the present invention may operate in several ways. In a first instance, they will suppress (inhibit) or eliminate pathogenic microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract, reducing the risk of infections. In this case preferably only the enteropathogens are killed and removed, while the favorable or non-pathogenic gastro-intestinal bacterial flora (such as for example, Lactobacillus ) is maintained. In a second instance, the reduction in microbial activity in the gastro-intestinal tract will ensure a decrease in the feed conversion ratio.
- the feed conversion ratio is a measure of the efficiency with which the animal is able to convert a certain amount of food or mass into body weight, and can be defined as the amount of food consumed divided by the gain in body weight, over a specific time. A decrease in the feed conversion ratio is thus linked to improved feed efficiency in the animal.
- the composition of the present invention will also be suitable for the decontamination of feed or the elimination of pathogens present in food (so-called food borne pathogens).
- composition of the present invention and the feed, supplemented with this composition will also provide an improved intestinal flora and will increase the overall immunity in animals.
- the composition or the feed according to the invention as described herein is administered to animals which are selected from the group consisting of fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals, such as, without limitation, adult or juvenile ruminant animals, sheep, goats, cattle, pigs, horses, poultry, fowl, domestic animals (e.g. dogs, cats, rabbits, hamsters, guinea pigs), and preferably selected from the group consisting of poultry, pigs and ruminants.
- the composition or the feed is administered to pigs (for example, fattening pigs, piglets, sows, . . . of all ages and types).
- the formula here provides unique antimicrobial, physiological and immunological properties. By supplementation of the composition to the feed of the pig, the microflora and the mucosa are positively impacted, resulting in an improved health and zoo-technical performance.
- the composition is suitable for administration to poultry, and the feed, supplemented with this composition, provides an improved intestine and increase of the overall immunity in animals. In poultry, this will also result in a better feed conversion with improved growth efficiency, improved egg production and increase of meat production.
- the composition is administered to ruminants (incl. calves).
- composition according to the present invention is suitable for improving the zoo-technical performance of pigs, poultry, and/or ruminant animals (including cattle, dairy cattle, calves . . . ).
- the composition according to the invention comprises additional raw materials (additives) and/or growth-promoting substances.
- the additives are, in a preferred embodiment, selected from the group consisting of aroma's and plant extracts.
- the growth-promoting components are selected from the group, consisting of antibiotics, vitamins, trace elements, probiotics, prebiotics, essential oils, enzymes, fatty acids, and (in)organic acids.
- Non-limiting examples of organic acids which can be used in an embodiment of the invention comprise C1-C12 carboxylic acids, in particular unsubstituted carboxylic acids such as formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid and valeric acid; and/or substituted carboxylic acids such as adipic acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, citric acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, lactic acid, gluconic acid, succinic acid and ascorbic acid, including cyclic carboxylic acids such as picolinic acid.
- unsubstituted carboxylic acids such as formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid and valeric acid
- substituted carboxylic acids such as adipic acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, citric acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, lactic acid, gluconic acid, succinic acid and ascorbic acid, including cyclic carboxylic acids such as picolinic acid.
- the organic acids may contain one or more substituted or unsubstituted carboxylic acids, as well as mixtures thereof, as well as saturated, unsaturated, cyclic, and/or aliphatic carboxylic acids or mixtures thereof, as well as metal complexes and/or salts thereof, as well as racemic and/or enantiomeric forms thereof.
- Non-limiting examples of inorganic acids which can be used in an embodiment of the invention include strong acids in small amounts, such as perchloric acid (hydroperchloric acid), hydrogen iodide, hydrogen bromide (hydrobromic acid), hydrogen chloride (hydrochloric acid), sulfuric acid and nitric acid; as well as weak inorganic acids such as phosphoric acid, hydrofluoric acid, hypochlorous acid, and nitrous acid.
- strong acids in small amounts such as perchloric acid (hydroperchloric acid), hydrogen iodide, hydrogen bromide (hydrobromic acid), hydrogen chloride (hydrochloric acid), sulfuric acid and nitric acid
- weak inorganic acids such as phosphoric acid, hydrofluoric acid, hypochlorous acid, and nitrous acid.
- the medium-chain fatty acids in the composition according to the invention are present in liquid or solid form.
- the feed additive according to the invention as described herein is formulated as a liquid or a solid form.
- solid form means a powder in particular.
- liquid form in particular, means a solution in water or means a solution in oil.
- the medium-chain fatty acids as described herein according to the invention are oil-soluble and can be provided both as powder and as an oil-solution.
- the concentration of the medium-chain fatty acid amounts at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 99% by weight of the composition.
- the medium-chain fatty acids amounts to (based on dry weight) between 1 g/100 g composition (1% by weight) and 100 g/100 g composition (100% by weight), preferably between 50 g/100 g and 90 g/100 g composition (50-90% by weight), more preferably between 60 g/100 g and 80 g/100 g. This is to mean that the concentration of the MCFAs such as described herein maximally amounts to 100% by weight of the composition.
- the present invention includes an animal feed, supplemented with the compositions according to the invention.
- the animal feed of the invention comprises up to 10% by weight of the medium-chain fatty acids (or salts, derivatives, or mixtures), as described herein.
- the inclusion amount of the composition in the feed will preferably be between 0.01 and 0.5%; more in particular will be between 0.01 and 0.2% by total weight of the feed. More preferably, the inclusion amount will be between 0.05 and 0.15%, most preferably it is 0.1%.
- the feed comprises an amount of medium-chain fatty acids (or salts, derivatives, or mixtures), as described herein (based on dry weight) of between 0.01 g/100 g of dietary supplement (0.01% by weight) and 1 g/100 g of a dietary supplement, (1% by weight), preferably 0.07 g/100 g of food supplement (0.07% by weight).
- the feed according to the present invention will comprise, after supplementation with a composition according to an embodiment of the present invention, at least caprylic acid (C8) and capric acid (C10).
- the ratio between caprylic acid (C8) and capric acid (C10) in the feed will amount to at least 0.6. In a further embodiment, this ratio will amount to maximum 2.
- the feed also comprises lauric acid (C12).
- the content of caprylic acid in the composition will be more than the level of lauric acid.
- the ratio between caprylic and lauric acid will be more than 1.
- the feed will also comprise caproic acid (C6) after supplementation.
- C6 caproic acid
- the ratio between the sum of caprylic acid, capric acid, and lauric acid (C8+C10+C12) and the sum of caproic acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, and lauric acid (C6+C8+C10+C12), in the feed is more than 0.8. In particular, it will be 0.6 ⁇ (C8/C10) ⁇ 2.0 and C8/C12>1.0, and (C8+C10+C12)/(C6+C8+C10+C12)>0.8.
- an animal feed according to the present invention will at least comprise caprylic acid (C8) and capric acid (C10), wherein the ratio between the sum of caprylic acid and capric acid (C8+C10), and the total amount of MCFA in the feed is at least 0.5.
- the supplemented feed also includes lauric acid (C12) and caproic acid (C6), wherein the ratio between the sum of caprylic acid and capric acid (C8+C10) and the sum of lauric acid and caproic acid (C12+C6) in the feed is at least 2.5, and/or maximum 90.
- lauric acid C12
- caproic acid C6
- the ratio between the sum of caprylic acid and capric acid (C8+C10) and the sum of lauric acid and caproic acid (C12+C6) in the feed is at least 2.5, and/or maximum 90.
- the feed according to the present invention will comprise C6, C8, C10 and C12 medium chain fatty acids or their derivatives (salts, mono-, di-, triglycerides, esters or amides), in following ratio:
- the inclusion amount of the composition will ensure that an animal that has been fed with the animal feed, obtains the composition in an amount of between 0.1 and 200 mg/kg body weight/day of the animal, more preferably obtains between 0.1 and 100 mg/kg body weight of the animal/day.
- the present invention also comprises a method for feeding animals, with an animal feed, supplemented with a composition according to the present invention, wherein the animal obtains the composition in an amount of between 0.1 and 200 mg/kg body weight/day of the animal, more preferably between 0.1 and 100 mg/kg body weight of the animal/day.
- the daily dose of the feed will be provided in an uptake of the composition between 1 and 100 mg/kg body weight/day.
- the animal is fed on a daily basis.
- Antimicrobial effect (“+” is an observed anti-microbial effect, “ ⁇ ” is no observed effect) with specific (C8 + C10 + C12)/(C6 + C8 + C10 + C12)) ratios as compared to pathogenic micro-organisms (both Gram-negative and Gram-positive) Ratio Strain 0 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.99 E . coli K88 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ + + S . typhimurium ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ + + Streptococcus ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ + + +
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Abstract
Description
- Any and all applications for which priority claims are identified in the application data sheet, or any correction thereto, are hereby incorporated by reference, including the claim that this application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/023,503, filed Mar. 21, 2016, which is the U.S. National Phase under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of International Application PCT/IB2014/065171, filed Oct. 9, 2014, designating the U.S. and published in English as WO 2015/052672 A1 on Apr. 16, 2015, which claims priority to BE2013/0672, filed Oct. 9, 2013 and BE2013/0676, filed Oct. 9, 2013.
- The present invention relates to a composition for use as feed additive and animal feed comprising medium-chain fatty acids for the improvement of the intestinal health and immunity of animals, as well as for the elimination of harmful pathogens.
- The optimization of animal feed efficiency, the damming of infections and the animal growth that is directly related to this can have a significant influence on, among other things, the ecological footprint of the meat industry. There is a need for measures that can reduce high feed costs and decrease maintenance costs of food-producing animals. This will also directly lead to the optimization of the profits. Feed additives can offer to be important tool. These can help in the fight against pathogenic infections and can effect a positive influence on, for example, the feed conversion.
- The positive characteristics of medium-chain fatty acids as a feed additive composition for animals have previously been known. EP 1 294 37 and EP 1 765 318 both describe a feed, supplemented with a feed additive consisting of medium-chain fatty acids having 6 to 10 carbon atoms. These additives have both a positive influence on the reduction or elimination of microbial pathogens in the gastrointestinal tract of animals. CN 1 016 422 01 describes a feed additive, specifically for pigs, consisting of medium-chain fatty acids, phospholipids, and lipases, the food additive having a positive effect on the digestion of the animals.
- Caro et al. (2004) describes a methodology to obtain a mixture, via enzymatic synthesis, of medium-chain fatty acids from coconut oil.
- EP 1 314 358 also discloses the use of compositions of medium-chain fatty acids for use in, among other things poultry and pigs.
- However, the current state of the art describes primarily a composition with only one or a few chain-fatty acids. In addition, these compositions often, if they comprise multiple medium-chain fatty acids, offer non-optimal ratios and are not well balanced. A good balancing of the composition of feed additives on the basis of different medium-chain fatty acids is, however, crucial. After all, a non-optimal or sub-optimal concentration of the medium-chain fatty acids may have the result that it is less or even not effective when used in a feed additive composition.
- Another problem with the feed additive on the basis of medium-chain fatty acids is related to the strong, unpleasant smell of some of these medium-chain fatty acids or derivatives, as experienced by the animals. Thus, an animal will not be or be less inclined to eat a non-optimally balanced composition.
- It is the object of the present invention to provide a composition with an optimal composition of medium-chain fatty acids, an optimal ratio between the mutual medium fatty acids, ensuring both the efficient intake of the medium-chain fatty acids, as well as that the ratios between the individual fatty acid chains are optimized. Thus, an optimal effect is obtained. Furthermore, it is also the object of the present invention to provide a composition that has a broad antibacterial effect and can be used for a large group of species. Thus, the composition may offer a valid alternative to the often frequent use of antibiotics in agriculture industry.
- The present invention relates to a composition according to claim 1 or according to claim 5 and an animal feed according to claim 14. Thus, the present invention aims to offer a solution to inhibit, eliminate, excrete, kill off, regulate and/or monitor enteropathogens by means of administration of a composition, for example as a feed additive or feed, comprising a balanced ratio of medium-chain fatty acids. The concentration of various medium-chain fatty acids, and the mutual ratio between them was determined by the inventors in such a way that the individual fatty acid chains show a synergistic effect. Consequently, the activity of the composition according to the present invention is optimized.
- In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a method according to claim 16, in order to improve the health of an individual, to increase the weight gain, to increase the daily nutritional intake, to decrease the feed conversion and to generally increase the well-being by means of administrating the composition of the feed as herein described according to the invention.
- The invention relates to a composition with an optimal ratio of medium-chain fatty acids, suitable for use as feed additive in an animal feed. The composition is optimized such that the medium-chain fatty acids exhibit a synergistic effect. The composition according to the present invention therefore has a broad antimicrobial effect. In particular, the composition will have an inhibiting and/or reducing effect on pathogens, involved in infections of the gastrointestinal tract.
- Accordingly, the present invention offers a solution for the treatment of such infections. The composition of the present invention will also have a beneficial effect on the overall immunity of the animals fed with the feed comprising the composition. Unless defined otherwise, all terms used in the description of the invention, including technical and scientific terms, have the meaning as they are commonly understood by the skilled person in the technical field of the invention. The following terms are explicitly explained for a better assessment of the description of the invention.
- “A”, “an” and “the” refer in this document to both the singular and the plural, unless the context clearly implies otherwise. For example, “a segment” means one or more than one segment.
- Where “approximately” or “about” is used in this document with a measurable quantity, a parameter, a time period or time, and the like, then variations are intended of +/−20% or less, preferably +/−10% or less, more preferably +/−5% or less, even more preferably +/−1% or less, and even more preferably +/−0.1% or less than the value cited, to the extent that such variations are applicable in the described invention. However, it should be understood that the value of the quantity with which the term “approximately” or “about” is used, is specifically disclosed in itself.
- The terms “comprise”, “comprising”, “consist of”, “consisting of”, “provided”, “include”, “including”, “contain”, “containing”, “hold”, “holding” are synonyms and are inclusive or open terms that indicate the presence of what follows, and which do not exclude or prevent the presence of other components, characteristics, elements, members, steps, as known from or disclosed in the state of the art. The citation of numeric interval by the endpoints includes all integer numbers, fractions, and/or real numbers between the endpoints, these endpoints included.
- In a first aspect, the invention relates to a composition comprising medium-chain fatty acids or salts, such as NH4 +—, Na+—, K4— and/or Ca2+− salts, mono-, di-, triglycerides, esters or amides thereof for use as feed additive in animals. As described herein, the term “medium-chain fatty acids” or “MCFA” refers to fatty acids with a medium-chain length, wherein the fatty acids may be saturated or unsaturated. According to the invention, the MCFAs can consist of 6 to 12 carbon atoms, in particular, caproic acid (C6), caprylic acid (C8), capric acid (C10) or lauric acid (C12).
- Preferentially, this composition comprises a mixture of medium-chain fatty acids, whereby these preferably have a chain length of 6 to 12 carbon atoms. In particular, the composition will comprise medium-chain fatty acids, selected from the group, consisting of caproic acid (C6), caprylic acid (C8), capric acid (C10) and lauric acid (C12).
- In one embodiment, the medium-chain fatty acids are chemically modified, and the medium-chain fatty acids are provided with side-chains, such as, without limitation, one or more alkyl groups, preferably C1-C10 alkyl groups, in particular methyl or ethyl groups.
- In a further embodiment, the present invention comprises derivatives of medium-chain fatty acids. As described herein, the term “derivative of a medium-chain fatty acid” refers to a fatty acid chain of which the carboxyl group is reversibly converted to a different group, preferably, but without limitation, to an amide, salt, ester or glyceride. As described herein, the term “free fatty acids” refers to fatty acids that are not converted into a salt or a derivative (such as an amide, ester or glyceride). The use of esters and salts, for example, prevents the diffusion of bad odors, which may occur when the free fatty acids are used.
- The use of C6 to C12 medium-chain fatty acids in animal feed and for the promotion of the gastrointestinal tract is known in the state of the art. However, often it concerns merely adding a certain concentration of medium-chain fatty acids, without substantially taking into account the importance of the mutual ratios between the different fatty acid chains.
- The ratios between the various medium-chain fatty acids of present invention was so determined as to obtain an optimum, even synergistic activity. The term “ratio” from the present invention should be understood as a ratio between the amounts of medium-chain fatty acids, and can be interpreted as either a weight or volume ratio.
- The composition will preferably comprise caprylic acid (C8) and capric acid (C10) or derivatives thereof, the ratio of caprylic acid (C8) to capric acid (C10) being at least 0.6 and/or maximum 2. The inventors of the present invention found that this ratio between caprylic acid and capric acid resulted in a synergistic effect, especially with regard to the pursued objectives.
- The composition will, in a preferred embodiment, also include lauric acid (C12) or a derivative thereof. Preferably, the proportion of caprylic acid will be higher in the composition than the proportion of lauric acid. More preferably, lauric acid and caprylic acid will also be present in a specific ratio in the composition. In a preferred embodiment, the ratio of caprylic acid (C8) and lauric acid (C12) will be more than 1 (C8/C12>1).
- Also, in a preferred embodiment, the composition according to the present invention comprises caproic acid (C6). Preferably, the ratio between the sum of caprylic acid, capric acid, and lauric acid (C8+C10+C12) and the total sum of the medium-chain fatty acids in the composition will be more than 0.8. In particular, it will be ((C8+C10+C12)/(C6+C8+C10+C12)>0.8).
- In a preferred embodiment:
-
- the ratio C8/C10 will be between 0.6 and 2 and the ratio (C8+C10+C12)/(C6+C8+C10+C12) will be more than 0.8; or
- the ratio C8/C12>1 and (C8+C10+C12)/(C6+C8+C10+C12)>0.8.
- In a most preferred embodiment, the composition will comprise caproic acid (C6), caprylic acid (C8), capric acid (C10) and lauric acid (C12), wherein the ratio between caprylic acid (C8) and capric acid (C10) is at least 0.6 and maximum 2, wherein the ratio of caprylic and lauric acid C8/C12 is more than 1 and wherein (C8+C10+C12)/(C6+C8+C10+C12)>0.8.
- In other words, in a preferred embodiment will be:
-
0.6<(C8/C10)<2.0 and C8/C12>1.0 and (C8+C10+C12)/(C6+C8+C10+C12)>0.8. - It has been found that ratios that fall outside of these boundary values result in only a sub-optimal or even strongly reduced efficacy of the composition. In support, we refer to Example 1 and the results shown in Table 1.
- In another embodiment, the composition will preferably comprise at least caprylic acid (C8) and capric acid (C10) or a derivative thereof, and at least one other medium-chain fatty acid or derivative thereof selected from the group consisting of lauric acid (C12) and caproic acid (C6). Preferably, the composition also includes, in addition to caprylic acid and capric acid, lauric acid (C12) and caproic acid (C6) or a derivative thereof.
- In one embodiment, the ratio between the sum of caprylic acid (C8) and capric acid (C10) or derivative thereof, and the sum of the total fatty acid chains or derivatives thereof will at least amount to 0.5.
- In another preferred embodiment, the ratio between the sum of caprylic acid and capric acid (C8+C10) and the sum of lauric acid and caproic acid (C12+C6) will be at least 2.5. In another embodiment, the ratio between the sum of caprylic acid and capric acid (C8+C10) and the sum of lauric acid and caproic acid (C12+C6) will amount to maximum 90.
- In a preferred embodiment, the composition according to the present invention comprises C6, C8, C10 and C12 medium-chain fatty acids or their derivatives (salts, mono-, di-, triglycerides, esters or amides) in a following ratio:
-
- 2.5<(C8+C10)/(C6+C12)<90.
- The most preferred embodiment of the composition of the present invention comprises C6, C8, C10 and C12 medium-chain fatty acids or their derivatives (salts, mono-, di-, triglycerides, esters or amides) in the following ratio:
-
- (C8+C10)/(C6+C8+C10+C12)>0.5 and 2.5<(C8+C10)/(C6+C12)<90.
- These ratios were found to be an optimal efficacy and exhibited efficiency. In support, we refer to Example 2 and 3 and the results shown in Table 2 and 3.
- In another preferred embodiment, the composition according to the present invention has a combination of the above ratios. In an embodiment, the composition will meet the following parameters: 0.6<(C8/C10)<2.0 and C8/C12>1.0 and (C8+C10+C12)/(C6+C8+C10+C12)>0.8 and (C8+C10)/(C6+C8+C10+C12)>0.5 and 2.5<(C8+C10)/(C6+C12)<90.
- The ratios of medium-chain fatty acids in the composition of the present invention also allows for suppression of potential enteric pathogens; without however disturbing the pH balance in the gastro-intestinal tract. The gastrointestinal tract comprises the stomach, with a pH of between 3 and 4, the large intestine, having a pH between 6 and 7 and the small intestine having a pH of around 7. Micro-organisms, such as pathogens, as well as neutral or beneficial microorganisms are mainly present in the small and large intestine. An optimal balance between these groups of micro-organisms is essential for the health of the animals, and in particular for the prevention of infections of the gut. Here, it is important that each part of the gastro-intestinal tract maintains a proper pH, and that the microbial balance is also maintained.
- In one embodiment, the composition or the feed is provided with the composition according to the invention as described herein, is used for the selective elimination, suppression or regulation of one or more enteropathogens, selected from the group consisting of filamentous micro-organisms and micro-organisms with adhesion structures, Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, fungi, yeast, and viruses. The term “(entero) pathogens,” as opposed to “beneficial or non-pathogenic gastrointestinal microbial flora” means herein micro-organisms which have a detrimental effect on the host, and in particular which cause diseases or ailments. Other forms of adverse effects are a reduced daily food intake, reduced daily weight gain, increased feed conversion, and reduced overall health and wellness.
- In a further embodiment, the enteropathogens are selected from the group consisting of the bacterial pathogens of the genera Brachispira, Vibrio, Escherichia, Salmonella (such as, without limitation, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella java), Shigella, Klebsiella, Envinia, Yersinia, Campylobacter (such as, without limitation, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter laris, and Campylobacter upsaliensis), Helicobacter, Pseudomonas, Enterococcus and Clostridium; preferably Brachyspira hyodysenteriae; fungal and yeast pathogens of the genera Penicillium, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Cephalosporum, Saccharomyces, Candida, Fungi Imperfecti and Hemiascomycetes; and viral pathogens of the genera Norovirus and Rotavirus.
- In one embodiment, the composition of the present invention is active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Preferably, the composition of the present invention is effective against species of the genus Staphylococcus, Salmonella or Escherichia.
- In another preferred embodiment, the composition according the present invention is extremely suitable for the control of Clostridium sp. infections (such as, without limitation, Clostridium novyi, Clostridium tetani, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tertium and Clostridium histolyticum) in human and animal, preferably into the gastrointestinal tract of animals.
- The composition of medium-chain fatty acids according to the present invention may operate in several ways. In a first instance, they will suppress (inhibit) or eliminate pathogenic microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract, reducing the risk of infections. In this case preferably only the enteropathogens are killed and removed, while the favorable or non-pathogenic gastro-intestinal bacterial flora (such as for example, Lactobacillus) is maintained. In a second instance, the reduction in microbial activity in the gastro-intestinal tract will ensure a decrease in the feed conversion ratio. The feed conversion ratio is a measure of the efficiency with which the animal is able to convert a certain amount of food or mass into body weight, and can be defined as the amount of food consumed divided by the gain in body weight, over a specific time. A decrease in the feed conversion ratio is thus linked to improved feed efficiency in the animal. The composition of the present invention will also be suitable for the decontamination of feed or the elimination of pathogens present in food (so-called food borne pathogens).
- In particular, the composition of the present invention and the feed, supplemented with this composition, will also provide an improved intestinal flora and will increase the overall immunity in animals.
- In one embodiment, the composition or the feed according to the invention as described herein is administered to animals which are selected from the group consisting of fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals, such as, without limitation, adult or juvenile ruminant animals, sheep, goats, cattle, pigs, horses, poultry, fowl, domestic animals (e.g. dogs, cats, rabbits, hamsters, guinea pigs), and preferably selected from the group consisting of poultry, pigs and ruminants. In one embodiment, the composition or the feed is administered to pigs (for example, fattening pigs, piglets, sows, . . . of all ages and types). The formula here provides unique antimicrobial, physiological and immunological properties. By supplementation of the composition to the feed of the pig, the microflora and the mucosa are positively impacted, resulting in an improved health and zoo-technical performance.
- In pigs, this will also lead to a better feed conversion with better growth efficiency, better meat growth, and improved health (as there is effected a positive effect on the immune system).
- In another embodiment, the composition is suitable for administration to poultry, and the feed, supplemented with this composition, provides an improved intestine and increase of the overall immunity in animals. In poultry, this will also result in a better feed conversion with improved growth efficiency, improved egg production and increase of meat production. In yet another embodiment, the composition is administered to ruminants (incl. calves).
- It can be generally stated that the composition according to the present invention is suitable for improving the zoo-technical performance of pigs, poultry, and/or ruminant animals (including cattle, dairy cattle, calves . . . ).
- In one embodiment, the composition according to the invention, as described herein, comprises additional raw materials (additives) and/or growth-promoting substances. The additives are, in a preferred embodiment, selected from the group consisting of aroma's and plant extracts. In a further preferred embodiment, the growth-promoting components are selected from the group, consisting of antibiotics, vitamins, trace elements, probiotics, prebiotics, essential oils, enzymes, fatty acids, and (in)organic acids. Non-limiting examples of organic acids which can be used in an embodiment of the invention, comprise C1-C12 carboxylic acids, in particular unsubstituted carboxylic acids such as formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid and valeric acid; and/or substituted carboxylic acids such as adipic acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, citric acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, lactic acid, gluconic acid, succinic acid and ascorbic acid, including cyclic carboxylic acids such as picolinic acid. The organic acids may contain one or more substituted or unsubstituted carboxylic acids, as well as mixtures thereof, as well as saturated, unsaturated, cyclic, and/or aliphatic carboxylic acids or mixtures thereof, as well as metal complexes and/or salts thereof, as well as racemic and/or enantiomeric forms thereof. Non-limiting examples of inorganic acids which can be used in an embodiment of the invention include strong acids in small amounts, such as perchloric acid (hydroperchloric acid), hydrogen iodide, hydrogen bromide (hydrobromic acid), hydrogen chloride (hydrochloric acid), sulfuric acid and nitric acid; as well as weak inorganic acids such as phosphoric acid, hydrofluoric acid, hypochlorous acid, and nitrous acid.
- In one embodiment, the medium-chain fatty acids in the composition according to the invention are present in liquid or solid form. In a further embodiment, the feed additive according to the invention as described herein, is formulated as a liquid or a solid form. The term “solid form” means a powder in particular. The term “liquid form”, in particular, means a solution in water or means a solution in oil. The medium-chain fatty acids as described herein according to the invention are oil-soluble and can be provided both as powder and as an oil-solution.
- In one embodiment, the concentration of the medium-chain fatty acid, as described herein, amounts at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 99% by weight of the composition. In a further embodiment, the medium-chain fatty acids, as described herein, amounts to (based on dry weight) between 1 g/100 g composition (1% by weight) and 100 g/100 g composition (100% by weight), preferably between 50 g/100 g and 90 g/100 g composition (50-90% by weight), more preferably between 60 g/100 g and 80 g/100 g. This is to mean that the concentration of the MCFAs such as described herein maximally amounts to 100% by weight of the composition.
- In a second aspect, the present invention includes an animal feed, supplemented with the compositions according to the invention.
- Preferably, the animal feed of the invention comprises up to 10% by weight of the medium-chain fatty acids (or salts, derivatives, or mixtures), as described herein. In particular the inclusion amount of the composition in the feed, will preferably be between 0.01 and 0.5%; more in particular will be between 0.01 and 0.2% by total weight of the feed. More preferably, the inclusion amount will be between 0.05 and 0.15%, most preferably it is 0.1%. In a further embodiment, the feed comprises an amount of medium-chain fatty acids (or salts, derivatives, or mixtures), as described herein (based on dry weight) of between 0.01 g/100 g of dietary supplement (0.01% by weight) and 1 g/100 g of a dietary supplement, (1% by weight), preferably 0.07 g/100 g of food supplement (0.07% by weight).
- Conventional animal feeds naturally possess no or only a minimal amount of free medium-chain fatty acids. Addition of the composition of the present invention to the animal feed results in an animal feed which comprises medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA).
- Consequently, the feed according to the present invention will comprise, after supplementation with a composition according to an embodiment of the present invention, at least caprylic acid (C8) and capric acid (C10). Preferably, the ratio between caprylic acid (C8) and capric acid (C10) in the feed will amount to at least 0.6. In a further embodiment, this ratio will amount to maximum 2. In a further aspect, the feed also comprises lauric acid (C12). Preferably, the content of caprylic acid in the composition will be more than the level of lauric acid. Preferably, the ratio between caprylic and lauric acid will be more than 1.
- In a further preferred embodiment, the feed will also comprise caproic acid (C6) after supplementation. Preferably, the ratio between the sum of caprylic acid, capric acid, and lauric acid (C8+C10+C12) and the sum of caproic acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, and lauric acid (C6+C8+C10+C12), in the feed is more than 0.8. In particular, it will be 0.6<(C8/C10)<2.0 and C8/C12>1.0, and (C8+C10+C12)/(C6+C8+C10+C12)>0.8.
- In another preferred embodiment, an animal feed according to the present invention will at least comprise caprylic acid (C8) and capric acid (C10), wherein the ratio between the sum of caprylic acid and capric acid (C8+C10), and the total amount of MCFA in the feed is at least 0.5.
- Preferably, the supplemented feed also includes lauric acid (C12) and caproic acid (C6), wherein the ratio between the sum of caprylic acid and capric acid (C8+C10) and the sum of lauric acid and caproic acid (C12+C6) in the feed is at least 2.5, and/or maximum 90.
- In a most preferred embodiment, the feed according to the present invention will comprise C6, C8, C10 and C12 medium chain fatty acids or their derivatives (salts, mono-, di-, triglycerides, esters or amides), in following ratio:
-
(C8+C10)/(C6+C8+C10+C12)>0.5 and 2.5<(C8+C10)/(C6+C12)<90. - Preferably, the inclusion amount of the composition will ensure that an animal that has been fed with the animal feed, obtains the composition in an amount of between 0.1 and 200 mg/kg body weight/day of the animal, more preferably obtains between 0.1 and 100 mg/kg body weight of the animal/day.
- In a third aspect, the present invention also comprises a method for feeding animals, with an animal feed, supplemented with a composition according to the present invention, wherein the animal obtains the composition in an amount of between 0.1 and 200 mg/kg body weight/day of the animal, more preferably between 0.1 and 100 mg/kg body weight of the animal/day.
- Preferably, the daily dose of the feed will be provided in an uptake of the composition between 1 and 100 mg/kg body weight/day. Preferably, the animal is fed on a daily basis.
- In what follows, the invention is described by means of non-limiting examples which illustrate the invention, and which are not intended nor should be construed to limit the scope of the invention.
- Five times three samples of 100 ml culture medium (specific for each pathogen) were simultaneously inoculated with an overnight culture of respectively E. coli K88 (Gram-negative pathogen in the gastrointestinal tract of piglets), S. typhimurium (Gram-negative zoonotic germ in the gastrointestinal tract of piglets) and Streptococcus sp. (Gram-positive pathogen in the gastrointestinal tract of piglets) and further incubated at 37° C. The optical density was measured at 600 nm (OD600 nm, proportional to the amount of microbial cells present). Once an OD600 nm between 0.2 and 0.5 was achieved, the following ratios of MCFAs were added to a 0.1% dose in the feed:
- (1) nothing was added to the first sample with a specific strain,
- (2) a ratio (C8+C10+C12)/(C6+C8+C10+C12)=0.70 was added to the second sample* with specific strain
- (3) a ratio (C8+C10+C12)/(C6+C8+C10+C12)=0.80 was added to the third sample* with specific strain
- (4) a ratio (C8+C10+C12)/(C6+C8+C10+C12)=0.90 was added to the fourth sample* with specific strain
- (5) a ratio (C8+C10)/(C6+C8+C10+C12)=0.99 was added to the fifth sample* with specific strain * wherein the ratio C8/10 is 1, and the ratio of C8/C12 was 1.5 in all treatments.
- The samples were further incubated at 37° C. for 4 hours at a pH of 4.0. Incubation was put to a halt after 4 hours. The OD600 nm was measured at time 0 h and after 4 h. Results of this measurement are shown in Table 1.
-
TABLE 1a Antimicrobial effect (“+” is an observed anti-microbial effect, “−” is no observed effect) with specific (C8 + C10 + C12)/(C6 + C8 + C10 + C12)) ratios as compared to pathogenic micro-organisms (both Gram-negative and Gram-positive) Ratio Strain 0 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.99 E. coli K88 − − − + + S. typhimurium − − − + + Streptococcus − − − + + -
TABLE 1b Antimicrobial effect (“+” is an observed anti-microbial effect, “−” is no observed effect) with specific (C8 + C10 + C12)/ (C6 + C8 + C10 + C12)) ratios of pathogenic micro- organisms (both Gram-negative and Gram-positive) Ratio (C8 + C10 + C12)/ (C6 + C8 + Strain C8/C10 = 1 C8/C12 − 1.5 C10 + C12)** E. coli K88 − − + S. typhimurium − − + Streptococcus − − + **Ratios 0.9, C8/C10 being the ratio 1 and C8/C12 being the ratio 1.5. - From Table 1a and 1b can be clearly deduced that the ideal ratio (C8+C10+C12)/(C6+C8+C10+C12) for anti-bacterial efficacy must be higher or equal to 0.80. Moreover, there is a synergistic effect between respectively C8+C10+C2 and C6+C8+C10+C12.
- Six samples of 100 ml culture medium (specific for each pathogen) were simultaneously inoculated with an overnight culture of Clostridial sp. (Gram-positive pathogen in the gastrointestinal tract of piglets as well as poultry), and further incubated at 37° C. The optical density was measured at 600 nm (OD600 nm, proportional to the amount of microbial cells present). Once an OD600 nm between 0.2 and 0.5 was achieved, the following ratios of MCFAs were added to a 0.1% dose in the feed:
- (1) nothing was added to the first sample with Clostridium sp.,
- (2) a ratio (C8+C10)/(C12+C6)=2.5 was added to the second sample * with Clostridium sp.
- (3) a ratio (C8+C10)/(C12+C6)=5 was added to the third sample * with Clostridium sp.
- (4) a ratio (C8+C10)/(C12+C6)=10 was added to the fourth steel * with Clostridium sp.
- (5) a ratio (C8+C10)/(C12+C6)=90 was added to the fifth steel * with Clostridium sp.
- (6) a ratio (C8+C10)/(C12+C6)=95 was added to the sixth steel * with Clostridium sp. * wherein the ratio (C8+C10)/(C6+C8+C10+C12) are 0.9 in all treatments
- The samples were further incubated at 37° C. for 4 hours at a pH of 4.0. Incubation was put to a halt after 4 hours. The OD600 nm was measured at time 0 h and after 4 h. Results of this measurement are shown in Table 2.
-
TABLE 2 Antimicrobial effect (“+” is an observed anti- microbial effect, “−” is no observed effect) with specific (C8 + C10 + C12)/(C6 + C8 + C10 + C12)) ratios as compared to pathogenic micro-organisms (both Gram-negative and Gram-positive) Ratio Strain 0 2.5 5 10 90 95 Clostridium − − + + + − - Comparison of MCFA, Ratios for Control and Inhibition of Pathogens
- Three samples of 100 ml culture medium (specific for each pathogen) were simultaneously inoculated with an overnight culture of Clostridial sp. (Gram-positive pathogen in the gastrointestinal tract of piglets as well as poultry), and further incubated at 37° C. The optical density was measured at 600 nm (OD600 nm, proportional to the amount of microbial cells present). Once an OD600 nm between 0.2 and 0.5 was obtained, respectively C8+C10, C6+C12, and (C8+C10)/(C6+C12) were added to a 0.1% dose of the culture base.
-
TABLE 3 antimicrobial effect of respective C8 + C10, C6 + C12 and (C8 +C10)/(C6 + C12) with Clostridium at a final dose of 0.1% on culture base Ratio (C8 + C10/ Strain C8 + C10 C6 + C12 (C6 + C12)** Clostridium − − + **ratio = 50 - From Tables 2 and 3 it is clear that the ideal ratio (C8+C10)/(C12+C6) for anti-microbial action lies between 2.5 and 90. In addition, there was a synergistic effect observed between C8+C10 and C6+C12.
Claims (9)
0.6<(C8/C10)<2.0;
C8/C12>1.0;
(C8+C10+C12)/(C6+C8+C10+C12)>0.8;
(C8+C10)/(C6+C8+C10+C12)>0.5; and 2.5<(C8+C10)/(C6+C12)<90.
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HUE045501T2 (en) | 2019-12-30 |
WO2015052672A1 (en) | 2015-04-16 |
CN105611840A (en) | 2016-05-25 |
CA2924979A1 (en) | 2015-04-16 |
DK3054783T3 (en) | 2019-08-05 |
CN105611840B (en) | 2021-02-09 |
US10624365B2 (en) | 2020-04-21 |
EP3649870A1 (en) | 2020-05-13 |
EP3054783B1 (en) | 2019-05-15 |
US20160213029A1 (en) | 2016-07-28 |
EP3054783A1 (en) | 2016-08-17 |
EA201690483A1 (en) | 2017-01-30 |
BR112016007999A2 (en) | 2019-11-26 |
PL3054783T3 (en) | 2019-12-31 |
ES2739648T3 (en) | 2020-02-03 |
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